Clinical Pharmacology - Science topic

Purpose The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of including the Dutch National Pharmacotherapy Assessment (DNPA) in the medical curriculum on the level and development of prescribing knowledge and skills of junior doctors. The secondary aim was to evaluate the relationship between the curriculum type and the prescribing compete...

In today's ever-evolving medical landscape, the groundbreaking concept of precision medicine is revolutionizing the way we approach healthcare. By focusing on the unique characteristics of each patient, precision medicine aims to deliver personalized and targeted treatments that can provide superior outcomes. This personalized healthcare breakthrou...

Introduction: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred initial treatment of patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) within 12 h of symptom onset, provided treatment can be initiated expeditiously by an experienced team. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the short-and...

Grapes (Vitis vinifera), grape extracts, and grape products are known to possess beneficial effects. Antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition activities of Tayfi grape (Vitis vinifera) extracts were studied and compared to standards. The IC 50 values of the ethanol extract of the Tayfi grape's scavenging abilities for ABTS˙+ and DPPH˙radicals wer...

Introduction Drug therapy to reduce the regurgitation fraction (RF) of high-grade aortic regurgitation (AR) by increasing heart rate (HR) is generally recommended. However, chronic HR reduction in HFREF patients can significantly improve aortic compliance and thereby potentially decrease RF. To clarify these contrasts, we examined the influence of...

Background and objectives: Thorough knowledge of a patient's medical history and medications is necessary for providing safe oral surgery care, and may be considered a form of risk management. This study investigated the prevalence of medical conditions and medication types in patients referred to an Australian postgraduate oral surgery clinic ove...

Soft tissue defects of the leg exposing tendon or bone are a challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. The bipedicled fasciocutaneous flap is a reliable flap for coverage these defects especially in elderly patients and those with vascular compromise. Bipedicled flaps are local flaps which have a random blood supply from two pedicles. They are easy...

Insulin aspart

(1) Objectives: To describe the relationship between pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment of continuous infusion (CI) piperacillin–tazobactam or meropenem monotherapy and microbiological outcome in a case series of urological patients with documented Gram-negative infections. (2) Methods: Patients admitted to the urology ward w...

When anesthesiologists titrate doses to achieve desired effects, a titration paradox emerges, resulting in increased drug doses that correlate with decreased effect. This challenges traditional pharmacologic understanding and requires careful analysis of potential confounding factors.

Introduction: Medication-related errors place a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems worldwide, and mistakes are most likely to occur at the stage of prescribing. Junior doctors are more likely to make prescribing errors, and medical graduates also lack confidence and preparedness towards prescribing. Thus, this review aimed to evaluate th...

Objectives The study aimed to compare early molecular response (EMR) rates at 3 months of imatinib therapy with and without vitamin D 3 supplementation in patients newly diagnosed with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML-CP). The secondary objective was to assess the effects of vitamin D 3 on complete haematological response (CHR) and its...

Introduction-Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. It's the primary cause of death from infection, especially if not recognized and treated promptly. It's a syndrome caused by pathogen factors and host factors with characteristics that evolve over time. What differentiates sepsi...

Pyronaridine-artesunate was recently strongly recommended in the 2022 update of the WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, becoming the newest artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for both uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria. Pyronaridine-artesunate, available as a tablet and paediatric granule formulations...

Backgrounds Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) has recently been accepted as a common complication associated with increased mortality. However, little is known about the treatment of MINS. The aim of this study was to investigate an association between antiplatelet therapy and long-term mortality after MINS. Methods From 2010 to 2...

The secret to endosseous dental implants' longterm success is osseo integration. The main surface elements that affect osseointegration include implant surface characteristics including roughness, topography, energy, and composition. Additive and subtractive techniques have both been utilized to improve implant surface roughness in order to increas...

The cause of the COVID-19 pandemic can be attributed to the Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 manifests with severe symptoms in the upper respiratory tract and can progress to a critical condition due to an acute hyperinflammatory response that triggers a cytokine storm. The cytokine storm refers to an excessive or impaired...

Belzutifan (Welireg, Merck & Co, Inc.) is an oral, potent inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 2α, approved for the treatment of certain patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease-associated renal cell carcinoma (RCC), central nervous system hemangioblastomas, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET). It is primarily metabolized by the...

Inflammation is a complicated biological reaction to damaging stimuli such as infections, poisons, and physical damage. NSAIDs and corticosteroids are commonly used to manage inflammation. NSAIDs function by reducing the COX enzyme activity, which has the role in the formation of prostaglandins, a kind of pro-inflammatory mediator. Most nonsteroida...

This Special Issue, titled “Psychoactive Substances: Pharmacology and Toxicology”, aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the pharmacology, clinical information, and toxicology of psychotropics, as well as the effects associated with their intake [...]

Pharmacology is one of the most interesting common subjects of studies to pharmaceutical sciences or pharmacy, medicine and some life sciences and biomedical sciences undergraduates, postgraduates, doctorates, and Post doctorates. The art of teaching Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology lies in the in-depth knowledge of the tutor or the in-charge...

Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic variables impact individual differences in drug safety and effectiveness. Pharmacogenomics is a rapidly growing field of science that combines pharmacology, the study of drugs, with genomics, the study of genes, in order to create safe, effective doses of medication that are specifically adapted to each...

This article describes the critical role of neurosteroids in postpartum depression (PPD) and outlines the landmark pharmacological journey of brexanolone as a first-in-class neurosteroid antidepressant with significant advantages over traditional antidepressants. PPD is a neuroendocrine disorder that affects about 20% of mothers after childbirth an...

Clinical pharmacology and toxicology are considered nowadays two complementary and indispensable medical disciplines that allowed clinicians to achieve the optimal therapeutic effect of a several substance, but also to characterize their toxicity threshold. The contribution of bioinformatics tools and databases in these two fields has provided key...

Objective Although adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are quite common in hospitalised neonates, pharmacovigilance activities in this public are still incipient. This study aims to characterise ADRs in neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), identifying causative drugs, temporal profile and associated factors. Design Prospective observationa...

The fact that Alzheimer's disease is related to impaired insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in the brain is widely known, and for this reason it has been said that Alzheimer's disease is a special form of diabetes and it is called type 3 diabetes. Materials and methods: This experimental study was conducted in 1402 at the University of Medica...

Evidence for the safe use of Lumason® (SonoVue®), an ultrasound enhancing agent (UEA), in special patient populations is critical to enable healthcare professionals to make informed decisions concerning its use in such patients. Herein, we provide insight on the safety and tolerability of Lumason® in special patient populations. Findings are presen...

The study aimed to assess clinical pharmacology patterns of prescribed and taken medications in older cardiovascular patients using electronic health records (EHRs) (n = 704) (2019–2022). Medscape Drug Interaction Checker was used to identify pairwise drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Prevalence rates of DDIs were 73.5% and 68.5% among taken and presc...

Dhava (Anogeissus latifolia), Combretaceae family, commonly known as Bakali or Axlewood, is a prominent herb in Ayurveda which is used as food medicine and other since long ago. This article reviews the various references of Dhava in Ayurvedic texts regarding its therapeutic uses and different formulations. The review also encompasses the pharmacol...

Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading public health problems, affecting about 10% of the population. Chronic complications of diabetes cause several human sufferings, including kidney failure, blindness, amputations, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Xanthones from mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana) and their physiological effects, such as a...

This chapter has gathered scientific evidence on metoprolol as a pharmacological tool in various cardiovascular diseases. METHODOLOGY: This is a systematic review in which scientific articles published in Pubmed databases between 2021 and 2022 were selected. The following descriptors were used: metoprolol or pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, effic...

Potential medication errors and related adverse drug events (ADE) pose major challenges in clinical medicine. Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) help identify preventable prescription errors leading to ADEs but are typically characterized by high sensitivity and low specificity, resulting in poor acceptance and alert-overriding. With this cr...

Brigatinib, a next-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor designed to overcome mechanisms of resistance associated with crizotinib, is approved for the treatment of ALK-positive advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. After oral administration of single doses of brigatinib 30-240 mg, the median time to reach maximum plasma...

Microbial lipases, in particular, are becoming more valuable because they can speed up a wide range of chemical reactions in both water and dry environments. The global market for lipase is projected to reach USD 797.7 million by 2025, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% between 2017 and 2025. The creation of novel and improved...

In humans, reactive oxygen species induce inflammation through oxidative stress. Persistent inflammation generates a large number of free radicals, which eventually create additional inflammation. This never-ending vicious loop can harm multiple components in the human body. In this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency o...

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for myopia choroidal neovascularisation (CNV), and to compare the efficacy of two different anti-VEGF retreatment criteria. Data sources: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to 31 Jul...

Medical anthropology teaches us of historical disparity in the accessibility of medicines in the developing world due to their lack of availability and affordability, more particularly of biological drugs, including therapeutic proteins, gene therapy, CRISPR-Cas9, mRNA therapeutics, CART therapy, and many more. This challenge can be resolved by est...

Imiquimod (IMQ) is a topical agent that induces local inflammation via the Toll-like receptor 7 pathway. Recently, an IMQ-driven skin inflammation model was developed in healthy volunteers for proof-of-pharmacology trials. The aim of this study was to profile the cellular, biochemical, and clinical effects of the marketed anti-inflammatory compound...

Introduction: Perineural use of dexamethasone is demonstrated to extend the analgesia duration of peripheral nerve blocks (PNB), but its optimal dose remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the optimal dose of perineural dexamethasone in the prolongation of analgesia for PNB. Methods and analysis: PubMed, EMBA...

Objective The optimal medical therapy after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for aortic stenosis remains unknown. Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors could potentially improve cardiac remodelling and clinical outcomes after SAVR. Methods All patients undergoing SAVR due to aortic stenosis in Sweden 2006–2020 and surviving 6 months af...

The study presents the history of the development of the Department of Pharmacology of Medical and Surgical (since 1881 Military Medical) Academy with an emphasis on the second century of its existence (18992000). This period was marked by the improvement of both the teaching of the discipline, based on new pharmacological data, and the introductio...

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a specialized area of laboratory medicine which involves the measurement of drug concentrations in biological fluids with the aim of optimizing efficacy and reducing side effects, possibly modifying the drug dose to keep the plasma concentration within the therapeutic range. Plasma and/or whole blood, usually ob...

Model-informed drug development involves developing and applying exposure-based, biological, and statistical models derived from preclinical and clinical data sources to inform drug development and decision-making. Discrete models are generated from individual experiments resulting in a single model expression that is utilized to inform a single st...

Irina Vladimirovna Tereshchenko is a Doctor of Medical Sciences, an Honoured Professor of Academician E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, Correspondent Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Science, founder of Perm School of Endocrinology. More than 60 years of her life, she devoted to medicine including 47 of them to Perm Medical Univers...

In the clinical pharmacological treatment of acute periodontitis, local periodontal administration is expected to be preferable to systemic administration. However, the action of the active medicine component is hindered and diminished by the limitation of drug solubility, which does not provide timely relief of the enormous pain being suffered by...

Aim: Diagnosing and classifying heart failure (HF) in the oldest-old patients has technical and interpretation issues, especially in the acute setting. We assessed the usefulness of the N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and lung ultrasound (LUS) for confirming HF diagnosis and discriminating patients with reduced ejection fractio...

Objective The objective of this study was to describe the trend in prescribing proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and expenditure in both secondary and tertiary hospitals in China between 2017 and 2021. Design Multicentre cross-sectional survey. Setting China, 14 medical centres, January 2017 to December 2021. Participants 537 284 participants who...

Background Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a perennial evergreen shrub of G. jasminoides of Rubiaceae. Geniposide and Crocin are important components in the fruit of G. jasminoides. In addition to being used as medicinal materials, they are also widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and other fields. They have high medicinal value, economic value...

Drug development for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been challenging due to poorly understood disease etiology, unpredictable disease progression, highly heterogeneous patient populations, and a lack of robust pharmacodynamic biomarkers. Moreover, because lung biopsy is invasive and dangerous, making the extent of fibrosis as a direct long...

Background: Antimicrobials are some of the most prescribed drugs by junior doctors, but studies suggest most medical graduates feel unprepared for their future prescribing tasks. The aim of the present study was to compare the self-reported preparedness to prudently prescribe antimicrobials of final-year medical students in Croatia in 2015 and 201...

Background: Dental prescribing is considered a basis for short-term treatment of clinical problems. Therefore, dentists should be familiar with the patterns of rational drug prescription. Neglecting this important issue can lead to misprescription and side effects. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the experiences of a group of de...

Envenomation is a common medical problem. The Canon of Medicine written by Avicenna is one of the reliable sources of Persian medicine. The present study aims to identify Avicenna’s clinical pharmacology approach and the pharmacopeia used for the treatment of animal envenomations and also to evaluate the related data in light of the current medicin...

Various studies have reported insufficient beta-lactam concentrations in critically ill patients. The optimal dosing strategy for beta-lactams in critically ill patients, particularly in septic patients, is an ongoing matter of discussion. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the success of software-guided empiric meropenem dosing (CADDy, Cal...

Introduction: Emicizumab effectively prevents bleeding in people with haemophilia A (PwHA), but is a burden for national healthcare budgets and consequently may limit access. According to the drug label, dosing of emicizumab is based on body weight with fixed intervals of 7, 14 or 28 days, which leads to mean plasma concentrations of 55 µg/mL (SD...

Background. A sociological study has been conducted among anesthesiology interns of the second year of study whose results make it possible to interpret the formation of a body of knowledge, abilities and skills in them, which are gained in the process of training on the specialty “Anesthesiology and intensive care”. Among the tasks in postgraduate...

Piperacillin extends the spectrum of activity of ampicillin to include most strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae (non-β-lactamase-producing), many Bacteroides species, and Escherichia faecalis. Combined with the β-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam, piperacillin/tazobactam has the broadest antibacterial spectrum of penicillins includin...

N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of cysteine and, thereby, glutathione (GSH), acts as an antioxidant through a variety of mechanisms, including oxidant scavenging, GSH replenishment, antioxidant signaling, etc. Owing to the variety of proposed targets, NAC has a long history of use as a prescription product and in wide-ranging applications that...

Having undergraduate medical students participate in small group discussions (SGDs) can improve their ability to audit prescriptions, as they are expected to master an overwhelming quantity of material in a short time. Small group discussions are a useful instructional strategy for improving prescription auditing skills in first-year medical studen...

Little is known about the demographics of people who use cannabis, including how use trends within population subgroups have evolved over time. It is therefore challenging to know if the demographics of participants enrolled in cannabis clinical trials are representative of those who use cannabis. To fill this knowledge gap, data from the National...

Busulfan (BUS) is an anticancer agent with serious adverse effects on various body organs, including the lung and testis. Sitagliptin was proven to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antiapoptotic effects. This study aims to evaluate whether sitagliptin, a DPP4I, ameliorates BUS-induced pulmonary and testicular injury in rats. M...

Computational drug repurposing aims to identify new indications for existing drugs by utilizing high-throughput data, often in the form of biomedical knowledge graphs. However, learning on biomedical knowledge graphs can be challenging due to the dominance of genes and a small number of drug and disease entities, resulting in less effective represe...

Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are driven by activating mutations in Proto-oncogene c-KIT (KIT) or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). The emergence of effective therapies targeting these mutations has revolutionized the management of advanced GIST. However, following initiation of first-line imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (...

Numerous mental diseases can be caused by anxiety or anxiety-like effects, but phobia is a prevalent overcoming symptom that frequently causes stress. At present, two primary anxiety-treatment approaches are being considered: Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. So many traditional synthetic anxiolytic drugs with such a variety of side effects are us...

In this review, we trace origins of the joint initiative of the pharmaceutical industry and major regulatory authorities to provide a framework for the identification, quantification, and testing of drug metabolites (i.e., Metabolites in Safety Testing; MIST). Dr. Tom Baillie was hugely instrumental in initiating and guiding this process and contin...

PI3K is an intracellular heterodimer of two subunits regulater and catalytic one, induces many signalling pathways after activation. Specific primers used to detect PI3K in breast tissues of 186 patients with 84 benign of fibroadenoma and 72 invasive ductal carcinoma. conventional PCR detects that 97% of PI3K genome identity with standard strain an...