Clinical Health Psychology - Science topic

Respected Researcher

We, as experts in the field of clinical psychology, before we judge the individual as being sick with a certain disease, we prepare an initial interview for him/her to identify his personality through his/her words, appearance, facial features, and behavior, and then conduct him/her after that interview after two or three diagnostic tests in Intelligence, personality and thinking (mental and cognitive tests), and of course we rely on collecting information from some people close to him/her (family, children, brothers, friends, peers, etc.), because we cannot judge an individual who suffers from blindness for example, that he/she is a disabled person as soon as he/she lost his/her eyes, and we cannot judge a healthy person, who does not suffer from any disability, that he/she has several skills.

That is why we have to take proper and correct measures in the diagnosis process first, and this is explained by the published research that you read, and indeed this is what is meant, because if we focus on the individual’s disability, this may affect the loss of his/her important skills remaining, and this increases his feeling that he/she is a helpless person who is useless, and then he/she will make dangerous decisions that lead him/her to a tendency towards suicide or any other serious illness, so it is the responsibility of the psychiatrist or psychologist first and undoubtedly, to pay attention to the development of the skills available to the helpless person, and not to care about the extent feeling the level of disability, because the development of skills leads to the treatment of disability.

This article may be

Exploring the Group Prenatal Care Model: A Critical Review of the Literature useful.published J perinatal education 2012

ALSO

THIS ARTICLE RELATE 2019

https://www.centeringhealthcare.org/uploads/files/PressRelease_BirthEquityIssueBrief_10.2.19.

You can use the following spreadsheet. Go to the third sheet (Scopus), highlight the Subject Area and Category, use "Conditional Formatting", select "Highlight Cell Rules", choose "Text that Contains", enter Psychology. You will get roughly around 985 journals that are Scopus-indexed & WoS-indexed at the same time.

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Dear Maysaa,

please take a look at http://wos-education.org/

Please check if this is helpful.

Dear Stanisław,

thank you very much for your answer - I appreciate it. Since initial request (asked by my assistant - Małgorzata in 2015) I found lots of studies. However I am very interested in your research - particularly in polish adaptations of techniques useful to assess mindfulness as a trait. I will write to you separate messages as I wish to get to know with your approach to research more deeply.

Kind regards,

Anna Błaszczak

There is a Single Case Archive at http://singlecasearchive.com/

Rutgers University has a Pragmatic Case Archives at http://pcsp.libraries.rutgers.edu/index.php/pcsp/issue/archive

Dear Sabine,

Maybe the following papers helps you:

Jezierska N. Psychological reactions in family members of patients hospitalised in intensive care units. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2014;46(1):42-5. https://journals.viamedica.pl/anaesthesiology_intensivetherapy/article/viewFile/AIT.2014.0009/26661

Parker A, Sricharoenchai T, Needham DM. Early Rehabilitation in the Intensive Care Unit: Preventing Physical and Mental Health Impairments. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2013;1(4):307-314. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3889146/pdf/nihms526173.pdf

Feemster LC, Cooke CR, Rubenfeld GD, Hough CL, Ehlenbach WJ, Au DH, Fan VS. The influence of hospitalization or intensive care unit admission on declines in health-related quality of life. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(1):35-45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342801/pdf/AnnalsATS.201404-172OC.pdf

Best wishes from Germany,

Martin

Thank you Aruna,,,good ideas and thoughtful...

Might be worth to have a look at the West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory by Kerns, Turk & Rudy (1985), it includes a section that evaluates patient's perceptions of significant other's responses to displays of pain and suffering.

Dear Tatiana, 

It is not the same treatment for alcoholism and for gambling.  It was tried out in Sweden to treat them together. Moral, Disease, Mal adaptive Behavior. Do you mean addicted to porn? Shame and guilt keeps the viscous cycle going. 

see this article 

Medical errors are a serious public health problem that threatens patient safety. In the 1950s medical errors were considered to be the price paid for modern diagnosis and therapy. But over the ensuing decades, medical errors have increased to epidemic proportions and currently are the third leading cause of death in the United States.

It depends which aspects of aging you're most interested in...

Dear Paulo, 

Check these papers out: 

 Hi Varuna,

This article uses the "Stages of Change" model and compares it to single question. They use them to predict Non-smoking, but it does provide the questions to assess stage of change.

John

I agree with Thomas on that effective couple therapy doesn't contribute to illusion of control, but it can promote the relationship between the couple and facilitate individual growth.

Beatrice's recommended book is a good one related to your topic.

For all practical purposes, mindfulness can be considered a cognitive intervention: by becoming more aware of thoughts and their influence on mood and behavior, you have an avenue to challenge those thoughts, and replace them with different thoughts.

Additionally, it can be considered to have a behavioral influence, similar to Jacobsonian relaxation strategies, usually identified as "systematic relaxation." Taking a deep breath, and exercising would be similar behavioral interventions, each with a presumptive physiological correlate to explain how it helps, psychologically.

Mindfulness meditation, when successful (the person tries and actually has some sustained stretches of time of mindfulness) is recognized to have a range of influences upon brain activity, as measured by EEG or Q-EEG (those terms can be googled). The literature is very heterogeneous on what brain activity changes are seen in those successfully meditating, so I am not confident in making a specific argument one way or the other. But the argument is that the meditation moves the brain into a mental state that is that of a less-distressed state of mind. So, just like taking deep breaths can relax you, possibly due to vagal nerve feedback to the brain, by meditation you deliberately move your brain activity profile to more closely be one of alert relaxation rather than alert alarm or distress.

Further, this can be classically conditioned to some degree, by being associated with deep breathing or a mental focus on the phenomenology of breathing.

My explanation removed the esoteric, or cosmological, or religious, or supernatural nature from meditation. In my view, meditation is not any of these. This is my opinion, and I may be right or wrong. An "Eastern" concept is that meditation upon breathing, the essence of life, can "yoke" you to the essence of life, the infinite or the cosmological.

The impression of losing some sense of yourself is thus explained as losing your self and getting closer to oneness with the universe. "Yoke" shares the same root word with "yoga," hence the term "yoga."

Some may disagree, but yoga is a form of meditation - a very physical form - more physical than slow-walking, meditatively eating a raisin in the well-recognized raisin exercise, etc.

So, if writing a paper or describing your practice, to stand on steady ground it might be safe to say meditation, as a mental health intervention, has aspects of cognitive and behavioral interventions, while some also believe it has unique spiritual or metaphysical aspects. Insurance companies and grant funders will not pay for spiritual interventions, and believers of many religious faiths are not supposed to dabble in practices outside their religion, including the occult, so you have solid ground on two sides for avoiding a portrayal of meditation as spiritual.

A good overview/intro is: "The Calm Technique: Meditation without Magic or Mysticism." The Kabat-Zinn books are good, also.

Dear Anna, 

Based on the literature it seems to me that qualitative methods are likely to capture patient-centred care

BMC Health Serv Res. 2014; 14: 619.

Geva Greenfield, Agnieszka M Ignatowicz, Athina Belsi, Yannis Pappas, Josip Car, Azeem Majeed, and Matthew Harris

Patient perspectives of patient-centeredness in medical rehabilitation. Zimmermann L, Konrad A, Müller C, Rundel M, Körner M. Patient Educ Couns. 2014 Jul;96(1):98-105.

An integrative model of patient-centeredness - a systematic review and concept analysis. Scholl I, Zill JM, Härter M, Dirmaier J. PLoS One. 2014 Sep 17;9(9):e107828.

Med Teach. 2013;35(3):219-25. doi: 10.3109/0142159X.2012.737966. 

Towle A, Godolphin W.

Explanations of illness experiences among community mental health patients: An argument for the use of an ethnographic interview method in routine clinical care. Owiti JA, Palinski A, Ajaz A, Ascoli M, De Jongh B, Bhui KS. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;27(1):23-38.

PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42256. 

Uijen AA1, Heinst CW, Schellevis FG, van den Bosch WJ, van de Laar FA, Terwee CB, Schers HJ.

" Based on the results of this review, the use of one of the four most promising instruments is recommended - , depending on the target population-.  Diabetes Continuity of Care Questionnaire, Alberta Continuity of Services Scale-Mental Health, Heart Continuity of Care Questionnaire, and Nijmegen Continuity Questionnaire.

Ann Fam Med. 2011 Mar; 9(2): 155–164.

Catherine Hudon,  Martin Fortin, Jeannie L. Haggerty, Mireille Lambert,  and Marie-Eve Poitras,

METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review using the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases covering 1980 through April 2009, with a specific search strategy for each database. The search strategy was supplemented with searching by hand and expert suggestions. We looked for articles meeting all of the following criteria: (1) describing self-administered instruments measuring patient perceptions of patient-centered care; (2) reporting quantitative or psychometric results of development or validation; (3) being relevant to an ambulatory family medicine context. The quality of each article retained was assessed using a modified version of the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. Instrument’ items were mapped to dimensions of a patient-centered care conceptual framework.

you should send your request to organizations of psychooncology in those countries. There is an International organization of Psychooncology, IPO. Anja Mehnert, leipzig, might help you. 

The previous responses are correct. The BDI II is a questionnaire that gauges symptoms of depression. While it can indicate someone may have major depressive disorder, it is not enough in and of itself to make a formal diagnosis.

As mentioned by the earlier comments, to diagnose depression a person needs to meet a certain number of criteria laid out by a diagnostic manual. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5, or DSM-5 as it is commonly known, is used most in the USA. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10 (ICD-10) is more commonly used internationally. 

These manuals simply offer the diagnostic framework. They only tell you what symptoms to look for in a mental disorder. To actually assess the symptoms one uses the manuals' compendium structured clinical interview booklets. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID) goes with the DSM (note, the SCID for DSM-5 has not yet been released as DSM-5 only came out recently. Most people are still using DSM-IV and it's version of the SCID). The World Health Organization World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview goes with ICD-10, but can also be used for DSM-5. Delivering these clinical interviews requires a great deal of clinical training, and shouldn't be attempted by untrained staff. 

Of course, there are a lot of other handy questionnaires out there if one is looking to quickly screen patients/clients for possible depressive disorders. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is commonly used in healthcare settings because it is very quick to administer, and very quick to score. 

Thank you!

The purpose of the test is not diagnostic , therefore only reports the magnitude of depressive symptoms that a person compared to a normative group .

The underlying theory of Dualism is Regions of Refuge, crafted by Enrique Florescano in which after the Conquista by Spaniards, the remaining indian population fled to the mountains and sierras, in order to escape the Encomiendas (forced labour in spaniards'  farms) from this situation a form of living was developed: self-sufficiency, and rejection of western form of living, this evolved into a perception that modernization and market economics is wrong and so it is a sort of mental health distortion in mainly indian and rural populations and villages, today and at the root of the rejection to government and non govmt, agencies; see Enrique Florescano, Gonzalo Aguirre-Beltrán (Regiones de Refugio), hope this may be helpful,  

Successful management requires identification and addressing both root cause, barrier. Patient vary considerably in their readiness and capacity. Success can be defied as better quality of life. greater self esteem. higher energy level etc. There is an approach for obesity management from Canadian obesity network: www.obesitynetwork.ca

Good question, First, I am not  quite sure about both of them, but:

Both (CST and RT) have one common thing - they may be applied to older adults to improve their well-being.

Reminiscence therapy is seemed to be grounded in helping elderly population to recover from depression and mood disorders which are by the way typical to some older adults because of the neurobiological mechanisms of ageing. Webster's scale [J  Geront 1993] comprises developmental problems of elderly which are time management (boredom) and resolving the conflicts (see Erikson's ego integrity vs despair). The paradigm would be more humanistic

When it comes to CST - the target would be a different subgroup of individuals with progressing mental decline which is prevalent in disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer, strokes etc. The aim is to stimulate individual to activity and decrease the memory loss. CST has normally social setting so it would be performed in a group sessions. Brief description of exercises may be found in page 7 http://www.google.pl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecochranelibrary.com%2Fdetails%2Ffile%2F1479301%2FCD005562.html&ei=-h0rVMvYDcbJPKuxgcAJ&usg=AFQjCNFtb4aUj8kI-0L3gE7HAppSZ3uaaw&bvm=bv.76477589,d.ZWU

The paradigm would be more cognitive-behavioral here

Definetely it's not the full answer but I hope it might be helpful for others to explorate it.

Here you have the scoring instructions!

The collaborative technique called "four corner debate" is an effective strategy. Label each room corner with one sign: Agree, Strongly Agree, Strongly Disagree, Disagree. Assert an opinion, e.g., "IQ can be changed" or "IQ is immutable throughout life." Then all students go to one corner or another. They discuss with their corner-mates until they understand why they're in that place and not the near neighbors (e.g., if in disagree, they have to understand why they're not in Strongly Disagree and why they're not in Agree). Then, teacher randomly picks a student from one group who states that group's position. If needed, others in that group can add. When they feel they've made their case, teacher picks a second group -- and here you use another strategy called "paraphrase passport." The second group selectee paraphrases the first group's position -- and the first group has to acknowledge that he/she got it right -- or explain the nuances they missed and they can try again. Once they paraphrase to the first group's satisfaction, they get a "passport" to state their own position. Teacher picks a different student from that group to state their case, disambiguating from the near neighbors again. Continue till all four groups have presented. Then allow people to change groups if they were convinced by any other position (few do -- such a bonding effect!). Ask those students to explain what compelled them to make the switch.

I've found this a very effective structure.

It is regular ANOVA for comparison of parametric values with normal distribution, yes? I don't know, what statistical software are you using, but such identification should be indicated in the analysis report, along with values returned by the test. For me it is beginning of the next task - step by step analysis of indicated datasets with two-way ANOVA, and at next level next one-way ANOVA or t-test. This could give an accurate answer concerning sources of variability at all the levels.

Thanks for the feedback Christine, I understand that UK does not have a formal workers' compensation system that is separate from NHS.  Is psychological counselling also provided under NHS?

Dear Kenneth,

I dont't want to blame you, but I do not see the relevance of your recommendation according to Katherine's question. O.k., the SF-12v2 or theSF-36 as a measure of functional health and well-being from the patient’s point of view is a measure of so called patient reported outcomes. But Katherine asked for providers perspective not for patients perspective. I think, that a questionnaire on health retalted quality of life does not adress Katherines question on factors concerning integrated / collaborative health care models.

Secondly, looking into research into the variants for the MAOA (monoamine oxidase) and SERT (serotonin transporter) genes which have been empirically linked to increased aggression and increased anxiety/depression respectively. Boyce and Ellis's work on 'Biological sensitivity to context' (DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00571.x ) offers the construct of 'orchid and dandelion children' showing how these gene variants make individuals more reactive and sensitive to their attachment environment magnifying it's impact. Thus with strong social support in childhood, they produce highly resilient well-regulated adults. However, with poor social support, they produce very dysregulated adults with high levels of psychopathology.

I agree with the comments above. Most large teaching hospitals are also more open to research and have requisite committees in place. Another source are healthcare professional organizations. Often they will sell the list of their membership for those doing research. If you have a question, like safety even, that might be threatening to a institution, the members of the professional organization might be freer to express concerns.

Psychotherapy is the process of identifying self-deception and its motivation.

Serena,

Try the below article; it is old but it might give you references that may give you more leads for other articles that may help yo.

Schneider, N.G., & Jarvik, M.E (1984). Time course of smoking withdrawal symptoms as a function of nicotine replacement. Pharmacology, 82 (1), 143-4

Thanks,

Ben Olwe

Two personal thoughts:

1. Against the background of the literature the aspect of a particular psychotherapeutic school, (sub)discipline, procedure or technique is very often overestimated, and gave not infrequently reason to sometimes absurd disputes. With the important work of Klaus Grawe (and others) we know what works best in psychotherapy, and these principles are universal and apply for all psychotherapeutic procedures that claim to be effective. Having said this, one may also think about the therapeutic relationship/alliance if a "case" appears to be complex and/or complicated before applying a non-evidence-based combination/potpourri of different (psycho)therapeutic procedures in an attitude of aimless activism.

2. In disorder-oriented psychotherapy there is reason to think of a reasonable combination of different therapeutic approaches, e.g., in somatoform or pain disorders the combination of mind and body therapies, or the addition of, e.g., EMDR in PTSD. Nevertheless, the clinical Impression that these combination are often beneficial, there is a lack of well conducted research in the field...

Although it's tempting to say yes unequivocally or offer anecdotal support it is important to temper claims and support assertions by providing the evidence. The BMJ editorial by Marteau and colleagues outlines the contributions that health psychology / behavioural medicine have made to understanding health behaviour and patient care. There is little doubt that using a well-evidence approach to integrating psychology to medical practice is effective, the key being evidence-based. To quote Marteau and colleagues "too much behavioural research is based neither on valid theories of human behaviour nor on existing empirical evidence. Interventions that are theory based seem more effective in supporting behaviour change than those that are not, and can be more effectively generalised and disseminated. "

The study by Phillips and colleagues (attached) shows that good communication skills alone is not sufficient to improve outcomes with patients whereas using the Self-Regulatory (or Common-sense) Model in a medical consultation does seem to improve health outcomes. In addition, a structured approach to understanding and managing illness beliefs using Health Psychology models seems to offer more than supportive listening alone. Strategies to change behaviour do more than simply telling people to change that behaviour and especially when they target beliefs about health related to the behaviour.

We need more and better studies to demonstrate HOW health psychology can improve clinician patient interactions and then IF this translates to better health outcomes.