Clinical Exercise Physiology - Science topic

There is no "best" modality. You have limited options. Weighted wheel running is probably your best option. In this setup, you use a rodent running wheel and resistance is provided by hanging a strap with weight over the wheel. The degree of resistance is controlled by the amount of weight hung from the strap. The more the weight, the greater the friction applied by the strap to the wheel. An alternative would be to use steep uphill running on a rodent treadmill. The exercise in both of these setups is not pure resistance training. They also provide an aerobic training component. Training effects will be primarily to the plantarflexor and knee extensor muscle groups.

Please look at the following below links which may help you in your analysis:

Thanks

Sal Mangiafico Yes.

Merry TL, Ristow M. Mitohormesis in exercise training. Free Radic Biol Med 2016;98:123-130. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285392332_Mitohormesis_in_exercise_training

Dear Seyyed,

Maybe the following papers will help you:

Qian S, Li M, Li G, Liu K, Li B, Jiang Q, Li L, Yang Z, Sun G. Environmental heat stress enhances mental fatigue during sustained attention task performing: evidence from an ASL perfusion study. Behav Brain Res 2015;280:6-15. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432814007724?via%3Dihub

Otani H, Kaya M, Tamaki A, Watson P. Separate and combined effects of exposure to heat stress and mental fatigue on endurance exercise capacity in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017;117(1):119-129. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00421-016-3504-x

Robertson CV, Marino FE. Cerebral responses to exercise and the influence of heat stress in human fatigue. J Therm Biol 2017;63:10-15. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306456516301668?via%3Dihub

Best wishes from Germany,

Martin

If by breath holding, you mean slower or less deep breathing that increases pCO2 by about 4 mmHg, it increases blood pressure by a small amount.  This phenomenon was published in an article by Bagrov AY, et al. in an article in Hypertension in 1995.  The exact mechanism remains to be clarified.

Interesting question, Dr. Zamotin.

I recommend you this article: "Lactate metabolism : a new paradigm for the third millennium" written by Dr. Gladden (2004). Despite the publishing date, you will be able to find the "state of art"of this subject and the precise value of your outcomes in the "lactate shuttle era"! 

Best regards

Thank you for both replies. It looks as the answer is not very straightforward. I've found some more articles on this topic and all scenarios can be seen, higher HR, lower HR and no change in HR (most common) in fed vs. fasted condition. Yet the changes are usually pretty small. So, if possible, setting exercise intensity based on power would be a much more valid option in this case. 

Although it still interests me how can happen that HR is lower in fasted vs. fed. In fat adapted athletes (ketogenic diet) it is normal to see elevated HR compared to non-fat adapted due to lower economy.

There has been a great deal of work within this area over the last 5-10 years. Many are investigating sub-maximal HIIT to reduce the dangers and improve feasibility in sedentary or diseased populations.

This particular article may well be of specific interest. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371620/ I would also suggest looking a the work by Martin Gibala's group on this area.

I used the GT3X to compare the level of activity of nonfrail and frail elderly and many of the frail ones had functional limitations. I understand that the accelerometer might underestimate the level of energy expenditure of the activity, but not the intensity. Even though we found good relationships between the accelerometer variables and the VO2 peak of the participants.

Best Regards, 

Spine:

April 2001 - Volume 26 - Issue 7 - pp 724-730

Biomechanics

Impaired Postural Control of the Lumbar Spine Is Associated With Delayed Muscle Response Times in Patients With Chronic Idiopathic Low Back Pain

Radebold, Andrea MD; Cholewicki, Jacek PhD; Polzhofer, Gert K. BA; Greene, Hunter S. MD

Useful re melatonin and exercise:  Miller JC. Melatonin. Pages 183–184 in LM Castell, SJ Stear, LM Burke (ed.), Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health: An A-Z Guide. London: Routledge, 2015.

And circadian effects:  Paul MA, Gray G, Lieberman H, Love RJ, Miller JC, Trouborst M, Arendt J. Phase advance with separate and combined melatonin and light treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 214(2):515-23, 2011. Selected for publication in Best of Sleep Medicine for 2012.

Women have the most to gain from strength training, but due to societal and sociological biases they are the last to know. Strength is the answer to a myriad of problems related to activities of daily living observed in women, especially as they age. Because of societal and sociological biases against strength training for girls and young women the average young woman begins her adult life at high risk of osteoporosis because the amount of bone and her bone mineral density are at their peak in the early twenties, but the average 20 year old woman's level of strength is below the 50th percentile. Female athletes are less likely to be influenced by the societal and sociological biases against strength training due to their participation in sports and the requirement for strength training in most sports.

Women are human beings and while the influence of hormonal activity on the body is significant, the basics of training remain largely unchanged. Loads of 1 - 4 repetition maximum (RM) produce strength, loads of 4 - 8 RM produce strength with some hypertrophy, and loads of 8 - 12 RM produce muscular hypertrophy. Exercises should be performed with proper technique and a loss of proper technique means the maximum number of repetitions has been reached. Movements should be purposeful and brisk, faster velocities of movement improve the ability to generate muscular power (an increasingly important factor in maintaining independent living status for older women). Exercises should be performed in sets, with 3 to 6 sets of an exercise being performed in each workout. Each workout should contain 10 - 12 exercises for the various joint systems and the whole body, so that an exercise session would involve between 30 - 36 sets of 10 - 12 exercises and 60 - 72 sets of 10 - 12 exercises.

The American College of Sports Medicine and the National Strength and Conditioning Association (ACSM, NSCA) are the foremost sources of information about these topics in the world, and can be accessed through the web at ACSM.org and NSCA-Lift.org. They have position papers that are generally available to the public, but someone in your position would be strongly advised to join both to obtain access to the wealth of information in the form of peer reviewed scientific papers related to you area of interest.  

The water needs are important and often overlooked, of about 3.5 liters per day 1.75 liter of beverage, the remainder being included in the diet.

However, sweat losses may be higher (the above 4 in a few hours) in hot environments. During the year, the water intake should be supplemented with minerals to avoid hemodilution, especially during long-term exercise

In team sports (during the half-time) or in individual sports (in the rest) contributed approximately 200 ml of water containing 20 g of glucose, 1 g of sodium chloride and 1 g potassium gluconate seems desirable.

Hello.

I attach a thesis on this topic.

Best regards.

Dear Dr. Lamy

there are many benefits of intermittent hypoxic training on well-trained endurance athletes , and you can find this benefits in the next articles :

1- Influence of intermittent hypoxic training on muscle energetics and exercise tolerance

2- Eight weeks of intermittent hypoxic training improves submaximal physiological variables in highly trained runners

3- Effect of intermittent hypoxic training followed by intermittent hypoxic exposure on aerobic capacity of long distance runners.

4- The effects of intermittent hypoxic training on aerobic capacity and endurance performance in cyclists.

5- Effects of intermittent hypoxic training on cycling performance in well-trained athletes.

6- Benefits and Risks of Different Regimen of Intermittent Hypoxic Training ( Chapter on book )

7- Popularity of hypoxic training methods for endurance-based professional and amateur athletes

8- Intermittent hypoxic training: fact and fancy

9- Effect of intermittent hypoxic training on 20 km time trial and 30 s anaerobic performance

10- Intermittent hypoxic training in endurance athletes

i hope the best for you .

best regards

moustafa

Dear Dr. Brian

you can find three protocols of treadmill VO2 max tests used in squash articles and it will help you .

the first protocol :

The incremental treadmill protocol began at a speed of 8 km/h and increased by 1 km/h with each 3-min stage until 15 km/h. Once 15 km•h–1 was reached the speed was kept constant but the gradient was increased by 1.5% with each stage. Subjects were encouraged to complete as many stages as possible and the test was determined at the point of volitional exhaustion.

the second protocol :

The test comprised an initial speed of 13 km/h at 0% grade followed by an increase in speed of 1 km/h every minute up to 16 km·h−1. Thereafter, speed remained constant but treadmill grade was increased by 1% every minute until volitional exhaustion.

the third protocol :

The treadmill incremental test to exhaustion (TT) was performed on a motorised treadmill (S2500; Medical Development, Andrezieux, France). It consisted of an initial two minute workload of 10 km/h followed by increases of 1 km/h every two minutes (0% incline). The test ended with voluntary exhaustion of the subjects.

I hope the best for you , and i've question to you :

best regards

moustafa

look at data from the Heritage study by C Bouchard and others..about 50 % of the expected change in VO2max in response to training is genetic; this explains why in response to the same training intervention, some people adapt markedly, others minimally, and some not at all.  More recent studies suggest that it is the quality of recovery between training sessions, nutritional adequacy, etc. which may also affect the change in VO2max and other performance based outcomes...TA

Please see attachments for nitric oxide and other biomarkers in skeletal muscles and brain.

Also, please see the link for "Biomarkers in Toxicology" book that I have recently edited for Academic Press/Elsevier.

You would have to define 'level of consciousness' for the purpose of your study.The bispectral index monitor is a processed EEG that generates a number between 1 and 100 in anesthesia - it is more a depth of anesthesia monitor than a level of consciousness monitor, and is used to assist in avoiding awareness under anesthesia. A number between 30 and 60 is targeted for anesthesia. A number above 60 would not necessarily mean you are conscious.

An easy well validated scoring system is the Glasgow Coma Scale and requires scoring of a response to a verbal command.

You could give your subjects a cognitive task eg copying the text of book as they get progressively hypoxic, and time either how long it takes to start failing in the task (the writing goes funny or they can't read the words), or record at what saturation level on the pulse oximeter they start to fail. 

Finally, there is the SCAT 3 test currently used in rugby union to evaluate level of consciousness of a player after a head knock - this document below includes the GCS I mentioned above

The goal would be to minimize fluid losses during exercise. Having appropriate hydration strategies during activity to do so would be the best bet in this athlete. Although gut absorption is less that this athlete's sweat rate, minimizing the difference between total body water losses and fluid intake is a good way of minimizing losses to prevent any performance deficits. It may also be a good idea to assess the amount of sweat electrolyte lost in the sweat of the athlete both unacclimatized and acclimatized to know what those needs may be as well.

Pharmacologic intervention, although possible, may not be the best, especially during intense exercise in the heat. Reducing whole body sweat rate drastically reducing evaporative capacity, thus increasing the risk of exertional heat illness and exertional heat stroke. Appropriate hydration strategies before, during, and after exercise to replenish fluid losses would be the recommended goal for this athlete.

Yes it does. greater oxygen consumption and greater oxygen deficit after exercise must be compensated after workout. There are also other reasons vasodilation occur. With different intensities You can usually see greater artery diameter and longer time of vasodilation with higher intensities of resistance training. 

For example You can look at this study by Van Beekvelt et al. :

I hope it will help.

Best regards,

Jan Homolak

Hi Saber,

There are a few different methods you can use for inducing gastric cancer. If you are purely interested in looking at gastric cancer development regardless of your mouse genetic status I would recommend infecting with Helicobacter. You could either use H. pylori-SS1 which is a mouse adapted strain or H. felis which is derived from cats but infects mice very well. There are pros and cons when using either strain.

If you are unable to infect then you could use a carcinogen. Adding N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) to drinkning water has been shown to effectively cause gastric tumours (yamachika etal 1998).

Alternatively, you could use a genetically modified model of gastric cancer. There are quite a few excellent models which include inflammatory based models such as the gp130757FF mutant, Keratin-19/IL-1beta transgenic and COX2 overexpression or models which disrupt a regulatory function of the gastric mucosa and include gastrin null mice, H+K+ ATPase subunit knockouts, deficiencies in ion transporters, and TFF1-/- and TFF2-/- mice.

I hope this information is helpful.

J. P. Little, J. B. Gillen, M. E. Percival et al., “Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes,” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 111, no. 6, pp. 1554–1560, 2011.

A. Mourier, J.-F. Gautier, E. De Kerviler et al., “Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM: effects of branched-chain amino acid supplements,” Diabetes Care, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 385–391, 1997

P. Boudou, E. Sobngwi, F. Mauvais-Jarvis, P. Vexiau, and J.-F. Gautier, “Absence of exercise-induced variations in adiponectin levels despite decreased abdominal adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic men,” European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 149, no. 5, pp. 421–424, 2003

Regarding your question: "How different is that from normal continuous exercise training was my curiosity." This depends on the parameters you are looking at. If you are interested in a general difference between CET and HIT you have to look which parameters they influence and which not and if their is a difference between the two types of exercise.

This is the main issue for you to decide which parameters in type 2 diabetic people you want to look at. For a whole picture you would have to analyse all the different molecular pathways involved in diabetes and to investigate if they are influcenced differently by certain forms of exercise.

Thank you very much please can you send to me the full text of these papers please my email is tarek70ali@gmail.com