Science topic

Climate Change - Science topic

Climate Change is an any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). It may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities.
Questions related to Climate Change
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Many researchers believe that social perception has a greater impact on the actions of governments and organizations than the advice of specialists in the context of knowledge dissemination and popularization of science. I am looking to situate the importance of Social Representations of the populations from marginalized areas in the development of an education program aimed at adapting and mitigating the negative effects of climate change.
Many researchers believe that social perception has a greater impact on the actions of governments and organizations than the advice of specialists in the context of knowledge dissemination and popularization of science. I am looking to situate the importance of Social Representations of the populations from marginalized areas in the development of an education program aimed at adapting and mitigating the negative effects of climate change.
What is the importance of Social Representations in an education program for behavioral change with regard to climate change?
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Dr Juan Carlos Torrico , thank you for your comment! You argue that population should be part of the process regarding how facing its owns problems in a sustainable way.
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I have a project that depends on the future bio-oracle data predictions from 2050 and 2100 under rcp 2.5, 4.5, 6, and 8.5. I have been gathering occurrence data and preparing it, and now I have it ready to go, but the website's download option is now unavailable. Unfortunately, the R package does not have the 2100 data sets under each rcp either. Therefore, I was reaching out to the community to see if anyone has the bio-oracle datasets for 2050 and 2100 under rcp 2.5, 4.5. 6, 8.5 for each marine variable. I would really appreciate it! The latest datasets would clearly be ideal.
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Climate change continues to have a rapid impact in the world. Countries are taking a series of measures to combat climate change. At this point, the environmental impacts of SMEs should not be ignored. Especially in countries that have a fragile economic structure, how the measures can be taken against these effects of SMEs? or How can we improve SMEs's environmental performance?
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It is the role of government to support SME in their green shift by given them financial advantages as low taxes and accompaniment.
My thesis that I'm working for is about this topic
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The largest sea-level decline was witnessed during the last glacial period some 20,000 years ago, the water level dipped to about 121 metres. Bust since last few decades sea level rise and climate change has become buzz words. The scientific community is looking for the appropriate measures to fix or reduce the intensity of the problem.
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Humans have a hand in the destruction of our world but we can also turn back the clock.
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Groundwater is of utmost importance in Haiti. It is the main source of drinking water for the Haitian population. The degradation of the quality of this resource is a major issue in the context of climate change where a rise in sea level from 200 to 300 mm by 2100 (IPCC, 2008) could irreversibly aggravate this phenomenon. In this context, the identification of the sensitivity of groundwater to climatic variations has become essential due to climate change and the strong link existing between climate and the water cycle and therefore water resources. The question we are asking is about a coastal aquifer at a time when climate change is prolonging drought periods in the Caribbean.
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Climate change is real and over the years the weather parameters are changing, so the global hydrological cycle, atmospheric circulation, bio-geochemical cycles also changing. But to some extent can't we say nature have that power to adapt all these changes and nature have the power of self mitigation and adaptation from these climate extremes. We know our population is increasing and so our food production and I think in my childhood, I could sense 6 seasons in a year i.e. Summer, Spring, Monsson, Autumn, Winter and Prevernal but now I can only sense 3 i.e. Summer, Monsoon and winter, but we are still existing and plants are also still existing in this Earth even the gradual spike of mean annual temperature and CO2.
So, my verdict is plant can accommodate with the environment, because the change is gradual one. Let me know as a researcher what my scientific community think about it. Should we really think about it seriously and if yes then at what point it may reach the threshold climate extremities ????
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yes
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We are looking for some papers on the relationship of present day's inflammable problems corona pandemic and climate change.
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The term BIODIVERSITY has of late has become a common catch word which is being used across the world among scientists and environmental activists. It is easier said than really understood quantitatively and qualitatively. Is there any standard reference to quote 'Biodiversity' which is defined as optimum in terms of plant and animal population across the world in order that adverse climate change and global warming are averted to make the life of all living resources healthy, strong, stable and successful in completing their life cycle. How to determine the optimum population of plants and animals(including humans) to make the planet Earth as an ideal planet to lead happy, healthy, hilarious, progressive, promising, pleasant, prosperous and peaceful life by all forms of life aquatic and terrestrial alike.
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Humans are just too many. Without us, other types of life get along with each other in balance. Our intellect/intelligence is in a state that causes high risks for other forms of life. I'm not an expert in biology or close fields though, so I can't come up with accurate estimates of optimal populations you asked.
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Given that the development of a society is linked to human activities that have impacts on the climate and that all countries want to be developed, is it possible to reduce anthropogenic influences on the climate?
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The answer is that we can. Here are two examples of agendas for sustainability:
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Hello everybody!
I thought it would be interesting to start a discussion about bats and climate change. Thus, climate change belongs to the major threats and challenges to global bat conservation through increased temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, more droughts and heat waves as well as stronger and more intense hurricanes.
It would be great if you could use this discussion to share your favorite or new publications on the topic!
Thank you in advance for your interest,
Yann
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Dear Dr.Yann,
Climate change particularly due to increasing temperature has impact of humans as well as animals including bats.We have published a review article on Climate change.
Dave, S., Dave, P. and Pal, M. 2015. The impact of climate change on emergence and re-emergence of human vector diseases. International Journal of Livestock Health 5: 1- 10.
One can easily download our publication from Research Gate and Academia.
With kind regards,
Prof.Dr.Mahendra Pal
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How does the climate change shape our behavioural pattern and why? Your educated comments will be highly honoured.
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Climate change and its resultant extreme weather events have been referred to as a universal fret. The aspect of the behavioural pattern will arise from the socio-economic aspects of the impacts of climate change perturbations felt by individuals across the world. The world crisis exacerbated by conflicts on natural resources uses and human welfare will bring a paradigm shift on climate change preparedness and response.
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We looking for a high-quality, contract basis, academic illustrator for a paper in Nature Climate Change, any recommendations?
Proven track record important.
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Hi Nick,
Jo Bentley forwarded me this question just in case you're still looking for an illustrator. I work with Prof. Jill Farrant and do most of her academic illustrations. I'm based at the Molecular and Cell Biology Dept, but I'd be very keen to illustrate for other disciplines (I have a penchant for maps and map-making:). If you are still looking for someone, you can contact me at my UCT address - keren.cooper@uct.ac.za.
Kind regards
Keren
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The effect of ENSO on weed populations dynamics is of key importance for better weed management or species conservation purposes.
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Possible think of correlation with climate change or environmental data
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It is important for me that in what ways understanding of crisis leads to do some actions.
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We all know that COVID 19 became pandemic that affected over 187 countries of the world, and thus causing high morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 pandemic has a serious impact on every thing including health, and economy. Therefore, people perceived COVID-19 more different than other global crisis, such as climate change/ global warming, and other communicable and non-communicable diseases.
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I want to know if coronaviruses are considered as fixed variable entered in every country, can level of resiliency of that country be determined by the number of infected and dead people? Furthermore, can this kind of assessment be reliable for other crises such as climate change and global warming-related disasters?
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I agree with Benni, it depends on the meaning of resilience... resilience for whom? Consequences in terms of fatalities and people infected depend on different levels of vulnerability (health system, housing conditions, demographic factors, density of population, morbility and maybe genetics of individuals, etc.) and exposure (type of job, socio-economic status, access to adequate information, etc.) of the society (these are indeed multifactorial), but most importantly, resilience seen as a process, would be more very much related to (lack of!) informed decision making from an integrated perspective...
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The John Molson School of Business at Concordia University kindly invites contributions to the forthcoming edited book Beyond the 2ºC - Business and Policy Trajectories to Climate Change Adaptation to be published by Palgrave Macmillan and being considered for the “Palgrave Studies in Sustainable Business: In Association with Future Earth” book series.
ABOUT THE BOOK
Climate change mitigation, understood as an approach to reduce human-induced emissions, has taken centre stage in climate action debates and efforts in the last decades. Currently published reports and studies present scenarios under which we can limit the global temperature rise to a 2°C threshold. However, to stay within the 2°C threshold, we need to move towards net-negative global emissions. This would require mobilization on a global scale and improvements in our approaches to mitigating global warming. After passing the symbolic 400 parts per million (PPM) threshold of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq) in the atmosphere in 2016, recent studies have highlighted that the current emission trajectory can easily lead to concentrations of up to 1,000 PPM of CO2-eq – leading to an average global warming of up to 5.4°C by the end of this century.
While many governments, businesses and researchers like to believe that a mitigation-focused approach can keep the 2°C threshold within reach, this edited book intends to investigate the business and policy adaptation trajectories beyond what are currently understood to be some of the major tipping points in the climate system. In these scenarios, the planet will be on an accelerated path towards deforestation, biodiversity loss, erosion of inhabited and uninhabited coastal areas, and the possible disappearance of entire island states. These events will be coupled with the possible proliferation of disease, human migration, and increased conflicts over resources. This calls for academics, practitioners, and policymakers to shift their attention away from the almost exclusive focus on climate change mitigation, to also consider adaptation plans.
Beyond the 2ºC - Business and Policy Trajectories to Climate Change Adaptation is an edited collection that will review and critically analyze new and innovative business and policy approaches to climate change adaptation across different economic sectors and for different locations. The edited collection will aim to ignite an academic discussion regarding the necessary, and potentially urgent, adaption strategies that could address the risks induced by the fast-changing climate. The contributions should demonstrate how we can adapt to a world where fresh water is scarce, where extreme weather events are a daily reality, where global sea levels are up to 2.4 m higher than today, and where flooding and wildfires are no longer discrete events. The collection plans to evaluate the readiness of our businesses and policies to adapting to this “new” world and to explore strategies that move beyond the current incremental approaches.
CALL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Beyond the 2ºC - Business and Policy Trajectories to Climate Change Adaptation aims to explore and propose business and policy solutions for climate-induced economic, technical, and societal challenges.
The editors are accepting contributions by experts in both the academic and practitioner communities in business and policy, as well as related fields such as economics, management, development studies, finance, and entrepreneurship. The editors are inviting contributions that:
· Shed new light on our understanding of climate-related vulnerabilities and risks
· Explore innovative risk management procedures
· Present new and emerging processes for internalizing adaptation in existing business and policy approaches
· Identify new barriers to large scale and/or local climate change adaptation
· Introduce methodologies for mapping and understanding synergies and trade-offs in adaptation
· Investigate approaches to overcoming conflicts in business and policy adaptation trajectories
The editors are encouraging contributions that move beyond the current disciplinary divides and present novel interdisciplinary approaches, which use scenario building methodologies in their investigations and study the social, economic, environmental, and cultural dimensions of the complex adaptation trajectories. Moreover, the editors will also be accepting chapters that incorporate new concepts or tools beyond the academic fields of business administration and political science. These fields will include the natural and social sciences, which make connections to the business and policy. The editors also encourage contributions that move beyond carbon emissions to focus on emerging challenges and themes regarding adaptation, which includes health, wellbeing, air quality, waste, and biodiversity. In addition, chapters that use case studies or comparative studies (between different solutions, applications in different industries, or variations between regions) are strongly encouraged. Finally, considering the global nature of climate change and its multi-scale consequences, the editors invite authors to critically consider the scalar relevance – local, regional, national, and supranational levels – of their contributions.
The submissions will be reviewed with an open mind and with a particular focus on the relevance of the chapter with respect to adapting to climate change and its consequences beyond the 2ºC threshold. The edited book will serve as an academic reference for senior undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate scholars in the fields of business, public affairs, social science, environmental studies, and law across the globe. It will also function as a practical guide and a reference for emerging best practices on the topic of climate change adaptation for industry and business leaders, regulators, and policymakers around the world. Although the book can be used as a reference book in academic courses, it will not be specifically organized as a textbook.
POTENTIAL TOPICS FOR CHAPTERS
1. CLIMATE CHANGE HAZARDS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
a. Understanding the hazards and their management
b. Technological hazards
c. Political hazards
d. Natural hazards (cyclones, floods, storms, floods, droughts)
e. Socio-economic risks
f. Human health risks
g. Planetary health and biodiversity risks
h. Geoengineering and climate management
i. Greenhouse gas management
ii. Solar radiation management
2. THE FUTURE OF FOSSIL FUELS AND EMISSIONS
a. Fossil fuel subsidies
b. Carbon pricing/carbon taxation
c. Biofuel and other alternative fuels
d. Renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal)
e. The future of nuclear power (challenges and opportunities)
f. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
g. Hydrogen fuels
3. ADAPTING CITIES, URBAN SETTLEMENTS, AND CHANGES TO HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
a. Urban planning, urban design, and cities beyond the 2ºC
b. Waterfront settlements, island states, and other high-risk human settlements
c. Buildings and construction (design, materials, codes/standards/certifications, retrofitting)
d. Local modes of transportation (cars and other private transport, public transit, collective passenger transport, human-powered transport, etc.)
e. Intra-continental travel (rail, advanced trains and emerging technologies)
f. Inter-continental travel (aviation fuel, turbofan/turboprop engines, emissions and contrails, emerging technologies, etc.)
g. Global product transport and logistics
4. ADAPTING THE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS
a. Agriculture, soil, and forests
i. Animal and marine farming
ii. Agriculture, agroforestry, reforestation
iii. Soil and its rehabilitation
b. Demand-side management
i. Incentive and financing programs
ii. Change and development in consumption patterns
iii. Consumer behaviour beyond a 2ºC warmer climate
c. Supply-side management
i. Change and development in production patterns
ii. Recycling, upcycling, reuse, and regeneration
iii. Closed-loop production models
iv. Living and biotic natural resources
v. Non-living natural resources (metals, minerals, and stone)
vi. Renewability of resources
d. New and emerging modes of production and consumption
5. FINANCING GLOBAL CLIMATE ADAPTATION
a. Microfinance (micro-credit, micro-insurance, risk, etc.)
b. Philanthropy and venture capital
c. ESG investment (trends, renewable energy investment, partnerships, water, etc.)
d. Climate finance (private climate finance, green funds, adaptation funds, the low carbon market, divestment, etc.)
e. Evaluating and managing the financial risks of adaptation
f. Natural capital accounting (efforts, innovations, and effects)
g. Financial policies
6. LIMITATION AND THE FUTURE OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION
a. The limits to climate change mitigation
b. Political and policy limits
c. Capital limits
d. Technological limits
e. Societal and cultural limits
IMPORTANT DATES
· Abstract and CV submission deadline – June 30th, 2020
· Selection of abstracts and notification to successful contributors – July 31st, 2020
· Full chapter submission – November 30th, 2020
· Revised chapter submission – February 28th, 2021
GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS
Submissions should be written in English using a non-technical writing style. The contributions may include diagrams/illustrations in order to present data, or photographs/figures (all in black & white) to better illustrate the topic of discussion. Submitted chapters should be original and exclusively prepared for the present book. No part of the article should be published elsewhere. Chapters must not exceed 7,000 words (including all references, appendices, biographies, etc.), must use 1.5-line spacing and 12 pt. Times New Roman font, and must use the APA 7th edition reference style.
Researchers and practitioners are invited to submit abstracts of no more than 500 words, a bibliography for their proposed chapter, and a CV. Abstract submissions are expected by June 30th, 2020. Submissions should be sent via email to climatechange.adaptation@concordia.ca
Authors will be notified about the status of their proposals and will be sent complete chapter guidelines. Full chapters are expected to be submitted by November 30th, 2020.
Please note there are no submission or acceptance fees for the manuscripts.
ABOUT THE EDITORS
Thomas Walker[1]
Dr. Walker holds an MBA and PhD degree in Finance from Washington State University. Prior to his academic career, he worked for several years in the German consulting and industrial sector at firms such as Mercedes Benz, Utility Consultants International, Lahmeyer International, Telenet, and KPMG Peat Marwick. He has taught as a visiting professor at the University of Mannheim, the University of Bamberg, the European Business School, and the WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management. His research interests are in sustainability & climate change, corporate governance, securities regulation and litigation, and insider trading and he has published over sixty articles and book chapters in these areas. He is the lead-editor of five books on sustainable financial systems, sustainable real estate, sustainable aviation, emerging risk management, and environmental policy. Dr. Walker has held numerous administrative and research positions during his career. For instance, he served as the Laurentian Bank Professor in Integrated Risk Management (2010-2015), Chair of the Finance Department (2011-2014), Director/Co-director of the David O’Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise (2015-2017), and as Associate Dean, Research and Research Programs (2016-2017) at Concordia University. In addition, he has been an active member of various advisory boards and steering committees including, among others, the human resources group of Finance Montréal, the steering committee of the Montreal chapter of the Professional Risk Managers’ International Association (PRMIA), the academic advisory board of the MMI/Morningstar Sustainable Investing Initiative, and the advisory board for Palgrave Macmillan’s Future Earth book series on sustainability.
Stefan Wendt[2]
Dr. Wendt is an Associate Professor and Director of the Graduate Programs in Business at Reykjavik University’s Department of Business Administration. From March 2005 until March 2015 he was Research and Teaching Assistant at the Department of Finance at Bamberg University, Germany, where he received his doctoral degree in 2010. He has taught as a visiting lecturer at École Supérieure de Commerce Montpellier, France, and Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University (DHBW), Mosbach, Germany. His fields of research include corporate finance and governance, risk management, financial markets and financial intermediation, small and medium-sized enterprises, and behavioural finance.
Sherif Goubran[3]
Sherif is a PhD. candidate in the Individualized Program (INDI) at Concordia University, a Vanier Scholar, and a Concordia Public Scholar. He is conducting interdisciplinary research within the fields of design, architecture, building engineering and real-estate finance. His PhD research investigates the alignment between sustainable building practices and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). His research focus includes building sustainability and sustainability assessment, sustainability in architectural design and human approaches in design. Sherif completed a MASc in building engineering in 2016 with a focus on energy efficiency in commercial buildings. Before that, he completed a BSc in Architecture at the American University in Cairo (AUC-Egypt). Today, he is actively engaged in several research laboratories, centers, and groups where he teaches and conducts research in design, engineering, architecture, and business. He is also involved in several sustainability committees and projects at Concordia on the student as well as the administrative levels.
Tyler Schwartz[4]
Tyler is currently a research and book publication assistant in the Department of Finance at Concordia University. He recently completed his undergraduate degree at the John Molson School of Business in which he received an Honours in Finance. As part of his undergraduate degree, he completed a thesis project in which he wrote a paper focusing on the relationship between data breaches, security prices, and crisis communication. He was also presented with the CUSRA scholarship in 2017, which is awarded to undergraduate students who have an interest in pursuing research activities. His research interests include sustainable finance, machine learning, data breaches, and cognitive science.
[1] Concordia University: thomas.walker@concordia.ca
[2] Reykjavik University: stefanwendt@ru.is
[3] Concordia University: sherif.goubran@mail.concordia.ca
[4] Concordia University: tyler.schwartz@mail.concordia.ca
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The average temperature of the Earth is rising at nearly twice the rate it was 50 years ago. This rapid warming trend cannot be explained by natural cycles alone, scientists have concluded. The only way to explain the pattern is to include the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by humans. A strong connection between climate change and wildfires are there. Wildfire activity in the United States is changing dangerously, particularly in the west, as conditions become hotter and drier due to climate change. Scientists say, current levels of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere are higher than at any point over the past 800,000 years, and their ability to trap heat is changing our climate in multiple ways.
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Please also see the following RG link.
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Hi I'm trying to heat a chamber (about 100 Liter volume) with ceramic IR lamps (6 units of 125w each). The goal is to have an approximately homogenate heating at the bottom of the chamber (50cm from the lamps at the moment). But is not so simple, although I manage to get the intended temperatures, on average, the central area of the chamber can surpass the borders by 4 ºC, which is a bit too much to call it homogeneous space. Which is understandable, because even though the lamps are evenly distributed through the top surface, the commonly heat area on the centred ends up receiving more heat. The question is, how to receive the heat from these 6 spots (the six lamps) and distribute equally? I've been thinking of placing a metallic mesh (2mm pores) between the lamps and the chamber, to try to have a layer of heating on top instead of the 6 spots of heat... would that work? I have to be careful with this layer, because too much isolation would result in massive overheating of the lamp side to get the intended temperatures on the chamber side. Has anyone faced this kind of unequal heating? how did you solve it?
All opinions are welcome.
Thank you.
Cheers, Luís Pereira.
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Following
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I need complete computational procedures for Projecting future climate change models evaluation
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Dear Samual,
Refer the site given below. Here you can find the the detail of climate model are depicted.. Simulation by considering parameters temperature, moisture, clouds, radiation of Recent and Longer-Term Records in Global Models. New Developments in Model and Techniques for Assessing Model Performance such as isolating process, instrument simulations, initial value techniques are illustrated. Evaluation Approaches The Model Evaluation Approach Used for determining how well a model must agree with observations before projections made with it can be deemed reliable .
Refer this site:(its a good collection of climate change model)
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I am trying to understand how future river flows can be predicted accurately from various climate models and/or variables. I have found various datasets for water discharge into sea, can analysing the change in water discharge into the sea give you an accurate measure of the overall changes in the water flow in the river?
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you con see this paper, could be help you to understanding the climate change modelling.
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Dear: Colleagues
This invitation to cooperate in a book-chapter about citrus production, it's a part of a project about citrus production in the MENA region.
looking for interested to start cooperation in this subject, and waiting for your response.
My best regards
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good
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The projection of species distribution in the future is influenced by the General Circulation Model (GCM) (available on www.worldclim.org). I am curious to know which of the available GCMs would be best for analyzing impacts of climate change on a species inhabiting drier areas of the Indian subcontinent. Moreover, which climate change scenarios are the best for the aforementioned research work.
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Please consult dr Dibyendu adhikari
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I have searched some of the top ranking nationalism studies journals (Nations and nationalism, SEN -Studies of ethnicity and nationalism, Nationalism and ethnic politics, Ethnicities, Ethnopolitics) and couldn't find any article even touching the complex relationship between nationalism and climate change.
I have only found a small number of mostly circumstantial (casual) mentions of climate change according to the following distribution:
Nations and Nationalism: 8 mentions (including a roundtable, book reviews and an introductory piece written by me).
SEN: 3 mentions (one political theory article, two case studies)
Nationalism and Ethnic Politics: 3 mentions (all case studies) Ethnicities: 2 mentions (2 theoretical articles)
Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism: 2 mentions (including a 2009 article)
Even more worryingly, I have found no mentions of the geo-historical concept of Anthropocene, nor any of its more controversial derivates (Capitalocene, Occidentalocene, Consumerocene, and so on), despite the fact that these have been introduced and debated in nearly all the social sciences.
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How do I predict biodiversity changes under different climatic scenarios? What kind of models are applicable in southern Africa? Where can I get them? 
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It is obvious from these answers that can be a variety of approaches.
This paper way (on Research Gate too) among others as I said can be one of the such a path to be use.
All the best. Doru
Natural and anthropogenic driving forces as key elements in the Lower Danube Basin–South-Eastern Carpathians–North-Western Black Sea coast area lakes: a broken stepping stones for fish in a climatic change scenario?
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I am planning to develop a research proposal on analyzing emerging urban governance with Foucauldian governmentality perspective linking to climate change, austerity and digitization. In my review I have found that majority of the studies are focusing on single issue (either climate change or austerity or effect of digitalisation), but in reality these three are evolving together and affect one another. I wan to examine how cities mobilize ideas (rationalities) and resources to govern those problem. Could you please help me out framing three issues together to define my problem statement.
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Great topic,Good luck Mr.
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I want to publish my review paper in any reputed journal, but the time duration is less. Are there any free journals available to publish with in 2 months? Otherwise can you list trustworthy paid journals?
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some journals are free, published by Elsevier.
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Thanks a million for having my back. That's so kind of you. I will go through this brilliant research work. I would like to take a chance to extend my congrats on their success as well. A/Professor Montse Delpino-Chamy
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I need some climate variables (due to climate change) to estimate climate change impacts in agriculture (rice) yield.
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You may want to have more insights from this recent work detailing the different down scaling approaches
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The sun goes through a natural solar cycle approximately every 11 years. The cycle is marked by the increase and decrease of sunspots. The greatest number of sunspots in any given solar cycle is designated as "solar maximum." The lowest number is "solar minimum." Solar Minimum may cause freezing temperatures, earthquakes, and drought.
Sometimes the regular time evolution of solar activity is broken up by periods of greatly depressed activity called grand minima. The last grand minimum was the famous Maunder minimum from 1645–1715. As occurred during the 19th century's so-called Dalton minimum is also considered to be a grand minimum.
According to NASA, the sun is heading toward solar minimum now. Sunspot counts were relatively high in 2014, and now they are sliding toward a low point expected in 2019-2020.
How to separate the influence of natural cycles and anthropogenic factors on our evolving climate or climate change?
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Thanks
Hassan Izzeddin Sarsak
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I came through to the Canadian climate GCM data download portal (http://www.cccma.ec.gc.ca/data/cgcm4/CanESM2/rcp26/day/atmos/hfls/index.shtml ) in which some ensembles are given. I am not sure which one should be used. I am working on impacts of temperature changes and will be using downscaling techniques.
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This paper on "Representative general circulation models selection and downscaling of climate data" might be helpful:
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Specifically, there are some available downscaling models, such as SDSM, that are extensively used in climate change studies. However, downscaling precipitation yields quite weak results, in particular the variance is really poorly reproduced. There are other models that use better modeling techniques. What is your experience with downscaling models?
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This paper on "Representative general circulation models selection and downscaling of climate data" might be helpful:
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Hi,
I am using MODAWEC to convert my monthly precipitation and temperature data to daily but there are two problems:
1. the temperature data is not available as minimum or maximum so how can I proceed with the input data ?
2. for the monthly wet days do I need to find the average value for the wet days ?
thanks
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I Agree With Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo
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I know, generally, climate models cover the atmosphere, oceans, land and ice-covered regions of the planet. But does the model consider the change in land-use of a particular region when estimating the projections for 100 years?
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Most models use fixed land surface characteristics for climate projections. Because, the input data required for land use transitions involves a complex interplay of many factors. For example, a land use or cover transition from bareground or natural forest to agricultural or urban requires huge estimations to be used for projections. Such estimations also impart huge uncertainty to the outputs of climate models. Thence, most prefer to fix the land use/ cover type fixed to the current scenario. Hopefully, with increased observation information and improved computational resources, future climate models may consider implementing these land use transitions in climate model simulations. For more information, please read https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212095517300858.
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I would like to use this discussion section to announce our new non-profit research network focused on industrial decarbonisation (RENEW-Industry).
Are you a researcher working on technological, economic or policy aspects of industrial decarbonisation? Then we would really appreciate it to have you on board. The idea is to better connect researchers in this very important field, which still faces uncountable uncertainties in the face of rigid low emission targets in order to comply with the Paris Agreement. Already more than 50 researchers from renowned institutions based in 9 European countries have joined. Now we count on you to increase that number even more.
Feel free to message me or comment below in case you have any questions or comments.
[Update 04.03.2020]: The first newsletter is online on our web page, now:
[Update 12.05.2020]: Newsletter #2
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I really like this idea. I am a professor of thermodynamics, and transfer of heat and mass. My research focuses on the energy optimization of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. In addition, I investigate the integration of (HVAC) systems to renewable energy sources and energy storage systems. The research area that I work on, as an indirect result, causes the decrease of carbon emission in the electricity generating industry. My question is: With my research profile can I be part of this work team?
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I think this is a chain of events that are all interrelated directly or indirectly.
What do you think?
Governments around the world need policies for immediate and decisive response towards the protection of our atmosphere, lakes, rivers, world oceans and natural reserves; the control of climate change, pollution and destruction of the natural resources and the environment, the spread of deadly viruses, the opulence of some, which translates into the misery of the great majority. Humanity needs with urgency to take a decisive action towards the conservation and preservation of our planet for us and the future generations, otherwise, we will be in even greater trouble very soon.
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Please kindly pay attention to the following...:
As mentioned by the UN Secretary General in his call for solidarity, "We are facing a global health crisis unlike any in the 75-year history of the United Nations — one that is spreading human suffering, infecting the global economy and upending people’s lives." He also added "We must ensure that lessons are learned and that this crisis provides a watershed moment for health emergency preparedness and for investment in critical 21st century public services and the effective delivery of global public goods. We have a framework for action – the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. We must keep our promises for people and planet."
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With Climate Change and all, I will tell you what I think is a minimum needed for survival and that is: literally a completely, fully, entirely new outlook on life AND that being FOR EVERY HUMAN BEING and involving all our work-a-day pursuits -- a wholly new way of life (and "full-blown" way of action/work) and a source of wholesomeness and great actions and GOOD:
Every hour/day/week/month/year, etc. you wake up mindful, informed (and get more informed as ever needed to proceed ASAP), dedicated, and completely persistent and consistent in acting for the earth-life-dignity of your CAUSES and related CAUSES. Serious life as pursued will be nothing but your involvement and active-dedication to CAUSES (maintaining rational, workable consistencies, and AS MUCH IN ACTION as possible, to actually achieve or actualize the causes). Satisfaction will have nothing to do with "being easy-going" NOR with typical or traditional ideas (notions) of happiness, nor with any [supposedly] other way of (or toward, or for) "satisfaction" -- "rewards" of life many of you, much of the time, thought likely would come with "freedom" and "general happiness" (as historically thought about) but such will be clearly seen as blatant, flagrant, and shameful irresponsibility of old ways considered not worth even thinking about FOR ANY GOOD PURPOSE or any goal in the world (you will have plenty else to think about and with integrity and dignity AND FOR DIGNITY AND INTEGRITY)(plus, there is inherent irrationality in the old views: one way or others of expecting -- and basically even counting on -- MAGIC). BUT, now, all the old happiness/play/satisfaction/fun in-and-with any other "things" or activities will naturally and rationally and personally come to be seen as that which eliminates true dignity and integrity and any worthwhile (or even real) satisfactions -- now with you having the dignity and integrity of work on AND for your CAUSES. With this new way (for all we see for ourselves and for any decent folk we will associate with), SOON nothing else will will "do"; we will have a new way to real dignity, better understandings, and some true, real, good lasting, progressive satisfaction, and with greater loving kindness and equanimity (as we accept we do what we do and others do as their own best in the same vein). As indicated, the way is to operate (LIVE) IS ONLY in terms of CAUSES and inter-related or necessarily simultaneous or successive CAUSES. Developing and accomplishing (in action as much as possible and necessary) will be ALL for the CAUSES which will be your life -- the "all" of your life that matters or has any implications for yourself or others. And, this is also at least as all other decent human beings doing all major things of working life will know you, and that is how you will know them. This is all simply a commitment to understandings, and engaging in wholesome pursuits (which, AGAIN, will be in terms of CAUSES). The causes will be shared only as well, rationally, and wholesomely pursued through group action BUT may well be otherwise that which is done alone (individually), if that is how things are going to get done.
This is the formula for self-breeding of the species and for any real decency and for the survival of the species itself. I cannot imagine how anything else will be sufficiently adaptive; in fact, anything else breeds ignorance, confusion, chaos and irresponsibility (an easy logical and sound argument to make). (I want to live, I want humans who follow me to live; DO YOU?)
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We need to have the interest of others by maintenaning balance in the ecosystem.
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Currently, the combined effect of all clouds is one of net cooling, meaning that clouds are dampening the rate of climate warming. But scientists are looking into whether clouds will have the same effect on climate as the Earth continues to warm. If the proportion of different cloud types changes, it could affect the rate of climate change because different types of clouds have different impacts on the Earth's climate. While some types of clouds help to warm the Earth, others help to cool it?
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Well,
The answer can be found in the earth's energy budget as shown in the attached figure.
Regards
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The world is facing two unprecedented environmental crises: biodiversity loss and climate change. The causes of these challenges are interrelated, as are the solutions.
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1.) Stand down all militaries...so you have the funds to do something substantial, and make peace with your neighbors, and settle any territorial controversies. Does not make ANY sense in having nuclear bombs aimed at each other, when you are trying to fix the environment for both of you? India is spending $65 billion a year, and increasing at 7% a year right now, that could be used for the environment, fighting the pandemic, clean water, a free solar panel on every roof, housing for all, a free composting toilet for those without sewer systems, etc.
2.) Buy the marginal arid grazing lands and marginal desert and abandoned farm lands... around the world. So in India, that would be in the western parts around the Thar desert, and pay the former grazers and former farmers, to replant the local native perennial grasses, to put back some cover, cool the climate and sequester carbon in the soil, and increase the rainfall of the area. See http://www.ecoseeds.com/cool.html
3.) While planting the grasses, replant the local native Pseudomonas host plants...that actually create the rainfall for the planet, that the Indus Valley people chopped down to fire the bricks to build their 1,000 cities--from where is now Pakistan 3,500 years ago--then they had to abandon all of their 1,000 cities when the rain stopped. See https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/does-rain-come-from-life-in-the-clouds ?
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A compact and integrated metropolises reducing urban growth, in finger end area of urbanization and maximizing the use of current change in many addressing climate change issues, promoting quality of life environmental improvements and procedures for land sub-division urban, zoning and management in planning.
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You can use high resolution satellite data of various time frame. Extraction of urban areas with sufficient accuracy using a suitable classification algorithm should be followed in the next step using some image processing software such as ERDAS imagin of ENVI. After classification you can follow an appropriate change analysis. you are most welcome for further necessary help.
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Pollution is now leading to high mortality in cities such as Delhi,Tokyo,and china capital, Air pollution is hard to escape, no matter how rich an area you live in. It is all around us. Microscopic pollutants in the air can slip past our body’s defences, penetrating deep into our respiratory and circulatory system, damaging our lungs, heart and brain.
Air pollution is closely linked to climate change - the main driver of climate change is fossil fuel combustion which is also a major contributor to air pollution - and efforts to mitigate one can improve the other. This month, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned that coal-fired electricity must end by 2050 if we are to limit global warming rises to 1.5C. If not, we may see a major climate crisis in just 20 years. 
Meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement to combat climate change could save about a million lives a year worldwide by 2050 through reductions in air pollution alone. The economic benefits from tackling air pollution are significant: in the 15 countries that emit the most greenhouse gas emissions, the health impacts of air pollution are estimated to cost more than 4% of their GDP. 
“The true cost of climate change is felt in our hospitals and in our lungs. The health burden of polluting energy sources is now so high, that moving to cleaner and more sustainable choices for energy supply, transport and food systems effectively pays for itself,” says Dr Maria Neira, WHO Director of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health. so are we deciding to stop pollution?
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Definitely, especially in metropolis.
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There is no evidence of a direct connection between climate change and the emergence or transmission of COVID-19 disease. As the disease is now well established in the human population, efforts should focus on reducing transmission and treating patients.
Climate change may indirectly affect the COVID-19 response, as it undermines environmental determinants of health, and places additional stress on health systems. More generally, most emerging infectious diseases, and almost all recent pandemics, originate in wildlife, and there is evidence that increasing human pressure on the natural environment may drive disease emergence.
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Definitely yes. The reason is legionella. This is a bunch of protozoa and microorganisms. Water environment. The adaptive hypothesis of this pandemic has been published.
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Why it's important to have a curriculum climate change in higher education?
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Education is an essential element of the global response to climate change. It helps people understand and address the impact of global warming, increases “climate literacy” among young people, encourages changes in their attitudes and behaviour, and helps them adapt to climate change related trends.
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A large literature shows that socio-political variables, notably values, worldviews and political orientation alongside demographic variables are keys factors affecting climate change perceptions (Elsevier, vol.55, March 2019, p. 25-35). I am trying to understand what must be considered by researchers in order to be able to extrapolate the results obtained from cross-analyzes studies of social representations (SR) of climate change, without risk of bias.
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Thank you Professor Evens Emmanuel for your point! You are right! I've read the text on Elsevier, it's an article written by Poortinga et al., . Then, the reference is: Poortinga, W., Whitmarsh, L., Steg, L., Böhm, G., & Fisher, S. (2019). Climate change perceptions and their individual-level determinants: A cross-European analysis. Global environmental change, 55, 25-35.
Sorry for the confusion. Should I repost the question with the right reference?
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If you have researched on people's perception or knowledge about climate change and have data from any country in the world. We can work together on a project for comparing perceptions towards this issue.
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Hi Veronica Iniguez Gallardo ! I am working on Social Representations of Climate change's diseases in slum of Port-au-Prince (Haiti). I am interested to work in the project.
Here my email address: ammcise.apply@uniq.edu
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I wanted to know that how the climate change affect the river flow of an area and how can we map these by using remote sensing and gis. 
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Please review the following link:
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Climate change is a hotly debated topic, and there is a lot of political fervor that finds its way into discussions about the topic. A discussion of climate change science, with someone who rejects climate change, will generally lead nowhere. But while climate change is so prominent in the media, health problems caused by burning of fossil fuels, mercury poisoning, and other areas of ecological and public health issues are often ignored.
I think that even such deniers would admit that burning of fossil fuels has led to a great deal of other hazards. Smog has long been a recognized problem of pollution. Recent studies suggest that mercury is almost universally found in freshwater fish.
So would we better serve the population by expanding our discussion about pollution, and focusing less on climate change specifically?
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The process of addressing the environment problems and issues should be decentralized. The priority should be based on the local issues, regional issues, national issues, continental issues and then finally global issues. It will work very fine and majority of the issues will get solved automatically.
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What is your critical perspective?
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Yes, of course, the Covid-19 outbreak can train us to understand the climate change disaster and take more responsibility. And also; will direct us to think about them our priorities, goals, beliefs, ambitions, etc. in life.
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GMO is, among other uses, a technology that may enable us to better utilize natural sources (both in agriculture and in industry, tec.). However, its practical utilization is strictly controlled, almost hampered at some points. Can you envision any changes (advances, liberalization) in that control, when our societies face the challenges brought about by climate change effects?
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Actually .. I agree with Dr. Bruno Borsari
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The world experiences a union for a cause that afflicts everyone. What difference does this cause have to the cause of climate change and why are they not all engaged as for COVID? Can environmental education change this reality?
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There is likely to be a massive decline in global carbon emissions this year, but that will only be temporary unless it is accompanied by an equally massive change in public perception of the vulnerability of modern societies. The crucial COP26 climate meeting in Glasgow, scheduled for November, has been postponed, so we have a - brief - opportunity to persuade our governments to make more ambitious commitments than they were planning to. It could go either way.
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Hi everyone.
I've been using the original HBV model, so far. I might need to change it to HBV-light.
Does anybody know how to add stations to HBV-light software?
I can see there is this possibility to introduce vegetation zones or elevation zones to the software, but I have some stations with almost the same height and land use characteristics.
Thanks.
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Hi Hamideh,
What kind of stations do you mean? Meteorological stations or other types of stations? And are you using a lumped model (with some elevation and vegetation zones) or a (semi-)distributed model?
You might firstly use the most simple model set-up (lumped, without vegetation and elevation zones) to simulate the rainfall-runoff behavior of your catchment. Then, depending on the availability and quality of meteo, discharge and spatial (e.g. land use, topography) data, you can gradually make your model more complex for instance by including sub-catchments, elevation zones and vegetation zones.
Good luck,
Martijn
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I've been working on the psychology of climate change for almost ten years (e.g., http://bit.ly/2OVBn6u). A key theme is the gap between what we're doing and what actions are necessary to preserve our health, economies, and living places in the century to come. Mitigating climate change has been estimated at a temporary cost of say, 2% of global GDP (would have been much cheaper if we'd acted earlier). Now, I read that fighting COVID-19 may cost 10% of global GDP in 2020.
The scale of regulation and changes to the status quo are astonishing. I wouldn't have guessed we were capable of such rapid change. So the question is: what are our societal chances of mustering a large, coordinated, expensive battle to mitigate and adapt to climate change in the next five years? Lots of things are unclear to me, including differences in risk perception between the crises. There are lot of differences between the events: it's happening fast/slow, close to home/far from home, personal health/abstract ecosystems and glaciers, etc. But this also seems like an opportunity. When the status quo is disrupted, that's the best time to try to change behavior. And we've just learned that it's surprisingly possible. What are your thoughts? Thanks for sharing.
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Hello Cameron; I'm generally an optimist about peoples' ability to understand a problem. However, calling people to action is quite another matter. The psychological literature is loaded with papers about this. Immediacy and agency are the crux of the matter. Problems have to be perceived as affecting "me" now and there must be something "I" can do about it now. In the US people were mostly blase about the pandemic, particularly our president until there was a case in "my" town. Now it's immediate. What to do? People didn't do the things that were suggested - keep a distance and stay away from crowds - until the local government 'strongly encouraged' us to do so. Oh, but we hoarded toilet paper...just in case.
The hazards of climate change have neither the obvious immediacy nor the obvious agency that the pandemic has and so I'm not optimistic that we will have generalized the lesson. I hope I'm wrong, Jim Des Lauriers
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How to explain the variability in extreme precipitation indices like CDD, CWD, and R1mm between two close meteorological stations (stations separated only by a few kilometers)?
Given that I tested data homogeneity and performed several statistical analyses like Durbin–Watson, linear least squares, Mann-Kendall, and Locally weighted regression methods.
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Yes, indeed, it can. This is termed as temporal and spatial variability. In terse, different meteorological processes and its interaction, in general, can arise such variability.
Best,
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How the changing climate may increase, or decrease, the diffusion of this virus all around the world? Are there any connections between climate and virus' "preferences" for attacking human health?
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There is no any concrete scientific evidence to prove that coronavirus (COVID-19) spread is linked to climate change.
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Hi All,
I have calibrated my SWAT Project using SWAT-CUP successfully. I now want to incorporate baseline and future climate data into calibrated SWAT Model. As the SWAT CUP gives the best parameter ranges after successful calibration how should I incorporate these ranges in Arch SWAT Project?
If I use SWAT-CUP and copy the tmp and pcp files in the calibrated projected folder what should be the format of pcp and tmp files as they are inserted individually in ArcSWAT for each station but collectively found in pcp and tmp files of SWAT-CUP?
Which out of these two methods s accurate and more reliable?
Also when i use the fitted best parameters into my uncalibrated ArcSWAT folder and run with the same data the results are quite different from those in SWAT-CUP calibrated model , why the results are different in this case ?
TIA
Regards.
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There are some ways, 1) you should generate weather datasets for all observed stations and then add them into ArcSWAT and copy the PCP1.pcp and TMP1.tmp files and run calibrated text files with new pcp and tmp files.
The most important thing here is how to generate precipitation datasets. You should work with multi-station software such as CMHYD or MRD, etc.
2) Use weather adjustment options in SWAT.
Do not use single-site software such as LARS-WG. Because the SWAT model is (semi-) distributed model and could use one to several weather stations. Also, the location of the stations is important.
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I am currently trying to use species distribution model to model a few food crops changes in the different climate scenarios. I am wondering if there is any existing metric that I can use to rank each crop nutrition values on a single metric for comparison so as to determine what crops to promote during climate change to achieve food security.
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Gustafson, D., Gutman, A., Leet, W., Drewnowski, A., Fanzo, J., & Ingram, J. (2016). Seven food system metrics of sustainable nutrition security. Sustainability, 8(3), 196.
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I feel confusion with what type of data (Parameters should be included) to understand impacts of climate change observed or either the forest affected due to the occurrence of new upcoming of climate change in the area.
Generally, i need at least three major parameters which enables me to answer the above questions. Thank you all for sharing and briefly responding my questions.
please, if you have any sources of materials related to this concept i need your support of sharing your materials.
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Decades of rising emissions continued to do what scientists have long warned they would: make the world hotter.
Indeed, the 2010s mark the decade when the impacts from climate change became unmistakable, at least for any objective-minded observer.
Carbon dioxide from fossil fuels, which makes up about 90% of total emissions from human activities, was relatively flat from 2013 through 2016.
However, Fossil-fuel emissions rose an estimated 0.6% to a record 37 billion metric tons in 2019, capping three straight years of growth.
Sea-level rise is accelerating!!
The planet got a lot hotter this decade!!
Most countries have done very little so far to displace the power plants, cars, factories, and buildings polluting the atmosphere with more emissions each year.
In your view, is the world doing enough on climate change?
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I do not believe it is. Many people and companies are seeing the signs and disregarding them.
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When we download different hydroclimatic data from CORDEX, we can observe that most of the data are with a resolution of 0.44 degree latitude × 0.44 degree longitude. Is there any particular reason for such resolution?
Few RCMs provide data with 0.22 degree latitude × 0.22 degree longitude as well, but only for Europe region. However, the question remains the same. What is the necessity of such 'odd' resolution?
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Wow!! That's again a fantastic piece of suggestion. I was roughly going through your suggested book from google book. It's really helpful. Thanks again for this valuable suggestion, Sir!! Janusz Pudykiewicz
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as we all know the majority of clouds are formed out of evaporating ocean water, however, our research into the floating waste masses could be hampering cloud formation with the obvious knock on effect of climate change.
Some of these waste gyres (larger than the state of Texas) are directly in the areas that clouds form before being blown in land.
A cloud not only "delivers" water as a coolant but also provides massive surface area coverage from solar radiation....
"if" TEAA (The Extraction Action Alliance) can clear ocean waste gyres, will it help rain again?
Currently I am negotiating with both NASA & the ESA for satellite monitoring of cloud formation patterns, but they need some scientific based research in to this possibility.
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The system composed of plankton and plastic pollution in the surface layer is described by a set of advection-diffusion-reaction equations (Turing system). They are coupled with the equations of mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer and condensation driving the clouds. Based on the general mathematical analysis of such a system, I think that we can expect to see the emergence of organized super-criticality. More data is needed to support any specific study.
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Since the suitable area diminishes and the harsh environmental conditions increases with an increase in elevation, which will be detrimental for succesful establishment of invasive species at higher elevations.
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I think you might find this paper helpful.
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Preparing a research paper. Other countries/geographies could be substituted
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You will get all the data you need.
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Climate Change & ENSO effects on weed population dynamics.
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Hola Guillermo
Te recomiendo algunos de mis artículos donde utilizo una metodología para separar el efecto de la regulación poblacional de factores climáticos globales,
abrazo
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Is there anyone who can guide/suggest me some research area to work upon related to climate change in sparsely gauged mountainous watershed?
As a lot of work has already been done and it is difficult to find some research gap or novelty.
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For example, you can consider rebuilding the snow line. For reference only, I am not in this field.
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Climate change is a reality. Responsible for this change is the excessive concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, mainly due to the requirement of electricity at the residential, commercial, industrial and services level, from fossil sources emitting large amounts of carbon dioxide. Trying to reduce such consumption would affect people's well-being?
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Many nations and companies are energy inefficient. Thus, it is possible to make communities, companies and households energy efficient without impacting productivity.
I was involved in energy efficiency drives in my "neck of the woods." Although, I do not have any data to support my assertion, but I can say without fear of contradiction that inefficient use of energy is big challenge.
EPRI, IEA and the World Energy Council may provide some useful insights.
I would even argue actually that improvement in energy efficiency could have a positive impact on GDP growth.
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I want to know in detail about global shift in climate regimes around the 1970s to 1980. Can you provide me some proofs/ source/ publications in support of such shift?
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Climate shift in mid 1970s and some associated reasons for it are proposed in
B. Giese, S. Urizar, N. Fuckar, Southern hemisphere origins of the 1976 climate shift, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (2002).
Meehl, G. A., A. X. Hu, and B. D. Santer (2009), The mid‐1970s climate shift in the Pacific and the relative roles of forced versus inherent decadal variability, J. Clim., 22, 780–792, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2552.1.
We also worked on the changes during the regimes shift. If interested you may look into the below paper as well
J. S. Chowdary, C. Gnanaseelan, B. H. Vaid and P.S. Salvekar, ‘Changing trends in the tropical Indian Ocean SST during La Nina years’, Geophysical Research Letter, 33, L18610, doi, 10.1029/2006GL026707, 2006.
Best,
Vaid, B. H.
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Yo have aproject related to education and climate change. What are the specific activities made in your project? Would you please send them?
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You can do a lot, advocacy on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, data analysis using technology to handle data related to climate change, tree planting and carbon sequestration packages and others
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Climate Change, Global Warming and GHGs increase can be averted ?
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Are they significantly influence Earth’s climate?
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Industrializations and development influences the climate change due to excess consumptions of the fossil fuel.
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Please take a look at this useful RG link.
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I want to run the economics model for the climate change studies to assess different RCP and SSP scenarios and integrate it with crop models.
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Agree is a very interesting project.
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I just want to assess the level of farmers preparedness towards extreme climatic situations like Drought and flood. whether they are prepared for these extreme events, if so what are the actions in hand to face it.
Most of the studies concentrated on awareness, knowledge and perception of farmers towards climate change and none on farmers preparedness.
Any related material or suggestion on how to assess the farmers preparedness level is much obliged.
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The climate change effect has no choice but we can give our best for preparedness. Regarding farmers, the assessment should be done based on how they are undergoing the mitigation phase. Depending on the location and situation of the place, farmers should maintain their own strategy with the aid of the government. Innovation and CSA system should be operated by farmers if the vibram of climate change is severe.
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Albedo plays a central role in the climate change energy budgeting, but its generic use (from the astronomy tradition) creates problems of many kinds.
Firstly, even the classic astronomic use appears defective. For example, a very reflective space object would appear dark in color because it reflects the darkness of space. Thus that object would be interpreted as being warmer than a white object (because it appears to absorb more solar radiation than the white object); this is not true because the very reflective object absorbs less radiation than the white object.
In
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we have shown a few such deficiencies of albedo and have solved those problems. Albedo is just a too large approximation!
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Yes Stamatios, I fully agree and I do not understand why the IPCC climatologists say that since the albedo of forests is 5% larger than that of bare ground, cutting down the forests produce cooling of the Earth. In my publication I show that in fact deforestation has a strong warming effect, not cooling. The IPCC position is regrettable at this time when there is so much deforestation...
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There are numerous qualitative methods to evaluate the progress of a particular topic of interest (say, adaptation progress). However, I'm looking for a standard method to quantitatively assess the progress of climate change adaptation (like government reports, policy drafts, etc.).
Thanks
Soumik
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Thank you Prof. @ André A Dhondt for the suggestion.
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Solar energy, solar panels, and Iraq’s changing climate
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High cost
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Addressing climate change stimulated international financial organizations and institutions to provide the necessary financing for green financing that tries to counter severe climate change and try to adapt to it.
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