Climate Change - Science topic

My consideration of the question is why would an esoteric philosophical perspective from Locke alter the literally thousands of years of praxis basically based on Roman Water Law ( http://www.fao.org/3/y5692e/y5692e00.htm#Contents ), probably the oldest codification of multi-faceted tensions between common pool resources and private uses. Any 'sovereignty' claim which disregards these well established perspectives might have some temporary benefit but essentially establishes a ticking time bomb for all future transnational relationships, if not laying the track into direct military confrontation.

Due to the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, a lot will change in terms of economic globalization. International, intermodal logistics chains of supply and distribution are shortened.

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I'm afraid things have changed. These journals are charging a lot now so it is hard to find one that is not. If anyone finds a climate journal not charging as of 2021 please list it.

@ Joao, plant fertility is highly sensitive to elevated temperatures. Heat stress has pleitropic effects on male sporogenesis. Heat interferes with male meiotic cross-over designation and cell wall formation, providing a mechanistic basis for plant karyotype change and genome evolution under high temperature conditions. The male reproductive system has been repeatedly found to be most susceptible to temperature stress.

Please see the following RG links and a PDF attachment.

I appreciate Lucio Muñoz for the valuable topic. Would be interested to know as well.

Los anillos son los tejidos vasculares del arbol (xilema y floema) atraves los cuales (xilema) sube el agua desde el terreno hacia las hojas, y el floema que desde las hojas distribuye a todos los organos del arbol la glucosa que es el producto de la fotosintesis. Entonces yo diria que si Capparis scabrida nuca pierde sus hojas la fotosintesis continua y por eso se necesita agua que probablemente se almacena en las raices del arbol para subir a las hojas en un flujo continuo. La misma agua contribuye al desarrollo del tronco y a la formaccion de un nuevo anillo de tejido vascular, por cada temporada.

The design is not very clear to me. Did you observe several soil plots? If so, you might perhaps compute the means of 120 collected temperatures per hour for each of the 7 days and then run a repeated measures ANOVA with 2 Within subjects/plots factors :24 Hours and 7 Days). If you do'nt have many plots, maybe you can further reduce the Hours, e.g. from 0 to 6 A.M., from 6 to 12 A.M., from 1 to 6 P.M. and from 6 to 24 P.M.) You could also run 7 one-way repeated measures anovas, but then correct the p-values for multiple tests.

If the distributions of the means is normal (check this with a histogram and Shapiro tes) you can run the parametric repeated measures ANOVA; if not normal, uou can run the non-parametric lf.f2 from the nparLD R package (see attachment and https://rdrr.io/cran/nparLD/man/ld.f2.html ) (The one-way repeated measures nonparametric equivalent is the Friedman test.)

El Niño and La Niña are complex weather patterns resulting from variations in ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific that are a good example of natural weather variability. Glaciations are another example of climatic variation that occurs naturally and is not related to current climate change.

You can read Understanding the Challenges of Climate Change on Business: A Study on RMG Sector in Bangladesh.

The concept of sustainability is related to to the existing ecological interspecies relationships in natural ecosystems. On the other hand, the concept of sustainable development in recent years more and more often, apart from the issues of biology and ecology, is also to pro-ecological economic processes that are implemented taking into account the issues of solving global problems of the development of civilization, corporate social responsibility and social environmental (ecological) responsibility. In addition, the concept of implementing the principles of sustainable development to economic processes is related to the implementation of pro-ecological reforms carried out in specific sectors of the economy, e.g. to the pro-ecological transformation of the energy sector through the development of renewable energy sources. The process of implementing the principles of sustainable development into economic processes is an important element of the pro-ecological transformation of the traditional brown economy into a sustainable green economy / circular economy. The pro-ecological transformation of the economy is carried out, among others, by in order to increase the scale of protection of nature and climate of planet Earth. At the same time, as a result of these processes, the scope of sustainability of economic processes increases. In view of the above, there are many indirect relationships and correlations between the issues of progressing climate change, counteracting the progressing global warming process and the issue of sustainability in the economy and in natural ecosystems.

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Dear Alex Naveen Prasad Alex I also suggest like Tharindu Ranasinghe follow the attached link below, you may get some related information

MaxEnt

Logistic Regression

Artificial Neural Network

MaxEnt results are usually better.

You can also study the results of the methods

Dear Butu,

Do you want to relate cellular automaton to climate change and sustainability research with business?

If you want to do this I can collaborate.

What role do men and women play to combat climate change? The negative role that men and women play to combat climate change, several times, is partly due to their ignorance, missing information and misinformation.

Bon courage et bonne chance Olfa

I think that we should avoid living in that area.

Nice discussion. In this case, the mission of voyager 1 and 2 can be mentioned. The two spacecrafts have been sent to the space with close time distance of each other 42 years ago to explore the solar system and its beyond. Still some parts of voyager 2 is functioning and sending data to the stations on earth and it is passing the heliopause and entering a new era and thereafter a new constellation. It is surprisingly sending unexpected news from beyond our planet and the whole solar system. In my opinion first of all such missions can be designed and performed to receive and send us the accurate data of the meta space outer our blue lively planet, then researchers can decide to manage sending existing humans to outer planet or better to say to plan building a new residential area on other planets. As an example after moon and mars the next destination can be the titan the moon of the planet Saturn. Titan with a thick atmosphere is a negotiable opportunity.

فالعديد من الافراد يقوم بالخلط بين مفهوم المناخ ومفهوم الطقس رغم اختلاف مفهوم احدهما عن الاخر.وايضا هناك خلط بين مفهوم المناخ والغلاف الجوي

مفهوم المناخ فيمكن تعريفه علي انه قياس نمطي للطقس المسجل في مكان أو منطقة على مدى فترة أطول بكثير من حوالي 30 عامًا إلى مئات أو حتى آلاف السنين

الغلاف الجوي هو عبارة عن غلاف الغازات المحيطة بالارض

"تغـير المناخ" المقصود به بانه "يعني تغيراً في المناخ يعزى بصورة مباشرة أو غير مباشرة إلى النشاط البشـري الـذي يفضي إلى تغير في تكوين الغلاف الجوي العالمي والذي يلاحظ، بالإضافة إلى التقلب الطبيعي للمناخ، على مدى فترات زمنية متماثلة" هذا من الناحية القانونية ومن ثم كان يجب التساؤل عن المناخ وعلاقته بعلم النبات وليس تغير المناخ الذي عرفته الاتفاقية او نسبته لفعل الانسان

Dear Kariyanna B.,

If greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow in the coming years, the global warming process will accelerate and become an irreversible process in the next several dozen years. Therefore, climate change can be so great that nature will not solve the problem either. Forest fires, droughts, and weather anomalies will intensify. The biodiversity of natural ecosystems will quickly decline, it will be impoverished in terms of the composition of flora, fauna, fungi and microorganisms, and in terms of the genetic composition of the planet Earth's biosphere. Nature will not stop these unfavorable processes of climate change, but will be subject to these processes. So nature, preserving the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, can be helped primarily by people who, by implementing the principles of sustainable development, social environmental (ecological) responsibility, pro-ecological reforms of implementing eco-innovations in economic processes, etc., and other pro-ecological transformation of the traditional brown economy into a sustainable green economy / circular economy can save the biosphere of planet Earth from the climate crisis. If it's not too late, of course. But no matter how much time is left for the implementation of this pro-ecological action plan, it must be implemented urgently.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I asked a similar question a week ago. It emanated out of the yellow vest protests of western Canada. Many of these right wing protesters espoused positions that were pro-oil and pipelines, an anti-immigration with Islamophobic overtones. To somewhat digress, a recent anti-mask rally in Saskatchewan was organized by a known white supremacist. Research is needed to deconstruct these strange juxtapositions between anti-science beliefs and overt racism.

فمن لاثار المترتبة علي التغيرات في درجات الحرارة وهطول الامطار بالنسبة لمستويات المعيشية اشارت التقارير الصادرة عن البنك الدولي الي ان 800 مليون شخص يعيشون في منطقة جنوب اسيا يعيشون في مناطق تتعرض فيها موارد كسب الرزق لتاثيرات تغير المناخ

تقريرالبنك الدولي التقرير السنوي 2019 بعنوان انهاء الفقر والاستثمار في الفرص

وذلك لان ارتفاع درجات الحرارة المترتب علي التغيرات المناخية يؤثر علي المحاصيل الزراعية بل في كثير من الاحيان يجعل الارض صحراء جرداء لا زرع فيها ولا ماء

threats related to warming:

- increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of droughts in some regions, extreme precipitation, floods, cases of waterlogging dangerous for agriculture-in others;

- increased fire risk in forests and peatlands;

- violation of the habitual way of life of indigenous northern peoples;

- degradation of permafrost with damage to buildings and communications;

- disturbance of ecological balance, displacement of some biological species by others;

- increase in electricity consumption for air conditioning in the summer season for a large area of the country.

It may be complicated to predict accurately, but we can predict some trends. In relative terms, the urban population will grow faster than the rural population. There will be migration from rural to urban areas, but the inverse is also true though on a smaller scale as we have seen people's reaction when confined in large cities. Rural areas will become progressively more urbanized with better access to services and information and communications technology. Remote work possibilities and cheaper housing will be determinant to attract people to rural areas. On the other hand, better access to the labor market will still attract people to large cities. Environmental issues, such as air and water quality, will also be determinant factors when considering urban growth.

Some of the immigrants are moving away from their homes because of war (Afghanistan towards Europe) others because of poverty (Africans towards Europe) and still others because of flooding and climate change effects.

In all these cases, they suffer due to lack of proper health conditions on their way until they settle in a new country.

If the newcomers settle in Canada for instance, they will be looked after and have no ill effects.

A good example of sufferers from climate change effects are the people in Honduras and Nicaragua after they were hit twice by damaging hurricanes. The countries are poor and couldn't look after their health needs even before the hurricanes. Now they have a good reason to immigrate.

Moyassar Mohammed Aziz

Mohammed Akram Alobaidy

Muthanna Abdulbasit Ali

Dear Dariusz, thank you for commenting. Yes, global warming is a sustainability issue so it requires a systematic approach....

You may find the following paper interesting:

Are We Appropriately Assigning Causes to Global Warming?

Have a nice day!

Hi Debmita Bandyopadhyay , thank you for your contribution to the debate.

Yes, I hope people will still be open minded to these new practices when travelling is safe again. Off course, personal contact will always be the best way to build strong scientific collaboration, but hopefully we will find a balance on that to reduce our airplane trips and consequently contribute to a reduction of CO2 emissions.

You have several options! Which one you use will depend on what you need or want your weather to represent. At global scales, climate projections are created with General Circulation Models (GCMs). Different groups have created different models with varying (to some degree) underlying assumptions on how to estimate physical processes in the atmosphere. The CMIP projects collect/organize simulation experiments using these models:

One big issue with these global models is that due to how computationally expensive they are, their level of spatial detail is most often not appropriate for urban-scale studies. There are three ways that scientists go around this:

Most scientists agree with the suggestions above that is why we have climate conferences - last one in Paris - that gave all countries guidelines to cut emissions, etc and, as expected Donald Trump was the only one who abandoned the Paris Accord on Climate. Of course, the new USA administration will join in the very first day.

It is very serious situation and is getting worse, some of the latest people to suffer were in Honduras and Nicaragua.

Whether Puerto Rico will be hit depends first on the sea temperature of the Atlantic to the south and east of it and the wind direction. Hurricanes usually are generated far away from Puerto Rico which happens to be on a possible path of a hurricane. This type of storms just move the heat in the ocean. If there is no extra heat, there are no hurricanes (like in the South Atlantic).

However, the air is warmer than normal due to the exhaust of fossil fuel engines. If the air gets warmer, the sea becomes warmer too in the same part of the world. Therefore, this extra heat in the sea needs to move. Storms do just that.

I appreciate for interest. You better come to developing countries like Ethiopia. You will get a chance to compare such problems with developed one.

Thanks Praneeth Silva for your kind words. Yes, we all need transdisciplinary understanding and practice.

Dear Anirudh,

You will find a lot of papers based on the past 2000 yrs of climate history in India. Few of them

1. Yadava and Ramesh 2005: Monsoon reconstruction from radiocarbon-dated tropical Indian speleothems

2. Sinha et al., 2011: The leading mode of Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation variability during the last millennium

3. Sinha et al., 2015: Trends and oscillations in the Indian summer monsoon rainfall over the last two millennia....................................

Important review papers...................

Misra et al., 2019: Holocene climate records from lake sediments in India: Assessment of coherence across climate zones

Dixit and Tandon 2016: Hydroclimatic variability on the Indian subcontinent in the past millennium: Review and assessment

Please also go through the papers from the Himalayan region based on pollens and treen rings. You will get a lot of information.

Definitely as United States is major Role players in Global Science and also have to play role in scientific tools in Climate changes

I think that holding an international conference on this subject might be a good idea

Dear Prof. Janusz Pudykiewicz, thank you so much for the link to the paper and for the instructive talk from a specialist in Atmospheric Physics, about this very interesting topic, the link among different events such as the solar cycles and the way it influences the weather and the atmospheric behaviour on earth. Really, thank you.

Dear Abhishek

In my opinion, if you put plants in functional groups, you will get better results.

To find the most effective factors, you can also use the principal component analysis. Because it provides effective factors of each region. In some areas, the effects of soil, topography, exploitation, etc. may be more than the effects of climate.

Totally agree to that, However sustaining sensitivity towards these issues after the pandemic remains to be seen...

There are three dimensions of vulnerability to climate change: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity.

Dear Yessica Brau Ibarra

You probably know this literature. Maybe she will be interesting

Hello

If you want to work on climate change in water resources and drought, you need to know about atmospheric circulation models, emission scenarios, and the Lars model. In the Lars model, which was used in the old observations, temperature and precipitation are given to the model for historical data and relative humidity and sunny hours and based on it, it predicts for the next horizons up to 2100. Now, these effects can be in floods. Drought, temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, agricultural products, reservoir water storage, etc.

SDSM is better for monthly tem and precipitation. GCMs may be perfect for daily data prediction.

Go to google scholar, Enter "climate change accounting, carbon accounting, environmental quality ", a huge number of studies can assess you.

You can contact me at abhijit_mitra@hotmail.com

- Deaths. Temperatures are getting hotter more pepple will d

- Power outages - During extreme heat

- Infrastructure failures. With extra heat, the actual built environment of a city is affected.

- Economic impact. All of the reasons above cost cities money.

Invest in cooling techniques

The techniques for developers to implement in their projects include green roofs, permeable pavement, rainwater harvesting, urban forestry, bioretention and others. Other cities are implementing tactics like installing white roofs to reflect the heat and spreading titanium dioxide-infused goo on its sidewalks and streets to reduce surfect-street temperatures.

Embrace urban growth with clean energy solutions

Through energy: solar panels, recycling and waste management, high-performance insulation, etc.. Transportation: electric vehicle fleets for cities, autonomous vehicles, microtransit, etc. And technology: using data to track individual impact, truly reaching "smart city" status.

Soil organic Carbon, Microbial population and diversity are the most important parameters for considering soil health.

Dear Xiuqiang Liu During the lockdowns and shutdowns caused by the COVID-19, it was possible to verify a sharp drop in emissions and pollution globally. Now that countries started to work on restarting their economies, the sustainability criteria must be the core of our recovery efforts to maintain our course towards a climate-resilient low-carbon transition, rather than continue the previous vicious cycle of environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and zoonotic infectious disease outbreaks. Kind regards, Ernani

Limits are insufficient data to parameterise models and that we cannot predict the future :)

I agree with Mohammed. In addition, sustainable H2 and CH4 (from renewables) can be stored in the Natural Gas Pipeline network and underground for seasonal balancing of Electricity Demand and Supply. Sustainable H2 and methane can also power heavy duty fuel cell vehicles year-round. When wildfires and other natural disasters crash the grid, or lead to rolling preventive blackouts, the redundancy and security of the underground natural gas pipeline network and storage fields can provide stable energy supplies to distributed fuel cells.

I totally agree with Fazel Mohammadi-Moghadam that we need more studies to be done around the world to repeat the idea and evidence. It is a very interesting discussion we are countering here. During my PhD study, I have done a long-term research investigating the effects of 20 years climate influence on soil fauna and vegetation. I think 12 years can also be considered as a long-term research and these discussed obtained results maybe show the effect of higher temperatures on increasing the decomposition rates. Although this is a perception and it really needs to be studied in detail.

Dilip Kumar Pal

Zahid Fazal

See this link

There are many references reporting that the natural resources of the planet cannot support the current population at the current level of exploitative pressure.The Wikipedia page on sustainability is a good place to start. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability . There is a date in the year when the sustainable production of ecosystem services for that year is exceeded. In 2020 it was 22 August. https://www.overshootday.org/2020-calculation/.

The overshoot could be reduced by reducing the ecological footprint of the human population. This could be by reducing food waste, improving farm husbandry, improving irrigation efficiency, replacing fossil fuel energy with renewable energy and so on. The other main method is by reducing the human population, through war, disease, famine, natural disaster. If humans don't reduce the overshoot by deliberate action, nature will eventually do it for them, more painfully.

Which approach to climate change could help: technological innovation, institutional change, or individual repentance

I recommend this article for a simplified explanation https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-shared-socioeconomic-pathways-explore-future-climate-change

we usually use regression techniques (mostly linear) by utilizing data from the nearby or at least closest stations in columns. Moreover, for temperature data, we sometimes create random points to extract from remote sensing imagery and create a column to include the regression process. Although each process comprises uncertainty itself, we think they still represent the required climate data in case of data scarcity.

Thanks this is really critical issues which we are currently facing and it need to be address regarding to attend photosynthesis for plant and greenhouse effects.

Yes, it has tremendous scope for fodder under arid climate where moisture availability throughout year is major concerns. It has unlocking potential to provide more nutrtive fodder with all essential minerals. Good initiatives sir...

Zagir Ataev I think there are many ways because there are no rules in modeling :)

Using the growing degree day measure (GDD), which is well-understood for agriculture everywhere helped show interesting northward shift results in our study.

See with this link of atmosphiric reanalysis data (https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/atmospheric-reanalysis-overview-comparison-tables)

Climate change and global warming have severe consequences for the survival of scleractinian (reef-building) corals and their associated ecosystems.... Crabbe, M. J. C. (2008). Climate change, global warming and coral reefs: Modelling the effects of temperature. Computational Biology and Chemistry, 32(5), 311-314.

Here is an example of a funded MSc/PhD Asiel. It can be frustrating to find these because many are country resident/area specific. This one suits your needs

John

Hi,

The attached file is printed out by NCL. It is very easy to generate beautiful figures if you add "load "$NCARG_ROOT/lib/ncarg/nclscripts/csm/popRemap.ncl"".

Here is the instruction website "http://www.ncl.ucar.edu/Applications/paleo.shtml ". I hope the NCL can help you.

Zhibo

Conservation agriculture practices such in-situ trash management, Green Cane trash blanketing in sugarcane have improved soil health and cane yield. Our experimental finding revealed that even in adverse climatic conditions such drought, the benefits of trash blanketing and trash management were more significant in conserving Soil moisture, improving germination and more resilient sugarcane farming in tropical India.

I suppose that these references may be useful :

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107706033.006

There are no certain theoretical framework since the issue is changing continuously.

Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) is the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of a strategy to help people adapt to climate change. Despite the potential of EbA to provide adaptation benefits, there is a lack of consensus on how to measure the success of this approach. This paper reviews the intended adaptation outcomes and indicators used by ongoing and completed EbA projects and addresses the following questions: (a) where have EbA projects been implemented? (b) what activities have been conducted by EbA projects? (c) what adaptation outcomes are EbA projects seeking to achieve? (d) how have the impacts of EbA projects been measured and evaluated? and (e) what is the set of indicators that can capture the diversity of adaptation outcomes achieved by EbA? To identify the adaptation outcomes provided by EbA and the indicators that could be used to measure such outcomes, we reviewed 58 EbA projects implemented globally, and obtained recommendations from experts on what indicators should be measured. We identified 13 adaptation outcomes that could be achieved through EbA, such as reducing the loss of assets of coastal communities due to extreme events. We identified seven indicators to monitor the success of EbA in achieving adaptation outcomes. Our review suggests that there is a strong need to better articulate the adaptation outcomes that EbA projects seek to achieve, to use a common set of specific indicators to track these outcomes, and to fund the monitoring of long-term EbA projects.

Akhlaq Amin Wani sir, are you still left with any chapter?

In 2010, estimated worldwide emissions from human activities totaled nearly 46 billion metric tons of greenhouse gases, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents. This represents a 35 percent increase from 1990.