Climate Change - Science topic

What is (are) the best theoretical framework to assess the impact of climate change on food security and sustainable water demand?

Dear all,  

I am currently a guest editor for the special issue "Mediterranean Olive Trees and Olive Oil under Climate Change", which will be published by the journal Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395, 2019 JCR impact factor = 2.259, Quartile 1).

The deadline is June 2021. Please feel free to contact me if you are interested and also feel free to disseminate this message in your groups.

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy/special_issues/mediterranean_olive_trees

Yours sincerely,

Climate change is a topic that should be given so much importance. How can I go forward with this topic for studying the impact of climate change on people's well being?

We are welcoming all experienced researchers to submit chapter for the above mentioned book to be published by Springer. This book attempts to provide an understanding of vulnerability, resilience and adaptation strategies in the developing countries, and how that can contribute to sustainable development futures. The special issue welcomes theoretical, empirical, experimental, and case study research contributions. The topics may include but are not limited to the following:

Ø Understanding of geographies of vulnerability

Ø Processes, responses and experiences in vulnerability and resilience: Case studies

Ø Climate change adaptation and sustainable development

Ø Livelihood vulnerability processes and indicators

Ø Socio-economic vulnerability: theory, research and practice

Ø Dynamics of drivers of vulnerability

Ø Emerging and innovative research methods and methodologies on human system adaptations

Ø Urban/rural sustainability and resilience

Ø Urban/rural human system adaptations

Ø Institutional and ethical dimensions of resilience

Ø Climate change, vulnerability and food security

Ø Climate change and migration

Ø Resilient futures

Other topics may be considered, and interested authors are invited to contact the editorial team with suggestions.

This will be a high profile book, to be widely cited in the literature, and offers an excellent addition to one´s CV. The peer-reviewed nature of the publications in the book series “Climate Change Management” means that they have over the years officially counted for promotion and tenure purposes. Nearly 2.000 authors from around the world have had the opportunity to document and promote their work in one of the publications of the series.

Expressions of interest to contribute, consisting of an abstract of 200-250 words, with the names and full contact details of the authors, should be sent to:

1. Dr. G M Monirul Alam, E-mail: gmmonirul79@gmail.com /g.m.monirul.alam@usq.edu.au

2. Dr. Michael O. Erdiaw-Kwasie, E-mail: michaelodei2012@yahoo.com

3. Professor Gustavo J Nagy, E-mail: gustavo.nagy56@gmail.com

4. Professor Walter Leal Filho, E-mail: walter.leal2@haw-hamburg.de

The deadline for the submission of papers is as soon as possible, and your paper will be reviewed as soon as we receive it. Please send your title and abstract of the paper first. The deadline of the full paper is 30 September 2020. The book is expected to be published by Springer in March 2021.

For climatologists like D. Chalvin, a sudden change in physical environment represents a threat to the somatic integrity of an individual previously well adapted to his physical environment. He can then develop a stress reaction called "Bioclimatic stress". The study of bioclimatic stress is very complex and can be carried out using different methodologies (Gisèle Escourrou, 1988; D. Chalvin, 1985). I wish you can help me identify the one that would be best suited to study it in climate-displaced people.

I have some confusion about the amount of GHG emissions in 2010; that is published in IPCC 2014 [ Source: Climate Change 2014 – Synthesis Report (IPCC) (p.5) ] and the other illustrated in [IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives 2010 Scenarios & Strategies to 2050, ETP 2010, International Energy Agency, OECD/IEA, Paris, 2010. (p. 47)] .

As I observed, the former indicated 49 Gt in 2010 where the latter indicated around 27 Gt in 2010. I think that there is some misunderstanding so please advise me to find the right value for GHG emissions in 2010.

I attached the two figures and I can send the original documents to who may demand.

Energy saving is very important and desirable to minimize environmental impact and climate change. To save energy, Mother Nature always uses the spherical or cylindrical shape since the sphere with the same surface contains a greater volume than all the other geometric solids.

These days, people are discussing about pro-environmental and protective notions in their life all over the world. It seems this level of consideration should be navigated to a sustainable path. What do you think about it?

At present all the world is experiencing weather extremes due to the impact of the climate change. Who is responsible for those consequences of extreme weather in all over the world? finally who is ready to face all these effects by Govt./People? Why all the Govts are not focusing on immediate controlling strategies? Not identifying causative factors in the world? How long will take time to clear our world environment? Why all the Govts not strictly controlling in the ground level before effluents entering into the environment? Why effluents are not treating/estimating properly? How it becomes more dangerous to human life and environment in all over the world?

Weather forecast has utmost importance in Aviation, Ship routing, safety measures, planning and designing of structures, urban areas, offshore maintenance, natural resources, coastal areas, Agriculture, pollutants management and in many more weather applications in world wide.

It seem individual's attitude to environment are changing rather than last year due to corona virus issues and challenges. What do you think?

In many countries, air and rail transportation is interrupted. The isolation measures lead to the decrease of road traffic utilization and the production of factories. The result is reduced carbon emissions and clean air above China, South Korea, European countries and the United States. China's anti epidemic measures have reduced carbon emissions by 25% in just one month. At the end of March, the European Space Agency (ESA) released satellite images showing changes in the ozone layer over many countries between January 1 and March 11. The changes above Italy are particularly dramatic, with the country's ecological indicators improving, as seen by the naked eye: swans and fish begin to return to the Venetian canal, and then dolphins and jellyfish are observed.

Global warming affects many processes in biological ecosystems.

Different species of flora and fauna change their habitats and geographical areas according to climate change and specific geographical environments.

Areas of occurrence of specific species, for example insects in terrestrial areas and fish and arthropods in the seas and oceans, change.

For example bird habitats change, so migrations of some bird species may also be subject to modification. In the situation when forest areas dry out and turn into steppes and deserts, changes in natural habitats and areas of occurrence of species change and concern simultaneously many species of flora and fauna.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Both types of forest are having their own importance, like young forests are storing more atmospheric carbon than older but the older one is able to manage high biodiversity.

Dear Colleagues,

many challenges ahead of us. The pandemic crisis and its repercussions on employment, the coming climate and ecological apocalypse, the aging population (especially in some areas of the globe). Despite a minority that calls for a radical switch in our way of production, lifestyle and consumption, a large part of the practictioners and researchers believe that these challenges can be faced trhough technological innovation with the hope that somehow, at some point, we'll find solutions withouth compromising how we live today. In between those two fronts, many shades of grey and halfway solutions. Research in all the cases mentioned, is rich and encompasses a broad range of alternatives allowing one to position and build knowledge in the community that more represent his ideals. In all the cases though when it comes to working hours reduction, just few dozens of results pop up. It is impressive , how in the last 40 years management research hasn't focused at all on investigating the possibility of reducing the working hours maintaining a costant pay, seen the increase in annual productivity. Some of the reasons are quite obvious if we look through the lenses of ortodox approaches: increased complexity, power relations, neoliberalism-managerialism etc (I know, this is very superficial and oversimplified but it is just to make sure future respondents to this question won't focus on the things I already know). My question instead would be: why critical management scholars, eterodox economists, did not produce enough and relevant research on the topic except for a few books? To me, with just a spoiled impression on the topic, this could represent a solution to many ecological problems, unemployment, extremy poverty, depression ecc ecc. The pandemic brought back this topic to the spotlight and I would like to write something on that. Maybe trhough an experimental design (I am just at the beginning of the process, this idea is still in Plato's Iperuranio). Would you like to discuss the topic with me? Any idea, research article?

Think about it just for a positive exchange of ideas, shifting to a world under green markets leaves the traditional market knowledge base behind creating green market paradigm shift knowledge gaps in need of fixing or of new ideas, and this includes the concept of economic efficiency a la pareto. And this leads to the question, why is Pareto efficient in traditional markets neither green Pareto inefficient in green markets? Any ideas/thoughts?

In addition to CO2, methane is also one of the main greenhouse gases, and in a few dozen years, when the eternal scarifier on the Siberian tundra and other places of the Arctic Circle methane can become an even more significant greenhouse gas.

Besides, the analyzes of cyclical activity of the Sun conducted by cosmologists show that in a few decades the activity of sunspots and more harmful to life and more intense energetically will reach the Earth's wavelengths of visible and invisible spectrum.

The increase in temperature will cause desertification of green areas, drying of biomass and an increase in the scale and amount of emerging fires and volcanic eruptions. these processes will intensify and accelerate the global warming process that is currently under way faster and faster.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

•The first 7 SDGs is an extension of MDGs

•Second group is inclusiveness (jobs, infrastructure industrialization, and distribution).It includes goals 8, 9, and 10

•The third group is on sustainability and urbanization that covers the last seven goals

I am examining the effect of air pollution on climate change. Before doing that I have to make index of climate change (with only two variables temperature and precipitation). Should I have to use principle component analysis or there exist any index that you can recommend?

I am using SDSM for statistical downscaling and keen to know that which I should prefer to use GCMs or RCMs output. Keep in mind that my study area is high elevated about 3700 m a.m.sl to 4800 m a.m.sl and 137, 000 Sq.km.

I have longterm daily temperatures and precipitaions data not uniformly located observation stations.

Please share your expertise, for each temperatures and precipitaion separately.

Regards

Naveed.

I want to study the impact of climate change on precipitation of the catchment area of Iraq and on the production of crops.

Are there long-term risk management systems being developed, long-term projects, predicted over the next several decades, adverse climatic changes related to the global warming process?

If so, which institutions do these types of risk management systems for predicted climate change?

Are there scientific research in this area?

Are there published scientific studies that would confirm the need to develop long-term risk management systems, long-term, predictable in the next several decades, unfavorable climate changes related to the global warming process?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

Probably the future of humanity depends on the next decade. If, over the next few years, renewable energy sources replacing traditional energy based on the burning of minerals are developed on a massive scale, it might be possible for humankind to avoid a climatic catastrophe in the 21st century. The international climate agreement that currently (December 2018) concluded in Katowice in Poland may be a late and insufficient agreement, because most countries do not intend to develop high-budget projects for the construction and development of power plants based on renewable energy sources. In addition, changes in the automotive industry, changes leading to the development of motorization in the direction of electromobility are too slow. The problem is serious because it concerns the future of all humanity in the perspective of the next two to three generations, yet the necessary changes and reforms in the implementation of economic principles of sustainable pro-ecological development are too slow. With the current pace of changes, there may be a shortage of time to implement the necessary pro-ecological undertakings, and then the problem of global warming will become an irreversible process and will constantly accelerate!

In view of the above, the current question is: Probably the future of humanity in the 21st century depends probably on the next dozen or so years?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

I am particularly interested in conceptual literature and pieces of research that aim at advancing the human geographic debate on (local) climate governance. Thank you very much!

The concept of zero growth, green economy, "the post-growth economy", sustainable proecological economic development as an antidote to the future global climate disaster of the end of the 21st century?

Because the issues of "the post-growth economy" and related issues such as the concept of zero growth, green economy, sustainable environmentally friendly economic development combine to form a very complex and multifaceted research area, so I will discuss this issue in the following topics.

(The continuation of these considerations can be found in the comments below).

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

Despite the high CO₂ of the Paleozoic atmosphere, when CO₂ levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume), scientific evidence indicates a period of glaciation around 445 million years ago variously called the ''Early Palaeozoic Icehouse (EPI)'' and the ''Hirnantian Glaciation''.

1. Does this suggests that global climate may be independent of variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration?

2. How may I explain this in view of the ''fact'' that concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide remains one of the main factors in changes of the paleoclimate?

I tried to submit research projects on climate change and Remote sensing to many agencies but could not get it though? Is there any easily available agencies who support the research in the subject.

Most of the countries of Africa are affected by water war due to climate change, so let think together how to bring solution for this conflict of interest.

Is there any particular rule that told us in what condition we allowed to rebuilding missing data in a synoptic station? For example, if a station has 15% missing data over 30 years, can it be filling? In other words, is there a specific rule that says up to what percent of missed data we can reconstruct it and used in drought studies? Can this data be filled in by taking a regression from the station itself, or should it be filled in by nearby stations? The time steps are in monthly. Do you have any referenced article for that?

Thank you in advanced Best Regards

The progressive global warming process in many ways adversely affects the ecosystems of the seas and oceans. In addition, the growing scale of pollution, waste, including plastic waste and many other toxic, non-biodegradable, contributes to adverse changes in many areas, sea zones and assessments, as well as biological depletion of biodiversity of ecosystems. The scale of this depletion is already beginning to be noticeable also for people in some areas of the sea, in which the number of fished fish is decreasing.

In addition, the rising temperature of the seas and oceans, which will be a derivative of the global warmning process, causes changes in ocean currents, which causes the appearance of new weather anomalies and climatic disasters also in land areas inhabited by people. Until recently, it was thought that seas and assessments, due to their high volume potential for land surfaces, would act as a kind of buffer factor for the global warming process. However, it turns out that the seas and oceans are unlikely to play the role of a buffer factor, they will only quickly undergo the global warmnig process and in this way may also become another factor strengthening the scale of increasingly occurring weather anomalies and climatic cataclysms.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Hello

Kindly guide me that for climate change studies for a watershed and analysing its impact on water resources , daily time series data for temp n precipitation is necessary or we can go with monthly time series?

The duration and intensity of drought is increasing worldwide largely due to climate change.

Development and genetic improvement of drought tolerance crop become very important for the future due the effect of climate change.

What the best method for screening and evaluation drought stress on crop plants especially "rice"?

Thank you for the answer

Best Regards.

Dear All,

I'd like to plot high-resolution figures of paleoclimate data, Please suggest the best and most friendly software.

Advance thanks,

Saravanan

Emissions by conventional fuel vehicles is one of major contributor of Climate Change. For reducing road vehicles emissions to zero, A design which is marked as INVENTION by IEEE, SAE & WIPO was tested in lab with satisfactory results but it couldn't brought in use as being global in nature, support of Governments, organisations, manufacturers, operators or investors in Climate Change. It will give proper result if IMPLIMENTED in most of the countries in world.

Can any organisation/ institute/ agency/ investor help to promote the invention of EVs powered by overhead supply worldwide?

Most chimate and agricultural research has focus on yield or crops, not the people who workers labour outside. I wonder that, when expose to extreme heat exposure in the future, who will produce for us?

Policy discussions and scientific studies today omit the important linkages between water quality and climate change, whereas the impacts of climate change on the quality of freshwater systems are likely to be significant. More scientific understanding is hence needed to address the physical, chemical, biological and socio-economic impacts that current and expected climate change have, and will continue to have, on the quality of the world’s freshwater resources. In this context, what do you think are the impact of climate change on water quality?

I am very much curious to learn the impact of climate change on the psychological wellbeing or wellbeing of the person in general. Is there any standardized tools to find this out. How can I go forward with this quantitatively and qualitatively?

I have a project that depends on the future bio-oracle data predictions from 2050 and 2100 under rcp 2.5, 4.5, 6, and 8.5. I have been gathering occurrence data and preparing it, and now I have it ready to go, but the website's download option is now unavailable. Unfortunately, the R package does not have the 2100 data sets under each rcp either. Therefore, I was reaching out to the community to see if anyone has the bio-oracle datasets for 2050 and 2100 under rcp 2.5, 4.5. 6, 8.5 for each marine variable. I would really appreciate it! The latest datasets would clearly be ideal.

I am aware of computational costs while working with high resolution data, so this question is more of hypotetical nature and is related to the relevance of friction parameter in inundation modeling. The question is also software(model)-dependent.

Different regions of the world with differing threats of climate change have adopted various strategies to adapt the agricultural sector to the changing climate.

How can these strategies be compared?

I would appreciate sharing of articles with similar aim.

We live in a changing world. Not only the climate is changing but also the system that is exposed to this climate.

In the discussion on the impacts of climate change, the changing climate is given a very important role, while non-climatic factors (e.g. land use, demographic/socio-economic factors) are often only the subject of studies of the status quo. However, the changes or transformation of such non-climatic factors in the future are often not adequately considered.

Aren't these factors equally or even more important, as there is a large scope for action, especially in the distribution of these elements?

I want to study Impact of deforestation on climate change by application of remote sensing on the natural forests of south Kordofan from 2005 to 2020. How can these models help me and download maps analyze?

Taking into account the latest worrying statements from world leaders (WHO, World Bank, ...) because of COVID-19, we can fear the worst for the world economy. The foreseeable consequences on health and social life are looking grim. Perhaps, we should be skeptical about achieving the SDGs and/or, without defeatism, worried about the loss of acquired...

Below some useful links relating to the issue:

Many researchers believe that social perception has a greater impact on the actions of governments and organizations than the advice of specialists in the context of knowledge dissemination and popularization of science. I am looking to situate the importance of Social Representations of the populations from marginalized areas in the development of an education program aimed at adapting and mitigating the negative effects of climate change.

Many researchers believe that social perception has a greater impact on the actions of governments and organizations than the advice of specialists in the context of knowledge dissemination and popularization of science. I am looking to situate the importance of Social Representations of the populations from marginalized areas in the development of an education program aimed at adapting and mitigating the negative effects of climate change.

What is the importance of Social Representations in an education program for behavioral change with regard to climate change?

Climate change continues to have a rapid impact in the world. Countries are taking a series of measures to combat climate change. At this point, the environmental impacts of SMEs should not be ignored. Especially in countries that have a fragile economic structure, how the measures can be taken against these effects of SMEs? or How can we improve SMEs's environmental performance?

The largest sea-level decline was witnessed during the last glacial period some 20,000 years ago, the water level dipped to about 121 metres. Bust since last few decades sea level rise and climate change has become buzz words. The scientific community is looking for the appropriate measures to fix or reduce the intensity of the problem.

Groundwater is of utmost importance in Haiti. It is the main source of drinking water for the Haitian population. The degradation of the quality of this resource is a major issue in the context of climate change where a rise in sea level from 200 to 300 mm by 2100 (IPCC, 2008) could irreversibly aggravate this phenomenon. In this context, the identification of the sensitivity of groundwater to climatic variations has become essential due to climate change and the strong link existing between climate and the water cycle and therefore water resources. The question we are asking is about a coastal aquifer at a time when climate change is prolonging drought periods in the Caribbean.

Dear Colleagues,

Greetings of the day!

The World Environment Day (WED) is commemorated on 5th June of every year to promote awareness about the importance of conserving the environment for our better future and sustainability. The foods we eat, the air we breathe, the water we drink, all comes from nature. We are entirely dependent on nature’s services. The theme for this year’s World Environment Day is biodiversity. The more biodiverse an ecosystem is, the more difficult it is for one pathogen to spread rapidly or dominate; whereas, biodiversity loss provides the opportunity for pathogens to pass between animals and people. Human actions, including deforestation, encroachment on wildlife habitats, intensified agriculture, and acceleration of climate change, have disturbed the delicate balance of nature. We have changed the system that would naturally protect us and have created conditions that allow particular pathogens–including coronaviruses–to spread.

I am delighted to inform you that the Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University is going to publish a book to commemorate the World Environment Day-2020 (WED-2020). The title of the planned Book is ‘BIODIVERSITY FOR SUSTAINABILITY – Challenges and Perspectives in the Post-Pandemic Era.’ You are cordially invited to contribute a chapter for this purpose-driven Book.

The guidelines for the authors to prepare a Chapter manuscript and its submission are appended with this post.

​

Positively, I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Thank you!

P.S.: Please feel free to extend this invitation to your friends, if you feel they can contribute a chapter.

Dr Subhash J Bhore

​Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong-Semeling Road, 08100 Bedong, Semeling, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia; Email: subhash@aimst.edu.my OR subhashbhore@gmail.com

Climate change is real and over the years the weather parameters are changing, so the global hydrological cycle, atmospheric circulation, bio-geochemical cycles also changing. But to some extent can't we say nature have that power to adapt all these changes and nature have the power of self mitigation and adaptation from these climate extremes. We know our population is increasing and so our food production and I think in my childhood, I could sense 6 seasons in a year i.e. Summer, Spring, Monsson, Autumn, Winter and Prevernal but now I can only sense 3 i.e. Summer, Monsoon and winter, but we are still existing and plants are also still existing in this Earth even the gradual spike of mean annual temperature and CO₂.

So, my verdict is plant can accommodate with the environment, because the change is gradual one. Let me know as a researcher what my scientific community think about it. Should we really think about it seriously and if yes then at what point it may reach the threshold climate extremities ????

We are looking for some papers on the relationship of present day's inflammable problems corona pandemic and climate change.

The term BIODIVERSITY has of late has become a common catch word which is being used across the world among scientists and environmental activists. It is easier said than really understood quantitatively and qualitatively. Is there any standard reference to quote 'Biodiversity' which is defined as optimum in terms of plant and animal population across the world in order that adverse climate change and global warming are averted to make the life of all living resources healthy, strong, stable and successful in completing their life cycle. How to determine the optimum population of plants and animals(including humans) to make the planet Earth as an ideal planet to lead happy, healthy, hilarious, progressive, promising, pleasant, prosperous and peaceful life by all forms of life aquatic and terrestrial alike.

Hello! I'm having trouble finding a suitable dataset that I'm pretty sure must exist. I've spent a couple days on Google without luck. If anyone has any dataset search websites to recommend please let me know!

I'm looking for a global ocean temperature dataset that provides temperature at surface, 20m, 50m and 100m depth. I was hoping for 0.1° resolution and congruence with RCP 4.5. I'm a first year master's student so please forgive me if my expectations are way too high!

The closest I've come is

but it's lower resolution and congruent with RCP 8.5.

ANY help would be forever appreciated :)

Covid-19 exposed many divisions among countries and prevented the formation of a united front to combat this pandemic. Even the very closely networked blocs such as ASEAN and EU failed to coordinate their efforts to combat COVID-19 because of national interest. Undermining the world organizations such as WHO, ICOJ, and the United nation various agencies are not painting a very good picture of what to come in the future.

Given that the development of a society is linked to human activities that have impacts on the climate and that all countries want to be developed, is it possible to reduce anthropogenic influences on the climate?

Climate change vulnerability is not an emerging issue but the importance of adaptation is always neglected. Inequity makes women’s health vulnerable from their birth and regional variation makes it more prominent specially due to climate change vulnerability. Disparity in healthcare access is more problematic in third world countries like Bangladesh and it occurs at each level: individual, family, social and even in regional variation. Men’s perception about women’s health is not satisfactory at rural-coastal level in Bangladesh and the problem is more deeply rooted in disaster prone areas where early marriage and adolescent pregnancy are just in epidemic always.

Hello everybody!

I thought it would be interesting to start a discussion about bats and climate change. Thus, climate change belongs to the major threats and challenges to global bat conservation through increased temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, more droughts and heat waves as well as stronger and more intense hurricanes.

It would be great if you could use this discussion to share your favorite or new publications on the topic!

Thank you in advance for your interest,

Yann

How does the climate change shape our behavioural pattern and why? Your educated comments will be highly honoured.

We looking for a high-quality, contract basis, academic illustrator for a paper in Nature Climate Change, any recommendations?

Proven track record important.

Green cover is reducing all over the world and temperature is increasing concurrently as well.There are so many factors are responsibe for the rise of temperature & Humidity), but what's the effect of tree/forest cover reduction on it?

The effect of ENSO on weed populations dynamics is of key importance for better weed management or species conservation purposes.

It is important for me that in what ways understanding of crisis leads to do some actions.

I want to know if coronaviruses are considered as fixed variable entered in every country, can level of resiliency of that country be determined by the number of infected and dead people? Furthermore, can this kind of assessment be reliable for other crises such as climate change and global warming-related disasters?

The John Molson School of Business at Concordia University kindly invites contributions to the forthcoming edited book Beyond the 2ºC - Business and Policy Trajectories to Climate Change Adaptation to be published by Palgrave Macmillan and being considered for the “Palgrave Studies in Sustainable Business: In Association with Future Earth” book series.

Climate change mitigation, understood as an approach to reduce human-induced emissions, has taken centre stage in climate action debates and efforts in the last decades. Currently published reports and studies present scenarios under which we can limit the global temperature rise to a 2°C threshold. However, to stay within the 2°C threshold, we need to move towards net-negative global emissions. This would require mobilization on a global scale and improvements in our approaches to mitigating global warming. After passing the symbolic 400 parts per million (PPM) threshold of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq) in the atmosphere in 2016, recent studies have highlighted that the current emission trajectory can easily lead to concentrations of up to 1,000 PPM of CO2-eq – leading to an average global warming of up to 5.4°C by the end of this century.

While many governments, businesses and researchers like to believe that a mitigation-focused approach can keep the 2°C threshold within reach, this edited book intends to investigate the business and policy adaptation trajectories beyond what are currently understood to be some of the major tipping points in the climate system. In these scenarios, the planet will be on an accelerated path towards deforestation, biodiversity loss, erosion of inhabited and uninhabited coastal areas, and the possible disappearance of entire island states. These events will be coupled with the possible proliferation of disease, human migration, and increased conflicts over resources. This calls for academics, practitioners, and policymakers to shift their attention away from the almost exclusive focus on climate change mitigation, to also consider adaptation plans.

Beyond the 2ºC - Business and Policy Trajectories to Climate Change Adaptation is an edited collection that will review and critically analyze new and innovative business and policy approaches to climate change adaptation across different economic sectors and for different locations. The edited collection will aim to ignite an academic discussion regarding the necessary, and potentially urgent, adaption strategies that could address the risks induced by the fast-changing climate. The contributions should demonstrate how we can adapt to a world where fresh water is scarce, where extreme weather events are a daily reality, where global sea levels are up to 2.4 m higher than today, and where flooding and wildfires are no longer discrete events. The collection plans to evaluate the readiness of our businesses and policies to adapting to this “new” world and to explore strategies that move beyond the current incremental approaches.

Beyond the 2ºC - Business and Policy Trajectories to Climate Change Adaptation aims to explore and propose business and policy solutions for climate-induced economic, technical, and societal challenges.

The editors are accepting contributions by experts in both the academic and practitioner communities in business and policy, as well as related fields such as economics, management, development studies, finance, and entrepreneurship. The editors are inviting contributions that:

· Shed new light on our understanding of climate-related vulnerabilities and risks

· Explore innovative risk management procedures

· Present new and emerging processes for internalizing adaptation in existing business and policy approaches

· Identify new barriers to large scale and/or local climate change adaptation

· Introduce methodologies for mapping and understanding synergies and trade-offs in adaptation

· Investigate approaches to overcoming conflicts in business and policy adaptation trajectories

The editors are encouraging contributions that move beyond the current disciplinary divides and present novel interdisciplinary approaches, which use scenario building methodologies in their investigations and study the social, economic, environmental, and cultural dimensions of the complex adaptation trajectories. Moreover, the editors will also be accepting chapters that incorporate new concepts or tools beyond the academic fields of business administration and political science. These fields will include the natural and social sciences, which make connections to the business and policy. The editors also encourage contributions that move beyond carbon emissions to focus on emerging challenges and themes regarding adaptation, which includes health, wellbeing, air quality, waste, and biodiversity. In addition, chapters that use case studies or comparative studies (between different solutions, applications in different industries, or variations between regions) are strongly encouraged. Finally, considering the global nature of climate change and its multi-scale consequences, the editors invite authors to critically consider the scalar relevance – local, regional, national, and supranational levels – of their contributions.

The submissions will be reviewed with an open mind and with a particular focus on the relevance of the chapter with respect to adapting to climate change and its consequences beyond the 2ºC threshold. The edited book will serve as an academic reference for senior undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate scholars in the fields of business, public affairs, social science, environmental studies, and law across the globe. It will also function as a practical guide and a reference for emerging best practices on the topic of climate change adaptation for industry and business leaders, regulators, and policymakers around the world. Although the book can be used as a reference book in academic courses, it will not be specifically organized as a textbook.

1. CLIMATE CHANGE HAZARDS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

a. Understanding the hazards and their management

b. Technological hazards

c. Political hazards

d. Natural hazards (cyclones, floods, storms, floods, droughts)

e. Socio-economic risks

f. Human health risks

g. Planetary health and biodiversity risks

h. Geoengineering and climate management

i. Greenhouse gas management

ii. Solar radiation management

2. THE FUTURE OF FOSSIL FUELS AND EMISSIONS

a. Fossil fuel subsidies

b. Carbon pricing/carbon taxation

c. Biofuel and other alternative fuels

d. Renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal)

e. The future of nuclear power (challenges and opportunities)

f. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)

g. Hydrogen fuels

3. ADAPTING CITIES, URBAN SETTLEMENTS, AND CHANGES TO HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

a. Urban planning, urban design, and cities beyond the 2ºC

b. Waterfront settlements, island states, and other high-risk human settlements

c. Buildings and construction (design, materials, codes/standards/certifications, retrofitting)

d. Local modes of transportation (cars and other private transport, public transit, collective passenger transport, human-powered transport, etc.)

e. Intra-continental travel (rail, advanced trains and emerging technologies)

f. Inter-continental travel (aviation fuel, turbofan/turboprop engines, emissions and contrails, emerging technologies, etc.)

g. Global product transport and logistics

4. ADAPTING THE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS

a. Agriculture, soil, and forests

i. Animal and marine farming

ii. Agriculture, agroforestry, reforestation

iii. Soil and its rehabilitation

b. Demand-side management

i. Incentive and financing programs

ii. Change and development in consumption patterns

iii. Consumer behaviour beyond a 2ºC warmer climate

c. Supply-side management

i. Change and development in production patterns

ii. Recycling, upcycling, reuse, and regeneration

iii. Closed-loop production models

iv. Living and biotic natural resources

v. Non-living natural resources (metals, minerals, and stone)

vi. Renewability of resources

d. New and emerging modes of production and consumption

5. FINANCING GLOBAL CLIMATE ADAPTATION

a. Microfinance (micro-credit, micro-insurance, risk, etc.)

b. Philanthropy and venture capital

c. ESG investment (trends, renewable energy investment, partnerships, water, etc.)

d. Climate finance (private climate finance, green funds, adaptation funds, the low carbon market, divestment, etc.)

e. Evaluating and managing the financial risks of adaptation

f. Natural capital accounting (efforts, innovations, and effects)

g. Financial policies

6. LIMITATION AND THE FUTURE OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION

a. The limits to climate change mitigation

b. Political and policy limits

c. Capital limits

d. Technological limits

e. Societal and cultural limits

· Abstract and CV submission deadline – June 30th, 2020

· Selection of abstracts and notification to successful contributors – July 31st, 2020

· Full chapter submission – November 30th, 2020

· Revised chapter submission – February 28th, 2021

Submissions should be written in English using a non-technical writing style. The contributions may include diagrams/illustrations in order to present data, or photographs/figures (all in black & white) to better illustrate the topic of discussion. Submitted chapters should be original and exclusively prepared for the present book. No part of the article should be published elsewhere. Chapters must not exceed 7,000 words (including all references, appendices, biographies, etc.), must use 1.5-line spacing and 12 pt. Times New Roman font, and must use the APA 7th edition reference style.

Researchers and practitioners are invited to submit abstracts of no more than 500 words, a bibliography for their proposed chapter, and a CV. Abstract submissions are expected by June 30th, 2020. Submissions should be sent via email to climatechange.adaptation@concordia.ca

Authors will be notified about the status of their proposals and will be sent complete chapter guidelines. Full chapters are expected to be submitted by November 30th, 2020.

Please note there are no submission or acceptance fees for the manuscripts.

Thomas Walker[1]

Dr. Walker holds an MBA and PhD degree in Finance from Washington State University. Prior to his academic career, he worked for several years in the German consulting and industrial sector at firms such as Mercedes Benz, Utility Consultants International, Lahmeyer International, Telenet, and KPMG Peat Marwick. He has taught as a visiting professor at the University of Mannheim, the University of Bamberg, the European Business School, and the WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management. His research interests are in sustainability & climate change, corporate governance, securities regulation and litigation, and insider trading and he has published over sixty articles and book chapters in these areas. He is the lead-editor of five books on sustainable financial systems, sustainable real estate, sustainable aviation, emerging risk management, and environmental policy. Dr. Walker has held numerous administrative and research positions during his career. For instance, he served as the Laurentian Bank Professor in Integrated Risk Management (2010-2015), Chair of the Finance Department (2011-2014), Director/Co-director of the David O’Brien Centre for Sustainable Enterprise (2015-2017), and as Associate Dean, Research and Research Programs (2016-2017) at Concordia University. In addition, he has been an active member of various advisory boards and steering committees including, among others, the human resources group of Finance Montréal, the steering committee of the Montreal chapter of the Professional Risk Managers’ International Association (PRMIA), the academic advisory board of the MMI/Morningstar Sustainable Investing Initiative, and the advisory board for Palgrave Macmillan’s Future Earth book series on sustainability.

Stefan Wendt[2]

Dr. Wendt is an Associate Professor and Director of the Graduate Programs in Business at Reykjavik University’s Department of Business Administration. From March 2005 until March 2015 he was Research and Teaching Assistant at the Department of Finance at Bamberg University, Germany, where he received his doctoral degree in 2010. He has taught as a visiting lecturer at École Supérieure de Commerce Montpellier, France, and Baden-Württemberg Cooperative State University (DHBW), Mosbach, Germany. His fields of research include corporate finance and governance, risk management, financial markets and financial intermediation, small and medium-sized enterprises, and behavioural finance.

Sherif Goubran[3]

Sherif is a PhD. candidate in the Individualized Program (INDI) at Concordia University, a Vanier Scholar, and a Concordia Public Scholar. He is conducting interdisciplinary research within the fields of design, architecture, building engineering and real-estate finance. His PhD research investigates the alignment between sustainable building practices and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). His research focus includes building sustainability and sustainability assessment, sustainability in architectural design and human approaches in design. Sherif completed a MASc in building engineering in 2016 with a focus on energy efficiency in commercial buildings. Before that, he completed a BSc in Architecture at the American University in Cairo (AUC-Egypt). Today, he is actively engaged in several research laboratories, centers, and groups where he teaches and conducts research in design, engineering, architecture, and business. He is also involved in several sustainability committees and projects at Concordia on the student as well as the administrative levels.

Tyler Schwartz[4]

Tyler is currently a research and book publication assistant in the Department of Finance at Concordia University. He recently completed his undergraduate degree at the John Molson School of Business in which he received an Honours in Finance. As part of his undergraduate degree, he completed a thesis project in which he wrote a paper focusing on the relationship between data breaches, security prices, and crisis communication. He was also presented with the CUSRA scholarship in 2017, which is awarded to undergraduate students who have an interest in pursuing research activities. His research interests include sustainable finance, machine learning, data breaches, and cognitive science.

[1] Concordia University: thomas.walker@concordia.ca

[2] Reykjavik University: stefanwendt@ru.is

[3] Concordia University: sherif.goubran@mail.concordia.ca

[4] Concordia University: tyler.schwartz@mail.concordia.ca

The average temperature of the Earth is rising at nearly twice the rate it was 50 years ago. This rapid warming trend cannot be explained by natural cycles alone, scientists have concluded. The only way to explain the pattern is to include the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by humans. A strong connection between climate change and wildfires are there. Wildfire activity in the United States is changing dangerously, particularly in the west, as conditions become hotter and drier due to climate change. Scientists say, current levels of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere are higher than at any point over the past 800,000 years, and their ability to trap heat is changing our climate in multiple ways.

Hi I'm trying to heat a chamber (about 100 Liter volume) with ceramic IR lamps (6 units of 125w each). The goal is to have an approximately homogenate heating at the bottom of the chamber (50cm from the lamps at the moment). But is not so simple, although I manage to get the intended temperatures, on average, the central area of the chamber can surpass the borders by 4 ºC, which is a bit too much to call it homogeneous space. Which is understandable, because even though the lamps are evenly distributed through the top surface, the commonly heat area on the centred ends up receiving more heat. The question is, how to receive the heat from these 6 spots (the six lamps) and distribute equally? I've been thinking of placing a metallic mesh (2mm pores) between the lamps and the chamber, to try to have a layer of heating on top instead of the 6 spots of heat... would that work? I have to be careful with this layer, because too much isolation would result in massive overheating of the lamp side to get the intended temperatures on the chamber side. Has anyone faced this kind of unequal heating? how did you solve it?

All opinions are welcome.

Thank you.

Cheers, Luís Pereira.

I need complete computational procedures for Projecting future climate change models evaluation

I am trying to understand how future river flows can be predicted accurately from various climate models and/or variables. I have found various datasets for water discharge into sea, can analysing the change in water discharge into the sea give you an accurate measure of the overall changes in the water flow in the river?

Marine debris such as fishing nets and other man-made debris affects many species and has been shown to cover large areas. But, as you believe this waste affects the biodiversity of the deep. Is it less important that it affects the depths than the surface?

Hai.

I am trying to use Infocrop model for climate change effect. I have imported csv file of daily weather data from 1971-2002 into infocrop. It has successfully created the 32 files and CLI file also. When I create the project and use the weather file, it does not list out the years in the pull down. So please tell me the what is the reason and how to solve, or is their any other way to import the weather file,

Thanks in advance.

Meti

Dear: Colleagues

This invitation to cooperate in a book-chapter about citrus production, it's a part of a project about citrus production in the MENA region.

looking for interested to start cooperation in this subject, and waiting for your response.

My best regards

The projection of species distribution in the future is influenced by the General Circulation Model (GCM) (available on www.worldclim.org). I am curious to know which of the available GCMs would be best for analyzing impacts of climate change on a species inhabiting drier areas of the Indian subcontinent. Moreover, which climate change scenarios are the best for the aforementioned research work.

I have searched some of the top ranking nationalism studies journals (Nations and nationalism, SEN -Studies of ethnicity and nationalism, Nationalism and ethnic politics, Ethnicities, Ethnopolitics) and couldn't find any article even touching the complex relationship between nationalism and climate change.

I have only found a small number of mostly circumstantial (casual) mentions of climate change according to the following distribution:

Nations and Nationalism: 8 mentions (including a roundtable, book reviews and an introductory piece written by me).

SEN: 3 mentions (one political theory article, two case studies)

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics: 3 mentions (all case studies) Ethnicities: 2 mentions (2 theoretical articles)

Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism: 2 mentions (including a 2009 article)

Even more worryingly, I have found no mentions of the geo-historical concept of Anthropocene, nor any of its more controversial derivates (Capitalocene, Occidentalocene, Consumerocene, and so on), despite the fact that these have been introduced and debated in nearly all the social sciences.

I am planning to develop a research proposal on analyzing emerging urban governance with Foucauldian governmentality perspective linking to climate change, austerity and digitization. In my review I have found that majority of the studies are focusing on single issue (either climate change or austerity or effect of digitalisation), but in reality these three are evolving together and affect one another. I wan to examine how cities mobilize ideas (rationalities) and resources to govern those problem. Could you please help me out framing three issues together to define my problem statement.

I want to publish my review paper in any reputed journal, but the time duration is less. Are there any free journals available to publish with in 2 months? Otherwise can you list trustworthy paid journals?

The sun goes through a natural solar cycle approximately every 11 years. The cycle is marked by the increase and decrease of sunspots. The greatest number of sunspots in any given solar cycle is designated as "solar maximum." The lowest number is "solar minimum." Solar Minimum may cause freezing temperatures, earthquakes, and drought.

Sometimes the regular time evolution of solar activity is broken up by periods of greatly depressed activity called grand minima. The last grand minimum was the famous Maunder minimum from 1645–1715. As occurred during the 19th century's so-called Dalton minimum is also considered to be a grand minimum.

According to NASA, the sun is heading toward solar minimum now. Sunspot counts were relatively high in 2014, and now they are sliding toward a low point expected in 2019-2020.

How to separate the influence of natural cycles and anthropogenic factors on our evolving climate or climate change?

Specifically, there are some available downscaling models, such as SDSM, that are extensively used in climate change studies. However, downscaling precipitation yields quite weak results, in particular the variance is really poorly reproduced. There are other models that use better modeling techniques. What is your experience with downscaling models?

I am going to derive the precipitation data from NETCDF files of CMIP5 GCMs in order to  forecast precipitation after doing Bias Correction with Quantile Mapping as a downscaling method. In the literature that some of the bests are attached, the nearest neighborhood and Inverse Distance Method are highly recommended.

The nearest neighbour give the average value of the grid to each point located in the grid as a simple method. According to the attached paper (drought-assessment-based-on-m...) the author claimed that the NN method is better than other methods such as IDM because:

But in my opinion maybe the IDM is a better choice because I think as the estimates of subgrid-scale values are generally not provided and the other attached paper (1-s2.0-S00221...) is a good instance for its efficiency.

I would appreciate if someone can answer this question with an evidence. Which interpolation method do you recommend for interpolation of GCM cmip5 outputs?

Thank you in advance.

Global warming is being addressed through a sustainable development lense formally since 2012 Rio +20; and therefore, it is being addressed outside sustainabiltiy rules.

And this raises the question, is not global warming a sustainability isssue? I think it is a sustainabiltiy issue. What do you think?

Hi,

I am using MODAWEC to convert my monthly precipitation and temperature data to daily but there are two problems:

1. the temperature data is not available as minimum or maximum so how can I proceed with the input data ?

2. for the monthly wet days do I need to find the average value for the wet days ?

thanks

In my country, more than a dozen years ago or more, there were real winters with snow and frost after the autumn. Whereas last winter, during the last few years it looked like autumn, without snow and positive temperatures. I think that the greenhouse effect, ie the warming of the Earth's climate, has already begun. This is also confirmed by numerous climatic cataclysms and weather anomalies, which in the current year 2018 appear in numerous places on the Earth. In some parts of the Earth there are fires of huge forest areas such as in Scandinavia, California in the USA, Australia, the Iberian Peninsula, Africa, etc. In addition, weather anomalies, e.g. snow and floods in October and November in the south of Europe.

In addition, tornadoes in many places on Earth and so on.

Perhaps these problems will get worse. It is necessary to improve security systems and anti-crisis services, improve the prediction of these anomalies and climatic cataclysms so that people can, have managed to shelter or cope with the imminent cataclysm. One of the technologies that can help in more precise forecasting of these cataclysms is the processing of large collections of historical and current information on this subject in the cloud computing technology in Big Data database systems.

Therefore, I am asking you: Will new data processing technologies in Big Data database systems allow for accurate prediction of climate disasters?

Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.

I know, generally, climate models cover the atmosphere, oceans, land and ice-covered regions of the planet. But does the model consider the change in land-use of a particular region when estimating the projections for 100 years?

I would like to use this discussion section to announce our new non-profit research network focused on industrial decarbonisation (RENEW-Industry).

https://sites.google.com/view/renew-industry/

Are you a researcher working on technological, economic or policy aspects of industrial decarbonisation? Then we would really appreciate it to have you on board. The idea is to better connect researchers in this very important field, which still faces uncountable uncertainties in the face of rigid low emission targets in order to comply with the Paris Agreement. Already more than 50 researchers from renowned institutions based in 9 European countries have joined. Now we count on you to increase that number even more.

Feel free to message me or comment below in case you have any questions or comments.

[Update 04.03.2020]: The first newsletter is online on our web page, now:

https://sites.google.com/view/renew-industry/archive?authuser=0

[Update 12.05.2020]: Newsletter #2

https://us4.campaign-archive.com/?u=32deebd63670cdcc2d75d48c4&id=b83d13c7d6

In many parts of the world forests have suffered from increasing extreme weather events like drought, heat waves, flodding, and pathogens. Climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions has been identified as the major threads of forests and forest ecosystem services.

However apart from this, in central Europe and also other regions we have still critical inputs of nitrogen from industry, traffic and agriculture in our forest ecosystems resulting in the loss of plant and animal species adapted to nitrogen-poor environments, possible nitrate leaching into ground water, and nutrition imbalances in forest trees. An overview on the status and development of N deposition impacts in Germany and Europe provide the results of the latest German national soil survey (Ecol. Stud. 2019, links below) , and a ICP Forests review (Env. Poll. 2019 attached):

There are still only a few studies dealing with the interactive effects of N deposition and climate change on forest ecosystems. Do you have information on ongoing research activities, and research results and publications dealing with this? Or do you think that those interactions are of less inportant for forest ecosystem dynamics?

Cheers,

Andreas

I think this is a chain of events that are all interrelated directly or indirectly.

What do you think?

Governments around the world need policies for immediate and decisive response towards the protection of our atmosphere, lakes, rivers, world oceans and natural reserves; the control of climate change, pollution and destruction of the natural resources and the environment, the spread of deadly viruses, the opulence of some, which translates into the misery of the great majority. Humanity needs with urgency to take a decisive action towards the conservation and preservation of our planet for us and the future generations, otherwise, we will be in even greater trouble very soon.

Hi, we aim to "quantify" cultural ecosystem services from urban forests of our study area (Karlsruhe, Germany). We know that cultural ecosystem services are difficult to quantify as they are often qualitative and have intangible significance. Our approach is to first do a detail survey on public and stakeholders' perception and preferences on selected cultural ecosystem services using questionnaire survey and Likert's scale of response. Then, we want to use our data from the questionnaire survey to develop a scoring systems. Do you know any method which can be helpful to us? Or, do you know how to valuate cultural ecosystem services? In addition to questionnaire survey, we also have data from urban forest plots on forest structure and composition. We followed the guidelines from i-tree-eco software's handbook and UFORE model developed by the US Forest Service (David Nowak). We will really appreciate if you can provide us some literature or provide some suggestions on methods to quantify cultural ecosystem services.

Currently, the combined effect of all clouds is one of net cooling, meaning that clouds are dampening the rate of climate warming. But scientists are looking into whether clouds will have the same effect on climate as the Earth continues to warm. If the proportion of different cloud types changes, it could affect the rate of climate change because different types of clouds have different impacts on the Earth's climate. While some types of clouds help to warm the Earth, others help to cool it?

With Climate Change and all, I will tell you what I think is a minimum needed for survival and that is: literally a completely, fully, entirely new outlook on life AND that being FOR EVERY HUMAN BEING and involving all our work-a-day pursuits -- a wholly new way of life (and "full-blown" way of action/work) and a source of wholesomeness and great actions and GOOD:

Every hour/day/week/month/year, etc. you wake up mindful, informed (and get more informed as ever needed to proceed ASAP), dedicated, and completely persistent and consistent in acting for the earth-life-dignity of your CAUSES and related CAUSES. Serious life as pursued will be nothing but your involvement and active-dedication to CAUSES (maintaining rational, workable consistencies, and AS MUCH IN ACTION as possible, to actually achieve or actualize the causes). Satisfaction will have nothing to do with "being easy-going" NOR with typical or traditional ideas (notions) of happiness, nor with any [supposedly] other way of (or toward, or for) "satisfaction" -- "rewards" of life many of you, much of the time, thought likely would come with "freedom" and "general happiness" (as historically thought about) but such will be clearly seen as blatant, flagrant, and shameful irresponsibility of old ways considered not worth even thinking about FOR ANY GOOD PURPOSE or any goal in the world (you will have plenty else to think about and with integrity and dignity AND FOR DIGNITY AND INTEGRITY)(plus, there is inherent irrationality in the old views: one way or others of expecting -- and basically even counting on -- MAGIC). BUT, now, all the old happiness/play/satisfaction/fun in-and-with any other "things" or activities will naturally and rationally and personally come to be seen as that which eliminates true dignity and integrity and any worthwhile (or even real) satisfactions -- now with you having the dignity and integrity of work on AND for your CAUSES. With this new way (for all we see for ourselves and for any decent folk we will associate with), SOON nothing else will will "do"; we will have a new way to real dignity, better understandings, and some true, real, good lasting, progressive satisfaction, and with greater loving kindness and equanimity (as we accept we do what we do and others do as their own best in the same vein). As indicated, the way is to operate (LIVE) IS ONLY in terms of CAUSES and inter-related or necessarily simultaneous or successive CAUSES. Developing and accomplishing (in action as much as possible and necessary) will be ALL for the CAUSES which will be your life -- the "all" of your life that matters or has any implications for yourself or others. And, this is also at least as all other decent human beings doing all major things of working life will know you, and that is how you will know them. This is all simply a commitment to understandings, and engaging in wholesome pursuits (which, AGAIN, will be in terms of CAUSES). The causes will be shared only as well, rationally, and wholesomely pursued through group action BUT may well be otherwise that which is done alone (individually), if that is how things are going to get done.

This is the formula for self-breeding of the species and for any real decency and for the survival of the species itself. I cannot imagine how anything else will be sufficiently adaptive; in fact, anything else breeds ignorance, confusion, chaos and irresponsibility (an easy logical and sound argument to make). (I want to live, I want humans who follow me to live; DO YOU?)