Science topic
Climate Change - Science topic
Climate Change is an any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). It may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities.
Questions related to Climate Change
Economic development is a fundamental right of all Countries recognized by international law. However, international agreements like the Paris Agreement set binding targets for countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to address climate change. How can countries balance economic growth and environmental conservation to meet climate change requisites?
This discussion is a follow up of our paper at
We aim to drive effective policy change through the following objectives:
Aim 1:
To assess the environmental impact of personal protective equipment (PPE) waste in infection control practices.
- Objective 1: To quantify the amount of PPE waste generated in healthcare settings.
- Objective 2: To evaluate the environmental footprint of various PPE materials (e.g., plastic, latex, etc.).
Aim 2:
To identify sustainable alternatives to traditional PPE materials in infection control.
- Objective 1: To review existing research on eco-friendly PPE options.
- Objective 2: To analyze the feasibility of replacing conventional PPE with sustainable alternatives in healthcare environments.
Aim 3:
To develop strategies for minimizing PPE waste while maintaining effective infection control.
- Objective 1: To investigate best practices in waste reduction without compromising infection control standards.
- Objective 2: To propose actionable guidelines for healthcare facilities to adopt more sustainable PPE management practices.
How does the rapid warming and destruction of permafrost in Norway and Iceland indicate a period of global warming? Is this phenomenon a warning to humans?
With the EU-funded PACE project at the end of this century, several deep boreholes
(100 m +) were drilled at European mountain sites, including mainland Norway, Svalbard and Sweden. During other projects from c. 2004 and the International Polar Period (IPY) in
2006/07, several additional boreholes were drilled at various sites in Norway and Iceland.
Temperature measurements along elevational and latitudinal gradients. At most sites, multi-temporal geophysical sonography using seismic and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is available. Here we study the development of permafrost and ground temperatures in mainland Norway and Iceland based on this dataset. We document that permafrost is warming at a rapid rate, including the development of talc in Norway and Iceland in response to climate change over the past 20 years. At most sites, ground surface temperatures (GST) appear to be increasing more strongly than surface air temperatures (SAT). Changing snow conditions appear to be the most important factor for higher GST rates. Modeling exercises also show that talc development can be explained by both higher air temperatures and increased snow cover.Permafrost is thermally defined as the ground (i.e. the lithosphere) at a temperature of 0°C or less for at least two consecutive years (van Oerdingen, 1998). Since the 18th century, permafrost has been recognized as an important geomorphological factor governing the development of specific landforms and generating geotechnical problems for construction (cf. French, 1996). More recently, permafrost has been recognized as a major carbon reservoir that can be mobilized and released as greenhouse gases upon thawing (Hughlios et al., 2014; Miner et al., 2022). In addition, permafrost is a key component for the stability of steep rock walls or debris flowset al., 2023). Permafrost and the Earth's thermal regime also appear to be important factors in modulating the rate of geomorphological processes (Bertling and Etzelmüller, 2011) and ultimately landscape development (Andersen et al., 2015; Egholm et al., 2015; Hills and Roering, 2007; Hills and Roering, 2009; Etzelmüller et al., 2020b). Western Scandinavia and Iceland are located in the transition zone between regions dominated by permafrost from mountain to Arctic conditions towards Svalbard and eastern Greenland. In Currently, Norway has an extensive network of boreholes where we measure subsurface temperatures along elevational and latitudinal gradients (Etzelmüller et al., 2020a; Farbrot et al., 2011; Christiansen et al., 2010; Solid et al., 2003). In addition, at most sites multi-temporal geophysical surveys using e.g. electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) are available. In Iceland, four boreholes have been in place since 2004, of which three boreholes were originally drilled in permafrost. Finally, daily gridded datasets of meteorological parameters such as air temperature and precipitation (Lussana et al., 2018a; Lussana et al., 2018b) and associated modelled snow cover (Saloranta, 2016; Czekirda et al., 2019) are available back to 1957 for Norway and 1959 for Iceland. This allows for an assessment of the relationship between climate and the Earth's thermal regime along regional gradients. This study maps changes in the thermal status of permafrost in Norway and Iceland based on borehole monitoring between 2004 and 2022. This study shows how climate change has rapidly warmed and degraded mountain glaciers and discusses possible drivers of these changes
Is the development of seawater desalination technology or the improvement of water saving and recycling systems in households and industry a better solution to the drinking water shortage problem?
Dear Researchers, Scientists, Friends,
In view of the growing demand for drinking water, especially in regions affected by droughts and water shortages, a dilemma arises as to the most effective methods of addressing this problem. Desalination technologies require advanced technological solutions and are energy-intensive, while water saving and recycling systems are based on existing infrastructures but require behavioural change and public education. Research shows that seawater desalination technologies will prove to be a more effective solution to the water shortage problem in the long term than water saving and recycling systems in households and industry. Seawater desalination can therefore be an important part of the solution to the global water shortage, especially in countries with access to the sea. However, the technology is energy-intensive and requires significant financial investment and progress in the field of renewable energy. On the other hand, saving and recycling water in homes and industry relies on local, less expensive solutions, but requires extensive education and social cooperation. This dilemma is also related to various geographical and social conditions, which makes it particularly difficult to resolve unequivocally.
My following articles are related to the above-mentioned issues in some aspects:
I have described the key issues concerning the green transformation of the economy in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
What is your opinion on this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please reply,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
I invite you to scientific cooperation,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
I wonder whether what humans define as "sustainable systems" may be temporary states within longer cycles of resource abundance and scarcity.
Are our sustainability frameworks simply attempts to preserve human-favorable conditions within natural systems that are inherently prone to dramatic transitions?
How might we reconcile our pursuit of sustainability with the apparent tendency of natural systems, from bacterial colonies to forest ecosystems, to exploit available resources until reaching critical thresholds that trigger reorganization?
How individual willingness to fight climate change and individual pro-environmental behavior differ? Is there an umbrella term that includes both?
How do changing climatic conditions, such as rising temperatures, altered monsoon patterns, and increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, influence the carbon, water, and nutrient footprints of major crops in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, and what adaptation strategies could help mitigate their negative impacts on food security and ecosystem stability?
Background Summary:
Poverty, disease, and hunger remain among the most persistent and devastating challenges facing humanity. Despite significant advancements in science, technology, and medicine, these issues continue to affect billions worldwide, hindering progress and well-being for millions. What if science could be harnessed not just to mitigate these issues but to eradicate them entirely?
Recent breakthroughs in various fields—such as biotechnology, renewable energy, artificial intelligence, and social sciences—offer unprecedented opportunities to tackle the root causes of poverty, hunger, and disease in innovative ways. Can we leverage these advancements to design systems of resource distribution, healthcare, and education that are sustainable and equitable for all? Can biotechnology revolutionize food production and health solutions, while AI and data analytics create efficient, scalable models for poverty reduction?
Can AI help to end poverty?
"Quashing poverty requires knowing who is in need and what their needs are, but collecting those data has long been a time-consuming and costly challenge. Some researchers are turning to artificial intelligence (AI) tools to help plug the gaps. AI can be biased, and could miss people without a digital trail. On the other hand, it can analyse a larger, more representative portion of the population than do household surveys, and identify patterns in data that even specialists could miss, says development economist Ariel BenYishay..."
Global food security remains a pressing challenge as population growth, resource scarcity, and climate change place increasing pressure on agricultural systems. Traditional methods struggle to meet growing demands without significant environmental consequences. This article proposes a scalable and sustainable framework to address food security, integrating technological innovation, resource efficiency, and strategic policy interventions.
The approach centers on vertical farming and precision agriculture. Vertical farming enables food production in controlled environments, drastically reducing land, water, and pesticide use, while precision agriculture utilizes IoT and AI to optimize inputs, improving efficiency and minimizing waste. Together, these technologies enhance productivity and sustainability.
The framework also emphasizes circular economy principles, recycling agricultural resources and minimizing waste through practices like composting and renewable energy integration. These methods lower costs and improve access to nutritious food.
Equity-focused political strategies are vital for implementation. Policies that ensure resource distribution, education, and technology adoption are necessary, supported by collaboration among governments, private sectors, and global organizations.
Pilot studies and simulations validate the feasibility of this approach, demonstrating increased food production with reduced environmental impact. This integrated solution offers a practical pathway to sustainable, equitable food systems for a growing global population.
To what extent do soil degradation and desertification, caused by overexploitation, deforestation and climate change, reduce crop production, threaten food production, cause food shortages and lead to population migration? How can the progressive degradation of soil and the desertification of areas that were used for agriculture be reduced?
Numerous scientific studies confirm that soil degradation and desertification, which are the result of overexploitation, deforestation and climate change, pose a serious threat to food production and cause mass migration. Intensive land use without adequate fertilisation and protection leads to soil depletion and erosion, while deforestation reduces water retention, increasing the risk of desertification. Climate change, such as rising temperatures and changes in precipitation, also contributes to these negative processes. Soil degradation and desertification have serious consequences for food production, leading to lower yields and, in extreme cases, the complete disappearance of crops, which in turn causes food shortages and price increases. In addition, desertification causes the loss of agricultural land, making it impossible to produce food in these areas. These problems are also the cause of population migration, forcing people to leave their homes in search of better living conditions. In order to effectively solve the problem of soil degradation and desertification, it is necessary to implement comprehensive measures such as sustainable agriculture, soil conservation, restoration of degraded land and the fight against desertification. Scientific research plays an important role in this process by providing the knowledge and analysis necessary to develop effective strategies.
And what is your opinion on this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
I invite you to scientific cooperation,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Do armed conflicts, persecution, natural disasters, the effects of climate change and a lack of economic prospects force millions of people to leave their homes, leading to humanitarian crises and migratory pressure?
In my opinion, armed conflicts, persecution, natural disasters and a lack of economic prospects force millions of people to leave their homes, leading to humanitarian crises and migratory pressure. These complex and often overlapping problems force people to seek refuge and safety outside their home countries. Armed conflicts such as civil wars and ethnic and religious conflicts are the main cause of these crises, forcing civilians to flee from violence and military conscription. Persecution on the basis of race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation or political beliefs also forces people to leave their homes, where they experience violence and discrimination. Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts and hurricanes destroy entire communities, depriving people of their homes and livelihoods. Lack of economic prospects, such as high unemployment and poverty, also force people to migrate in search of a better life abroad. The migratory pressure resulting from these factors leads to many problems, such as humanitarian crises, pressure on host countries, difficulties in integrating refugees and migrants, and social tensions. An effective solution to this problem requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach, including conflict prevention, protection of human rights, provision of humanitarian aid, support for the integration of refugees and migrants, and international cooperation. Research plays an important role in solving this problem, helping to understand the causes and consequences of migration, develop new solutions and analyse the effectiveness of different strategies.
And what do you think about it?
What is your opinion on this matter?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
I invite you to scientific cooperation,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
How will renewable power generation be affected by climate change?
To what extent do destructive forestry practices, the destruction of natural ecosystems, water and soil pollution, emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the loss of biodiversity threaten the planet's biosphere and human well-being?
The results of numerous scientific studies confirm that the destruction of forests, water and soil pollution, and the loss of biodiversity are serious problems that threaten ecosystems and human well-being. These negative changes, resulting from the overexploitation of natural resources, industrial activities, agriculture and urbanisation, lead to environmental degradation and have far-reaching consequences. The destruction of forests, the Earth's lungs, contributes to climate change, soil erosion and loss of biodiversity. Water and soil pollution caused by industrial waste water, pesticides and waste endangers the health of humans and animals. The loss of biodiversity disrupts the balance in ecosystems, making them more susceptible to change. To solve these problems, it is necessary to implement comprehensive strategies, including nature conservation, sustainable management of natural resources and the promotion of green technologies. Scientific research plays a key role in solving these problems, providing the knowledge and tools necessary for environmental protection and sustainable development.
And what is your opinion on this topic?
What is your opinion on this matter?
Please reply,
I invite everyone to the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
I invite you to scientific cooperation,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Genotoxicity assessment, Toxins, Particulate matters, allergens, heat waves, Climate change, human health, chromosome aberration
Which emerging topics will dominate the field, and which traditional areas might see a decline in research interest?
Due to the increase in global temperatures, changes in climatic conditions have occurred, and one of the ways to deal with them is climate adaptation.
Is it expected that a specific research trend will emerge regarding the issue of climate change that is different from what preceded it, especially after the election of President Donald Trump?
Climate Change and Extreme Rainfall in Indian Coastal Cities
Which of the following Indian coastal cities may get impacted extremely resulting from climate change?
Mumbai, Panaji, Mangaluru, Kozhikode, Kollam, Nagercoil Chennai, Ongole, Kakinada, Vizag, Brahmapur, Puri & Digha
Which of above Indian coastal cities are more at risk of floods resulting from exposure to multiple flood drivers including extreme high tide, storm surge, extreme rainfall and high river flow?
And, in which of the above coastal cities, compound flood events would occur, upon various flood driving factors coinciding in space and time?
Which of above Indian coastal cities are poised to Jacking Effect of high tide that would possibly prevent urban flooding from being discharged into the sea through the drainage network, and thereby reducing the drainage capacity of the coastal urban drainage network, upon the occurrence of high tides?
Will the impacts of flooding in these low-lying, densely populated, and highly developed cities could remain to be devastating with wide-ranging social, economic and environmental consequences – at any point of time – in the near future – resulting from current climate change?
In the above listed cities, where could we expect the coupled effect of both storm surges and extreme rainfall resulting from climate change – that may possibly lead to (severe) flooding in those coastal areas?
How exactly to go about assessing the spatio-temporal dynamics of the meteorological drivers of compound flooding along those Indian coastal cities?
Whether the concept of Compound Flooding has already been assessed – on a local scale - for ALL of the above coastal cities as a precautionary measure?
Are we in a position to project the likelihood of the joint occurrence of storm surge & extreme rainfall in the above coastal cities individually?
Have we studied the probability of co-occurrence of extremes in meteorological tide and in rainfall in Indian coastal cities that provides insight into large-scale rainfall-driven compound flooding in low-lying coasts and compound flooding in estuaries of small-size and medium-size rivers?
How many of the above Indian coastal cities are in estuarine regions? In those estuarine regions, whether such compound flooding could elevate water levels to a point, where flooding gets initiated?
How many of the above Indian coastal cities are poised to a situation, where, a destructive storm surge already causing widespread water-flooding – even, in the absence of extreme rainfall?
Of course, with an additional extreme rainfall (from climate change), to what extent, in those cities, the flood depth will further get increased and to what extent, the areal extent of the inundated area will further get spreading?
How many of the above Indian coastal cities are poised to a situation, where, a combination of moderate storm surge with an extreme rainfall event would cause flooding?
Have we so far deduced the interdependency between storm surge and extreme rainfall in the above Indian coastal cities as a function of highest annual storm surge, highest daily rainfall, highest annual rainfall & highest storm surge (using copula theory/Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient)?
What kind of variations that have been observed in the dependency between storm surge and extreme rainfall among various Indian coastal cities? How have they altered the flood risk so far? And, how would it alter the flood risk in the future?
Do we have dynamic maps of sea-level pressure and winds towards identifying the prevailing synoptic weather situations that may probably cause compound flooding in ALL Indian coastal cities?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan, Professor [HAG]
IIT Madras, 22-Dec-2024
INRE: "Do we have dynamic maps of sea-level pressure and winds ..."
The Copernicus 'MyOcean Pro' has such data https://marine.copernicus.eu/
I am working on enhancing the SWAT+ model for my PhD research and need to modify its source code. Could anyone suggest:
- Tutorials or documentation for understanding and editing the source code?
- Tips or tools for compiling and testing changes?
- How much knowledge of Fortran is required for this task? Are there any recommended Fortran tutorials tailored to such purposes?
Any guidance would be greatly appreciated. Thank you!
I am pleased to inform you that my book proposal, "Climate Change and Disadvantaged Communities: Challenges and Opportunities," has been accepted by CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, and it is my pleasure to invite you to contribute a chapter to the upcoming edited book. This book aims to explore the multifaceted impacts of climate change on vulnerable populations, emphasizing both the challenges these communities face and the innovative opportunities to build resilience and equity in the face of a changing climate.
The book will bring together diverse perspectives from scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to examine critical themes such as socio-economic disparities, environmental justice, adaptation strategies, and the intersection of traditional knowledge with modern approaches. Your expertise would make a valuable contribution to this volume, enriching the discourse with insights and solutions drawn from your research and experience.
I believe this publication will serve as a vital resource for advancing knowledge and inspiring action in addressing climate-related inequalities. If you are interested, please confirm with me. I would be delighted to provide further details about the submission guidelines.
Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to the possibility of your participation.
For any query, please contact:
skajimali.saa@gmail.com.
Does anyone know the conference "World Congress on Earth Science and Climate Change"? it takes place in March 25 in Spain. It's part of the scholars conference group.
Has anyone attended the first conference in 2024 by chance?
Cheers
Frank
The economic disaster is billions of dollars (see below), which, however falls short of the trillions of dollars in economic gains cumulatively constructed making California the number one ranking economy among non-nation states.
"California Wildfires: Damage Exceeds $50 Billion
California's wildfires, some of the most destructive in history, have caused economic losses of more than $50 billion, Reuters reported.
The damage is estimated at between $52 billion and $57 billion and could increase if the fires reach densely populated areas.
"If a large number of buildings are destroyed, this could be the worst fire in California history in terms of destruction and economic losses," AccuWeather chief meteorologist Jonathan Porter said.
J.P. Morgan estimates insured losses from the fires at about $10 billion, mostly due to the destruction of residential properties. Consulting firm CoreLogic reports that more than 456,000 homes in the Los Angeles and Riverside areas are at moderate to high risk, and their restoration could cost about $300 billion.
Recall that as a result of the fires engulfing Los Angeles, at least two people have died, hundreds of buildings have been destroyed, and firefighting and water resources are almost exhausted. Strong winds are complicating the fight against the fire and accelerating its spread." Excerpt from the news article posted on Research Gate by Dr. Boris Michailovich Menin on January 12, 2025.
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Climate change is a pressing global issue, and its effects are becoming increasingly evident in many countries. Here are some key indicators of climate change that might be observed in your country or region.
Dear Researchgate Forum users!
I am delighted to invite you to participate in the 6th Central European Symposium on Building Physics (CESBP 2025), scheduled for 11th – 13th September 2025, at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics in Budapest, Hungary. The call for papers just started! Also, we organize an IABP summer school connected to the conference! Please check the attached flyer and cesbp2025.bme.hu, if you are interested. Feel free to ask here, too, if you have questions about the conference!
What are the key sources of price increases for butter, cocoa, orange juice and other agricultural crops and food products in 2024 in many countries and globally?
Do the key sources of the aforementioned increase in the price of agricultural crops and food products in 2024 include the developing diseases attacking crops and farmed livestock, or are they the climate disasters, weather anomalies, environmental degradation resulting from an unsustainable, over-consuming economy and the accelerating process of global warming in many parts of the world?
In my view, the rise in crop and food prices in 2024 is the result of a complex combination of factors, including intensifying climate change, problems with plant and animal diseases, disruptions in global supply chains and rising demand. Addressing this problem requires sustainable actions, such as investment in climate-resilient agricultural technologies, improved international environmental cooperation, and long-term reforms in food security and stability of commodity markets.
I have described the key issues concerning the problems of the ongoing process of global warming, the negative effects of this process and, therefore, the need to scale up and accelerate the implementation of the green transformation of the economy in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
And what is your opinion on this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
I would like to invite you to join me in scientific cooperation,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Greetings, on this International festive day, today.
Climate change is prominent issue, let’s leave the arguement about whether global warming or is it cooling, the issue is changing atmosphere’s effects on the biosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere already made drastic turn and causing suffering. The suffering here we are talking about isn’t only manmade war, here we have natural disasters. The climatic change is obvious and before our eyes. To deal with climatic change or be able to deal with climate we must seek solutions.
We need worlds leaders certainly to stand affirmed and sort solutions, mitigation and adaptations. There are many solutions sourghted. Our experts the science and tech professionals are supportive and have come up with technical advancement methods. I have written in other chapters: Physicists have been looking for better functioning and improved methods for nuclear power. Mitigation and adaptation policies already thought about.
There is need for Actions.
The MENAT Regenerative Agriculture Venture Programme is calling on innovative research, science & nature-based solutions tackling food security, soil health, water scarcity, climate change mitigation and adaptation, carbon sequestration, salinity, biodiversity loss, desertification and rural social welfare.
A transformative journey that aims to:
- Support the Knowledge Economy by focusing on research, science, and nature-based solutions.
- Capacity Building in academia and research by fostering regenerative, business, and entrepreneurship skills, bridging the gap between academia, and business sectors.
- Bring research solutions to life by enabling long-term, accessible, scalable, and sustainable impact solutions.
- Mobilise a Regenerative Agriculture Movement in the MENAT region, positioning regenerative agriculture as a solution to climate change and regional agricultural challenges in an arid, saline, desert, and water-scarce region.
Applications are now open! Application Deadline: January 6, 2025
To Register & Apply visit: https://goumbook.com/regenerative-agriculture-venture/venture-programme/.
This second year of the MENAT Regenerative Agriculture Venture Programme is in partnership with HSBC and Saudi Awwal Bank (SAB), with the support of the European Institute of Technology Food (EIT) and the United Nations High Level Climate Champions
For further information, including solution categories, benefits, and highlights of finalist solutions from the previous cohort, please visit our website above. You can also refer to the attached flyer.
For news and updates, please follow our LinkedIn page: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/regenerative-agriculture-venture-programme/.
Climate Change and Oceanography
1. Are we marching towards enhanced ocean acidity resulting from climate change?
Whether the uptake of atmospheric CO2 and its subsequent increases in dissolved CO2 has significantly lowered ocean pH?
Has it significantly reduced carbonate ion concentrations below critical calcium carbonate saturation thresholds for marine and aquatic organism growth?
Whether lowered pH has paved way for more favorable conditions for toxic algal blooms?
2. Are we marching towards significant variations in ocean salinity resulting from climate change?
Whether, changes in currents, sea ice brine rejection and net freshwater flux in the ocean has significantly altered ocean salinity with effects on mixed layer structure, density stratification and the vertical movement of nutrients and marine organisms?
3. Whether climate change has led to a significant warming of ocean, and in turn, led to an increased stratification that essentially has reduced the oxygen content of the ocean?
Has it led to an expansion of oxygen minimum zones in the open ocean?
4. Whether the fundamental structure of ocean warming has been affected so far significantly from climate change; which in turn, has impacted the intensity of upper-ocean stratification and the timing and strength of coastal upwelling?
Has it altered the vertical transport of oxygen-rich and nutrients-rich waters that affect fishery and marine ecosystem productivity?
5. Have we ended up with marine heat waves, so far, resulting from climate change, which essentially push water temperatures above critical threshold values; and eventually, leading to (a) coral bleaching episodes; (b) undesirable algal blooms that significantly disrupts ecosystems, tourism and human health; (c) species shifts?
6. As on date, do we have a significant shift in thermal zones that affects the suitability of fisheries and marine/coastal species habitat and migration-routes in any ocean resulting from enhancement in mean ocean temperature (associated with climate change)?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan, Professor [HAG]
IIT Madras 22-Dec-2024
تاثیرات متقابل جهانی تغییراقلیم براب وهوا وهمچنین راهکارمقابله با ان چیست
When fire and ice meet
"Wildfires are raging around the globe with increasing intensity and frequency, transforming ecosystems and affecting the climate of regions far beyond. Now, a study shows that boreal forest fires are amplifying Arctic warming due to increased local solar absorption from biomass burning aerosols...
Further work leveraging multi-model intercomparisons and more observational constraints is required to develop a clearer understanding of the regional and seasonal characteristics of aerosol–climate interactions in a changing Arctic..."
How can instruments and systems for the conservation of nature, the biosphere, the highly biodiverse coral reef ecosystems of the seas and oceans be improved?
The ongoing process of global warming is also causing, among other things, an increase in the temperature of the seas and oceans. This increase in temperature and the increase in the scale of water pollution in the seas and oceans is causing the death of coral reefs, which have formed over millions of years and have developed the most biodiverse ecosystems of the seas and oceans.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:
How can instruments and systems for the conservation of nature, of the biosphere, of the highly biodiverse coral reef ecosystems of the seas and oceans be improved?
What is your opinion on this?
What do you think about this topic?
Please reply,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
Have you ever read this article?
Muñoz, Lucio, 2017. If Going From Free Markets to Free Markets Is the Science Based Approach: What is Then the Model Structure, Price Structure, Choice Structure and the Knowledge Structure and Related Gaps of the 2012 Paradigm Shift From Perfect Traditional Market to Perfect Green Market Thinking?, In: International Journal of Research & Development Organisation(IJRDO), ISSN: 2455-6661, Vol. 3, Issue 1, January, Pp.70-90., India.
Net Zero and Climate Change
1. Climate change being a real physical phenomenon on this earth that keeps recurring over geological time-scales, don’t we have scientific evidences that both support as well as oppose the views towards ‘CO2 emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels remain to be the only cause for global climate change’?
2. Well, ignoring (1) and assuming that we are scientifically correct so far on the cause of climate change, whether ALL the countries of the world have entered The Era of Energy Transition?
If so, then, each country has varied starting point, with varieties of challenges, given the unequal resources – leading to very different transition speeds and pathways towards Cleaner Energy?
3. Feasible for emerging economies to decarbonize electricity in the next couple of decades?
4. Whether the required technology keeps advancing rapidly as well as evenly across the globe, towards achieving net zero operational GHG emissions?
5. A non-linear pathway to net zero is of concern?
6. Whether, the Range of Uncertainty associated with GHG emissions reduction pathway be reduced?
7. Whether carbon-neutral electricity produced from fossil-fuel resources with CCS outperform the same deduced from renewable sources and nuclear power?
8. To what extent, the energy-intensive sectors remain to be successful towards switching from fossil fuel to low-carbon electricity towards drastically reducing GHG emissions?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
07-Dec-2024
La localidad de los Uros de Puno se encuentra ubicada en el lago Titicaca a una altitud promedio de 3810 m.s.n.m y se usan los elementos flotantes de la totora (Scirpus Toticorus de la familia de los Cyperacea) en la construcción en sus viviendas, con un aproximado de 02 m. de grosor. En la actualidad, son unas 90 familias, desarrollándose en su mayoría en el sector agrícola y turístico. La actividad turística ha crecido estos últimos 30 a 40 años, básicamente en área de vivienda residencial con claro esquema de turista, el que entra a la isla paga un impuesto o dinero simbólico por el paso o visita de su territorio. El turismo en la Isla de los Uros, Puno, se puede clasificar en varios tipos, incluyendo el turismo cultural, el turismo de naturaleza y el turismo de aventura. Por otro lado, el turismo cultural en la Isla de los Uros destaca por la preservación de sus tradiciones y costumbres ancestrales. Además, el turismo de naturaleza es otra de las opciones que atrae a los visitantes a la Isla de los Uros. Este tipo de turismo se centra en la observación de la flora y fauna del lugar, así como en la práctica de actividades al aire libre. En este tipo de turismo, los visitantes pueden disfrutar de la belleza natural de la isla y participar en actividades como la pesca, kayak y la navegación en bote.
Dado los escenarios futuros del cambio climático, existe el temor creciente de que la actividad turística natural basada en los elementos abióticos esté gravemente comprometida, ya que podría producirse efectos catastróficos para la localidad. La relación del cambio climático con la actividad turística es un tema de gran importancia en la actualidad, ya que el impacto del cambio climático afecta directamente a la experiencia de los turistas y a la sostenibilidad de los destinos turísticos. Por tanto, el turismo natural se soporta en ambientes saludables, siendo el elemento abiótico que más influye el clima, donde los factores determinantes son la temperatura, la cantidad de precipitación y la humedad ambiental.
Climate change is a big issue that has to be percolated to the student community
Have you ever read this article?
Muñoz, Lucio, 2016. Perfect Green Markets vrs Dwarf Green Markets: Did We Start Trying to Solve the Environmental Crisis in 2012 With the Wrong Green Foot? If Yes, How Can This Situation Be Corrected? In: International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management Research (IJAEMR), Vol.1, Issue 6, Pp 389-406, August, India.
Have you ever read this article?
Muñoz, Lucio, 2016. Beyond Green Market Thinking: What would be the Structure of the Perfect Sustainability Market?, In: International Journal of Science Social Studies Humanities and Management (IJSSSHM), Vol. 2, No. 5, May, Ed. Dr. Maya Pant, India.
In a world of environmentally dirty markets, how we treat the pollution problem determines the nature of each market and its structure, which raises the question: Can you see the similarities and differences between Pollution production markets, Pollution reduction markets, and Pollution management markets?
Think about it, what do you think?
My research is on the impact of climate change on soil moisture dynamics in forest and grassland areas using the SWAT model. I need someone grounded in this area to mentor me. I am also open to collaborations and coauthoring. I tried using Hydrus-1D but it was a bit complicated and so I want to explore the SWAT model.
Hi all!
I would like to ask your help.
I am working on the Hydrological modelling using HEC-HMS, with the ERA5-Land dataset for a basin in south of France
In particular, I downloaded the ERA5-Land precipitation data from Copernicus Climate Change Service relative to my basin in Netcdf/Grib format.
My questions are:
- Can I import my subset gridded data in HEC-HMS?
I tried to import the gridded data (File -> Import -> Gridded data) - 4 files in .nc format for a historical flood 1978, the variable is total precipitation - to convert NetCDF files in .dss format. In my case, I created the destination file called “Era5Land.dss”.
At the end of the importing, the file Era5Land.dss is empty, it doesn’t contains the converted data.
(I use HEC-HMS v4.10 )
Thank you!
Have you ever read this article?
Muñoz, Lucio, 2012. Complex and Man-Made Markets: Are We Currently Approaching Sustainability in a Backward and More Chaotic Way in Terms of Economic Thinking?, In: The Mother Pelican Journal, Vol. 8, No. 8, August, Ed. Luis Gutierrez, PhD, USA.
Have you ever read this article?
Muñoz, Lucio, 2014. Understanding the Road Towards the Current Dominant Non-Renewable Energy Use Based Economy: Using An Inversegram to Point Out a Step by Step Strategy Towards an Efficient Dominant Renewable Energy Use Based Economy, Boletin CEBEM-REDESMA, No. 11, December 23, La Paz, Bolivia.
Have you read this article?
Muñoz, Lucio, 2011. From Dying to Eternal Economies: When Should the Paradigm Shift from the Non-Renewable Resource Based to the Renewable Resource Based Economy Take Place?, En: Desastres Naturales, REDESMA, Vol.5(2), October, La Paz, Bolivia.
Under the auspices of the Rector of Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Prof.Dr. Mümin Şahin, "Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences 2nd International Symposium on Political Science and Public Administration" will be held in Tekirdağ on 28-29/November/2024, ONLINE. The theme of the symposium was determined as "Climate Change and Sustainable Future".
- Submit your abstracts or full text papers : sbkycongress@gmail.com
Symposium Date: 28-29 November 2024
https://lnkd.in/duErT5tS
General Topics (not limited to)
Sustainability
Climate Change
Climate Change Politics
Political Economy
Circular Economy
Food Policies
Gender Studies
Political Communication
Urban/Local Politics
Social Policy
Urban Planning
Local Governments
Urbanization Policy
Smart Cities
Sustainable Development
Political Ecology
Environmental Management
Natural Resources and Environmental Economics
Urban Policy
E-government
Disaster Management
Technology and Innovation Management
Political philosophy
History of Political Thought
International Politics
Political Sociology
Muñoz, Lucio, 2011. The Present versus the Future in development thinking: Towards Agricultural Sustainability, Journal of Sustainability, Issue 3, Number 3(Winter), Rio Rancho, New Mexico USA.
Have you ever read this article?
Muñoz, Lucio, 2008. Agriculture and Global Warming: Should the Biofuel Route Be Expected to Be a Socially Friendly Agricultural Policy?, In: Biocombustibles, REDESMA, Vol. 2(2), Section VIII, July, La Paz, Bolivia.
I am looking for researches on impact of climate change on human health in Africa
Muñoz, Lucio, 2003. Building the Basic Foundations of Global Sustainability, Sustainability Outlook, Warren Flint(PhD)(Ed), Issue 29/July, Washington DC, USA
Here some good food for thoughts!
Muñoz, Lucio, 2010. What If Markets Have Always Been Distorted? Would It Then Be a Good Fix to Add Fair Trade Margins to Correct Distorted Agricultural Market Prices?, Journal of Sustainability, Issue 2, Number 4(Spring), Rio Rancho, New Mexico USA.
These days, when talking about the circular economy, they use talking points without even mentioning the pollution production problem associated with the working of the traditional market or with economic activity which it is also present in the working of circular markets or circular economic activity...See how the UN CLIMATE CHANGE PROMISE talks about a circular economy with no link to its pollution production problem nature and with no mention of the need to move one day to pollution-less economies....
" What is circular economy and why does it matter?
And this raises the question: Imagine you are the environment, can a circular pollution production solution/circularity fix the linear pollution production problem/linearity you face?
What do you think? If you think Yes, please indicate why. If you think No, please indicate why no.
Note;
This is an academic question, not a political one.
I invite you to discuss two important issues.
I invite you to think together about climate change, one of the biggest problems of our age, and artificial intelligence, one of the greatest inventions of our age.
Can we benefit from artificial intelligence in combating climate change? Can artificial intelligence contribute to the fight against climate change? Can we think about one of our biggest global problems and one of our biggest technological advances side by side? How and why?
Can we benefit from artificial intelligence in combating climate change? Can artificial intelligence contribute to the fight against climate change? If ‘no’ why, if ‘yes’ how?
Muñoz, Lucio, 2010. "Introducing a Simple Qualitative Comparative Dichotomy Approach to State and Clarify Sustainable Development and Sustainability Related Concepts and Issues”, Journal of Sustainability, Issue 2, Number 4(Spring), Rio Rancho, New Mexico USA.
Book Title: Reimaging Indian Rivers for Sustainability
Book Theme: The rivers of India, vital lifelines that support agriculture, industry, and drinking water needs, are facing unprecedented challenges due to climate change and human activities of the Anthropocene. The impact of rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events is profoundly affecting the geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, and socioeconomic fabric associated with these waterways. This book project (edited volume) explores how climate change is influencing Indian rivers (impact) and outlines potential strategies for mitigation and adaptation (resilience). It also covers the impact of various human activities on the fluvial morphology, hydrology, and riverine environment. Yet, as we step further into the 21st century, these vital waterways face unprecedented challenges. Reviving and restoring fluvial ecosystems is essential for reviving the health of India's rivers. This involves rehabilitating wetlands, reforesting riparian zones, and restoring natural river channels that have been altered by human activity. The need to reimagine and revitalize India's rivers has never been more urgent. To ensure their sustainability and health, a comprehensive blueprint is essential—one that balances ecological preservation with socioeconomic development. Research initiatives from a range of academic perspectives, including geography, biology, hydrology, geomorphology, environmental sustainability, environmental science, water economy, sociology, and political geography, are required for the book project.
If you are interested, please download the attachment for more details and message me in ResearchGate.
I need 25 journals on my topic; The impact of global climate change on business sustainability in Nigeria
Dear ResearchGate Community,
We invite you to join a crucial discussion on the current state and future challenges of Pakistan's green landscape, specifically focusing on our website www.pakgreenlandscape.com, and the innovative use of artificial intelligence to address these challenges. Our research endeavors to shed light on the importance of preserving and enhancing Pakistan's natural environment while harnessing the power of AI to ensure a sustainable future.
Pakistan is home to diverse ecosystems, ranging from lush forests and meadows to arid deserts. These natural landscapes are not only vital for biodiversity but also play a significant role in mitigating the effects of climate change, ensuring food security, and supporting local livelihoods. However, they face a multitude of challenges, including deforestation, urbanization, pollution, and climate change, which threaten their stability and vitality.
Artificial intelligence has emerged as a powerful tool to understand, monitor, and manage these complex ecosystems. Through AI-driven techniques such as remote sensing, data analysis, and predictive modeling, researchers and conservationists can gain valuable insights into the dynamics of Pakistan's green landscapes. This technology can aid in early detection of deforestation, assess the health of vegetation, predict environmental changes, and optimize resource management.
This discussion aims to address the following questions:
- How can AI be effectively utilized to monitor and protect Pakistan's green landscapes?
- What are the specific challenges that AI can help overcome, and what are the limitations?
- What are the policy implications and collaborative efforts required to integrate AI into landscape conservation strategies?
- How can we ensure that AI applications benefit both ecological conservation and local communities?
We encourage researchers, environmentalists, AI experts, policymakers, and all concerned individuals to share their insights, experiences, and concerns regarding the intersection of AI and Pakistan's green landscape. Together, we can explore innovative solutions and advance our collective knowledge to secure a sustainable and thriving future for Pakistan's natural environments.
Please feel free to share your thoughts, research findings, and any relevant information that can contribute to this essential dialogue. Your participation is vital in shaping the path forward for Pakistan's green landscape preservation.
Let's embark on this journey to harness the potential of artificial intelligence for the betterment of our environment. Join the conversation and make a difference today!
Best regards,
Dr. Ahmad Hassan Tongji University
Dear Valuable Scientists,
"Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences 2nd International Symposium on Political Science and Public Administration" will be held in Tekirdağ on 28-29/November/2024, ONLINE. The theme of the symposium was determined as "Climate Change and Sustainable Future".
We are first of all expecting an Abstract with the format
Then o 10 minutes youtube video presentation
Then we will give you the participation certificate and book of abstracts
And also after the video presentation evaluation we will suggest to invite you to our Scentific Comitee member with the Certificate
The symposium aims to bring together scientists and researchers from different countries from Political Science and Public Administration discipline, to create a platform that will enable them to present their studies, and to share their knowledge and collaborate nationally and internationally. A detailed information about the program is announced on the official website: https://iibfsempozyum.nku.edu.tr/SempozyumHakk%C4%B1ndaSiyaset/0/s/21993/29425
About the Symposium
- Peer-reviewed
- Proceedings PDF with ISBN will be published
- Symposium will be held only ONLINE
- No submission fees required.
- Submit your abstracts or full text papers : sbkycongress@gmail.com
Theme of The Symposium
Climate Change and Sustainable Future
Important Dates
Abstract submission deadline: 1 October 2024
Symposium Date: 25 October 2024
General Topics (not limited to)
· Sustainability
· Climate Change
· Climate Change Politics
· Political Economy
· Circular Economy
· Food Policies
· Gender Studies
· Political Communication
· Urban/Local Politics
· Social Policy
· Urban Planning
· Local Governments
· Urbanization Policy
· Smart Cities
· Sustainable Development
· Political Ecology
· Environmental Management
· Natural Resources and Environmental Economics
· Urban Policy
· E-government
· Disaster Management
· Technology and Innovation Management
· Political philosophy
· History of Political Thought
· International Politics
· Political Sociology
Do climate changes cause a decrease in the amount of annual rainfall in dry areas, or do they cause a change in the fluctuation of the dates and intensity of rains? as we notice an increase in cases of floods and torrential torrents in those areas? This leads to the question of the rain isolines, whether they are fixed or variable as a result of the severity of climate changes?
There are dust clouds which has created deserts from western India to Morocco for the last 2,000-5,500 years, that you can read about at https://www.ecoseeds.com/cool.html
What the dust in the air does, is it changes the dew point, so that moisture cannot form rain clouds. The other thing it does, is forms a wall against rain clouds, so they stall and pour rain on that barrier. This dust cloud is so strong, it can stop Category-5 cyclones like GONU you can see at https://www.ecoseeds.com/GONU.html
However, since 1985, the amount of moisture in the air has increase due to Global Warming, so that is cancelling out the effects of the dust. In the past in Arabia, the torrential rains used to happen every few centuries. Now if is several times a year, that you can read about at https://www.ecoseeds.com/cool2.html
By replanting the local native grasses, wildflowers and trees, that insulates the land and settles the dust, so that the dew point can change and produce gentle rains instead of torrential flood. Also, by cloud seeding on a weekly basis, then the rain clouds and moisture can be dispersed and directed somewhat and keep it moving instead of flooding a particular spot.
We have been having four years of discussions about this issue at https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_we_can_reach_the_food_security_in_country_90_is_desert
and for two years at https://www.researchgate.net/post/Climate_change_or_water_resource_management_Which_has_caused_the_intensification_of_dust_storms_in_the_Middle_East
Image of the "Pakistan-Arabia Dust Cloud" trapping a cyclone last year.
Can we reverse climate change using soil conservation practices? What soil amendments are athe most effective for storing carbon?
effect of climate change on insects globally
Look at today 2024 and compare it to the ideas shared here and you may see what it should have been from 2008 towards RIO + 20 UNCSD 2012 and after if we were REALLY INTERESTED in slowly transitioning POLLUTION PRODUCTION ECONOMIES to the fully renewable energy-based economy.
Muñoz, Lucio, 2008. Renewable Energy Vrs Social Needs: What Do Environmentalists Must Do to Induce the Development of a Sustainable Market fueled only by Renewable Energy?, In: Agrocombustibles, REDESMA, Vol 2(1), Section VII, March, La Paz, Bolivia.
Muñoz, Lucio, 2003. Linking Sustainable Development Indicators by Means of Present/Absent Sustainability Theory and Indices: The Case of Agenda 21, GDS, IIG, Spain
Muñoz, Lucio, 2003. Eco-Economic Development Under Social Constraints: How to Redirect it Towards Sustainability?, In: THEOMAI, Issue # 8, October, Argentina
Muñoz, Lucio, 2002. "The Meso-American Biological Corridor and Regional Sustainability: An Overview of Potential Problems and Their Policy Implications", Issue 32/August, DHIAL Journal, IIG/Spain
Since 1987 we have been trying to solve a sustainability issue like the eco-economic development issue through sustainable development means, a theory-practice inconsistency, so not surprise the social and environmental sustainability issues the Brundtland Commission highlighted then to be addressed are in worse state today,,,,Pollution still increasing and the sustainability problem more acute.
If the price distortions embedded in Adam Smith's traditional market model thinking are not addressed head on, the Thomas Kuhn.s paradigm evolution loop suggest that the worsening of the environmental abnormalities embedded fully in the traditional market thinking and partially in dwarf green market thinking will push the environmentally patched business as usual model towards collapse, which raises the question: Does the Thomas Kuhn's paradigm evolution loop predicts the future collapse of dwarf green markets?
I think yes, what do you think?
Muñoz, Lucio, 2002. “Are We Appropriately Assigning Causes to Global Warming?”, In: Sustainability Outlook, Issue 16, November 13, Warren Flint(PhD)(Ed), Washington, DC, USA.
Differences in countries’ policies on addressing climate change and their impact on international relations.
I wonder what specific technologies or approaches could be used and how they could effectively analyze data and design solutions.
I'm looking into climate change fake news (specifically ice melt fake news) on TikTok and YouTube, and I'm going to be gathering relevant social media posts from around COP26. Any ideas on how I might identify through the platforms the most used relevant hashtags around that time period?
Agrovoltaic energy can be a great ally in the fight against climate change, as well as an opportunity for development in rural areas
How does climate change affect weather patterns and the environment in different parts of the world?
In times of war, laws are silent.
This is a common saying in the legal field. Yet, for now, the notion of ecocide is only mentioned in the Rome Statute of the ICC in case of conflicts.
How does that make sense when current conflicts tend to demonstrate that international laws are ignored? Even human rights.
Is pushing for the extension and adoption of this notion during peace time even realistic when the context is showing a cruel lack of considerations for basic human rights?
Please let me know what you think
How can we create policies that stimulate individual behavioural change towards environmental protection without imposing a financial burden on low-income households?
In your local context, what cultural challenges are the biggest obstacles to adopting sustainable solutions and how can we overcome them?
How can businesses and communities work together to develop more efficient green economic models that create economic benefits for both parties?
How should environmental education be integrated into the primary school curriculum to foster environmental awareness among future generations?
How can modern information and communication technologies be leveraged to raise community awareness and action in mitigating the impacts of climate change?
What initiatives are needed to promote citizen participation in monitoring and reporting environmental issues in their area?
What financial support programs can be designed to encourage households and small businesses to adopt green technologies?
How can we create a global network of cooperation between cities to share knowledge, experience and resources in combating climate change?
These questions not only help to broaden the discussion, but also promote the search for innovative and effective solutions, while encouraging the participation of many different stakeholders.
I'm developing a machine learning model that requires up-to-date climate data of recent years. However, the historical period in the CMIP6 datasets typically ends in 2014.
Are there any solutions that can provide "historical" climate data extending beyond 2014?
Is it reasonable to use the "SSP 2 RCP 4.5" scenario of 2015-2023 "projection" data as "historical"?
Shifting the focus from technological solutions to climate change and focusing on the “human factor” is an important part of the overall picture of climate change mitigation efforts. In fact, technology and human behavior are not separate but complementary factors in the fight against climate change. Here are some reasons why focusing on the human factor is necessary:
1. Changing Behavior: Technology can provide tools and solutions, but their adoption and effectiveness depend largely on human behavior and choices. For example, the transition to renewable energy requires not only the availability of technology but also people’s acceptance and transformation of the energy used in their daily lives.
2. Education and Awareness: Raising awareness of environmental issues and climate change through education can motivate people to take more sustainable actions in their personal lives and communities.
3. Policies and Regulations: Policies and regulations can promote or discourage certain behaviors. For example, carbon taxes and financial incentives for sustainable solutions can encourage individuals and businesses to change their behavior.
4. Community Engagement: Involving individuals and communities in environmental decision-making can lead to more sustainable and widely accepted solutions.
5. Psychology and Culture: Each culture and geographic region has its own values and beliefs that can influence how people perceive and respond to climate change. Understanding and integrating these aspects into mitigation strategies can increase the effectiveness of environmental protection efforts.
Thus, while technology is an essential part of addressing climate change, active and conscious human participation is indispensable. A balance between technology and the human element will create a more comprehensive and effective strategy in dealing with current and future environmental challenges.
DOGMATISM or ABSURDITY or DOGMABSURDITY ?
( I invented the word "DOGMABSURDITY" for this context. )
Why have changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation increased during the 20th century? Can climate change be predicted in the future?
The North Atlantic Oscillation explains a large part of the climate variability across the North Atlantic Ocean From the east coast of North America across Europe, many studies of the North Atlantic Oscillation in extreme weather conditions in this region, especially in Winter is relevant. It has motivated a significant study of this pattern. However, an overlooked feature is how the North Atlantic Oscillation has changed over time. There is a significant increase in the variance of the pattern. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) increased during the 20th century from 32% in 1930 to 53% at the end of the 20th century. Whether this change is due to natural variation, a forced response to climate change, or a combination thereof is not yet clear. However, we found no evidence for a forced response from the Model Comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) set of 50 pairwise models. All of these models showed significant internal variability in the strength of the North Atlantic Oscillation, but were biased toward it. In the region, this has direct implications for both long-term and short-term forecasting where regional climate changes are extreme. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a pattern of variability associated with sea surface pressure over the North Atlantic Ocean with a subpolar low and subtropical high. The NAO is associated with large-scale changes in the position and intensity of both the storm track and the jet stream over the North Atlantic, and therefore plays a direct role in shaping the atmospheric transport of heat and moisture across the basin (Fasullo et al., 2020). ). It has also been shown that the NAO has a large effect on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and therefore the oceanic heat transfer, and this is the largest time scale of 20-30 years, which leads to changes in northern hemisphere temperatures of a few tenths. a degree (Delworth and Zeng, 2016). NAO has positive and negative. It shows significant interannual phase and changes. The positive phase of NAO shows between the two phases of pressure below the normal limit in the subpolar region and high pressure above the normal limit in the subtropics. It is often associated with a decrease in temperature and precipitation, an anomaly in southern Europe and an increase in precipitation, an anomaly in northern Europe, the effects of the NAO across the basin and the positive phase are also associated with it. Positive temperature anomaly in the eastern United States. The opposite pattern and its effects are observed during the period when the NAO is in its negative phase (Weisheimer et al., (2017). It has long been established that the NAO dominates climate variability over a large part of the Northern Hemisphere. The eastern coast of North America across Europe to the center of Russia and from the Arctic in the north to the subtropical Atlantic Ocean (Horrell et al., 2003) is one of the important components of winter variability and is related to the frequency and intensity of weather extremes. in Europe (Hilock and Goodes, 2004; Scaife et al., 2008; Fan et al., 2016). Therefore, it is necessary to understand the scale of natural variability in the NAO, how the NAO responds to changes in external forcing, and whether these If current climate models fail to account for natural variability or NAO forcing, this could lead to radical predictions of extreme climate change in Europe on time scales of decades to centuries.An index for the NAO is often identified in one of two
ways. The first approach is to calculate the normalized difference in surface pressure between the subtropical high (Azores High) and subpolar low (Icelandic Low) over the North Atlantic sector. The second approach is to perform an Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on sea level pressure over the North Atlantic region. An EOF analysis separates the variability in the sea level pressure into orthogonal modes, with the first mode containing the largest proportion of the variability and each subsequent mode containing progressively less. When an EOF analysis is used to calculate the NAO, the first mode indicates the NAO index, while the second and third modes usually provide the North Atlantic ridge and Scandinavian blocking patterns (Cassou et al., 2004).
Understanding the Question:
The question is asking whether the ongoing conflict in North Central Nigeria (also known as the Middle Belt) is primarily caused by adverse climatic changes or if it is driven by an expansionist agenda. Let's break down the key elements of the question:
North Central Nigeria (Middle Belt) Conflict:
This refers to the violent clashes and unrest that have been occurring in the Middle Belt region of Nigeria, an area known for its ethnic and religious diversity. The conflicts often involve farmers and herders, but other groups are also affected.
Adverse Climatic Change:
Adverse Climatic Change in this context refers to negative environmental changes such as desertification, drought, and changes in rainfall patterns. The question is probing whether these environmental challenges are the primary drivers of the conflict. For example, if herders are moving southward due to desertification in the north, leading to competition over land and resources with farmers, this would be a conflict driven by climatic change.
Expansionist Agenda:
An Expansionist Agenda suggests that the conflict might be driven by a deliberate attempt by one group to expand its territory, influence, or control over another group’s land. This could involve religious, ethnic, or political motivations, where the conflict is seen as a means of domination rather than just a reaction to environmental changes.
Purpose of the Question:
The question is designed to encourage critical thinking about the root causes of the conflict in the Middle Belt. It asks the responder to consider whether the violence is primarily a consequence of environmental factors or if it is driven by more strategic and possibly ideological goals. The question also invites exploration of the possibility that both factors might be at play, either separately or intertwined.
Contextual Consideration:
To answer the question thoroughly, one would need to consider historical, environmental, socio-political, and economic contexts. It’s important to evaluate how climate change might be exacerbating existing tensions or whether claims of an expansionist agenda are supported by evidence.
