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Chronology - Science topic

Works consisting of lists of events arranged in chronological order.
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To what extent does the need for integrity force the notion not all of us are (or perhaps ever were) from this planet "originally"...
Why do "we" come back? It isn't for the glory, it is for Stored Energy.
Does starting a wave in the name of "humanity" (or any other) guarantee the forbidden FRUIT never reaches beyond the Matrix? For example, Spring "FLOWERS" = Storm Watch Parties when Intelligent Design meets Game Theory?
@Communities of Interest
#Odds of Rebuttal
^Common Denominator Subjects
*Epistemology Separating Chronology
%Fathoming Living "AS"
(Seemantick Fussion: Baseless NLP = Root of small evil)
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Yes, it is ethical and I do belong to : The Martians (scientists):
  • Paul Erdős
  • Paul Halmos
  • Theodore von Kármán
  • John G. Kemeny
  • John von Neumann
  • George Pólya
  • Leó Szilárd
  • Edward Teller
  • Eugene Wigner
  • Franz Alexander
  • Peter Carl Goldmark
  • John Harsanyi
  • Peter Lax
  • George Olah
  • Egon Orowan
  • John Polanyi
  • Valentine Telegdi
  • Cornelius Lanczos
The original story from György Marx's book The Voice of the Martians:
The universe is vast, containing myriads of stars ... likely to have planets circling around them. ... The simplest living things will multiply, evolve by natural selection and become more complicated till eventually active, thinking creatures will emerge. ... Yearning for fresh worlds ... they should spread out all over the Galaxy. These highly exceptional and talented people could hardly overlook such a beautiful place as our Earth. – "And so," Fermi came to his overwhelming question, "if all this has been happening, they should have arrived here by now, so where are they?" – It was Leo Szilard, a man with an impish sense of humor, who supplied the perfect reply to the Fermi Paradox: "They are among us," he said, "but they call themselves Hungarians."
When the question was put to Edward Teller – who was particularly proud of his monogram, E.T. (abbreviation of extraterrestrial) – he looked worried, and said: "Von Kármán must have been talking."
According to György Marx, the extraterrestrial origin of the Hungarian scientists is proved by the fact that the names of Leó Szilárd, John von Neumann, and Theodore von Kármán cannot be found on the map of Budapest, but craters can be found on the Moon bearing their names:Szilard, Von Neumann, Von Kármán, and a crater on Mars, Von Kármán.
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Hello colleagues! I published an article (a systematic review) and later found out that a very similar article was published by another journal. After reading it and investigating, I realized that many ideas were similar and often verbatim, many of the references were in the same order as mine (no alphabetical or chronological order), and there were many other details that suggested plagiarism. Additionally, there were many references mistakes (it was very messy, info from text was often not in the references, they used info from blogs, etc.). I contacted the journal and explained all the details. The authors were not able to explain how they got to the results, why their results were in the same order, and did not answer some questions asked by the editors. They did not have any methodology to their paper. Also, I was able to prove that they used my results because of some technicalities (measurement units) that the original papers did not have. So, it was pretty obvious that they copied the info from my paper and probably didn't even read the original papers.
Their journal is now issuing a retraction or "corrections" as they call it. They are adding a phrase in the middle of the article saying: "In a previous article by Dr. Fuzimoto, 19 papers were retrieved that investigated the subject... etc...". However, I feel that they are only adding one more citation to their paper, and not really making it clear that the authors used my results to compose part of their paper. As I know there are many editors here, I ask you guys: What is the proper and fair way to do this retraction? Shouldn't the editors be more explicit and say that the authors used my results to compose part of their paper? What do you think should be written in this case? I would appreciate the help... I have no experience with this and I need to talk to the editors. Thank you!
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As the COVID-19 pandemic comes to an end in China, medical personnel who have worked tirelessly to fight the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant are now facing a new challenge. Despite their heroic efforts, many of them are now struggling to receive the financial compensation they deserve.
The second sentence cites a blog post on Weixin.
On March 27, 2023, we were informed by the authors of this Correspondence that it contains inaccurate statements and personal opinions from social media, and they wish to withdraw the piece. In light of this information, we have agreed to retract this Correspondence...
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I have completed the age-depth model Using Bacon 2.2 software for radiocarbon age dating, where the calibrated age range (minimum-maximum), mean and median values are only provided. However, there is no uncertainties value are given at the output. I want to add the error bars on the calibrated obtained chronology, as they could be an important factor. How to add error bar to the obtained chronology?
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Thank you, José Augusto Solís Benites, for the suggestion. Rbacon seems better than Bacon.
regards,
Swagata
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The investigation of astronomical tablet VAT 4956, 13 lunar + 15 planetary observations. Nebuchadnezzar 'year 37' per Seder-Olam -Torah Discovery Chronology is 404 BCE +/- 1 year. I am hoping to get a few perspectives comparing the tablet observations with the sky-charts from 404 BCE. Of the 28 VAT 4956 observations: How many, if any, conflict with 404 BCE?
(If 404 has conflicts please also test years 405 & 403 BCE. ) Assume planet names unknown in case the observed differ w/ the presumed. Assume month one 'Nissan' started in either March or April. As depends when extra month 'leap year' declared.
Please give detail why, if any observation/s conflict, so we can consider if/how able to reconcile.
Thank you, roger m.
2 www.starrynight.com or try: www.ap-i.net/skychart//en/start
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The given observations are insufficient to ascertain the year of observations with certainty.
Given positions of the moon, sun and planets can not predict the year.
Data is stated in terms of cubit.
A cubit is defined as the distance between the elbow and the tip of the middle finger.
As such the measurement itself is person specific. This will add to the uncertainty in the result found by any means.
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Can anyone help me to identify the list of blind schools in India in chronological order?
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Have an experience to work with Blind children and improve their Hands-On activities. I am a physics teachers from Ukraine. I have worked in Korolenko School in Kharkiv. May be my experience will be useful.
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I am currently working on my MSc research project and have come to a blockade with the statistical analysis. I am looking to see if temperature has an effect on denning chronology (i.e do higher november/december temperatures result in later den entry) and my variables are den entry/exit dates (qualitative) and temperature (quantitative). The data is non-parametric and I am unsure which statistical test to do to determine if there is a relationship. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
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If den entry is a two-category variable (early or late) and temperature is a continuous variable, then you can do a simple t-Test, and the same for den exit.
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I am working in the lake sediment system and I have both radiocarbon and osl ages. In order to build a full chronology of the lake is Bayesian age depth model a good option? If not could you please suggest me the alternatives? Thanking in advance.
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Thank you for your suggestion. The radiocarbon dates focus on bulk organic matter, i.e. total organic carbon content( TOC) while the OSL dates focus on the quartz grains for luminescence study. As the area lies on plain land there are no hydrothermal influences
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Got 3 treatments and would like to see the trend of their effect on several parameters. Data is not normal.
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I recommend using an interrupted time-series analytical study design where the time-trend of each group before and after the treatment is modelled. That the data is not normal can potentially be addressed using a Poisson distribution for positive integer outcomes or Gamma distribution for positive continuous (even decimal) outcomes.
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  • Based on chronological age, tables have been made to relate age groups with variables or vital signs that are considered normal or that express an acceptable state of health; Example: Weight, height, blood pressure, heart rate, general blood chemistry with measurement of various metabolites, and so on.
  • If the measured values ​​of the variables under study or of interest differ from what is expected according to tables and statistics already prepared for this purpose; or values ​​of metabolites or blood substances or other body fluids are outside the minimum or maximum limits, it is necessary to relate them to the previously identified state of health or to a medical diagnosis that indicates a condition or disease.
  • Psychometric studies to identify state or trait of emotions, skills and personality type, can express the state of health or emotional-mental illness. Even cognitive or intellectual intelligence.
  • Recent imaging studies such as computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance or proton emission tomography, are useful to identify the architecture of the organs and part of their functioning, such as the brain, kidney, digestion, absorption and other endocrine glands or organs . The same end is sought with the studies carried out with drugs marked with radioactive elements.
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Hi all
I recently found concordance between my guesses and some literature regarding whether or not there is a physical, mental, and emotional relationship to verified changes and concordance with chronological age.
We often find this agreement in an obvious way in the apparent anatomical and functional alteration, not always evident, of our organism. The truth is that people who have a better quality of life are those who have a healthy style and habits and who appear younger physically, emotionally and mentally; derived from the conjunction of factors such as some of the following:
  • Physical exercise, weight control, nutritious and balanced diet, regular recreational activities
  • Strong family bonds of affection with descendants (children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren)
  • Interpersonal relationships with a very rewarding circle of friends
  • Genetic and epigenetic harmony that leads to an old age with greater life expectancy and quality of life
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I am a sociolinguist/applied linguist whose part of research focuses on heritage language education. I would like to know details on GCSE/A levels in community languages (number of those who sit those exams, grades and pass rates, which languages, how many boards, chronological changes etc.). Where do I find data on GCSE/A levels in community languages?
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Assuming you're referring to the UK context, I'd think that this kind of data may be kept private in the Department of Education. Perhaps it's worth trying to check with the National Resource Centre for Supplementary Education https://www.supplementaryeducation.org.uk/
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Last year we have excavated Dobrogea (South-Eastern Romania) a small flat necropolis or a part from a large one. The dead were buried in flexed position with a lot of ocre. Chronologically (first half of the 3rd mil. BC) there are contemporaneous with the tumular burials of Jamnaja type and there are similar in ritual.
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Hello,
I have fire chronologies from different sites across a large region. I would like to cluster these sites and I am on a mission to find the appropriate technique to use. The datasets I have for each site are binary time series (fire/no fire for each year). I found that Fuzzy C-means clustering is used to cluster time series, but the papers I found talking about it mention numerical time series and I have not been able to find how to proceed if the time series is binary. Please, would anyone be able to point me in the right direction?
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seems simple enough, if you want to be able to say which sites are more or less similar to each other. Assuming all sites are sampled over the same years, each site is represented by a column of 1s (fire) and 0s (no fire). If we think of the trajectory as the sample from a site, there are many resemblance measures for calculating the similarity between samples using binary data. I'd use Sorensen (also known as Dice or Odum, actually also Bray-Curtis on p/a data). Once you have the resemblances among sites, then any of the standard clustering methods (e.g. UPGMA) can be used, as can ordinations like MDS. You could also use SIMPROF to check you have significant structure among your various trajectories ( Clarke KR, Somerfield PJ, Gorley RN (2008) Testing of null hypotheses in exploratory community analyses: similarity profiles and biota-environment linkage. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 366:56-69).
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Could be "Sr isotope chronology" applied to carbonate-rich tuffites?
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The Sr isotop chronology in marine environments is not unambigious due to the strong oscillation (see Lowess fit) and it can only be used in narrow stratigraphic intervals ( DILL, H.G. and  HENJES-KUNST, F. (2007) Strontium (87Sr/ 86Sr) - and calcium (44Ca/ 40Ca -44Ca/ 42Ca) isotope ratios  of the Miocene Dam Formation in Qatar: Tools for stratigraphic correlation and environment analysis.- GeoArabia, 12: 61-76. )
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how to use ice -core oxygen isotope value to establish precise chronology?
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Thank you
Sarvat Gull
for your suggestion. Actually I,m looking to calibrate radiocarbon ages (last 40 ka age) using Bchron model.
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I am currently working on my PhD, and need some background information on the shore-line chronologies related to archaeological cultures and sites in the northern Fennoscandia. I would like to ask the community, if any could give some good references on the subject: a) basic works on the shore-line chronologies and archaeology, and b) new research on the same issues in the coast of Norwegian Arctic Ocean (and Varanger Fiord) and in the coastal Kola Peninsula, Barents Sea and also the White Sea.
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Yes, Kolpakov for sure, but I would ask also Aleksandr Zhulnikov (Petrozavodsk) and maybe Dmitriy Gerasimov (Kunstkamera). Write me if you need emails.
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I am looking for an output style in Endnote to list publications in one's CV. These would have to be be listed in reverese chronological order. Recommendations and opinions welcome.
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I need it for comparison with north Iran.
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Bertille Lyonnet many thanks for answer
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Hello,
In the framework of a broader article on Hellenistic ceramics in Central Asia, I worked on grey-black paste ceramics in order to try to establish connections between Central Asia and the Mediterranean world. One of the objectives was to specify the chronology of their appearance but also to understand if there was a cultural link between this ceramic and the evolution of the colonization of Central Asia during the Seleucid and Greek-Bactrian period. This unpublished work could be an interesting field of work for those who have already had the opportunity to work on the subject in other parts of the Hellenized world. The question is whether this type of pottery corresponds to specific needs, to specific tastes for a particular population.
Thank you for your help.
JBHoual
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Dear J-B., Working with clay/ceramics, I have encountered three ways pottery can turn grey/black.
1. Manganese containing clay or the addition of manganese to a sort of clay
2. Iron-bearing clay that during firing in a kiln under reducing conditions converts hematite (Fe3O4) into magnetite which is black (Fe2O3) or
3. A clay that was taken from the coast closeby a sea or ocean. Most of the Greek island clays are grey/black.
We were able to analyze the above points by using neutron activation analysis (INAA) in our lab at Jerusalem. Success.
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I'm using LaTex and trying to have citations in chronological order, but want to keep the references ordered alphabetically.
Thanks for your help.
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\usepackage{natbib}
\usepackage{notoccite}
should help
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I am only in the beginning phases of this research and could use all the help you are willing to give! If anyone has anything that may be of use to me, be it the oxygen isotope concentrations or articles about Neanderthal breathing habits please send it this way! Thank you!
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Hi Christian,
The dates provided by Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) are frequently employed/a good starting point:
Reference:
Lisiecki, L.E. and Raymo, M.E. 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records". Paleoceanography. 20: doi:10.1029/2004PA001071.
Dates:
Brief guide:
Full paper:
These authors continue to refine their scheme...
Good luck with your research - if this week's reports on Neanderthals having 'Swimmer's Ear' are accurate, they must have been good at holding their breath!
All the best, Fred.
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Hello,
How many authors names can be used in an academic article? Does the chronology of authors name carry any value?
Thanks
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The first author is the most valued position of course.
But there is the possibility to share this credit between two authors if their contribution was about the same. In this case there has to be remark in the article: “these two authors contributed equally”. This means they share the credit of a first authorship although one of them is listed (usually) in the second position.
Of almost equal value as a first authorship is the “corresponding authorship”. That is the author who is listed on the article as the contact person. If somebody wants to know more about the publication they can contact the corresponding author to get additional information. Usually the corresponding author designed and supervised the study, often it was based on his idea.
There is also the so called “senior author” which is listed last. He is often the head of the institution where the research was performed and was responsible for funding. In many cases the senior and corresponding author is the same person.
In general co-authors that are listed closer to the front have contributed more and those closer to the end have contributed less or are more senior personnel that were not so much involved in technical work but organization and supervision.
The number of authors is unlimited in principal. There are publications with dozens if not hundreds of authors in large international multi-institutional projects. But in the last past years more and more journals have limited the number of co-authors. Typically the limitation is six authors. The lowest limit I have come across was four. In my opinion this is a very dangerous tendency that might do serious damage to future research. Nowadays studies are often very complex and require the contributions of specialists from many fields to be meaningful. In the times of “publish or perish”, if there is no room for them as a co-author they will not be able to participate.
There may be differences about what I wrote in different fields of research with different cultures and traditions. What I related is typical for biomedical research, especially oral biology and biomaterial research.
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This may seem like a simple question, but I have found a case example that is really difficult for me. It is an archival piece from around 1900, when such information was kept by register books or file cards.
Usually customer lists from sales departments or stores are an information tool for marketing and current accounting. The example in the appendix may have had a more special purpose:
Only two categories are displayed: one number (probably the customer number) and the name of each customer. I only found this one piece of paper. The headline shows that it was the first page of a longer list. The paper cut is located on the right hand, i.e there can’t have been further columns and categories on a conceivable adjacent page. So, this listing structure seems to be complete.
What was the purpose of a customer list, if neither the numbers nor the customer names were listed consecutively numerically or alphabetically? And why do some numbers appear twice or three times with different names, but often with the same city?
Apparently this was a list for a specific purpose. How was it worked out? What was the information base?
I have only a vague idea what it might have been. The flow logic of the lines could be chronological, perhaps from the order book of the previous year. Thus, it could have served to compile statistics on the number of active customers. However, I have doubts as to whether this was the usual method for producing such statistics. And if so, the list must have been of limited value as an only intermediate document for the final statistical result. Why did just this composition survive?
Does anyone have any alternative ideas on the case? I would be happy about any ideas, including vague, tentative or hypothetical ones.
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Thanks Holm for the reply. The column with numbers should be the id of the customers cards. If you look at it closely, you see that the n. 1527, F. Berte fondeur de Roubaix is repeated two times. In my opinion, this meant thta the accountancy listed in this book the customers where there was a trade, the numer refers to another classifier in which details on each trade, orders and general situation of customer are reported... it looks also like there is a kind of geograpghical order (on the top, two from Vosges, below a bulk from Lyon etc...): maybe it is the same of a "repeat customer list", but I think that even one-trade customer are listed in.
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many young athletes are among the most outstanding of their disciplines worldwide
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We shouldn't focus only on physiological variables, but also on the effects of psychological, psychosocial and social variables, if we want to get a correct analysis of the impact of age on athletics performance.
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From pre-processing to post-processing of Sentinel and Landsat satellite imagery in ArcGis or Idrisi Selva.
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Thank you, Carl Alexander Frisk!
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Hello! I have an array of data, it is updated: the last element is deleted and the new one is added (the values ​​of the random number generator). The question is that the array "A" is constructed in such a way that the new element is the last A [n], and the old element is the first A [0]. It is updated from right to left. Each time on the new iteration, the old value of A [0] is deleted and the new value is appended to the end of A [n]. Then there is training and so on until the termination of the run-out. Question! How does the array interpret the neural network at the input: 1) it does not matter? Or 2) as a chronological sequence of the set of numbers from the old to the new element and in which direction from left to right \ right to left?. It is important that ANN on a set of numbers predicts the next number ... Rather it is necessary that the network understood where the old element is A [0], and where the new A [n] .. Perl Language. Library AI :: NNFlex
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Mohamed AbdElAziz Khamis, thank you very much
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I have tree ring data of a stand until 2006 and dendrometer data from 2000 to 2017. I wish to combine both data sets to a unique chronology to be used in denro-programms like dplr. Waht is the best way to do it? The trees cannot be joined individually.
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Both show different information, e.g., intrer-annual and intra-annual growth variability for tree-rings and band dendrometers data. If you want to complete the tree-rings series with the dendrometer data, maybe you can use only the cummulated growth per year. However, I don´t understand that you meant with ' The trees cannot be joined individually'. If it means that the tree-rings series and dendrometer data are from different trees, I don´t think that constucting an unique chronology is posible.
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What is the best way of writing review of related literature? Is it thematic approach? or in chronological order? or from foreign to local? . I know there are different formats but I am just asking what is the best one according to your own perspective?
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Guidelines for writing a literature review
by Helen Mongan-Rallis. Last updated: April 19, 2018
[Note: For these guidelines, in some sections I have quoted directly some of the the steps from: Galvan, J. (2006). Writing literature reviews: a guide for students of the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.]
What is a literature review?
A literature review is not an annotated bibliography in which you summarize briefly each article that you have reviewed. While a summary of the what you have read is contained within the literature review, it goes well beyond merely summarizing professional literature. It focuses on a specific topic of interest to you and includes a critical analysis of the relationship among different works, and relating this research to your work. It may be written as a stand-alone paper or to provide a theoretical framework and rationale for a research study (such as a thesis or dissertation).
Step-by-step guide
These guidelines are adapted primarily from Galvan (2006). Galvan outlines a very clear, step-by-step approach that is very useful to use as you write your review. I have integrated some other tips within this guide, particularly in suggesting different technology tools that you might want to consider in helping you organize your review. In the sections from Step 6-9 what I have included is the outline of those steps exactly as described by Galvan. I also provide links at the end of this guide to resources that you should use in order to search the literature and as you write your review.
In addition to using the step-by-step guide that I have provided below, I also recommend that you (a) locate examples of literature reviews in your field of study and skim over these to get a feel for what a literature review is and how these are written (I have also provided links to a couple of examples at the end of these guidelines (b) read over other guides to writing literature reviews so that you see different perspectives and approaches: Some examples are:
Review of Literature: University of Wisconsin - Madison The Writing Center.
How to ..Write a Literature Review: University of California, Santa Cruz University Library).
Information Fluency - Literature Review: Washington & Lee University
How to Do A Literature Review? North Carolina A&T State University F.D. Bluford Library.
Selected Links to Resources on Writing a Literature Review
Step 1: Review APA guidelines
Read through the links provided below on APA guidelines so that you become familiar with the common core elements of how to write in APA style: in particular, pay attention to general document guidelines (e.g. font, margins, spacing), title page, abstract, body, text citations, quotations.
Step 2: Decide on a topic
It will help you considerably if your topic for your literature review is the one on which you intend to do your final M.Ed. project, or is in some way related to the topic of your final project. However, you may pick any scholarly topic.
Step 3: Identify the literature that you will review:
Familiarize yourself with online databases (see UMD library resource links below for help with this), identifying relevant databases in your field of study.
Using relevant databases, search for literature sources using Google Scholar and also searching using Furl (search all sources, including the Furl accounts of other Furl members). Some tips for identifying suitable literature and narrowing your search :
Start with a general descriptor from the database thesaurus or one that you know is already a well defined descriptor based on past work that you have done in this field. You will need to experiment with different searches, such as limiting your search to descriptors that appear only in the document titles, or in both the document title and in the abstract.
Redefine your topic if needed: as you search you will quickly find out if the topic that you are reviewing is too broad. Try to narrow it to a specific area of interest within the broad area that you have chosen (remember: this is merely an introductory literature review for Educ 7001). It is a good idea, as part of your literature search, to look for existing literature reviews that have already been written on this topic.
As part of your search, be sure to identify landmark or classic studies and theorists as these provide you with a framework/context for your study.
Import your references into your RefWorks account (see: Refworks Import Directions for guide on how to do this from different databases). You can also enter references manually into RefWorks if you need to.
Step 4: Analyze the literature
Once you have identified and located the articles for your review, you need to analyze them and organize them before you begin writing:
Overview the articles: Skim the articles to get an idea of the general purpose and content of the article (focus your reading here on the abstract, introduction and first few paragraphs, the conclusion of each article. Tip: as you skim the articles, you may want to record the notes that you take on each directly into RefWorks in the box for User 1. You can take notes onto note cards or into a word processing document instead or as well as using RefWorks, but having your notes in RefWorks makes it easy to organize your notes later.
Group the articles into categories (e.g. into topics and subtopics and chronologically within each subtopic). Once again, it's useful to enter this information into your RefWorks record. You can record the topics in the same box as before (User 1) or use User 2 box for the topic(s) under which you have chosen to place this article.
Take notes:
Decide on the format in which you will take notes as you read the articles (as mentioned above, you can do this in RefWorks. You can also do this using a Word Processor, or a concept mapping program like Inspiration (free 30 trial download), a data base program (e.g. Access or File Maker Pro), in an Excel spreadsheet, or the "old-fashioned" way of using note cards. Be consistent in how you record notes.
Define key terms: look for differences in the way keys terms are defined (note these differences).
Note key statistics that you may want to use in the introduction to your review.
Select useful quotes that you may want to include in your review. Important: If you copy the exact words from an article, be sure to cite the page number as you will need this should you decide to use the quote when you write your review (as direct quotes must always be accompanied by page references). To ensure that you have quoted accurately (and to save time in note taking), if you are accessing the article in a format that allows this, you can copy and paste using your computer "edit --> copy --> paste" functions. Note: although you may collect a large number of quotes during the note taking phase of your review, when you write the review, use quotes very sparingly. The rule I follow is to quote only when some key meaning would be lost in translation if I were to paraphrase the original author's words, or if using the original words adds special emphasis to a point that I am making.
Note emphases, strengths & weaknesses: Since different research studies focus on different aspects of the issue being studied, each article that you read will have different emphases, strengths. and weaknesses. Your role as a reviewer is to evaluate what you read, so that your review is not a mere description of different articles, but rather a critical analysis that makes sense of the collection of articles that you are reviewing. Critique the research methodologies used in the studies, and distinguish between assertions (the author's opinion) and actual research findings (derived from empirical evidence).
Identify major trends or patterns: As you read a range of articles on your topic, you should make note of trends and patterns over time as reported in the literature. This step requires you to synthesize and make sense of what you read, since these patterns and trends may not be spelled out in the literature, but rather become apparent to you as you review the big picture that has emerged over time. Your analysis can make generalizations across a majority of studies, but should also note inconsistencies across studies and over time.
Identify gaps in the literature, and reflect on why these might exist (based on the understandings that you have gained by reading literature in this field of study). These gaps will be important for you to address as you plan and write your review.
Identify relationships among studies: note relationships among studies, such as which studies were landmark ones that led to subsequent studies in the same area. You may also note that studies fall into different categories (categories that you see emerging or ones that are already discussed in the literature). When you write your review, you should address these relationships and different categories and discuss relevant studies using this as a framework.
Keep your review focused on your topic: make sure that the articles you find are relevant and directly related to your topic. As you take notes, record which specific aspects of the article you are reading are relevant to your topic (as you read you will come up with key descriptors that you can record in your notes that will help you organize your findings when you come to write up your review). If you are using an electronic form of note taking, you might note these descriptors in a separate field (e.g. in RefWorks, put these under User 2 or User 3; in Excel have a separate column for each descriptor; if you use Inspiration, you might attach a separate note for key descriptors.
Evaluate your references for currency and coverage: Although you can always find more articles on your topic, you have to decide at what point you are finished with collecting new resources so that you can focus on writing up your findings. However, before you begin writing, you must evaluate your reference list to ensure that it is up to date and has reported the most current work. Typically a review will cover the last five years, but should also refer to any landmark studies prior to this time if they have significance in shaping the direction of the field. If you include studies prior to the past five years that are not landmark studies, you should defend why you have chosen these rather than more current ones.
Step 5: Summarize the literature in table or concept map format
Galvan (2006) recommends building tables as a key way to help you overview, organize, and summarize your findings, and suggests that including one or more of the tables that you create may be helpful in your literature review. If you do include tables as part of your review each must be accompanied by an analysis that summarizes, interprets and synthesizes the literature that you have charted in the table. You can plan your table or do the entire summary chart of your literature using a concept map (such as using Inspiration)
You can create the table using the table feature within Microsoft Word, or can create it initially in Excel and then copy and paste/import the the Excel sheet into Word once you have completed the table in Excel. The advantage of using Excel is that it enables you to sort your findings according to a variety of factors (e.g. sort by date, and then by author; sort by methodology and then date)
Examples of tables that may be relevant to your review:
Definitions of key terms and concepts.
Research methods
Summary of research results
Step 6: Synthesize the literature prior to writing your review
Using the notes that you have taken and summary tables, develop an outline of your final review. The following are the key steps as outlined by Galvan (2006: 71-79)
Consider your purpose and voice before beginning to write. In the case of this Educ 7001 introductory literature review, your initial purpose is to provide an overview of the topic that is of interest to you, demonstrating your understanding of key works and concepts within your chosen area of focus. You are also developing skills in reviewing and writing, to provide a foundation on which you will build in subsequent courses within your M.Ed. and ultimately in your final project. In your final project your literature review should demonstrate your command of your field of study and/or establishing context for a study that you have done.
Consider how you reassemble your notes: plan how you will organize your findings into a unique analysis of the picture that you have captured in your notes. Important: A literature review is not series of annotations (like an annotated bibliography). Galvan (2006:72) captures the difference between an annotated bibliography and a literature review very well: "...in essence, like describing trees when you really should be describing a forest. In the case of a literature review, you are really creating a new forest, which you will build by using the trees you found in the literature you read."
Create a topic outline that traces your argument: first explain to the reader your line or argument (or thesis); then your narrative that follows should explain and justify your line of argument. You may find the program Inspiration useful in mapping out your argument (and once you have created this in a concept map form, Inspiration enables you to convert this to a text outline merely by clicking on the "outline" button). This can then be exported into a Microsoft Word document.
Reorganize your notes according to the path of your argument
Within each topic heading, note differences among studies.
Within each topic heading, look for obvious gaps or areas needing more research.
Plan to describe relevant theories.
Plan to discuss how individual studies relate to and advance theory
Plan to summarize periodically and, again near the end of the review
Plan to present conclusions and implications
Plan to suggest specific directions for future research near the end of the review
Flesh out your outline with details from your analysis
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I have started research on the conflict in yemen, but whilst I digged most of the concrete structures anf the chronology of events, I lack the theory.
Thanks for any answers.
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Hi Adrien,
In the first step I offer you to keep contact with me on e-mail.
On my profile you can find my research topic (conflict resolving, conflict management in the environment of Sport and Physical Education).
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Hi, I am looking for a way to use rhinoceros (a engineering app) to create pottery plates/profiles. Pottery plates/profiles are use in archaeology to establish a relative chronology.
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Thank you. I will.
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In the NIH format of writing up an experiment, the aim, methods, results, etc. are clear and follow one another in order. This standard of writing is good, but it is not always feasible in the lab where one is working, thinking, and recording constantly.
Should I keep a "rough" lab notebook for day to day use and a "clean" one just for recording experiments? The only problem that I see with this strategy is that the rough notebook is actually more revealing as to the chronological thought process of the scientist and therefore more important than the clean one. I don't know if having dual notebooks is even allowed under NIH guidelines.
I want my notebook to be useful for future readers, but I don't want to painstakingly record while in the midst of an experiment. I want to jot down interesting things without carving them in the stone of my lab notebook.
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Hello David.
Recording lab work is not a simple task for everyone. However, as you mentioned, it would not be necessary to write everything in the middle of focused and concentrated works. You could do in a new experimental work on a specific day and the same expt repeatedly in a whole month. Then, you could refer the full description of the page, "Cell lysis as in page 123 except for that 30 min of rocking procedure was included at 4C." "Other procedures were exactly the same." Thus, if they are routine, you could put the section titles alone without the details that has already been described in previous experimental day.
Make brief once they were described before in the notebook. So you may see the Date, Title and all others are very brief in lots of pages. When you have exciting day with fantastic results, try to make them in detail for reproducible results.
Regards.
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When we understand dating methods as being based on models (i.e. representations of some portions of reality), we shall ask ourselves whether those models are linear deterministic, non-linear deterministic, stochastic, or hybrid. I am under the impression that often archaeologists expect dating methods to behave in a linear deterministic way, while they most often behave stochastically or in a hybrid way. It looks like this misconception may be particularly problematic when combinig the results of different dating methods (scientific, archaeological, historical) to obtain a general chronological framework for a site or a period. What do you think? Which examples would you provide to illustrate the deterministic, stochastic and/or hybrid models used in archaeological chronometry?
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Johan, I appreciate your perspectives on this question. Theories explain large scale processes in the natural world, i.e., movement of objects, evolution, the structure of the universe, etc. I like your characterization of the physics & chemistry behind dating methods as laws of nature, it's just the nuts & bolts of how our dating methods work. I don't know if Maria's initial question also concerned the statistical models used to evaluate the raw data from these methods to determine a range of dates from any particular sample, but I think you and I are in agreement these are just archaeological methods and not any higher level of explanation about the archaeological record, our questions about the past, or hopes to better understand human behaviors and our evolution.
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I am currently investigating Okun's Law. As both the dependent and independent variable is I(1)(and hopefully cointegrated), I am going to extend the regular first difference model proposed by Okun to an ECM (I am going to test for Cointegration directly in the ECM). To construct my ECM I start out with an ADL model. I start out with an ADL(4,4) (MaxLag of 4) as I use quarterly data. By using a combination of the AIC and general-to-specific to check for lag significance, I get that I should include the first and the third lag for the dependent variable and only include the second lag for the independent variable and thus skip some lags due to their statistical significance.
Questions:
  1. Is this feasible to construct my ECM? or do the lags need to be in chronological order? I suspect that you at least need the first lag of both variables?
  2. If above lag selection is not feasible should i then remove insignificant lags one at the time till one is significant and then stop there, even though there are insignificant lags following the significant one?
I am really stuck here and can't seem to find any literature that address' this.
Kind regards,
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I'm not sure "using a combination of the AIC and general-to-specific" for estimating an ECM model is appropriate. You may rely on G-T-S or AIC to estimate your ECM model and make sure that the model passes the diagnostic checking. Alternatively, you may estimate 2 ECM models; the first one using G-T-S and the second one using AIC. If the results are similar that ensure the accuracy of your estimation or can be considered as a robustness or a sensitivity analysis.
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I am trying to fit ARIMA(p,d,q) model to chronological accidental death data for the period of 50 years in R software. The data set consists of upward trend clearly. So, to achieve stationarity, I did fist difference of the data and plot acf and pacf of the difference data. But there is no significant correlation has been observed in ACF and PACF except one. But while I did stationarity test by ADF test of the differenced data, the result revealed that the differenced data is still non stationarity. My question is that do I go for 2nd difference of the data?
But auto.arima() function in R selects ARIMA(1,1,0) with drift model.
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May I suggest you try fractional differencing first before you proceed to implement first/second order differencing.
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I am endeavouring to reassess some Australian palynostratigraphic zones for the Mesozoic, which no one has done (that I know of) since before the release of the latest geologic time scale (2012). Am I correct in saying that palynostratigraphic zones are determined by their stratigraphic placement in the rock record? So if the timing changes (e.g. the Middle-Late Triassic boundary shift from 229 to 237 Ma), the palynozones would become older like the stratigraphy and not remain where they are relative to the chronologic ages?
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Christopher:
There is no straightforward answer to your question as the subject needs to be explained in detail. However, this link would provide you with basic and useful insights:
Best
Syed
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Causality in the context of general relativity
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The point is that in GR the SR is valid only in a small local neighborhood of each event. But it is not the case when the event and the observer are separated by light years. I am not sure about the chronological order of what we see on the sky. There must be different reason than the finite light speed.
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pollution chronology related question
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Muneer:
You would find this link useful:
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Syed
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It is commonly stated that the prefrontal cortex typically is not fully functional until as late as age 24. If true, this must be an average figure.
If one considers young children that, due to circumstances, are required to act responsibly and independently, far beyond their chronological age, and how they continue through their adulthood to being very responsible and independent.
On the other hand, consider the child who has a "helicopter" mom or other overindulgent caregivers, and how everything is done for them so they often do not act responsibly or independent. This lack of character building then results in an adult who continues acting like a child who is undisciplined, unethical, and irresponsible.
Of course, a middle ground is needed for child development to result in an adult who is well-balanced.
Are my impressions supported by empirical evidence or well-founded theory? Is there a neuroscientific explanation re. the plasticity of the brain?    
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When treated with PE, why the tension researches its peak(8-10mN) and drops continually to its initial tension(2-3mN) in DMT620M?
At last U46619-treated mesenteric arteries shows the same situation, why???
The following pictures are the tension in chronological order.
Thank you very much!
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Excuse me. I did not understand the issue. But the stratigraphic correlation was not realized because these rocks are appearing on the beaches, forming lines of coastal protection and many times as "natural pools" ... it was not possible to date by C14. The limit is too low
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Dear Researchers,
We know that Turquoise is one of the last minerals of the system which is mineralized. Is there any appropriate method to date the mineralization of Turquoise directly working on this mineral?
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Dear Mr. Ovissi,
turquoise is a secondary Cu-Al phosphate which may be found in gossans of Cu deposits. There is no direct method which successfully can be applied to the mineral proper. I can only direct your thoughts to minerals associated with this phosphate. It is on one hand the members of the alunite-jarosite-group which often are present side-by side with this mineral and in some cases it is cryptomelane. Both minerals indicative of an oxidizing regime  contain K which is the basis for K/Ar and Ar/Ar dating. I used both minerals to chronologically constrain the age of formation of these minerals. Minerals of the alunite-jarosite-group are a hard nut to crack and you will see the number of friends in the field of age dating getting reduced due to the complicated measurements, whereas with cryptomelane it is less difficult. All the dating I carried out was confined to the Eocene to Late Miocene. The data were reasonable and meaningful.
It strongly depends on the mineral assemblage under study. Maybe it is as young as Quaternary so as to use OSL or radiocarbon dating.
Best regards
H.G.Dill
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Hello,
I am trying to write a chapter for my thesis about the most important models of economic growth, but somehow I can not figure out how to make a proper classification.
So far, I have this structure:
1. The classical theory of economic growth
a. Adam Smith theories
b. David Ricardo theories
c. Robert Malthus theories
2. Keynes theory of economic growth
3. Post-keynes theories of economic growth
a. Harrod-Domar model
4. Neoclassical theories of economic growth
a. Solow-Swan model
b. Ramsey - Cass - Koopmans model
5. New theories of economic growth (endogenous models)
a. Romer
b. Lucas
I fear that this classification is wrong and that I am not looking at the primary models/theories of economic growth. Can anybody guide me?
Kind regards,
Stefan
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Dear Stefan
Keynes theory of economic growth is based on models that are developed by Harrod-Domar and Kaldor for instance, while the Post-Keynesian theory is based on models that deal mostly with Sectors or Department such as developed by Marx and Sraffa. Both are different from the Neoclassical theory which took off with Robert Solow model. People who work on the Keynesian and Post-Keynesian models are at swords-point with Neoclassical theory as in the case of the "Cambridge Controversy on the Theory of Capital". Another difference is that Post-Keynesians and Keynesians are steep in Distribution and not only Growth theories. I think that you should keep them separate.
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Do you believe in portable XRF dating of desert varnish?
Do you think that associated dates for single component sites spatially associated with the rock art are reasonable?
What techniques have you used?
How have you attempted to obtain chronological controls?
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Well said, Alicia: Each pictograph or petroglyph must be evaluated for possible dating on its own merits. I chose micro-stratigraphy because most people can do it with very simple equipment. Bryan.
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I don't seem to be able to find a description of variable selection for chronological clustering. Excluding correlating variables makes a difference in the analysis output and, intuitively, it should... But how to formalize this choice?
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It depends on the data (eg distribution isnide a cluster, etc). The wikipedia article on determining numbers of clusters (Determining the number of clusters in a data set) has a good review of some of these methods
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I want to carry out research to estimate age using tooth development in the African population however I should compare this to actual age of the individuals. My challenge is there is no birth registration in my country and yet I do not want to depend on reported age. My intended population is 5-27 years. Can anyone help please?
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Hi Annet: As far as I know there is no gold standard. But as background to my research on dental morphology I read through some obscure 1920-1960s clinical and anthro  literature. The consensus seems to be that sub-Saharan populations may be slightly precocious in dental development relative to other world populations. For example, I recall something about eruption of third molars by as early as 16 years. So perhaps use aging methods derived from studying Europeans (e.g., AlQahtani 2009) and then move the age estimation up a year or two.
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Seriation is a basic technique in archaeology, but recent literature on it's implementation is scarce.
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In classical contexts, ceramics and numismatics are still the dominate tools for chronological seriation; textual sources, artefact analysis, stratigraphic data, radiocarbon readings are also being used. An excellent summary of some of the most recent tools can be found in "Beyond the Homeland: Markers in Phoenician Chronology" ed. Sargona C. While somewhat specific, it has several chapters that focus on discussing the tools themselves, rather than the Phoenician chronology. Hope this helps!
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K-Ar dating method sometimes can mislead us, for example Kilauea Iki basalt, Hawaii (A. D. 1959) dating age are 8.5±6.8 Ma (Krummenacher, 1970). But, in practice, how do we assess the reliability and uncertainty of the published K-Ar age data? What aspects should I consider about? Could someone give me some related papers or give me some advice? I just want to use the age data, and not to date the rocks.
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your argon in a sample is a mixture of radiogenic 40Ar (a function of time and 40K content) and initially trapped 40Ar. You do not know the amount of either of two a priory. To distinguish between the two you assume that initially trapped argon has certain isotopic composition, which is equal to present-day atmosphere (40Ar/36Ar ~ 300, the exact value is not important if the Cassignol Gillot technique, mentioned above, is applied). This assumption if, however, may be incorrect (that is quite often) for minerals crystallized in magma chamber, but this assumption is usually correct for minerals crystallized on surface. That is why it is essential to date by K-Ar a well-crystallized matrix of a volcanic rock (likely the matrix minerals crystallized from degassed magma, which was in equilibrium with atmospheric argon).
Separate dating of phenocrysts and matrix by K-Ar may help if the initial argon in all minerals had the same 40Ar/36Ar ratio (thus only if our assumption is correct). In that case you can construct an isochron in the following coordinates 40Ar/36Ar - 40Ar/40K. If the assumption about the atmospheric argon is incorrect you will not get statistically meaningful isochron.
So you can use it as a test for accuracy.
However, this way is technically complex and time-consuming.
Ar/Ar method with stepwise-heating (either by laser or in oven) is better because you have inner criterion of the age reliability such as plateau and isochron.
You can see it from my paper I gave reference above, and there is a large number of literature on that topic.