Science topic
Christianity - Science topic
The religion stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus Christ: the religion that believes in God as the Father Almighty who works redemptively through the Holy Spirit for men's salvation and that affirms Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior who proclaimed to man the gospel of salvation. (From Webster, 3d ed)
Publications related to Christianity (10,000)
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The gospel of Matthew is one of the most beloved and studied gospels in Christianity, having a rich history of reception. The purpose of this paper is to article study its reading in Brazil from selected intertitles in two biblical versions. The research aims to identify how the gospel has been received by Brazilian editors and readers and how edit...
This article examines the positions and arguments of women parliamentarians on the topic of abortion, as expressed in their speeches in the Chambers of Deputies in Brazil and Uruguay between 1985 and 2016. The study aims to provide a general overview of the results, exploring the data both integrally, proportionally, and through time series analysi...
As a reverse effect of constraining interpretation and limiting itself to the moral ordering of commerce defended by Aquinas, the Summa Theologica both motivated the enrichment of the Christian imaginary in narratives like Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy and Geoffrey Chaucer’s work, The Canterbury Tales. In the case of the Divine Comedy, it expande...
The gospel of Matthew is one of the most beloved and studied gospels in Christianity, having a rich history of reception. The purpose of this paper is to article study its reading in Brazil from selected intertitles in two biblical versions. The research aims to identify how the gospel has been received by Brazilian editors and readers and how edit...
The aim of this paper is to identify the verbal-ideological conditions in which Judeo-Christin values in tension in the conceptualization of hell are installed as Western collective memory even out of the religious segment and, this way, frame a cosmovision. Theoretically, the discussion is preponderantly based on a dialogic reading (BMV Circle) of...
This paper explores John Witte, Jr.'s contribution to the study of law and Christianity. Over time, Witte has spearheaded a bold and far-reaching project that aims to encompass the relationship between law and Christianity, in which more than five hundred scholars from six continents are collaborating, making him one of the leading scholars in the...
By the end of the 1960s, more and more people believed that Mount Athos would become a monumental landscape that would only be visited by tourists, as the number of monks it attracted was systematically reduced. But by the end of the 1970s this situation had reversed. The special role of a team of abbots who led this renewal, is the subject of our...
The theme of repentance is eternal for Christians. Almost all the Holy Fathers touched upon it with necessity and called to resort to this miraculous preparation given by the Church. It also runs like a red thread through the work of Pratum by John Moschus. The purpose of this study is to analyze the work of Pratum by John Moschus, which touches up...
As a reverse effect of constraining interpretation and limiting itself to the moral ordering of commerce defended by Aquinas, the Summa Theologica both motivated the enrichment of the Christian imaginary in narratives like Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy and Geoffrey Chaucer’s work, The Canterbury Tales. In the case of the Divine Comedy, it expande...
This article discusses two different phases of neoliberalism as city government practice in Brazil: the first one as progressive neoliberalism and the second as authoritarian, austere, and militarized management of social collapse. In the first part of the text, I use the works of Christian Laval and Pierre Dardot (2009 [2013] and 2016) and Dardot...
In this article, I propose a dialogical analysis of five online cartoons which reverberate the discourse of the former president of Brazil (2019-2022) at the UN in September 2020, when he called the international community to combat Christphobia. Named after the same term, the cartoons present a framework of interdiscursive antagonism between Chris...
The aim of this paper is to identify the verbal-ideological conditions in which Judeo-Christin values in tension in the conceptualization of hell are installed as Western collective memory even out of the religious segment and, this way, frame a cosmovision. Theoretically, the discussion is preponderantly based on a dialogic reading (BMV Circle) of...
In this article, I propose a dialogical analysis of five online cartoons which reverberate the discourse of the former president of Brazil (2019-2022) at the UN in September 2020, when he called the international community to combat Christphobia. Named after the same term, the cartoons present a framework of interdiscursive antagonism between Chris...
An exploration of the nature of fundamental Divine rights of Christians
Criticism of Governor Hochul's denial of Montaukett land rights as an act of racism obscures the fundamental US doctrine claiming a right of domination over Indigenous peoples. It thus plays into the hands of anti-Indigenous assimilationists. The rhetoric of racism takes a strange turn in the history of Indigenous peoples. I have no doubt that raci...
This research was written to explain what happened in Kampung Tugu Jakarta with the subject of the Tugu community. Using library research methods sourced from literature related to the object of research. The results of this study indicate that the history of the formation of Tugu village is the result of Portuguese prisoners of war from Malacca br...
Chichewa is a major Bantu language widely spoken as a primary or
secondary mode of communication in many areas of south-east Africa.
Three major translations of the Bible were produced in this language
during the twentieth century: the Protestant Buku Lopatulika (1922),
the Catholic Malembo Oyera (1966), and the Interconfessional Buku
Loyera (1998)...
Die Institution Polizei wird häufig als eine beschrieben, die es Wissenschaftler:innen schwer macht. Die Zugänge wären schwierig, so heißt es allenthalben, Methoden würden skeptisch beäugt und Ergebnisse selten konstruktiv diskutiert. Auf der anderen Seite wird Forscher:innen, denen es gelingt, von außen empirisch in der Behörde oder intern gar als...
Joan of Arc has been a figure of contradictions: initially a lowly maid, she remains one of the most significant individuals in French history. In the context of nineteenth-century literature, Joan of Arc attracted much attention from English poets by becoming a character who transcended the boundaries of time, place, and gender. The present articl...
Este trabalho analisa a ética acerca da intervenção da psicóloga na angústia culposa do sujeito sobre a própria libido resultante de participação em movimento evangélico de pureza sexual. O seu embasamento teórico envolve: um resumo sócio-histórico da castidade dentro do cristianismo; uma netnografia que engloba desabafos e relatos compartilhados d...
This research investigates the influence of Pope Francis' encyclical Laudato Si on the attitudes and behaviors of Catholics regarding environmental stewardship in a post-COVID-19 context. The study employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to comprehensively understand the impact of the encyclical and identify potential areas fo...
Recent scholarship on Pier Paolo Pasolini has put into focus many of the Italian intellectual’s lesser-known works. Among these is his screenplay for an unrealized film on the topic of the apostle Paul, San Paolo. Analyses of the film address Pasolini’s portrayal of Paul as dichotomic, as a representation of both revolutionary and conformist. In ex...
Resumen
«El comienzo de la nueva cultura española es el krausismo y el comienzo del krausismo español fue una traducción». Así hablaba Miguel Ángel Vega en 2001 al identificar la obra cumbre del krausismo en España: un texto titulado El Ideal de la Humanidad para la vida , traducido y adaptado del alemán al castellano en 1860 por Julián Sanz del Rí...
This paper examines the role of Wu Yi-fang in the registration process at Ginling College. It explores the initial resistance exhibited by the missionary faculty and the Ginling College Committee toward registration, contrasting it with their subsequent change in attitude following the 1927 Nanking Incident. This incident forced Ginling to adhere t...
"Techniques for Publishing in High Impact Factor and SCOPUS Indexed Journals"
A Presentation Delivered at the Last Quarter of Year 2023 Webinar of the Christian Lawyers Fellowship Association of Nigeria, Directorate for Advancement of Legal Education and Research on December 5, 2023.
A música foi e ainda é parte importante dos ritos religiosos no Ocidente. Agostinho, importante filósofo dos primeiros séculos do cristianismo, buscou identificar e elaborar uma espiritualidade pautada no fazer musical; destarte, a presente obra mostra em como o som e o silêncio são ações que auxiliam o caminho interior e podem ser instrumentos de...
This book and website is an anthology of stories which Bible and Quran share. This is an Indonesian version of an international project. www.quranandbiblesidebyside.com
The purpose is to promote mutual understanding and acceptance between Christians and Muslims. The Indonesian version - website and book- is the product of intellectuals from Indones...
The Ash'ari theological school presented, throughout its long history, a middle approach that produced a balance between transmission in its clear, definitive form, and reason with its strong proofs, to be a mixture in which its scholars toured, learning about the origins of Islam and its tolerant doctrine against its traditional non-Muslim opponen...
This article sets out to trace the trans-religious journey of two objects in the western Mediterranean at the end of the fifteenth century. The expulsion of Jews from all Spanish territories in 1492–1493 instigated the movement of objects from Jewish to Christian hands. Among these were a pair of Torah finials that belonged to the Jewish community...
Durante cerca de 50 años, entre los siglos XIX y XX, se estableció en Estados Unidos y Europa occidental —especialmente en Alemania—, una disputa sobre posibles «préstamos» del budismo al cristianismo, o sea, sobre la sospecha de que determinados elementos de la tradición cristiana, incluyéndose extractos del Nuevo Testamento, hubiesen sido «copiad...
Christianity spread all over the world by the sincere efforts of the disciples of Jesus Christ after his death. Disciples of Christ proceeded different corner of this world to preach and teach the massages of Jesus Christ and it believes that one of the disciples of Jesus Christ, namely St. Thomas came to India in the first Century AD through Keral...
Full paper in both English and French languages.
The question arises again as to whether the vision of a bipolar, fragmented world is really global or not ...
Reading two Chinese articles included and translated within this paper and the Chinese grand strategies that are introduced therein with attempts to have a knock-on effect observed on the "...
Quo Vadis, thanks to its plot structure, favours transformations – even into comic books, where the image of Christianity as an important aspect of the story is challenging to depict. It is therefore worth determining how religious issues are manifested in comic books related to the novel and how the culture in which they were conceived affected th...
A long line of research has established that Americans who subscribe to Christian nationalism have a preference for those inside their group and animosity toward those outside their group. These beliefs may impede the equal application of the rule of law, a link that has been suggested but not formally tested. Utilizing experimental data from a sur...
During the first half of the 17th century, the Goa Inquisition increased its focus on religious offences committed by the so-called Cristãos da Terra (local Christianized populations). Many of these perceived offences occurred in connection with rituals, practices and behaviours stemming from Asian cultural and religious settings, leading the inqui...
Assyrians, one of the first communities to accept Christianity, draw attention with their unique belief and worship principles. Hatay, Mardin, Diyarbakir, Adıyaman, and Istanbul are the provinces in Türkiye with the largest Assyrian populations. In this study, which examines the rites performed in Syriac churches within the scope of religious touri...
This comprehensive study delves into various ethical dimensions within the business landscape, examining critical issues such as professional appearance, discrimination, financial transparency, and individual accountability. Drawing on the works of Williams et al. (2014), Ruddell (2014), and other notable scholars, the analysis navigates through sy...
El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer un panorama
general de la filosofía del P. Francisco Leocata de modo tal que
el lector pueda apreciar su importancia esencial para el diálogo
del cristianismo con el mundo actual.
Karen Asmussen-Stratmann: Das Neue Werk von Gottorf. Rekonstruktion, Geschichte und Bedeutung eines norddeutschen Terrassengartens des 17. Jahrhunderts, Imhof Verlag: Petersberg 2022 (ISBN 978-3-7319-1165-4); Hans Apengeter. Norddeutscher Bronzeguss des 14. Jahrhunderts im Kontext, ed. by Klaus Gereon Beuckers and Jochen Hermann Vennebusch in colla...
Welcome to Learn From a Master in Freelancing, your go-to resource for taking your Upwork and Fiverr freelance business to the next level. Our team of seasoned experts has years of experience in the industry, and we're committed to sharing our knowledge and insights with you. Whether you're a new freelancer just starting out or an established selle...
The Bible contains important teachings about the mysterious relationship between Christ and the Church, as explained in Ephesians 5:22-33. This article highlights the deep relationship between Christ and the Church and has important implications for Christian families in the Church, where teaching about the Christian family especially from Ephesian...
We explain in depth the Julian and Gregorian lunisolar calendars, that is, the calendar that allow us to determine the day of Easter. We define and use the golden number, the epact, the dominical letter, the concurrent, the regular,... In the end, we expose the algorithms to find Easter Sunday,
This study examined the impact of foreign religions such as Christianity and Islam on African culture in Igboland of eastern Nigeria. African traditional religion was practiced in Africa before the advent of any other religion. It encourages solidarity, goodness, and communalism. Before the coming of Christianity and Islam in Africa, Africans lived...
In 1800 and 1801 Johann Christian Kittel from Erfurt worked (during a sojourn in Altona) on a Chorale-Book for Schleswig and Holstein. Well-known nowadays as a collection of small preludes and four-part Chorale-settings, the circumstances of the book’s publication were not very clear and more a subject of speculation. However, the regional archives...
The purpose of writing this article is to explain the importance of exemplary parental life in shaping character in the family. The study departs from the author's empirical observations, that there are some children today who are very good at parental attention and do not reflect Christian character as explained in this article. The method used in...
The research aimed to evaluate the level of preparedness and adaptability of Sunergeo Theological Seminary in using a hybrid education model to respond to the Great Commission. The Great Commission strongly emphasizes the value of training new disciples. It includes presenting the teachings of Jesus Christ, outlining the principles of the faith, an...
Review of Thompson, J. W. (2022). The Metaphysics of Resurrection in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Die Automatisierung und Hybridisierung der schriftlichen Kommunikation wirft grundlegende Fragen für die schreibdidaktische Forschung auf. Dazu stelle ich im vorliegenden Beitrag einige theoretische Überlegungen an und gebe erste Einblicke in eine Design-Research-Studie zum Schreiben mit ChatGPT in der 8. Klasse. Ich problematisiere zunächst das in...
"Resumen El objetivo de este artículo de investigación es proponer puen-tes de diálogo o articulación entre la experiencia de una comuni-cación divina en las prácticas chamánicas con alucinógenos y la experiencia propia del cristianismo de la revelación. Este diálogo se ha visto truncado desde la época colonial, cuando los misioneros prohibieron la...
One type of violence that many women face is dating violence. Shock will appear when someone goes out violently. Many people are susceptible to change in response to stressful conditions. This study aims to find out how the compliance of women who experience physical violence while dating. This study used narrative qualitative methods to find these...
In this article, I employ a critical literature review to address three key points. Firstly, I argue that ongoing political and constitutional reforms in Lesotho are unlikely to establish long-term political stability, supported by historical evidence. I reinforce this argument by highlighting past political reforms that failed to achieve lasting s...
The state of research is very different for court music at the various Schleswig-Holstein princely (ducal) courts in the 18th century. As a result of contacts with Telemann, music at the Plön court has been dealt with more thoroughly, while only smaller works exist for the courts in Eutin and Kiel for the 18th century. To date, however, there is no...
The subject of Christology is indispensable in Christianity because the entire Christian message centers on the person and works of Jesus Christ. As a crucial subject of Christian theology, various Christological models have been espoused by biblical and non-biblical authors. One of the Christological models espoused in the New Testament is Adamic...
Depression is something that affects all human beings. Untreated depression can hurt people's lives. Not only can depression make Christians question God or feel distant from Him, but it also makes living in Christian community more trying. Depression can be very challenging for Christians because there are regrettably fallacies and stigmas associa...
Among the contemporary thinkers who try to think of economics not just as having a non-empty intersection with religion but as being intrinsically religious, Giorgio Agamben occupies a singular place. Indeed, one of the main theses of his major work, Homo Sacer, is that the modern rupture between “sovereignity” and “government”—which lies at the he...
The present case study is first going to show that The Trump Prophecy, which calls for unity through prayer and celebrates Donald Trump as the only true saviour for America (consequently approving his divisive presidency at the time of its release), is a Godlywood film featuring American conservative Christian values that have in fact increasingly...
This study describes the historical and theological influence of Martin Luther's Protestant reform movement on education in Finland. The Church's role in congregational catechisation, starting with education for priests and developing later for the congregation, had implications for the congregation's desire to learn new things. The thinking of Mar...
This is a Licentiate/MA Thesis from 1979 for the KU Leuven. It provides (in Flemish/Dutch) the text, translation, and philological commentary, with introduction, of part of a poem (Carmen 18) by the Christian Latin author Paulinus of Nola in Campania (355?-431). The text recounts "The Miracle of the Oxen." Paulinus wrote birthday poems for Saint Fe...
Christ’s headship and lordship are prominent themes in Paul’s letters. This
chapter explores the way in which leadership within the Christian community
functions within a church structure of which Christ is the head. Paul’s
perception of leadership flows forth from a high Christology in which even
the highest positions of responsibility in the chur...
In "Contrasting Theological Perspectives: Martin Luther and Cyrus I. Scofield on Key Biblical Texts," we embark on an analytical journey through the theological landscapes shaped by two towering figures in Christian history. Martin Luther, a catalyst of the Protestant Reformation, and Cyrus I. Scofield, a pivotal figure in the development of dispen...
Review of Karamanolis, G. (2021). The Philosophy of Early Christianity. London & New York: Routledge.
The author of the First Epistle of John predominantly addresses the ‘theological concept of righteousness’ in two pericopes: pericope 1 (1:5–2:2) concerns the ‘Righteousness of God’, and pericope 2 (2:28–3:12) explores the ‘Righteousness of God’s children’ from various perspectives. The adjective, δίκαιος, occurs twice (1:9 and 2:1) and the noun, ἀ...
Theological training and christian education in Africa and all over the World
Esta texto tem como objetivo analisar a imagem como um elemento vital na organização do culto medieval e da própria prática da religião cristã, buscando as referências históricas e teológicas, no intuito de pensar a imagem dentro do espaço sagrado e por sua vez, o espaço sagrado como um lugar de imagens e assim, poderemos refletir a respeito das di...
Luther and Calvin show that Christian freedom does not mean simply prioritizing
our own thoughts and principles regardless of others’ thoughts and principles. The
Christian freedom should precisely promote respect for the choices others make.
Luther’s and Calvin’s thoughts gave space to the differences and it must bring
harmony. This thought provid...
Written history has recorded communities unique in their origin and structural mode of survival. One such community is that of the Old Russian believers, Staroveri, spread across the globe for religious reasons, like many other faiths, and still retaining their identity. What is the state of preservation of this identity, how long will it survive o...
The ancient correspondence allegedly between the Toparch Abgar V of Edessa and Jesus of Nazareth is usually treated in modern scholarship as legendary, though possession of it was important for the legitimation of Armenia as the first Christian kingdom in ca. 314 A.D. (prior to Constantine’s ‘Christian’ rule of a united Roman Empire from 324, and w...
Within this theoretical analysis, we will approach social work as a professional practice starting from these six values stated by NASW - service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence - which the specialized literature also considers as a starting point in understanding and de...
This study examines the relationship between Christianity and the indigenous religion of the Zulu nation. It was made with the aim of promoting the coexistence of two religions in the Zulu nation, which is the indigenous religion of the Zulu nation and the Christian religion. The idea of the study came after realizing that there is conflict between...
After the fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521, the first groups of friars arrived in Mexico to Christianize the native inhabitants of Mesoamerica. This task was anything but easy, as explaining Christian doctrine to the Indigenous people posed both a linguistic and a theological challenge. The need to learn Indigenous languages and to prepare doctrinal ma...
The chapter explores the relationship of eschatology and marriage in light of different levels of moral discourse as found in Scripture. It takes as its starting point Jürgen Moltmann's adage that "Christianity is eschatology."
Purpose: Through evangelism and missionary activities, Western Christian spirituality influences the lives of many people, both individually and collectively, and in many cultures around the world including the Sub-Sahara African region. This article aims to examine spirituality and the various ways in which to recognize it from the perspectives of...
In a value chain, products flow from primary producers to end users, often through intermediaries. The distribution of market power in each of the successive stages of the value chain is usually unequal and affects the financial compensation of participants. Unorganized primary producers in food or clothing chains tend to fall victim to heavy compe...
Although studies have linked Christian nationalist beliefs with greater emotional distress, little is known about the potential underlying mechanisms or subgroup variations. Informed by the strain-struggles-distress model and the concept of structural amplification, we tested whether religious/spiritual (R/S) struggles mediate and moderate the asso...
Durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX un misionero inglés promovió la creación de asambleas evangélicas en Santiago del Estero, Noroeste argentino. Aunque las bases sociales de las mismas fueron variadas, el imaginario colectivo destaca que fue la incorporación de inmigrantes árabes aquello que afianzó el proyecto misionero en la provincia. El...
This book describes various current dramas and problems of humanity such as poverty, climate change, wars, violence against women, etc., from a Christian point of view and from the spirituality of the Virgin Mary.
Drawing on Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s reflections on the anthropos teleios and Raimundo Panikkar’s articulation of monastic archetype, this article seeks to put forward an account of Christian simplicity and a spirituality of worldliness within the context of ever-growing acceleration, digitalisation and over-organisation.
In his recent book Protestants (2017), historian Alec Ryrie argues that while Dietrich Bonhoeffer may have been “the bravest theologian of his generation”, the impact of his prison writings and his opaque vision of a “religionless Christianity” in a world come of age was disastrous for mainstream Protestantism in the United States in the second hal...
In the last days of World War II, Dietrich Bonhoeffer struggled to understand how the church was meant to live faithful to Christ in this catastrophic setting. In a letter written for his godson’s baptism, he connects themes of religionlessness and the sacraments – in particular, baptism, confession, and the Eucharist – to explore what this faithfu...
In "Vigilance and Prayer: The Christian Response to Modern Existential Threats," we delve into the profound role of faith in confronting today's global challenges. From the looming specters of nuclear warfare to the unseen dangers of engineered viruses, this paper explores how Christian teachings and practices offer not only solace but also a strat...
The objective of the article is to briefly look into the thoughts stemming from the period in which Dietrich Bonhoeffer stood at the forefront of the illegal seminary run by the Confessing Church at Finkenwalde (from 1935 to 1937) and also to verify the hypothesis that his call for “new monasticism” was influenced by the ideas of Adolf von Harnack...
Bondade, beleza e harmonia são alguns dos traços presentes no universo, especialmente nas narrativas religiosas criacionistas. Por um amor livre e não por necessidade, Deus tomou a iniciativa de se revelar como criador. Mas, infelizmente, nos últimos dois séculos vê-se com tristeza o agravamento de uma crise ecológica, com raiz antropológica, que e...
Para Pablo, el acontecimiento pascual de Cristo supuso un momento esencial para la Historia. En la carta a los Gálatas, podemos percibir el enorme esfuerzo de construcción de un relato religioso sobre la base del diálogo de dos cosmovisiones: la judía y la helenisticorromana. En continuidad con el teocentrismo bíblico, Dios Creador es el protagonis...
A recent clash between pro-Palestinian Muslims and pro-Israeli Christians in the North Sulawesi coastal town of Bitung raised the spectre of Indonesia’s worst nightmare, inter-communal violence.
In a country that prides itself on a culture of inter-communal harmony, the death of a protester set off alarm bells.
“This is very worrying” said Yahya Ch...
For a number of critics, what we are witnessing in postmillennial Anglophone fiction is an attempt to do away with postmodern posturings of ironic distance and ethical non-commitment, and a renewed interest in questions of authenticity, empathy, responsibility and solidarity. According to Christian Moraru, one of the keenest chroniclers of contempo...
This paper's subject is so volatile that, in some circles, it is called blasphemy and heresy. In others, I would be worthy of ex-communication. And still, in others, I would be worthy of death and condemnation to hell. These are at least dire consequences.
Aptariamoje Justino Dementavičiaus monografijoje „Tradicijos palikimas: centro dešinės ideologinė vaizduotė Lietuvoje“ (Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2023) pateikiama konservatyvios centro dešinės ideologinės vaizduotės Lietuvoje panorama. Gilinamasi ne į praktinę partinę politiką, o į centro dešinės ideologijos tradiciją nuo XIX a. paba...
Since the mid-1990s, the popular perception of the militia movement in the United States has associated it with racism and far-right expressions of Christianity. There are good reasons for this assessment, though the movement is more complex than such generalizations suggest. In this article, I describe how Oath Keepers mobilized the image of a “go...
Proclaiming the gospel (Christian witnessing) in an interfaith environment is an increasingly
critical concern for Christians in today’s globalised society. This article intends to explore a
missiological and ecumenical approach to address the challenge of sharing the message of
Christ in multi-religious contexts. Drawing on missiological and ecume...
One of the aims of Christian schools in Indonesia is to educate and shape students to have character and conduct in line with the teachings of Christ. However, the actual situation in the field does not seem to reflect the "fruits" of Christian education. Therefore, Christian school programs need further examination, including counseling programs,...
For many decades, Christian churches have engaged in ecumenical dialogues addressing church-dividing issues and trying to overcome them. Many valuable texts have emerged from these dialogues, but they are hardly known in the churches. One reason for this is that “ecumenism” is rarely a topic in theological education. The article asks why this is so...