Science topics: Chemistry
Science topic
Chemistry - Science topic
Chemistry is the science of matter, especially its chemical reactions, but also its composition, structure and properties. Chemistry is concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds.
Questions related to Chemistry
According to a study by Ho et al. (2021b), there is a good correlation between the hemolysis, icterus, and lipemic (HIL) index values and the corresponding concentrations of hemoglobin, bilirubin, and intralipid in the concentration of interferences tested. Moreover, using the alinity c system by abbott company, it was stated that 12 of 35 chemistry assays were affected by hemolysis while bilirubin interfered with 4 assays and intralipid interfered with 3 assays.
Will there be any difference on the effects of HIL interferences using different spectrophotometric chemistry analyzers by different brands?
Reference Article:
Ho, C. K. M., Chen, C., Setoh, J. W., Yap, W. W., & Hawkins, R. E. (2021b). Optimization of hemolysis, icterus and lipemia interference thresholds for 35 clinical chemistry assays. Practical Laboratory Medicine, 25, e00232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plabm.2021.e00232
I was examining a fluorite sample using EDAX and it didn't detect any uranium but when using XPS we detected U on the surface of the fluorite. Could this be interpreted as uranium salts being adsorbed say from hydrothermal solutions?
Note using XRF we detected U (1.4 ppm)
One of the 20 fundamental vibrations of benzene occurs at 1309.8 cm^-1, corresponding to the B_2u symmetry. According to the rule of mutual exclusion, this vibration is forbidden in Raman and ATR spectroscopy. However, in a complex with benzene, we observe strong IR activity at 1309.8 cm^-1 in ATR. Why is this?
Hello!
I was wondering if I would need to break the disulfide in my compound and then protect the thiols before performing michael addition reaction on primary and seconadry amines?
Planning on doing the reaction at 90-95C for 3 days, no solvent
As you can see in the picture, the reaction may involve Phenol to produce benzoxazole based product.
What can we do to react Amine with Aldehyde to produce related Imine without involving Phenol in the reaction? Any particular catalyst, synthesis method, solvent etc.?
If you know any related research paper, please feel free to mention it in your comment.
Thanks a LOT

I am currently seeking guidance and insights on the process of composing a comprehensive review article focused on the topic of "Photocatalysis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles." While I have a keen interest in the subject matter, I am uncertain about the proper structure, content organization, and key points that should be covered in a review article.
Specifically, I am seeking advice on the following points:
- Structuring the review article: How should I organize the content to ensure a coherent flow of information?
- Key elements to include: What are the essential components that must be addressed within the review to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject?
- Literature synthesis: How do I effectively synthesize existing research and findings on the photocatalytic applications of cobalt oxide nanoparticles?
- Analyzing research gaps: What strategies can I employ to identify and analyze gaps in the current understanding or areas that require further research?
- Citing and referencing: What is the best approach to citing and referencing relevant sources in a review article of this nature?
Furthermore, I am open to suggestions for an appropriate title for the review article. Your expertise and insights would be greatly appreciated in helping me embark on this endeavor effectively and professionally.
The size differ little bit from one species to another, yet they have one size range. Also, the size of them in their native form so they don't lose their colour while isolation.
I have a query about the SEM images; when I analyzed them, they showed some cracks; I stuck to why it can be shown this, what is the reason behind it, and what is the chemistry behind it. I request everyone, please give me an answer as soon as possible; thank you for your attention.
I have obtained a strange result with electrocoagulation of a dye using aluminum electrode. Instead of having a decrease of removal percentage, I see that the percentage increases with the concentration of dye after it remains constant.
I am specifically referring to a product sold by sigma where they do not specify this information. The 10-15% was determined via Na2S2O3 titration, which makes me suspect that it is in w/w, but that is kind of useless given that I dont know the density of the solution. I would hope it is in w/v, meaning grams per liter. Anyone have any insight on this?
I called sigma and they didnt know
Product number: 14010 (Titanium(III)Chloride)

Does anyone of you have information about the importance of doing experimental activities (on chemistry) in education? Particularly, doing experimental activities in high school.
If yes, would you please provide examples from literature.
I work in a single-molecule analysis lab. I have been waiting on a supplier to send sodium bicarbonate for a while, and I want to begin experiments now. We have a stock of sodium bicarbonate from 2017 (five years old). Why can't I use this? Does it really have an expiration date?
I imagine if it does, it may have to do with coming into contact with the air after it was opened so many years ago.
Any help is appreciated. I dont want to do all the experiments only to have them invalidated by the fact that I used old sodium bicarbonate.
I am a 3rd year undergraduate student and want to do my specialisation, which is the more advanced field of chemistry. Please guide me.
I need a research work on the topic "availability and effective utilization of chemistry laboratory facilities by students in the senior high schools in the Tamale metropolitan area"
How can I calculate the molar ratio of Mg:P and N:P from the concentrations available in the attached table? Thank you

My question about the struvite precipitation (MgNH4PO4): Is the molar ratio of Mg:P the same as Mg: PO4, and N:P the same as NH4:PO4? Otherwise, Do I have to make any calculations when I convert from one form to another, like Mg:P to Mg: PO4? Thanks!
If the Molar Ratio of struvite Mg2+:NH4+:PO4 is (1.6:1:1.2), how can I calculate the molar ratio of Mg:P and N:P? Thank you very much
Hello everybody
I want to simulate MXene by means of molecular dynamics method. But it seems that I need the Mxene atomic structure as a file in .cif, .pdb, or .mol format.
Is it possible for anyone to tell me how I can get the files or how I can build the atomic structure of MXene?
Thank you so much
Dear Researchers,
I am currently seeking a collaborator who would be willing to cover the Article Processing Charges (APC) for the publication of my research article in the Arabian Journal of Chemistry (AJC). In return, I am offering a significant acknowledgement and co-authorship in our paper, as well as the opportunity to extend our research collaboration.
Research Field: Biophysics
Research direction: [antibacterial activity of nano-composite materials against MDR pathogens]
If you are interested in collaborating and supporting the publication of this research article, kindly reach out to me through private messaging. I would be happy to discuss the details and provide further information about the research and collaboration opportunity.
Thank you for your attention, and I look forward to potential collaborations.
Best regards,
Basit Shah
advanced technology, AI, computational chemistry, supramolecular chemistry
Hello, I am trying to run GPC on my samples. However, the GPC available in our lab use THF as an eluent.
My polymer only partially dissolves in THF, but fully dissolve in Chloroform. Hence, I want to ask is it alright if I dissolve my polymer in Chloroform and run it on THF-eluent GPC?
Many Thanks in advance!
The protocol specifies to add sodium citrate to TiCl3 (0.5g, 3.24mmol). But this has confused me. How much TiCl3 do I use? I have a stock solution that is 15% TiCl3 (Sigma, product number 1401). The instructions are quite confusing to me.
I could calculate the volume of my stock solution that would contain 0.5g of TiCl3, but I dont understand where the 3.24mmol comes in.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
The description that I am referencing has been attached as an image and is from the following paper:
Titanium(IV) Citrate Speciation and Structure under Environmentally and Biologically Relevant Conditions | Inorganic Chemistry (acs.org)

I am looking forward to your answer.
I am working on a research on achievement goal orientation as predictors of secondary school Chemistry students' achievement.
On further research I discovered that I can adopt the achievement goal theory in the course of this research.
I need to understand more about this, and how I can apply it in investigating academic achievement of secondary school Chemistry students'.
I want to use an offline application of a virtual Chemistry Laboratory software that can help students in institutions that lack some basic laboratory equipments to be able to understand chemistry practical.
Applications or softwares that can help them practice simple chemical reactions.
I do have a couple of virtual applications but I need a few suggestions. Thank you
Kindly provide a list of research funding in the area of chemistry.
I tried to visit the official website for the journal but i can't find the accepted similarity index for a review paper or an article
Hi, I would appreciate it if you could explain to me which equation is correct for the second-order reaction. In the most textbooks I see "K" instead of "2K" in the equation. Please also see the attached pictures.
Regards,


Hello everyone!
I recently received invitations to contribute an article to the current issue of the Journal of Brilliant Engineering (BEN) and Chemistry and Biochemistry. Can anyone with experience or knowledge about these journals confirm their originality?
Thank you.
I am currently doing my master thesis and I have to analyse an IR spectrum of multiple samples. The given sample is supposed to be a specific polymer whose individual monomers i know. It is PBAT (polybutylene adipate terephthalate) which is a random co-polymer made of adipic acid, 1,4-butanediol and terephthalic acid.
Since I have a biology background and not that much chemistry i am struggling a little bit to do the IR spectrum analysis. I read that there are programs or tool with which one can simulate or predict an IR spectrum to compare that with experiment data of actual FTIR scans of the sample.
Anyone has a suggestion what to use or any other tips for me?
Thanks alot for helping out!
Best regards Dominik
Hi
Does anyone know how I can find the specific substructure of each bit in CDK fingerprints and CDK extended fingerprints which are implemented in PaDEL-descriptor and Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) software?
As an example, I am searching for SMILES representation of FP40.
Thanks,
Maryam
I want to prepare 1000 ppm of cadmium using CdCl2.H2O
I got different suggestions.
1) Dissolve 2.036 g of CdCl2 in 1 litre of deionized water
2)
1000 ppm = 1000mg/l Cd * 1 g Cd/1000 mg Cd * 201.32/112.411 = 1.790 g Cd/l H2O
where 201.32 = mol wt of cdCl2.H2O
112.411 = elemental mass of Cd
( suggestion was we are to prepare ppm solution of cd and not CdCl2.H2O)
3) Cd (in CdCl2.H2O) equivalent to 1 g elemental Cd
= Mol wt of CdCl2.H2O*100/ At Wt of Cd * Purity of CdCl2.H2O
= 201.32*100/112.411* 98 (% purity of CdCl2.H2O)
= 1.8274 g/l
With different metals, g/l amount for ppm concentration will vary. Am I missing any concept?
Any specific formula for this?
Hi, my name is Bram Wolters and I'm a student of the University of Applied Sciences Arnhem and Nijmegen in the Netherlands. I'm working on a project to make sustainable disposable items for the foodservice industry. The disposable items are made of reed, include forks, knives, spoons, cups, hamburger boxes, bowls etc. We want to pulp it, shape it, cut it and dry it. Only I don't really know which binding material and coating to use. I believe it is possible to use cellulose, but have no expert to confirm. Can someone help me?
in order to quantify the concentration of Glycerol monostearate in aqueous solution by UV spectrophotometer, what is the maximum lambda of Glycerol monostearate?
I see that artbitrary units are commonly used for absorbance, however, as far as I know, this is discouraged, not even officially accepted by IUPAC. However, there are many papers in high impact journals where this is done. The question is: under what conditions is this considered appropriate?
I am trying to clean/hydroxylate the surface of a blank silicon chip (with SiO2 layer on surface) by using piranha. I have freshly prepared a 2.5:1 solution of piranha solution (with new peroxide that has been stored in the fridge) and soaked the chips for 30 mins or 90 mins.
I then rinsed the chips with DI water 3x and took a contact angle measurement using DI water within 10 minutes of the piranha treatment and the CA was 45 degrees (an average of 4 measurements on different areas of the chip surface). I have seen in the literature that the CA for a freshly piranha treated Si chip should be around 0-10 degrees, based on the hydrophilic Si-OH surface. Any ideas where this could be going wrong?
TIA :)
I bought indium nitrate hydrate (alfa aesar - purity 99.99%) which is said to be water soluble. However, it does not dissolve well both deionized water and organic solvents, above 20 mM.
Could you please tell me the reason for this?
Specifically interested in purine derivative as a cation of ionic liquid.
Any relevant reading suggestions are highly appreciated. Thanks.
I am currently involved in research for controlling weevils in stored wheat using different essential oils.
What could be the best concentration (microlitres per litre of air) of essential oils for comparison?
We wish to test all the oils at one fixed concentration. We are trying to shortlist a few effective essential oils and test them out at different concentrations.
Is it a good idea?
I have older version of x'pert highscore software and what to do for pdf2, pdf 4? Please suggest me or share the link of x'pert highscore software latest version (free)/ free pdf2, pdf4.
I need a research team specialized in chemistry sciences to share research ideas and produce important scientific research
Biochemistry, general chemistry, clinical chemistry, nanoscience, antioxidants, diseases
To communicate
Personal email: ameer.athab@uobabylon.edu.iq
Chatbots, like ChatGPT, can assist chemists by providing quick and reliable answers to their queries related to chemical synthesis or reaction mechanisms. For instance, ChatGPT can suggest the most suitable reaction conditions, reagents, and solvents carry out a particular chemical synthesis. Chatbots can also help reduce the time to carry out literature searches, speeding up the research process.
However, chatbots cannot replace the expertise and knowledge of experienced chemists. They can only suggest possible solutions and answers based on the information I have trained them on. Thus, it's essential to verify the suggestions provided by Chatbots by applying them in the lab and analyzing the results got.
I am looking for a method to completely remove proteins from plasma without using heat or adding salt ions. I have considered using activated carbon, but I am unsure if this is feasible. Are there any other effective methods for achieving this goal?
I prepare a chitosan solution in acetic acid (0.5 M). Some of the small threads are remained in the solution. In literature it is reported that solution is filtered before using. I want to know which filter is suitable for the filtration of chitosan solution?
Thanks
Hi
I am using copper nitrate salt for my experiments. After 2 years, the salt crystals turned into liquid.
I am using copper nitrate trihydrate salt. Kindly let me know how can i store copper nitrate salt for long term?
Thank you
I have performed drug repositioning to find antifungal activity. I need to explain the possible causes of why some drugs had antifungal activity and others did not. any suggestions?
There is some guide or ranking of the better congress of soils and chemical science?
Is there any good chemistry book about heavy metal precipitation/ extraction via chemical / chelate method?
Hello, I am fairly new to gromacs and molecular dynamics. I want to simulate thiols for starters for some applications and I want to generate the topology file for thiol. I found the PDB and ITP files for sulfanyl from ATB -
and I tried to use ‘pdb2gmx’. I have read up on the documentation but I can’t get it to work. I am stuck on how to modify a forcefield or how to simply create a new one for the molecule. Any help on how to generate the topology and gro files would be appreciated. Thanks
In the Column treatment of aqueous solution of Chromium Removal by Adsorption
I am looking for a easy-to-use software, which can generate analogues based on one structure. I do not need to teach it what kind of activity compound has, I just need to have the structures generated so I can run it though QSAR (which was already set based on 80 compounds).
Does anyone have experience with this?
I would be grateful for any recommendations.
What is the effect of diluent in nitrosamine recovery?
Candesartan Cilexitil is insoluble in water but we are getting good recovery in water and not in methanol for certain nitrosamines (NDIPA, NDPA). Can anyone suggest chemistry behind that?
Although formed over thousands of years, carbonate ramps forming where ocean sediments accumulate multicellular algae may be affected by ocean chemistry in such a way as to have a unique morphology.
How are deep ocean currents affected by these types of occurences? How is the ocean chemistry equilibrating alobg these geographies?
Do current terrestrial models incorporate data and equations to reflect these types of changes to a static estimation of the biosphere?
Do climate model researchers incorporate models of ecological regions underwater?
Advantages and disadvantages of teaching chemistry through elective courses. Increasing students' interest in chemistry through elective courses. Organization of elective courses in chemistry. Scientific-pedagogical basis of creating the elective course "Polymer materials". Scientific-pedagogical basis of creating the elective course "Ion exchange materials".
Como es posible solubilizar una membrana de colágeno sin perder la propiedad química del colágeno?
Which software is best for making high-quality graphs? Origin or Excel? Thank you
I am a PhD student in Chemistry.
- For drawing chemical structures, I have tried using some random softwares like Kingdraw, etc, but the GUI does not seem appealing and not easy to use overall.
- I have used sometimes the well-known softwares such as ChemDraw and ChemSketch in someone else's device, but I am unable to install them on my device in a straight-forward manner.
- I am looking for the list of the best drawing tools (softwares/freewares) which are easily accessible and will faciliate to draw better quality chemical structures, good enough for publications in peer-reviewed journals.
- Your help, suggestions, feedbacks, links are highly valued and appreciated from my end.
With Many thanks,
Janaki Devi Somasundaram
Good morning everyone. They know some pages about virtual chemistry laboratories, with special attention to high school education.
I am a researcher in chemistry, in which I have to use Pd as a catalyst. In every reaction, I have to change the millimoles of the reactants. But I can't understand how to calculate the millimoles of catalyst that should be used in a reaction according to millimoles of reactants or according to millimoles of the reactant on which the catalyst is attached during the reaction mechanism.
Hi there,
I know that some UK universities can provide PhD by publications in medical sciences, but I cannot have idea about which universities worldwide that provide PhD by publications in chemistry.
Please let me know if there is any information
Please spread the word: Folding at Home (https://foldingathome.org/) is an extremely powerful supercomputer composed of thousands of home computers around the world. It tries to simulate protein folding to Fight diseases. We can increase its power even further by simply running its small program on our computers and donating the spare (already unused and wasted) capacity of our computers to their supercomputation.
After all, a great part of our work (which is surfing the web, writing texts and stuff, communicating, etc.) never needs more than a tiny percent of the huge capacity of our modern CPUs and GPUs. So it would be very helpful if we could donate the rest of their capacity [that is currently going to waste] to such "distributed supercomputer" projects and help find cures for diseases.
The program runs at a very low priority in the background and uses some of the capacity of our computers. By default, it is set to use the least amount of EXCESS (already wasted) computational power. It is very easy to use. But if someone is interested in tweaking it, it can be configured too via both simple and advanced modes. For example, the program can be set to run only when the computer is idle (as the default mode) or even while working. It can be configured to work intensively or very mildly (as the default mode). The CPU or GPU can each be disabled or set to work only when the operating system is idle, independent of the other.
Please spread the word; for example, start by sharing this very post with your contacts.
Also give them feedback and suggestions to improve their software. Or directly contribute to their project.
Folding at Home: https://foldingathome.org/
Folding at Home's Forum: https://foldingforum.org/index.php
Folding at Home's GitHub: https://github.com/FoldingAtHome
Additionally, see other distributed supercomputers used for fighting disease:
Rosetta at Home: https://boinc.bakerlab.org/
GPUGRID: https://www.gpugrid.net/
I am currently planning some lab work that requires me to dissolve tris(2,20 -bipyridyl) ruthenium(III) chloride hexahydrate dye in a solvent in order develop a calibration curve relating phosphorescence lifetime and quencher concentration (In this case O2 is the quencher). I'm currently trying to figure out what solvent is best for the application. My background is in biomedical engineering and not chemistry, so my reasonably basic knowledge chemistry is not much help!
I had considered water as a solvent but figured the presence of dissolved O2 would potentially lead to inaccuracies in the oxygen concentration for the calibration curve. If I used a Schlenk line of nitrogen to remove the dissolved O2, would degassed water be a viable option for the solvent?
In regards to mixing O2 with the solvent and maintaining a desired O2 concentration within the solution, I have read articles where a mass flow controller was used to achieve desired O2 concentration, can anyone confirm this method? Any suggestions / guidance is greatly appreciated!
I’d like to determine the monomer conversion through gel fraction. The experimental process I read in some papers was described in a simple way, omitting some details. I wonder how to filter the soluble substances and the insoluble one? In what way?
I want to deacetylate the chitosan in sodium hydroxide (50 % w/w) solution. Does that mean 50 g NaOH in 50 mL of distilled water? What should be the appropriate time and temperature for the complete process? There are different temperatures and times are reported in literature.
Thank you for your help!
I am trying to optimise an organic molecule using Avogadro software, and when I draw the molecule according to the correct sterochemistry (some bonds coming towards the screen and some going away from the screen) whenever I optimise the molecule using one of the forcefields the stereo chemistry starts to change and therefore some bonds face the wrong plane, is there a way to optimise the molecule without changing its stereochemistry in avogadro software?
I made several reactions with 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride. When I looked at similar reactions for this substance, no heat was ever given in the reaction (even though heat increases the yield).
The interesting thing is that this substance turns black as soon as the heat is given to the reaction environment. Due to the fact that, theoretically, the polymerization of this material is impossible. Do you know the reason why they do not give heat to this material?

If we have a crystal with a coordination number of five, triangular bipyramidal(TBP) and square pyramid(SP) are expected. An intermediate state may also be obtained due to Barry's pseudo-rotation. But if the crystal data did not match any of the structures and the shape deviation was excessive, what structure should be reported? I also used the following formula, but it didn't work. What structure should I report?
•Pictures from reference, Chemistry of coordination compounds by M.M.Pouramini, N.Safari, K.Darzinezhad

