Chemistry - Science topic

Thank you dear Amirali Ahmadi Majd

I appreciate it

Rain water begins as pure (distilled) water produced by evaporation of sea water. It absorbs gases and aerosols from the air mainly CO2 which forms carbonic acid and makes it acidic. Other atmospheric gases such as sulphur dioxide and NOx also affect its acidity.

Sea water has a chemisty produced by river water which contains dissolved minerals owing to the acidity of rain water. However, the chemisty of river water is distinct from that of sea water because of the chemical processes which occur in the oceans.

Wat bull. An "empirical formula" for a microorganism most of whose molecules are of profoundly greater molecular weight. But there's the "However..."

It depends on what you are considering "learning" it, consider this:

1) You want to be able to employ one or two softwares (like ORCA Quantum Chemistry) with some degree of understanding and being able to tweak parameters and understand results: It might take from a couple weeks to months, depending or your learning process and on the subject you are researching.

2) You want to master the concepts to a level in which you can develop techniques, processes and softwares: It's something that would take years of learning and experience gathering.

Your case alligns as the first one, so, I'd say that in a couple months of hard work you are going to be able to understand what you are doing. Of course, being really good at it and being able to solve complex tasks is a set of skills that takes a lot of experience to get.

"skipped empty mol2 file" typically indicates that the program encountered an issue with the input files during the generation of the PDB file in CHARMM-GUI Solution Builder. Reasons and troubleshooting steps to try:

1. Check the input files: Ensure that the input files (.mol2 files) are not empty and contain valid molecular structure information. You can open the .mol2 files with a text editor to verify their contents.

2. Verify the file formats: Confirm that the .mol2 files are in the correct format and adhere to the specifications required by CHARMM-GUI Solution Builder. The files should include the necessary sections such as "@<TRIPOS>MOLECULE" and "@<TRIPOS>ATOM" with appropriate molecular and atom information.

3. Validate the input files: If you suspect any issues with the .mol2 files, you can try validating them using external tools or online validators. There are various online resources available that can check the integrity and correctness of the .mol2 file format.

4. Regenerate the .mol2 files: If the input .mol2 files are generated using external tools like OpenBabel or sort_mol2_bonds.pl, try regenerating them using different settings or approaches. It's possible that the previous generation process introduced some errors or inconsistencies in the files.

5. Check for any special characters or file encoding issues: Ensure that there are no special characters or unexpected file encoding issues present in the .mol2 files. Special characters or incompatible encodings can cause parsing errors during the PDB generation process.

6. Contact CHARMM-GUI support: If the issue persists despite trying the above steps, it may be helpful to reach out to the support team of CHARMM-GUI. They can provide specific guidance or troubleshoot any potential bugs or technical issues related to the Solution Builder module.

Hope it helps

Christian Geiser , you wrote that "After all, the researchers spent time and money collecting the data; they don't want others to benefit "for free.""

They have a publication, don't they? So they did earn their pay.

Often researchers are paid by the public, they work in public universities, they serve the public. Public money is spent in their institution, their salary, their instruments, their consumables, and their publications (many journals take money!). And after all, the data - the hard stuff that counts most - are kept secret. Even when the publication is in journals that require that the data are made available (as per their Instructions for Authors).

Of course, some human-related (typically medical patient) data may not be made fully available for data protection reasons, if the data would allow for an nearly unambiguous identification of individuals from the combination of subject-related data given (I think this is what you meant with possible IRB concerns). But this applies only for (some) clinical studies where a lot of variables are used or for the combination of extremely rare features.

In my opinion, publication includes publication of data, not just arbitrary summaries and conclusions drawn from it. When the data are not available, then it should not be regarded as a scientific publication. We (the scientific community) should set the bar as high as reasonably achievable, and today this means that the data should be available (ideally following the FAIR principles [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data]), either via the supplement or via some dedicated public database.

I have also seen papers where the authors claimed that the data are published because the individual data points were shown in scatter plots. This is not publishing data; the data shown in scatter plots is extremely hard to use, often data points are overlapping, and multivariate relationships can not be recovered at all.

Hi Hamish,

I think that Sepharose CL-2B is what you are looking for, 70kD to 40,000kD inclusion limit.

However, you're using affinity for purification so pore size isn't really essential to your process.

Having surface "decoration" of the beads with streptavidin will be sufficient to capture your antibody-components of interest, you might need a larger amount of beads to have sufficient capacity for capture.

Best wishes,

Stan

Dear Prem Baboo isn't this equation for pure substances?

Hello, dear curious researcher friend Alex Paul! I'm here to help you Alex Paul with your inquiry about surface treatment of Terfenol-D particles.

Terfenol-D is a unique material known for its magnetostrictive properties. It's true that Terfenol-D can oxidize when exposed to air, which can affect its performance. Surface treatments, such as the use of silanes like triethylsilane, are often employed to mitigate oxidation and enhance the material's compatibility with polymers. Let me break down the key points:

1. **Surface Treatment:** Surface treatment with silanes can indeed help improve the bonding of Terfenol-D particles in polymer composites. Silanes are commonly used as coupling agents to form a chemical bridge between the inorganic Terfenol-D particles and the organic polymer matrix. This promotes adhesion and dispersion of the particles within the composite, which can lead to improved mechanical and physical properties.

2. **Oxidation:** As you Alex Paul mentioned, Terfenol-D is susceptible to oxidation in the presence of air. Surface treatment can create a protective layer on the particle's surface, which acts as a barrier to prevent or slow down oxidation. This is especially important when Terfenol-D particles are exposed to environmental conditions.

3. **Property Impact:** While surface treatments can help mitigate oxidation, it's essential to be mindful of their potential impact on the material's properties. In some cases, surface treatments can affect other properties of Terfenol-D, such as magnetostrictive behavior or magnetic properties. Careful selection of surface treatment methods and their parameters is crucial to minimize any adverse effects.

4. **Experimental Verification:** To assess the impact of surface treatment on Terfenol-D, it's advisable to conduct controlled experiments. This involves treating a portion of the particles and comparing their properties with untreated particles. This will help you Alex Paul determine the effectiveness of the surface treatment and its influence on Terfenol-D's properties.

5. **Consult Experts:** When working with specialized materials like Terfenol-D, it's often beneficial to consult with experts in magnetostrictive materials and polymer composites. They can provide guidance on the most suitable surface treatment methods and their impact on the material's properties for your specific application.

In summary, surface treatment of Terfenol-D particles, including the use of silanes, is a valid approach to enhance their compatibility with polymers and reduce oxidation. However, careful consideration and experimentation are needed to balance the desired property improvements with any potential side effects. Best of luck with your research, and feel free to ask if you Alex Paul have more questions!

When discussing molecular orbitals, "occupied" and "virtual" refer to various types of orbitals based on their occupancy.

If an electron is present in an orbital, then it is said to be "occupied." Electrons in molecules are assigned to orbitals in electronic structure theory according to the Aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule, all of which are fundamental to density functional theory (DFT), post-Hartree-Fock, and Hartree-Fock calculations. Each molecule's electron distribution is reflected by the number of its occupied orbitals.

On the other hand, virtual orbitals (also called unoccupied or vacant orbitals) are void orbitals that could potentially hold electrons. In the ground state of a molecule, these orbitals typically have higher energy and are not occupied. Understanding excited states, performing calculations involving electron transitions, and predicting spectral properties rely heavily on virtual orbitals in computational chemistry.

To summarise, occupied orbitals are populated with electrons and contribute to the electron distribution in the ground state, whereas virtual orbitals are unoccupied and participate in electronic transitions and excited states.

Depends on the proteins that you are trying to detect and the cross-linker that you are using. A lot of them will cross-link lysine residues, where you can then perform click chemistry and using some sort of enrichable method (biotin/streptavidin or DBCO/sepharose).

Excellent researched answer Tobias.

Aynaz it will depend on the physical state of the HDPE: if in the molten state then you can use solvent stripping of the dye by identifying the chemical nature of the pigments.

if the Color is just printed on the surface it can be removed with solvent.

Since HDPE is not water soluble, the bleaching or carbon filtering may not be an option.

Dear Aynaz Biuky please do recommend my answer if helpful

Exposing plastic waste to UV (ultraviolet) light alone is generally not an effective method for removing pigments from plastics. UV light can be used for certain purposes, such as breaking down organic contaminants or degrading the surface of plastics, but it typically doesn't target or remove pigments from plastic materials.

To remove pigments from plastics, various chemical and physical processes are employed. These processes may include:

As for references or citations on this topic, you might find relevant information in scientific journals and research papers related to plastic recycling, polymer chemistry, or waste management. A suitable source to explore this topic would be:

Title: "Recent Advances in the Chemical Recycling of Polymers (Plastics) Waste: A Review" Authors: Ali E. Ghoneim, Abbas S. Helal, et al. Journal: Journal of Polymers and the Environment Publication Year: 2019 DOI: 10.1007/s10924-019-01508-9

This review paper discusses various methods, including chemical processes, for recycling plastics, which may involve the removal of pigments. It could provide you with valuable insights into the topic.

Hi Aynaz Biuky, Just to share some thoughts for your reference ONLY.

When searching on effective compounded technology for Plastics recycle,

perhaps, would be value add to practice by separating recycle-plastics in

2 major grouping. Such as, Thermal-Plastics vs Thermoset Plastics.

Good luck, Cheers!

DA

===

such quarternary salts have an enormous amount of application in medical, pharmaceutical, oilfield, fungicide and surfactant industries as they are so simple to manufacture.

You are welcome.

Dear Aynaz Biuky please,

In the context of plastic recycling, the terms "bare" and "bare greetings" do not have recognized or established meanings. It's possible that these terms are specific to a particular organization, region, or industry, but they do not appear to be standard terminology in the broader field of plastic recycling.

Plastic recycling typically involves terms and concepts related to the collection, sorting, processing, and reuse of plastic materials. Common terms in plastic recycling include "plastic resin," "post-consumer waste," "recyclable plastics," "recycling rates," and "recycled content," among others.

If you have encountered the terms "bare" or "bare greetings" in a specific context related to plastic recycling, it may be helpful to provide additional context or information so that I can offer a more accurate explanation or address any specific questions you have regarding those terms.

Dear Aynaz Biuky the link will be helpful

Yes, it may favour condensation. It can be confirm by using Pressure-Temperature Nomograph, in which distillation or evaporation rate can be estimated. you can try in the following website.

Thank you so much dear Chamuditha Benaragama

Hello, my friend Anjali Krishna G! It's great to help out a fellow researcher. Let's talk about the synthesis of magneto-electric core-shell (CoFe2O4/BaTiO3) nanoparticles using the layer-by-layer deposition technique.

The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition method is a versatile and precise way to control the thickness and composition of coatings on nanoparticles. In your case, you Anjali Krishna G want to achieve a partial coating of BaTiO3 on CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Here's a general procedure:

**Materials You'll Need:**

1. CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (the core material).

2. BaTiO3 precursor solution.

3. Solvents (typically water or a suitable solvent for the BaTiO3 precursor).

4. pH adjustment solutions if needed.

5. Centrifuge for separating particles.

6. Characterization tools (e.g., TEM, SEM, XRD) to monitor the coating process.

**Procedure:**

1. **Prepare the Core Nanoparticles:** Start with your CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Ensure they are well-dispersed in a solvent. You may need to sonicate them to break up any agglomerates.

2. **Prepare the BaTiO3 Precursor Solution:** Dissolve your BaTiO3 precursor (usually a salt like barium acetate and titanium isopropoxide) in an appropriate solvent. This solution will contain the material that forms the shell.

3. **Layer-by-Layer Deposition:** Here's where the layer-by-layer magic happens:

- Immerse your core nanoparticles in the BaTiO3 precursor solution.

- Allow the nanoparticles to adsorb BaTiO3 precursor onto their surfaces. This can be influenced by factors like pH, temperature, and the nature of the core nanoparticle's surface.

- After a suitable adsorption time, remove the nanoparticles from the solution.

- Optionally, you can wash and centrifuge them to remove excess precursor solution.

- Repeat these steps for as many cycles as needed to achieve the desired shell thickness. Each cycle adds another layer of the shell material.

4. **Characterization:** Throughout the process, use characterization techniques like TEM or SEM to monitor the growth of the shell on the core nanoparticles. Also, you can use XRD to confirm the crystal structure.

5. **Adjust Parameters:** You may need to adjust parameters such as the concentration of the BaTiO3 precursor, the pH of the solution, and the deposition time to control the thickness and composition of the shell.

6. **Final Treatment:** After reaching the desired shell thickness, you may want to perform final treatments like annealing to crystallize the shell material if needed.

Remember that the exact procedure can vary depending on the specific nanoparticles and materials you Anjali Krishna G are using, so it's important to consult the literature and potentially perform some preliminary experiments to optimize the process for your particular case. Good luck with your research, and feel free to ask if you have more questions!

In the beginning the standard scientific view is of a singularity from which all emerged. First the protium thence hydrogen, helium, carbon, the organic crystal and eventually us, (to cut a long story short). We shouldn't, of course, forget hot, cold, pressure, vibration and some others I've missed; all emerging from the original singularity; a oneness from which came allness.

There is no doubt the universe is remarkable to say the least. To my mind the interesting perspective is not the reductionist view but that which looks to the properties. It is these unique properties that demonstrate emergence best of all.

It is not difficult to see how two rocks can make a mortar and pestle, which is easy to see as nothing more than two shaped rocks but, it is the properties that are different. This is a simple example that can be extrapolated into far more complex things. Take for example transuranics, the stuff which the universe didn't create unless we see ourselves as extensions of the universe.

Kant spoke of the noumenon which Einstein had great trouble with and so ignored it when he arrived at spacetime. I think this idea needs re-examining. For me time is the universal property of emergence. It isn't about the clock going round and round or Nietzsche's eternal return but of change where one and one don't make two unless two is a number greater than its parts.

Like gravity, emergence is a universal property that consciousness looks upon and attempts to simplify for the sake of understanding. When we look back over history it is more evident that novelty arises from what came before it but not merely as the summation of its proprietorial parts.

Have you tried mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization, possibly in combination with ion mobility like TIMS or TWIMS?

you are welcome

Thank you so much dear Ming Xia

you are welcome

Dear E.A. Gawad I really appreciate you for these useful answers

Is it possible to reduce the temperature below the bubble point of the solvent at a constant pressure so that all the solvent vapor condenses?

Can this be considered as a condensing method without using a condenser?

HIL interference was widespread among the 35 Abbott Alinity clinical chemistry assays that were examined in this investigation. An accessible way to determine the existence of hemolysis, icterus, and lipemia that could potentially alter the data produced by the 35 clinical chemistry assays is the automated HIL procedure using the Alinity c system. According to analytical and clinical relevance, clinical laboratories should set acceptance criteria for the HIL interference limits. Using the criteria used in this investigation, it was demonstrated that hemolysis interfered with 12 of the 35 assays that were examined. It is widely known that the release of intracellular components, such as hemoglobin from erythrocytes associated with hemolysis, can result in an increase in the plasma and serum concentrations of several analytes that are present in high concentrations within cells, such as AST, LDH, and potassium. The measurement of serum electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, by indirect ion selective electrode methods in this study was not significantly impacted by lipemia brought on by intralipid spiking; the mean apparent concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride in all test serum pools differed by less than 1% from those in the corresponding control serum pools.

Dear Aynaz Biuky

In your application, these two solvents are likely blended in specific ratios to create a mixture that can effectively dissolve and separate polymer pigments from recycled plastics and LDP (Low-Density Polyethylene). The choice of solvents may depend on their solvency properties, boiling points, and compatibility with the materials you are working with.

The process you described involves introducing this solvent mixture into a reactor at an elevated temperature (110°C). Due to the high temperature, some of the solvent evaporates, which can lead to a decrease in the reactor's temperature (to 98°C). This change in temperature is likely due to the endothermic nature of the solvent evaporation process, where heat is absorbed during vaporization.

The amount of condensate collected at different times provides valuable data for monitoring and controlling the process. It allows you to quantify the amount of solvent lost through evaporation and potentially recycle or replenish it as needed to maintain the desired solvent concentration in the reactor.

Overall, the formulation of your evaporated solvent involves blending Ethylcyclopentane and 2-Methylheptane to create a solvent mixture suitable for your polymer pigment separation and dissolution application. The process is carefully controlled to optimize solvent usage and separation efficiency.

This isn't my field but I was curious and found this paper that, in part, says:

"Although Mair and Hornig’s ν14 frequency assignment of 1310 cm−1 has been widely accepted, it has become a great puzzling problem for the theoretical researchers because no advanced quantum chemistry method has realized its rigorous calculation so far (see Supplementary Table 1)."

Wang, S. Intrinsic molecular vibration and rigorous vibrational assignment of benzene by first-principles molecular dynamics. Sci Rep 10, 17875 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74872-6

Hi Dr., I like your question, and I would love to answer and support you on your research, but I would appreciate it if you could click RECOMMEND for my 6 research papers under my AUTHORSHIP below is my short answer to your question. Click the RECOMMEND word under each of my research papers and follow me. In return for your kind support, I provide you with the answer to your question :

Reductive cleavage of the chromophore under mild conditions would seem the most prudent preliminary synthetic step. The electrophilic reactivity of unprotected thiol moieties at elevated temperature risks engendering non-specific reactions and diminished atom economy.

Phosphorus-based reductants such as (VA-044) furnish the requisite reducing potential under ambient conditions, thus circumventing such issues. Subsequent protection of the resultant thiol moieties, via transient acetal or α-methoxymethyl ethers for example, would insulate their nucleophilic character during downstream processing.

While the elevated temperatures proposed for your aminolysis are conducive to facilitating nucleophile-electrophile conjugate addition, prolonged duration risks isomerization or decomposition pathways. A systematic kinetic study, evaluating conversion as a function of time, would help optimize the reaction parameters to maximize atom transfer with minimal unproductive side reactions.

Cleavage of the resultant thiol protecting groups under bench-stable chemical or enzyme-based reductive protocols would furnish the desired product(s) in their exposed, functional thiol form.

In closing, the strategy outlined adheres to best practices in disulfide activation, functional group manipulation and reaction optimization methodologies.

Why are so many methods and no answers the same? Other papers also mention the different results. What is actually the correct answer?

Carbonyl and amino group can easily generate Schiff base (imine), the reaction is a dehydration reaction, the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the reactants have no effect on the reaction, please note:

Crafting a comprehensive review on photocatalysis using cobalt oxide nanoparticles requires careful planning and organization. Below, I have outlined a step-by-step guide to help you in this task:

Introduction: Start your review with an introduction that provides background information on photocatalysis and its importance in sustainable energy and environmental applications. Explain the concept of photocatalysis and its potential to address various challenges like water purification, air pollution control, and solar energy conversion. Also, introduce cobalt oxide nanoparticles as one of the promising photocatalytic materials and highlight their unique properties and advantages.

Synthesis Methods: Discuss various synthesis methods for cobalt oxide nanoparticles, including chemical precipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel method, and others. Describe the principles, advantages, limitations, and key parameters of each method. Include recent advancements in synthesis techniques, such as microwave-assisted synthesis or environmentally friendly methods.

Characterization Techniques: Explain the characterization techniques used to analyze cobalt oxide nanoparticles and assess their photocatalytic properties. Common techniques include X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV-Visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Detail the information each technique provides and how it helps in understanding the crystal structure, morphology, composition, and optical properties of cobalt oxide nanoparticles.

Photocatalytic Mechanisms: Elaborate on the photocatalytic mechanisms involved in cobalt oxide nanoparticles. Discuss the band structure, electronic transitions, and charge carrier dynamics responsible for the photocatalytic activity of cobalt oxide. Explain the generation, migration, and transfer of charge carriers, as well as the interaction between cobalt oxide nanoparticles and target pollutants or substrates during photocatalytic reactions.

Photocatalytic Applications: Explore the diverse applications of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in photocatalysis. Highlight their performance in degradation of organic pollutants, water splitting for hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, and other relevant areas. Present recent studies, key findings, and limitations of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in each application. Emphasize challenges and opportunities for further enhancement and optimization.

Factors Affecting Photocatalytic Performance: Discuss the factors that affect the photocatalytic performance of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. This includes the effect of nanoparticle size, morphology, crystal structure, doping, surface area, and surface modification. Also, address the influence of reaction parameters like pH, temperature, light intensity, and photocatalyst dosage. Explain how these factors influence the efficiency, selectivity, and stability of cobalt oxide photocatalysts.

Strategies for Enhancing Photocatalytic Activity: Present strategies employed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. This may include co-catalyst deposition, heterojunction formation, noble metal doping, ligand engineering, and hybridization with other materials. Explain the mechanisms behind each strategy and their impact on the photocatalytic performance of cobalt oxide.

Conclusion: Summarize the main points discussed in the review, emphasizing the significant advancements, challenges, and future prospects of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in photocatalysis. Provide insights into potential directions for further research and development.

Remember to review and revise your work for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Cite relevant and up-to-date research articles and review papers to support your claims. Good luck with your comprehensive review on photocatalysis using cobalt oxide nanoparticles!

Uniprot is a good website for researching specific proteins. For example, you can type phycoerythrin and it will pull up all proteins with that name. Each organism will have a separate entry. Then you can look at data that has been generated by other researchers on that specific protein, including size, function, sequence, etc.

Hi Mohd,

When teaching university-level chemistry, I'm all about mixing things up to keep students engaged. I blend visuals like slides and videos to explain complex stuff and love throwing in interactive activities – like group discussions or hands-on experiments – to make concepts stick. Real-life examples are my go-to for showing how chemistry is everywhere, from the lab to daily life. Oh, and questions are like my favorite seasoning – I sprinkle them everywhere to keep discussions flowing.

Cheers,

Prakash Yadav

Your response 'Powders were placed onto the SEM stub after ensuring the samples were thoroughly dried' is confusing. I'm trying to figure out whether your difficulties lie in the starting material (is it a suspension or powder?) itself or the sample preparation for SEM. As others have indicated a drying stage (either prior to or during the evacuation stage in SEM) is likely be responsible. I agree with Vladimir Dusevich that 'Cracks are the least of your problems'. If you had a genuine 'nano' system (100% < 100 nm) and prepared the sample correctly then you should be able to observe separate, discrete, independent particles < 100 nm. At the least you would be showing an aggregation of such particles if this aggregation occurred in the sample preparation stage.

I've been encountering similar problems lately. The initial concentrations of pollutants were higher evem after electrocoagulation process. I can understand such a scenario if the removal efficiency is 0 but it's quite complicated to explain.

However, thank you Mohamed Khedawy, I'm considering diluting the wastewater and trying the process again.

Reading the Sigma Certificate, I see 10-15% is the acceptable range, and in this instance, what was found was 11%, ie the product complies with the range. It is unclear from the information given whether the 10-15% range is active component, or impurity, merely that the tested sample complies with the requirement. Sorry, as i do not think this will not move you very far forwards.

Good afternoon Max,

According to my AI desktop, which isn't always as reliable as I'd like:

"The main difference between AEM (Anion-Exchange Membrane) and PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) is the ion that they transport. PEMs transport protons, while AEMs transport anions.

The main technical difference between AEM and PEM electrolyzers lies in the type of membrane used and the resulting electrochemical reactions that occur."

I only worked as a chemistry teacher in high school college for about 3years, the work experiment then are quite interesting to the students

"untargeted analysis" is fine, if the data are valid, but they are not in this case and using them as you suggest is invalid. In any case, now Mohamed Mahmoud has been provided with professional advice that he should not use the raw area % units from his analysis data outside of the one analysis method. To write any more would be repetitive and a waste of Mohamed Mahmoud's time as his question has been answered.

I wish you luck with your classes at school Jokin and thank Mohamed Mahmoud for his patience.

The pH of the solution is not stable and will drift upwards over time. I always prepare a fresh solution from the solid for each day's experiments.

You might consider natural products development project.

Do your students have a budget to work within? Home made equipment can be very cheap, and making and trouble shooting the equipment can be a valuable scientific lesson in itself. I only taught chemistry/general science for a few years (I was mainly a researcher) but cheap pH meters (the students can generate titrate curves for acids such as citric acid), thermometers, and multi-meters lead themselves to many experiments. I'll attach a project I designed for some students in the US.

Good luck.

Phil

To calculate the molar ratio of Mg:P and N:P from the given concentrations, we need to convert the concentrations from mg/L to mol/L.

The molar mass of Mg2+ is 24.31 g/mol, NH4+ is 18.04 g/mol and PO4 3- is 94.97 g/mol.

Let's take the first row of your table as an example:

So, the concentration of Mg2+ in mol/L is:

9363 mg/L * (1 g/1000 mg) * (1 mol/24.31 g) = 0.3852 mol/L

The concentration of NH4+ in mol/L is:

2138 mg/L * (1 g/1000 mg) * (1 mol/18.04 g) = 0.1185 mol/L

The concentration of PO4 3- in mol/L is:

18725 mg/L * (1 g/1000 mg) * (1 mol/94.97 g) = 0.1972 mol/L

The molar ratio of Mg:P is:

0.3852 mol/L / 0.1972 mol/L = 1.95

The molar ratio of N:P is:

0.1185 mol/L / 0.1972 mol/L = 0.60

I hope this helps!

In the case of struvite, the N and P refer exclusively to NH4 and PO4. So Mg:P == Mg:PO4 and N:P == NH4:PO4. The molar ratio is the amount of moles per liter. For struvite precipitatione the molar ratio of all 3 components is simply 1:1:1.

Struvite has the formula NH4MgPO4 x6H2O, so the N:Mg:P molar ratio is 1:1:1.

Hello,

I want to work on mxene, but I dont know how to draw it in materials studio. Is it possible for you to send me the cif file of M2C and M3C2 mxene ? Or tell me how I can build the MXene?

Good morning

which kind of paper do you have .. what is the research work .. and if we can contribute in the paper it self not only the APC .. kind regards

Aside from the already mentioned usage for computational chemistry, there is also potential for all experimental fields, but there it is crucial that the experimentators

While I'm not using AI on my data right now, I am eager to keep my data in an "AI-ready" structure so that when we decide to have a bot crawl through our data at some point, maybe a simpler AI of the year 2024 will already find something useful and we won't have to wait for a "careless operator handling" AI of the year 2030.

Dear James E Hanson

Thank you very much for your answer! Basically my polymer is PHB (Polyhydroxybutyrate) which I belive is not soluble in THF. However, I found this paper in which they did dissolve the polymer in Chloroform and used it on a THF-eluent SEC. I did run a few samples already and it seems to me that everything is alright!

This is not the complete list ... where are all the Human Resource Management journals, for example?

You have got a solution with a concentration expressed as w/w. 15% w/w means your solution contains 15g of TiCl₃ (0.082 mol) for 100 g of solution.  You need to know the density to convert it to mol/L, and then you can calculate the volume you need to get 3.24 mmol. If density is - as it should - 1.21g/mL (at 20 °C), then you have that 100 g of your solution correspond to a volume of 82.6 mL (82.6·10^–3 L). Hence, your molar concentration is C = 8.2·10^–2 mol / 82.6·10^–3 L = 0.99 M. Since C = n/V, the volume corresponding to 3.24 mmol is V = 3.24·10^–3 mol/0.99M = 3.27 mL.

This having been said, of course your recipe requires a weighed mass of 0.5 g of solid TiCl₃. By the way, sigma-Aldrich also sells solid TiCl3 (cat. No. 514381).

I hope this ah help!

Sayantan Mukherjee

Nanofluid is a technical term. For example, a dispersed system of magnetite nanoparticles in kerosene is called a nanofluid. A dispersed system in kerosene is a heterogeneous system that consists of two phases of magnetite nanoparticles and kerosene . This system can be studied in chemical thermodynamics. The enthalpy and entropy of such a system cannot be theoretically and experimentally determined. You can only determine their change in some process. For example, we can determine their change if we study the process of compression of such a system from atmospheric pressure to 100 atm.

The entanglement of nanofluids is related to quantum mechanics.

A heterogeneous system of surfactant/water spherical micelles can be attributed to nanofluids. Such a system may have quantum entanglement. It is too long to explain this process on these pages. One must first understand the entanglement of two quanta, decoherence, quantum fluctuations, Schrödinger's cats...

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Achievement Goal Theory is a psychological framework that aims to explain how individuals' goals and motivations influence their behavior and performance in achievement settings. The theory suggests that individuals adopt different goal orientations or achievement goal orientations, which shape their behavior and responses to achievement-related situations.

Students with a mastery goal orientation are primarily focused on developing their skills, mastering new knowledge, and improving themselves. While students with a performance goal orientation are primarily focused on demonstrating their competence and outperforming others.

Developed by John Nicholls and Carol Dweck in the 1980s and has been widely studied in the context of education, particularly regarding academic achievement among students.

محتمل

Hi Mariah,

for cross-national funding programs in your field, asking the respective embassies might help.

If you're interested in the acceptance rates for the Journal of Materials Chemistry C or any other Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) journal, I recommend visiting the official RSC website or the specific journal's website for the most up-to-date information. Journals often publish their acceptance rates or may provide information on their peer review process, which can give you a better understanding of their publication standards.

R = K[A][B]

Rahim,

They're certainly original.

But I've read the 'mission statement' of BEN, and can find no compelling reason to submit work there.

Indeed, here's one reason to not submit to the journals run by Prof. Aydin:

I quote from:

"An artificial intelligence based English proof system checks the language of the paper."

Mmm.

Call me old-fashioned, but it shouldn't be too hard to find someone to read a submission who is a native english speaker.

I've used with great success for everything IR search: KnowItAll Analytical Edition Software - Wiley Science Solutions

I know this feed is old, but I'm working with CDK and trying to discern FP37 with a similar issue and cannot seem to find any resources on the matter.

Have you found a suitable reference since posting this?

Thanks in advance!

To prepare 1000 ppm of Cd (112.411 g/mol) using CdCl2 (183.32 g/mol - 99%) : 112.411/183.32 = 0.613 .

1 g (Cd) / 0.613 = 1.63 g (CdCl2)

So : dissolve 1.63 g of CdCl2 in 1L to make 1000 ppm of Cd (1g/L)

The question is of whether the cellulose might become soluble in aqueous based solutions such as some foods, when the utensils or containers are held together by the cellulose. A waterproof outer lacquer might be needed.

Cellulose analogues are used in medications as a binder/release timing instrument for the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Cellulose is also used in foods, such as grated Parmesan cheese, to absorb moisture to keep the cheese flakes from caking and so they flow properly.

Dear friend Atefeh Shiri

The wavelength of maximum absorption for glycerol monostearate can vary depending on the solvent used and the concentration of the solution. However, a study published in the Journal of Lipid Research found that the maximum absorption wavelength for glycerol monostearate in methanol is around 230-235 nm. (Reference: https://www.jlr.org/content/16/6/674.abstract)

It is important to note that the specific wavelength of maximum absorption may vary depending on the instrument used and the experimental conditions, so it is recommended to conduct a calibration curve using different concentrations of glycerol monostearate and measuring the absorbance at different wavelengths in order to determine the most suitable wavelength for quantification.

In the case where you are comparing two or more spectra or peaks and the absolute value of the absorbance is not critical to what is being reported, then arbitrary units should be acceptable. This is generally done to avoid unnecessary complexity in the plots of data.

Yüzeydeki silisyum dioksit tabakası temizleme sırasında oksitlenmiştir. Tabaka saf silisyum dioksit ile temizlenmeye çalışılmalıdır.

Dear friend Boeun Choi

Indium nitrate hydrate is said to be water soluble, but it does not dissolve well both in deionized water and organic solvents above 20 mM. One possible reason for this is that the indium nitrate hydrate is not pure (4.4 Solubility - Chemistry....). Another possibility is that the indium nitrate hydrate is not being dissolved properly. You can try dissolving it in hot water or by adding a small amount of acid (Indium(III) nitrate 99.9 trace metals...).

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any more questions.

Source:

(1) Indium(III) nitrate 99.9 trace metals 207398-97-8 - Sigma-Aldrich. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/ALDRICH/326135.

(2) Solvent properties of water (article) | Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/hydrogen-bonding-in-water/a/water-as-a-solvent.

(3) What Happens When Salt Is Added to Water? | Sciencing. https://sciencing.com/happens-salt-added-water-5208174.html.

(4) How can i dissolve Sodium Nitrate in organic solvents?? - ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/post/How-can-i-dissolve-Sodium-Nitrate-in-organic-solvents.

(5) 4.4 Solubility - Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Purdue/Purdue:_Chem_26505:_Organic_Chemistry_I_%28Lipton%29/Chapter_4._Intermolecular_Forces_and_Physical_Properties/4.4_Solubility.

Yes, there are several purine-based ionic liquids that have been described in the scientific literature.

Examples of purine-based ionic liquids include 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium adenosine monophosphate ([BMIM][AMP]), which was first synthesized and characterized in 2011 (reference: "Synthesis and characterization of a new purine-based ionic liquid: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium adenosine monophosphate" by L. Zhao et al., in Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 52, p. 1130-1133, 2011).

Other examples of purine-based ionic liquids include 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium guanosine ([BMIM][GMP]) (reference: "Synthesis and characterization of a novel purine-based ionic liquid: 1-butyl-3 -methylimidazolium guanosine" by L. Zhao et al., in Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 170, p. 63-66, 2012) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium hypoxanthine ([AMIM][Hpx]) (reference : "Synthesis and Characterization of a New Purine-Based Ionic Liquid: 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium Hypoxanthine" by L. Zhao et al., in Chemical Research in Chinese Universities, vol. 32, p. 157-161, 2016) .

Having tested a lot of essential oils for this specific purpose, I can ensure you that different essential oils give very different results. There is also a possibility that fumigation doesn't kill the adults but stops the developements of the eggs inside the grains.

Way of applying the product (fumigation, direct spraying...) also gives different results, so there is no easy direct answer to your question

Well, if your teacher said that the valence orbitals play the major role in the bond formation, that would actually be pretty close to most current models as the core electrons are just shifted a little in energy. Of course the frontier orbital method used in 1980s organic chemistry is outdated, or as Fleming's newer textbook phrases it, "had no [physical] right to function as well as it did", and of course there is the radical statement "there is no physics in orbitals", but when you ask people who insist upon that what they use instead, the room usually turns pretty quiet.

I wouldn't see this as a major problem in secondary education, though, especially since this question here was about laboratories.