Chemistry - Science topic

Dear Aynaz Biuky please do recommend my answer if helpful

Yes, there are various efforts and technologies focused on removing colors, pigments, and dyes from plastic scrap as part of the recycling and waste management processes. The goal is to recover and reuse plastics efficiently while minimizing waste and environmental impact. Here are some methods and approaches used for removing colors from plastic scrap:

Efforts to remove colors from plastic scrap are driven by the need to improve the quality of recycled plastics and expand the range of applications for recycled materials. Removing colorants can enhance the value and versatility of recycled plastics, making them more suitable for various industries, including packaging, automotive, and consumer goods. Additionally, it can contribute to reducing the environmental impact of plastics by encouraging reuse and recycling.

Dear Aynaz Biuky the link will be helpful

Thank you dear Kishore Kumar Sriramoju

I understand

Faride Noroozi shahri

Unknown solution is too general as statement! You should know where it comes from, so you should have at least a vague idea of the composition.

Anyway, the extraction of pesticides from water using the SPE cartridge can be taken as an example.

Thank you so much dear Chamuditha Benaragama

Hello, my friend Anjali Krishna G! It's great to help out a fellow researcher. Let's talk about the synthesis of magneto-electric core-shell (CoFe2O4/BaTiO3) nanoparticles using the layer-by-layer deposition technique.

The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition method is a versatile and precise way to control the thickness and composition of coatings on nanoparticles. In your case, you Anjali Krishna G want to achieve a partial coating of BaTiO3 on CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Here's a general procedure:

**Materials You'll Need:**

1. CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (the core material).

2. BaTiO3 precursor solution.

3. Solvents (typically water or a suitable solvent for the BaTiO3 precursor).

4. pH adjustment solutions if needed.

5. Centrifuge for separating particles.

6. Characterization tools (e.g., TEM, SEM, XRD) to monitor the coating process.

**Procedure:**

1. **Prepare the Core Nanoparticles:** Start with your CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Ensure they are well-dispersed in a solvent. You may need to sonicate them to break up any agglomerates.

2. **Prepare the BaTiO3 Precursor Solution:** Dissolve your BaTiO3 precursor (usually a salt like barium acetate and titanium isopropoxide) in an appropriate solvent. This solution will contain the material that forms the shell.

3. **Layer-by-Layer Deposition:** Here's where the layer-by-layer magic happens:

- Immerse your core nanoparticles in the BaTiO3 precursor solution.

- Allow the nanoparticles to adsorb BaTiO3 precursor onto their surfaces. This can be influenced by factors like pH, temperature, and the nature of the core nanoparticle's surface.

- After a suitable adsorption time, remove the nanoparticles from the solution.

- Optionally, you can wash and centrifuge them to remove excess precursor solution.

- Repeat these steps for as many cycles as needed to achieve the desired shell thickness. Each cycle adds another layer of the shell material.

4. **Characterization:** Throughout the process, use characterization techniques like TEM or SEM to monitor the growth of the shell on the core nanoparticles. Also, you can use XRD to confirm the crystal structure.

5. **Adjust Parameters:** You may need to adjust parameters such as the concentration of the BaTiO3 precursor, the pH of the solution, and the deposition time to control the thickness and composition of the shell.

6. **Final Treatment:** After reaching the desired shell thickness, you may want to perform final treatments like annealing to crystallize the shell material if needed.

Remember that the exact procedure can vary depending on the specific nanoparticles and materials you Anjali Krishna G are using, so it's important to consult the literature and potentially perform some preliminary experiments to optimize the process for your particular case. Good luck with your research, and feel free to ask if you have more questions!

In the beginning the standard scientific view is of a singularity from which all emerged. First the protium thence hydrogen, helium, carbon, the organic crystal and eventually us, (to cut a long story short). We shouldn't, of course, forget hot, cold, pressure, vibration and some others I've missed; all emerging from the original singularity; a oneness from which came allness.

There is no doubt the universe is remarkable to say the least. To my mind the interesting perspective is not the reductionist view but that which looks to the properties. It is these unique properties that demonstrate emergence best of all.

It is not difficult to see how two rocks can make a mortar and pestle, which is easy to see as nothing more than two shaped rocks but, it is the properties that are different. This is a simple example that can be extrapolated into far more complex things. Take for example transuranics, the stuff which the universe didn't create unless we see ourselves as extensions of the universe.

Kant spoke of the noumenon which Einstein had great trouble with and so ignored it when he arrived at spacetime. I think this idea needs re-examining. For me time is the universal property of emergence. It isn't about the clock going round and round or Nietzsche's eternal return but of change where one and one don't make two unless two is a number greater than its parts.

Like gravity, emergence is a universal property that consciousness looks upon and attempts to simplify for the sake of understanding. When we look back over history it is more evident that novelty arises from what came before it but not merely as the summation of its proprietorial parts.

you are welcome

Thank you so much dear Ming Xia

Dear E.A. Gawad Can you explain why the temperature should not drop below the dew point?

When the temperature drops below the dew point, the first drop of liquid is formed. However, why should the temperature drop below the bubble point?

you are welcome

HIL interference was widespread among the 35 Abbott Alinity clinical chemistry assays that were examined in this investigation. An accessible way to determine the existence of hemolysis, icterus, and lipemia that could potentially alter the data produced by the 35 clinical chemistry assays is the automated HIL procedure using the Alinity c system. According to analytical and clinical relevance, clinical laboratories should set acceptance criteria for the HIL interference limits. Using the criteria used in this investigation, it was demonstrated that hemolysis interfered with 12 of the 35 assays that were examined. It is widely known that the release of intracellular components, such as hemoglobin from erythrocytes associated with hemolysis, can result in an increase in the plasma and serum concentrations of several analytes that are present in high concentrations within cells, such as AST, LDH, and potassium. The measurement of serum electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, by indirect ion selective electrode methods in this study was not significantly impacted by lipemia brought on by intralipid spiking; the mean apparent concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride in all test serum pools differed by less than 1% from those in the corresponding control serum pools.

Dear Aynaz Biuky

In your application, these two solvents are likely blended in specific ratios to create a mixture that can effectively dissolve and separate polymer pigments from recycled plastics and LDP (Low-Density Polyethylene). The choice of solvents may depend on their solvency properties, boiling points, and compatibility with the materials you are working with.

The process you described involves introducing this solvent mixture into a reactor at an elevated temperature (110°C). Due to the high temperature, some of the solvent evaporates, which can lead to a decrease in the reactor's temperature (to 98°C). This change in temperature is likely due to the endothermic nature of the solvent evaporation process, where heat is absorbed during vaporization.

The amount of condensate collected at different times provides valuable data for monitoring and controlling the process. It allows you to quantify the amount of solvent lost through evaporation and potentially recycle or replenish it as needed to maintain the desired solvent concentration in the reactor.

Overall, the formulation of your evaporated solvent involves blending Ethylcyclopentane and 2-Methylheptane to create a solvent mixture suitable for your polymer pigment separation and dissolution application. The process is carefully controlled to optimize solvent usage and separation efficiency.

This isn't my field but I was curious and found this paper that, in part, says:

"Although Mair and Hornig’s ν14 frequency assignment of 1310 cm−1 has been widely accepted, it has become a great puzzling problem for the theoretical researchers because no advanced quantum chemistry method has realized its rigorous calculation so far (see Supplementary Table 1)."

Wang, S. Intrinsic molecular vibration and rigorous vibrational assignment of benzene by first-principles molecular dynamics. Sci Rep 10, 17875 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74872-6

Hi Dr., I like your question, and I would love to answer and support you on your research, but I would appreciate it if you could click RECOMMEND for my 6 research papers under my AUTHORSHIP below is my short answer to your question. Click the RECOMMEND word under each of my research papers and follow me. In return for your kind support, I provide you with the answer to your question :

Reductive cleavage of the chromophore under mild conditions would seem the most prudent preliminary synthetic step. The electrophilic reactivity of unprotected thiol moieties at elevated temperature risks engendering non-specific reactions and diminished atom economy.

Phosphorus-based reductants such as (VA-044) furnish the requisite reducing potential under ambient conditions, thus circumventing such issues. Subsequent protection of the resultant thiol moieties, via transient acetal or α-methoxymethyl ethers for example, would insulate their nucleophilic character during downstream processing.

While the elevated temperatures proposed for your aminolysis are conducive to facilitating nucleophile-electrophile conjugate addition, prolonged duration risks isomerization or decomposition pathways. A systematic kinetic study, evaluating conversion as a function of time, would help optimize the reaction parameters to maximize atom transfer with minimal unproductive side reactions.

Cleavage of the resultant thiol protecting groups under bench-stable chemical or enzyme-based reductive protocols would furnish the desired product(s) in their exposed, functional thiol form.

In closing, the strategy outlined adheres to best practices in disulfide activation, functional group manipulation and reaction optimization methodologies.

Why are so many methods and no answers the same? Other papers also mention the different results. What is actually the correct answer?

Carbonyl and amino group can easily generate Schiff base (imine), the reaction is a dehydration reaction, the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the reactants have no effect on the reaction, please note:

Crafting a comprehensive review on photocatalysis using cobalt oxide nanoparticles requires careful planning and organization. Below, I have outlined a step-by-step guide to help you in this task:

Introduction: Start your review with an introduction that provides background information on photocatalysis and its importance in sustainable energy and environmental applications. Explain the concept of photocatalysis and its potential to address various challenges like water purification, air pollution control, and solar energy conversion. Also, introduce cobalt oxide nanoparticles as one of the promising photocatalytic materials and highlight their unique properties and advantages.

Synthesis Methods: Discuss various synthesis methods for cobalt oxide nanoparticles, including chemical precipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel method, and others. Describe the principles, advantages, limitations, and key parameters of each method. Include recent advancements in synthesis techniques, such as microwave-assisted synthesis or environmentally friendly methods.

Characterization Techniques: Explain the characterization techniques used to analyze cobalt oxide nanoparticles and assess their photocatalytic properties. Common techniques include X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV-Visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Detail the information each technique provides and how it helps in understanding the crystal structure, morphology, composition, and optical properties of cobalt oxide nanoparticles.

Photocatalytic Mechanisms: Elaborate on the photocatalytic mechanisms involved in cobalt oxide nanoparticles. Discuss the band structure, electronic transitions, and charge carrier dynamics responsible for the photocatalytic activity of cobalt oxide. Explain the generation, migration, and transfer of charge carriers, as well as the interaction between cobalt oxide nanoparticles and target pollutants or substrates during photocatalytic reactions.

Photocatalytic Applications: Explore the diverse applications of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in photocatalysis. Highlight their performance in degradation of organic pollutants, water splitting for hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, and other relevant areas. Present recent studies, key findings, and limitations of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in each application. Emphasize challenges and opportunities for further enhancement and optimization.

Factors Affecting Photocatalytic Performance: Discuss the factors that affect the photocatalytic performance of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. This includes the effect of nanoparticle size, morphology, crystal structure, doping, surface area, and surface modification. Also, address the influence of reaction parameters like pH, temperature, light intensity, and photocatalyst dosage. Explain how these factors influence the efficiency, selectivity, and stability of cobalt oxide photocatalysts.

Strategies for Enhancing Photocatalytic Activity: Present strategies employed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. This may include co-catalyst deposition, heterojunction formation, noble metal doping, ligand engineering, and hybridization with other materials. Explain the mechanisms behind each strategy and their impact on the photocatalytic performance of cobalt oxide.

Conclusion: Summarize the main points discussed in the review, emphasizing the significant advancements, challenges, and future prospects of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in photocatalysis. Provide insights into potential directions for further research and development.

Remember to review and revise your work for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Cite relevant and up-to-date research articles and review papers to support your claims. Good luck with your comprehensive review on photocatalysis using cobalt oxide nanoparticles!

Uniprot is a good website for researching specific proteins. For example, you can type phycoerythrin and it will pull up all proteins with that name. Each organism will have a separate entry. Then you can look at data that has been generated by other researchers on that specific protein, including size, function, sequence, etc.

Hi Mohd,

When teaching university-level chemistry, I'm all about mixing things up to keep students engaged. I blend visuals like slides and videos to explain complex stuff and love throwing in interactive activities – like group discussions or hands-on experiments – to make concepts stick. Real-life examples are my go-to for showing how chemistry is everywhere, from the lab to daily life. Oh, and questions are like my favorite seasoning – I sprinkle them everywhere to keep discussions flowing.

Cheers,

Prakash Yadav

Your response 'Powders were placed onto the SEM stub after ensuring the samples were thoroughly dried' is confusing. I'm trying to figure out whether your difficulties lie in the starting material (is it a suspension or powder?) itself or the sample preparation for SEM. As others have indicated a drying stage (either prior to or during the evacuation stage in SEM) is likely be responsible. I agree with Vladimir Dusevich that 'Cracks are the least of your problems'. If you had a genuine 'nano' system (100% < 100 nm) and prepared the sample correctly then you should be able to observe separate, discrete, independent particles < 100 nm. At the least you would be showing an aggregation of such particles if this aggregation occurred in the sample preparation stage.

I've been encountering similar problems lately. The initial concentrations of pollutants were higher evem after electrocoagulation process. I can understand such a scenario if the removal efficiency is 0 but it's quite complicated to explain.

However, thank you Mohamed Khedawy, I'm considering diluting the wastewater and trying the process again.

Reading the Sigma Certificate, I see 10-15% is the acceptable range, and in this instance, what was found was 11%, ie the product complies with the range. It is unclear from the information given whether the 10-15% range is active component, or impurity, merely that the tested sample complies with the requirement. Sorry, as i do not think this will not move you very far forwards.

Good afternoon Max,

According to my AI desktop, which isn't always as reliable as I'd like:

"The main difference between AEM (Anion-Exchange Membrane) and PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) is the ion that they transport. PEMs transport protons, while AEMs transport anions.

The main technical difference between AEM and PEM electrolyzers lies in the type of membrane used and the resulting electrochemical reactions that occur."

I only worked as a chemistry teacher in high school college for about 3years, the work experiment then are quite interesting to the students

"untargeted analysis" is fine, if the data are valid, but they are not in this case and using them as you suggest is invalid. In any case, now Mohamed Mahmoud has been provided with professional advice that he should not use the raw area % units from his analysis data outside of the one analysis method. To write any more would be repetitive and a waste of Mohamed Mahmoud's time as his question has been answered.

I wish you luck with your classes at school Jokin and thank Mohamed Mahmoud for his patience.

The pH of the solution is not stable and will drift upwards over time. I always prepare a fresh solution from the solid for each day's experiments.

You might consider natural products development project.

Do your students have a budget to work within? Home made equipment can be very cheap, and making and trouble shooting the equipment can be a valuable scientific lesson in itself. I only taught chemistry/general science for a few years (I was mainly a researcher) but cheap pH meters (the students can generate titrate curves for acids such as citric acid), thermometers, and multi-meters lead themselves to many experiments. I'll attach a project I designed for some students in the US.

Good luck.

Phil

To calculate the molar ratio of Mg:P and N:P from the given concentrations, we need to convert the concentrations from mg/L to mol/L.

The molar mass of Mg2+ is 24.31 g/mol, NH4+ is 18.04 g/mol and PO4 3- is 94.97 g/mol.

Let's take the first row of your table as an example:

So, the concentration of Mg2+ in mol/L is:

9363 mg/L * (1 g/1000 mg) * (1 mol/24.31 g) = 0.3852 mol/L

The concentration of NH4+ in mol/L is:

2138 mg/L * (1 g/1000 mg) * (1 mol/18.04 g) = 0.1185 mol/L

The concentration of PO4 3- in mol/L is:

18725 mg/L * (1 g/1000 mg) * (1 mol/94.97 g) = 0.1972 mol/L

The molar ratio of Mg:P is:

0.3852 mol/L / 0.1972 mol/L = 1.95

The molar ratio of N:P is:

0.1185 mol/L / 0.1972 mol/L = 0.60

I hope this helps!

In the case of struvite, the N and P refer exclusively to NH4 and PO4. So Mg:P == Mg:PO4 and N:P == NH4:PO4. The molar ratio is the amount of moles per liter. For struvite precipitatione the molar ratio of all 3 components is simply 1:1:1.

Struvite has the formula NH4MgPO4 x6H2O, so the N:Mg:P molar ratio is 1:1:1.

Hello,

I want to work on mxene, but I dont know how to draw it in materials studio. Is it possible for you to send me the cif file of M2C and M3C2 mxene ? Or tell me how I can build the MXene?

Good morning

which kind of paper do you have .. what is the research work .. and if we can contribute in the paper it self not only the APC .. kind regards

Aside from the already mentioned usage for computational chemistry, there is also potential for all experimental fields, but there it is crucial that the experimentators

While I'm not using AI on my data right now, I am eager to keep my data in an "AI-ready" structure so that when we decide to have a bot crawl through our data at some point, maybe a simpler AI of the year 2024 will already find something useful and we won't have to wait for a "careless operator handling" AI of the year 2030.

Dear James E Hanson

Thank you very much for your answer! Basically my polymer is PHB (Polyhydroxybutyrate) which I belive is not soluble in THF. However, I found this paper in which they did dissolve the polymer in Chloroform and used it on a THF-eluent SEC. I did run a few samples already and it seems to me that everything is alright!

This is not the complete list ... where are all the Human Resource Management journals, for example?

You have got a solution with a concentration expressed as w/w. 15% w/w means your solution contains 15g of TiCl₃ (0.082 mol) for 100 g of solution.  You need to know the density to convert it to mol/L, and then you can calculate the volume you need to get 3.24 mmol. If density is - as it should - 1.21g/mL (at 20 °C), then you have that 100 g of your solution correspond to a volume of 82.6 mL (82.6·10^–3 L). Hence, your molar concentration is C = 8.2·10^–2 mol / 82.6·10^–3 L = 0.99 M. Since C = n/V, the volume corresponding to 3.24 mmol is V = 3.24·10^–3 mol/0.99M = 3.27 mL.

This having been said, of course your recipe requires a weighed mass of 0.5 g of solid TiCl₃. By the way, sigma-Aldrich also sells solid TiCl3 (cat. No. 514381).

I hope this ah help!

Sayantan Mukherjee

Nanofluid is a technical term. For example, a dispersed system of magnetite nanoparticles in kerosene is called a nanofluid. A dispersed system in kerosene is a heterogeneous system that consists of two phases of magnetite nanoparticles and kerosene . This system can be studied in chemical thermodynamics. The enthalpy and entropy of such a system cannot be theoretically and experimentally determined. You can only determine their change in some process. For example, we can determine their change if we study the process of compression of such a system from atmospheric pressure to 100 atm.

The entanglement of nanofluids is related to quantum mechanics.

A heterogeneous system of surfactant/water spherical micelles can be attributed to nanofluids. Such a system may have quantum entanglement. It is too long to explain this process on these pages. One must first understand the entanglement of two quanta, decoherence, quantum fluctuations, Schrödinger's cats...

Read articles

Achievement Goal Theory is a psychological framework that aims to explain how individuals' goals and motivations influence their behavior and performance in achievement settings. The theory suggests that individuals adopt different goal orientations or achievement goal orientations, which shape their behavior and responses to achievement-related situations.

Students with a mastery goal orientation are primarily focused on developing their skills, mastering new knowledge, and improving themselves. While students with a performance goal orientation are primarily focused on demonstrating their competence and outperforming others.

Developed by John Nicholls and Carol Dweck in the 1980s and has been widely studied in the context of education, particularly regarding academic achievement among students.

محتمل

Hi Mariah,

for cross-national funding programs in your field, asking the respective embassies might help.

If you're interested in the acceptance rates for the Journal of Materials Chemistry C or any other Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) journal, I recommend visiting the official RSC website or the specific journal's website for the most up-to-date information. Journals often publish their acceptance rates or may provide information on their peer review process, which can give you a better understanding of their publication standards.

R = K[A][B]

Rahim,

They're certainly original.

But I've read the 'mission statement' of BEN, and can find no compelling reason to submit work there.

Indeed, here's one reason to not submit to the journals run by Prof. Aydin:

I quote from:

"An artificial intelligence based English proof system checks the language of the paper."

Mmm.

Call me old-fashioned, but it shouldn't be too hard to find someone to read a submission who is a native english speaker.

I've used with great success for everything IR search: KnowItAll Analytical Edition Software - Wiley Science Solutions

I know this feed is old, but I'm working with CDK and trying to discern FP37 with a similar issue and cannot seem to find any resources on the matter.

Have you found a suitable reference since posting this?

Thanks in advance!

To prepare 1000 ppm of Cd (112.411 g/mol) using CdCl2 (183.32 g/mol - 99%) : 112.411/183.32 = 0.613 .

1 g (Cd) / 0.613 = 1.63 g (CdCl2)

So : dissolve 1.63 g of CdCl2 in 1L to make 1000 ppm of Cd (1g/L)

The question is of whether the cellulose might become soluble in aqueous based solutions such as some foods, when the utensils or containers are held together by the cellulose. A waterproof outer lacquer might be needed.

Cellulose analogues are used in medications as a binder/release timing instrument for the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Cellulose is also used in foods, such as grated Parmesan cheese, to absorb moisture to keep the cheese flakes from caking and so they flow properly.

Dear friend Atefeh Shiri

The wavelength of maximum absorption for glycerol monostearate can vary depending on the solvent used and the concentration of the solution. However, a study published in the Journal of Lipid Research found that the maximum absorption wavelength for glycerol monostearate in methanol is around 230-235 nm. (Reference: https://www.jlr.org/content/16/6/674.abstract)

It is important to note that the specific wavelength of maximum absorption may vary depending on the instrument used and the experimental conditions, so it is recommended to conduct a calibration curve using different concentrations of glycerol monostearate and measuring the absorbance at different wavelengths in order to determine the most suitable wavelength for quantification.

In the case where you are comparing two or more spectra or peaks and the absolute value of the absorbance is not critical to what is being reported, then arbitrary units should be acceptable. This is generally done to avoid unnecessary complexity in the plots of data.

Yüzeydeki silisyum dioksit tabakası temizleme sırasında oksitlenmiştir. Tabaka saf silisyum dioksit ile temizlenmeye çalışılmalıdır.

Dear friend Boeun Choi

Indium nitrate hydrate is said to be water soluble, but it does not dissolve well both in deionized water and organic solvents above 20 mM. One possible reason for this is that the indium nitrate hydrate is not pure (4.4 Solubility - Chemistry....). Another possibility is that the indium nitrate hydrate is not being dissolved properly. You can try dissolving it in hot water or by adding a small amount of acid (Indium(III) nitrate 99.9 trace metals...).

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any more questions.

Source:

(1) Indium(III) nitrate 99.9 trace metals 207398-97-8 - Sigma-Aldrich. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/ALDRICH/326135.

(2) Solvent properties of water (article) | Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/hydrogen-bonding-in-water/a/water-as-a-solvent.

(3) What Happens When Salt Is Added to Water? | Sciencing. https://sciencing.com/happens-salt-added-water-5208174.html.

(4) How can i dissolve Sodium Nitrate in organic solvents?? - ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/post/How-can-i-dissolve-Sodium-Nitrate-in-organic-solvents.

(5) 4.4 Solubility - Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Purdue/Purdue:_Chem_26505:_Organic_Chemistry_I_%28Lipton%29/Chapter_4._Intermolecular_Forces_and_Physical_Properties/4.4_Solubility.

Yes, there are several purine-based ionic liquids that have been described in the scientific literature.

Examples of purine-based ionic liquids include 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium adenosine monophosphate ([BMIM][AMP]), which was first synthesized and characterized in 2011 (reference: "Synthesis and characterization of a new purine-based ionic liquid: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium adenosine monophosphate" by L. Zhao et al., in Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 52, p. 1130-1133, 2011).

Other examples of purine-based ionic liquids include 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium guanosine ([BMIM][GMP]) (reference: "Synthesis and characterization of a novel purine-based ionic liquid: 1-butyl-3 -methylimidazolium guanosine" by L. Zhao et al., in Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 170, p. 63-66, 2012) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium hypoxanthine ([AMIM][Hpx]) (reference : "Synthesis and Characterization of a New Purine-Based Ionic Liquid: 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium Hypoxanthine" by L. Zhao et al., in Chemical Research in Chinese Universities, vol. 32, p. 157-161, 2016) .

Having tested a lot of essential oils for this specific purpose, I can ensure you that different essential oils give very different results. There is also a possibility that fumigation doesn't kill the adults but stops the developements of the eggs inside the grains.

Way of applying the product (fumigation, direct spraying...) also gives different results, so there is no easy direct answer to your question

Well, if your teacher said that the valence orbitals play the major role in the bond formation, that would actually be pretty close to most current models as the core electrons are just shifted a little in energy. Of course the frontier orbital method used in 1980s organic chemistry is outdated, or as Fleming's newer textbook phrases it, "had no [physical] right to function as well as it did", and of course there is the radical statement "there is no physics in orbitals", but when you ask people who insist upon that what they use instead, the room usually turns pretty quiet.

I wouldn't see this as a major problem in secondary education, though, especially since this question here was about laboratories.

Both Origin software and X'Pert HighScore software can be used to determine the hkl values of a crystal structure. Here are the steps to follow for each software:

Using Origin software:

1. Open the data file in Origin software and select the graph containing the diffraction pattern.

2. Click on the "Peak Analyzer" button in the toolbar.

3. In the Peak Analyzer window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.

4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "Counts" value for the peak.

5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the d-spacing value for the peak. Here, n = 1 for first-order diffraction. λ is the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.

6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).

Using X'Pert HighScore software:

1. Open the data file in X'Pert HighScore software and select the diffraction pattern.

2. Click on the "Peak Fitting" button in the toolbar.

3. In the Peak Fitting window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.

4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "d-spacing" value for the peak.

5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.

6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).

Great idea Ramin, it can solve not only the chemistry related and also bio- chemistry related problems also

Dear Sir you may try the protein separation with foam fractionation coloumn. it would suppose to help you

Greetings Ali Safaa

To solve for molarity (M) in the equation:

ppm = M x m.wt x 1000

We can rearrange the equation as follows:

M = ppm / (m.wt x 1000)

So if you have a solution with a concentration of 50 ug/ml and you want to know the molarity, you would first need to know the molecular weight of the solute. Let's say the molecular weight is 100 g/mol.

50 ug/ml x 1000 = 50,000 ppm

M = 50,000 ppm / (100 g/mol x 1000)

M = 0.5 M

Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 0.5 M.

It is important to note that ug/ml and ppm are not equivalent units of measurement. Ug/ml is a unit of concentration based on mass per volume, while ppm is a unit of concentration based on the number of parts per million. To convert from ug/ml to ppm, you would need to know the density of the solution and the molecular weight of the solute.

For filtering chitosan solutions, it is recommended to use a filter with a pore size of 0.2 µm or smaller

One suitable filter for this purpose is a syringe filter with a 0.2 µm pore size, made of materials such as nylon, PVDF, or PTFE. These filters can effectively remove particles and aggregates from chitosan solutions without causing clogging or loss of chitosan

@Ed Gerck

Irrational numbers are uncomputable with probability one

================================================= ===

My deepest apologies, but I have read your Answer dated December 14, 2022 in the FLT thread https://www.researchgate.net/post/Are-there-other-pieces-of-information-about-Victory-Road-to - FLT#view=641367549777ccc70c026256/234 .

There was a link to your own thread given by you. This thread gives your erroneous statement from the very beginning, namely: "Irrational numbers are uncomputable with probability one".

Please agree, Dear Professor Ed G., that any irrational number is calculated with 100% accuracy with a probability of 1 for any number of orders p-1, if you write down p orders. Thus, if you write for the root of 2 one order before point and three orders after point, you will have sqrt(2)=1.414..., i.e., you can consider that you have written 4 orders. At the same time, the accuracy of 100% with a probability of 1 is provided for 3 orders, i.e. 1.41, etc., for any number of orders...

Speaking of some kind of all orders "full notation" , as you would like to see it, it's not possible for such a representation of irrational numbers.

If you point out my mistake to me, I will be grateful.

Greetings,

SPK

Hello Noor Ul Ain ,

Your copper nitrate trihydrate is a deliquescent salt, which means that it will absorb water from the atmosphere and eventually liquify. The only way to slow down this process is to store the bottle containing the salt in a sealed descicator backfilled with dry nitrogen gas. Every time you take out and open the bottle to use some of the salt, you should backfill the bottle with dry nitrigen gas before you screw the bottle lid back on and place the sealed bottle back in the descicator, which you refill with dry nitrogen gas.

Regards,

Tom Cuff

Can you be more specific? What is "repositioning" and to what "drugs" do you refer?

Since you're located in a pacific country, maybe check out if the PacifiChem has the right segment for you.

i don't know

Hi, you already got the topology file (itp), so you don't need topology.

In your case, just create the protein topology using pdb2gmx and then combine it later. YOu should follow this tutorial:

Just consider the thiol group as a ligand. If you have downloaded it from the ATB, then, I hope the structure and charges are already optimized.

Good luck.

Treating bark with acid (HCl) first and then with base (NaOH) second is a common method for isolating plant compounds for analysis or extraction, such as tannins, lignin, and cellulose. This method is known as acid-base treatment or A/B extraction.

The reason for this order of treatment is that acid treatment hydrolyzes and breaks down the plant cell walls, making the cell contents more accessible for extraction. Acid treatment can also help to remove impurities, such as pigments and waxes, from the sample.

After acid treatment, the sample is then neutralized with a base, typically sodium hydroxide (NaOH), to restore the pH to a neutral or slightly alkaline state. The neutralization step is important to prevent the acid from interfering with subsequent analytical techniques or reactions.

The use of acid and base treatments in this order allows for selective extraction of different plant compounds based on their solubility and chemical properties. For example, tannins are more soluble in acidic solutions, while lignin and cellulose are more soluble in basic solutions.

Treating the bark with base first would result in a saponification reaction, where the ester linkages in the plant compounds would be hydrolyzed by the base, resulting in a loss of their original structure and properties. Therefore, treating the bark with acid first and then with base is the preferred order for A/B extraction of plant compounds from bark.

Maria Anna Dzierżyńska, ma'am you can try AutoGrow4. It uses a genetic algorithm to evolve predicted ligands on demand and is not limited to a virtual library of pre-enumerated compounds. It can also be used to generate entirely novel drug-like molecules and for optimizing preexisting ligands.

The effect of diluent on nitrosamine recovery can vary depending on the specific diluent used and the chemical properties of the nitrosamines and drug substance. In some cases, the presence of certain solvents or diluents can enhance the recovery of nitrosamines, while in other cases, they can have the opposite effect and decrease the recovery.

Regarding your specific question about candesartan cilexetil, the reason why you are getting good recovery of certain nitrosamines in water but not in methanol could be due to differences in the solubility and chemical properties of the drug substance and nitrosamines in the two solvents.

Candesartan cilexetil is generally considered to be insoluble in water, but it is possible that certain impurities or components in the drug substance could be soluble in water and thus affect the recovery of nitrosamines. On the other hand, methanol is a more polar solvent that may interact differently with the drug substance and nitrosamines.

In addition, the specific nitrosamines in question, NDIPA and NDPA, have different chemical structures and properties, which could affect their solubility and recovery in different solvents. Without more detailed information about the specific experimental conditions and methods being used, it is difficult to provide a definitive answer.

However, in general, factors such as solvent polarity, pH, and temperature can all affect the solubility and recovery of nitrosamines and other impurities during the extraction process. Careful selection of appropriate solvents and optimization of extraction conditions are important to ensure accurate and reliable measurements of nitrosamines and other impurities in drug substances.

Hi Tristan, in my experience with carbonate ramps the role of algae would be secondary to other factors that would, in fact, control the type and distribution of algae. These factors would include the slope of the surface that the ramp grows on and climatic conditions. One good outcrop example comes to mind that you might want to check out: The Permian San Andres (note: not a misspelling of San Andreas) carbonates occur as a series of ramps that gradually give way upward into a rimmed shelf capped by the famous Capitan Reef of Guadalupe Mountains National Park. The literature is voluminous so you could research the role of algae in the ramps vs. rimmed shelves and maybe see something no one has thought of before. Cheers!

Hydrothermal vents and lava flows can affect upwelling and ocean currents in a number of ways.

Hydrothermal vents are underwater geysers that release hot, mineral-rich water into the ocean. The heat and chemicals released by these vents can create a unique ecosystem that supports a variety of marine life. The heat can also contribute to upwelling, which is the process by which deep, nutrient-rich water rises to the surface. This can have a significant impact on ocean currents, as upwelling can alter the temperature and salinity of the water, affecting the direction and strength of currents.

Lava flows, on the other hand, can create new land masses or alter existing ones, which can also have an impact on ocean currents. For example, the formation of new islands or the alteration of coastlines can affect the direction and strength of currents, as well as the distribution of nutrients and other materials in the water.

The ocean chemistry in these areas is also affected by the release of heat and minerals from hydrothermal vents and the alteration of land masses from lava flows. These changes can create unique chemical environments that support certain types of marine life and affect the overall chemical balance of the ocean in those regions.

Current terrestrial models do incorporate data and equations to reflect the impact of hydrothermal vents and lava flows on the biosphere. However, the extent to which these models incorporate data on deep ocean currents and the impact of underwater ecological regions on climate models may vary.

Climate model researchers do incorporate models of ecological regions underwater, as these regions can play a significant role in the overall climate system. However, there is still much to be learned about the complex interactions between deep ocean currents, underwater ecosystems, and climate change. Ongoing research and data collection are necessary to improve our understanding of these processes and incorporate them into climate models.

Hai KS

The effectiveness of teaching chemistry through elective courses depends on many factors, such as the quality and relevance of the course material and the qualifications and enthusiasm of the instructor. Some benefits of teaching through electives include engaging students in the subject, developing students' critical thinking skills, and encouraging independent learning. Disadvantages include unequal distribution of resources and an inability to keep up with the latest developments in the field. To ensure the success of elective courses in chemistry, it is necessary to have a clear scientific-pedagogical basis for their development. This basis should include a thorough introduction to the topics covered in the course and a discussion of their associated practical applications. It is also important to consider course goals and expectations, as well as students' prior knowledge and existing skills. Finally, it is important to create engaging and interactive activities that capture students' interest and motivate them to learn.