Science topics: Chemistry
Science topic
Chemistry - Science topic
Chemistry is the science of matter, especially its chemical reactions, but also its composition, structure and properties. Chemistry is concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds.
Questions related to Chemistry
Research chemists continue in their slow uptake of preprints. I've lately suggested one key reason for this unique behaviour of scholars in the basic sciences in two OA studies, one published by Publications:
and another by Insights:
What is your opinion on the origin of this delay? Has your team recently embraced preprint publishing? What are your favorite preprint repositories?
Thank you in advance for your insight.
Does anyone has an experience with sodium tert-butoxide? How dangerous it actually is?
Do I need to use a glovebox while weighting and handling it?
Do I have to dissolve it in THF at -30C or room temperature will also do?
How do you store it after the can is opened?
We have 100g of sodium tert-butoxide in total, the planned amount for my synthesis is ca. 1.5 g.
This is a graphical abstract image from one of the paper of eminent total synthesis chemist KC Nicolaou. Can anyone tell me how I can draw such type of image?
Please comment
Hi everyone!
I am working on different polymers and modifying them chemically and I want to write the chemical reaction. If I want to confirm whether the proposed chemical reaction is right or wrong, is there any software or something?
Thanks for your help!
Hi all,
To set things clearly: I am a PhD student working on the process implications of electryfing the ammonia production by replacing conventional SMR with Water Electrolysis. A part of my preliminary work is to assess the difference in theoretical minimum energy consumption. To do so, I have calculated a first approximation by summing up the reactions (SMR, Water gas shift, Haber-Bosch,...) and calculating the enthalpy of the resulting "total" reaction. I have done this for the "Water Electrolysis + Haber-Bosch scenario" and validated the minimum with values from the literature.
However, for the conventional "SMR + Haber-Bosch scenario", values from the literature are different. To be more specific, here is the energy minimum calculated in the following conference paper:
(...) the theoretical minimum of energy consumption for the process itself (represented by LHV of methane) is 22.2 GJ/t NH3 (...)
Conference Paper 2. Kirova-Yordanova Z, Energy Integration and Cogeneration i...
So here is my question: Why use the LHV of methane (instead the enthalpy of reactions) to calculate the energy minimum ? I feel like this is incorrect as I do not take into account the synthesis of methane.
Thanks in advance for any answers,
Antoine
Dear all
Hope you are doing well!
What are the best books in Materials Science and Engineering (Basics and Advanced)? Moreover, what are the best skills (or materials topic related) that materials scientists have to develop and to acquire?
Thanks in advance
^_^
This statement is claimed by
Simplistic notion of law of mass action or common ion effect cannot explain it . So what is the reason?
Please do not refer to the references on the paper
Kron I, Marshall SL,
May PM, Hefter G, and Konigsberger E (1995) The ionic product of water
in highly concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions. Monatshefte für
Chemie 126: 819–837.
Dear all,
what are the possible instruments to use to obtain the purity of a powder (NaCl sold in a pellet form) (has 99% purity or above)?
the cheapest instrument to the expensive one if possible according to your experience
Thank you in advance
Hello everyone. I need a little help here.
can we use essential oils to reduce chlorinous odor in a hypochlorous acid solution without decreasing free chlorine or pH value? any toughts and propositions are much appreciated
0.1 N concentration solution of both was taken, with HCl as titrant abd HPh as indicator. After reaching the endpoint of colourless condition, the colour reappears after continous shaking for 5 mins. even sometimes after 15 mins. How to be sure of that this much time is enough, for shaking to confirm completion of titration?
Kindly discuss your ideas and viewpoints on the origin of life and the RNA world hypothesis.
What are the contradictory views on why researchers are still unsure about the origin of life through RNA or such analogous molecular intermediate pre-cursors preceding its existence?
"The general notion of an “RNA World” is that, in the early development of life on the Earth, genetic continuity was assured by the replication of RNA and genetically encoded proteins were not involved as catalysts. There is now strong evidence indicating that an RNA World did indeed exist before DNA- and protein-based life. However, arguments regarding whether life on Earth began with RNA are more tenuous. It might be imagined that all of the components of RNA were available in some prebiotic pool and that these components assembled into replicating, evolving polynucleotides without the prior existence of any evolved macromolecules. A thorough consideration of this “RNA-first” view of the origin of life must reconcile concerns regarding the intractable mixtures that are obtained in experiments designed to simulate the chemistry of the primitive Earth. Perhaps these concerns will eventually be resolved, and recent experimental findings provide some reason for optimism. However, the problem of the origin of the RNA World is far from being solved, and it is fruitful to consider the alternative possibility that RNA was preceded by some other replicating, evolving molecule, just as DNA and proteins were preceded by RNA." - Robertson and Joyce
[This is as per the explanation by Michael P Robertson and Gerald F Joyce in the article: "The origins of the RNA world." published in the Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 4, a003608 (2012).]
The scientific community must resolve this contradicting conjecture through rational discussion and debate backed by strong experimental evidence on what must be the pre-cursor molecule to the Origin of Life if it is not RNA!
Good day,
i have a general question about tissue culture.
I have found the following recipe for Epipremnum Aureum "Marble Queen":
Leaf Explant: MS Medium + 4.54 µM TDZ + 1.07 µM NAA (Thidiazuron in Micropropagation of Aroid Plants by Chen and Wei (2018), p. 105, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8004-3_4)
Specifically, I have the following questions.
1) Do i only need to autoclave the agar with distilled water (I use a pressure cooker for this) and when the agar has cooled down a bit just add the MS, TDZ and NAA and mix it or do i need to autoclave the MS as well?
2) Will the TDZ dissolve in the agar water at all and how hot can the agar water be to add the MS, TDZ and NAA?
3) Is it even necessary to autoclave the water incl. agar (in the pressure cooker) if I clean all the jars with NaClO (sodium hypochlorite)?
Thank you in advance!
I am carrying out a Research on the effect of blended learning on senior secondary school students achievement and retention in Chemistry. Could someone
help me with materials?
i got my phd awarded recently in chemistry. i want to do post doctoral fellowship in abroad. i request you to suggest me a good country and at the same time a good institute with all details.
We are testing new chemicals for redox flow batteries. We consistently see this weird potential "x" with galvanostatic bulk electrolysis cycling experiments in an H cell, has anyone had this issue before? We have this same issue with the novel anolyte/catholyte chemicals we are testing, so we ran a bulk electrolysis experiment with Fc/Fc+ symmetric cell to see if the issue persisted (both with membrane and with fritted H cells). I see this potential crossover all the time with 100% and 80% SOC experiments, I'm going to test 50% SOC to see if the crossover remains. The reference electrode seems fine based on CV experiments, the reference electrode issues are the only thing I can think of. Isn't it theoretically impossible for the oxidation to start at a more negative potential than the reduction? I see some solvent loss over the period of the experiment. This is the first redox cycle and the crossover is consistent throughout the experiment.
Symmetric h-cell setup
0.001 M Analyte (Fc/FcPF6)
0.1M TBAPF6 in MeCN
10 mL Volume on each side
AMI-7001 selective membrane
BASI nonaqueous coralpor fritted reference electrode (0.01M AgNO3 in 0.1M TBAPF6 in MeCN)
0.27 mA for 1 h (100% SOC)
I want to prepare 2% solution of chitosan using 0.5 M acetic acid but need to adjust pH to 4. How can I do that? I added NaOH to the chitosan solution, precipitates were formed in chitosan solution.
Forgive some of my ignorance in the math for thermodynamics and heat exchange but my background is heavier in Chemistry and could use some help.
The project is to keep about 70L of water in an aquarium at 17C when the ambient temperature is 22C in the room. The original project built had the following set up:
(Top to Bottom):
1. 80x80x38mm fan running at 5700 RPMs and 76CFM
2. 80x80x20mm copper fin heatsink (0.5mm fin thickness and 40 fins with a 3.5mm bottom thickness)
3. 2-TEC1-12706 hot side towards heatsink, cold side down towards water block (Imax: 6.4A, Umax: 15.4V, Qmax: (dT=0) 63W, dTmax=68C)
4. 40x80x12mm water block centered under the heatsink (surrounded on the sides with 20mm styrofoam and 10mm styrofoam at the back)
5. ~26mm thick styrofoam
6. Wood base
• All power is supplied by an AC/DC converter (12V 20A 240W)
• Power to the system is managed by a W1209 Temperature Control Module (Relay)
• Water flow is achieved by a 4L/min water pump (slowest I can find)
This set up is only cooling the water to 18C at night and will slowly creep up to 18.7 across the day so I know this set up is not keeping up with the heat load. (also worth noting that output temp is about 1.5-2C cooler than input temp to the waterblock). My hypothesis is that the water does not have enough time in the water block for good thermal exchange or that the cooler is not creating enough of a dT in the water block to absorb the amount of heat needed to in that cycle time. The fact that the Aluminum water block has a 5x lower specific heat than water is what is making me think either more contact time or great dT is needed.
My thoughts were to swap out the water block for an 40x200x12mm water block and increase the number of peltier coolers from 2->5 and going with the TEC1-12715 (Imax: 15.6A, Umax: 15.4V, Qmax: (dT=0) 150W, dTmax=68C).
This is where is am lost in the weeds and need help. I am lacking in the intellectual horsepower for this. Will using the 5 in parallel do the trick and not max out the converter? OR Will using 5 in series still produce the needed cooling effect with the lower dT associated with the lower amperage? Or is there another setup someone can recommend? I am open to feedback and direction, thank you in advance.
I have a chemical I dissolve in DMSO. But if I put it in the centrifuge and spin it, all the chemical 'bits' will drop out of its dissolved state and form pellet on side of eppendorf.
Hey, I have been looking for it a lot. Are there sigma + - constants for meta substitution?
And also I couldn't find the sigma * constants.
ethanol can change chemistry of biochar. what possible changes could occur in biochar by washing with ethanol.
Hello all,
I am preparing a compilation file for doing MESMER calculations but I am having an issue. I am running some g08 calculations with acetyl and it seems like the transition state from for going to the RO2 to QOOH is unstable as the difference between the target energy and the calculated energy differs by about 0.1 - 1.1. There is too big a difference in the energy barriers between the RO2 and QOOH, but all other energies for the stationary points in the channels are comparative to the expected value. The IRC from the obtained transition state gave a significantly high "jump" in the potential energy graph. Would anyone happen to know what is going on?
We are planning to extract phosphorus from biochar by organic acids. If anyone has some procedure (concentration of organic acids & steps) please inform.
The common method for phosphorus solubilization efficiency measurement of soil microbes is zone formation in agar media (generally Pikovskaya media) but this is a qualitative study. However, there is also a liquid culture method with insoluble phosphorus in liquid media. The estimation of available phosphorus by ICP-OES is quite promising and precise.
Hello Community,
I am currently restarting my work on battery management systems, I plan to use Lithium Iron Phosphate cells for their better energy density and relatively better resistance to thermal behaviour than few other commonly sought after battery chemistries. I require some help with good materials or references to help me accomplish BMS for 2W EV. I see that there are Kalman filter based estimations available, but they seem complex and expensive in terms of computations such algorithms require to be implemented.
Kindly request the experienced fraternity to guide me to understand and implement SOX estimation for LiFePO4 Cells.
Thanks in advance.
Dear science community!
I need your help, please!
I`m totally disapointed and at a loss!
In 2020 (at the end of October) there were the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (ICoSiET 2020). Me and my colegues took part in these conference. As the result (like a result of any other conference) the thesis collection should have been published (at the 4th quarter of the 2020)). Unfortanately, these collection still haven`t publised (despite the fact that 2021 is already at its end).
So, I wonder, if there are anybody, who know something about this situation? Maby there are any of those who also waiting for their thesis?
We have wrote lots of messages to the organizators and the head of the university (in which this conference took place) but they stoped to respond us.
I think this situation shows disrespect for the conference participants. And I believe that such situations should be inlighted in our community!
Thank you, for your attention!
We are doing a fab process involving a patterned titania layer sitting on quartz. We now want to etch a few microns of the quartz underneath the titania, in order to "release" the slab. What could be a could wet etching chemistry to etch quartz without etching (too much) titania?
Heterogeneous catalysts (CaO, MgO, ZnO) have been shown to be less effective in low methanol and oil mole ratios. So, what is the best mole ratio for a heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification?
Can you please suggest some *primary amine protecting group* which one do not chemically disturb by *nBuLi* reagent.
I already tried with PMBCl and Boc
In *PMBCl*, it facilitate ortho direction by itself only.
In the case of *Boc* it doesn't stable, hence it cleave during the reaction and enhance the formation of unwanted side reaction.
I'm studying the chemistry of below listed protecting compound
1) TBDMS
2) Trimethylsilyl chloride
3) MEM
4) MOM
Please give your suggestion which one is compatible protecting group for primary amine in presence of nBuLi reagent.
I am looking for a topic to start my research in chemistry. something which is untouched so far or where research gap persists. A topic which has national and international importance. Completed my coursework so far.
I have synthesized the metal nanoparticles and I want to know that the size of magnets used for stirring purpose has any effect on size of nanoparticles so does the speed of stirring.
I am using commercially available vitamin A mix for a project. It comes in capsules and is very dense so I thought to dilute it with soybean oil.
The vitamin A solution has an approximate density of 0.8523 g/mL (I calculated this by filling 0.3 ml of the VA solution in a microtube and then weight it [minus the tube weight of course] and it was 255.7mg). Then I added 0.3ml of soybean to the microtube and mixed them. This allows me to easily use a micropipette but now I don't know how much vitamin A solution I'm taking each time (in 20ul of the solution for example).
I need this because I add the carotenoids to a feed and I need to know how many mg I'm adding.
This might have a very simple solution but the fact that is the oil is throwing me off. Thank you in advance.
Collected the FTIR spectra of an unknown polymer sample and tried to match with my database.
But it is not matching with any entry of my database. Indeed quite different from the existing entries. So please help me out in identifying its chemistry and how can I do it in future?
Dear experts
The study of metal pollution in continental rivers is it still a current topic and a primary research focus? What are the new research axes for environmental chemistry?
Thank you
respected all,
i'm looking for reacting gaseous reactant with a liquid reactant, resulting product is gaseous, please tell me how to do such reaction and collect product with accuracy.
If you have a substance of density x g/mol with boiling point y and one with density z and boiling point a and we make a 90% mix of 1 and 2, what is the resulting density and boiling point?
As well known
In almost all papers the experimental section is so short and not detailed for instance no clear weights setup and so on
Where can we find expanded detailed narration of experiments and methods
I have tried to cure the CNSL resin with a Hot air oven of 180 degrees Celsius. Still, I am not getting the proper solidification of the resin, the specimen which is kept in a Hot air oven is in a spongy state. I want to know the process/ steps/ procedure for curing the CNSL resin?
Hi! I have two small molecule structures, and I need to create a model of them connected by a bond. I have found plenty of software where I can upload one, and then add or subtract atoms one at a time (PubChem Sketcher, Avogadro, there are tons available as web tools or downloadable software) but I have yet to find one where I can upload two molecules and then... combine them. This seems like such a simple task but I've run out of ideas! I would love any suggestions. If you cannot think of any free tools, suggestions for paid software is also welcome.
In biodiesel production through transesterification, various of heterogeneous catalysts could be utilized. However, each heterogeneous catalysts are showed different yield. My question is What are the factors of heterogeneous catalyst that affect their activation during transesterification?
What is the chemistry behind chloropicrin used as a pesticide, as it available in three different formulation registered in Pakistan e.g. in one registered product it act as an active ingredient, in 2nd it as an inert ingredient while in third one it act as a warning agent.
Over the last few months, I have come across several posts on social media where scientists/researchers even Universities are flaunting their ranking as per AD Scientific Index https://www.adscientificindex.com/.
When I clicked on the website, I was surprised to discover that they are charging a fee (~24-30 USD) to add the information of an individual researcher.
So I started wondering if it's another scam of ‘predatory’ rankings.
What's your opinion in this regard?
I need to find a proper method to prepare sample solution by digestion for Pt-Pd-Rh elements from spent automotive catalysts. Any suggestion except application of microwave-assisted digestion would help me.
I have purified crude glycerol which is come from as a byproduct of transesterification. I need to know, the purity of the sample after purification. What methods can I apply to get the glycerol purity?
I'm working on metal-organic coordination complexes, I got a wavy and large NMR shifts for some of complexes which I anticipated as paramagnetic.
Can you explain the relation between paramagnetic nature and large shifting in NMR ?
As a byproduct I obtatin glycerol from transesterification reaction. I currently expecting to developed a handsanitizer from crude glycerol. My question is how I can develope a handsanitizer from crude glycerol?
I am engaged in purifiying crude glycerol made from biodiesel. As a first step, acidification was carried out with phosphoric acid, however, K3PO4 percipitate must contain inorganic salts. But, in my case, I did not see any salt after the pH of the medium dropped to 1. What is the reason?
Glycerol is the primary by product of the transesterification reaction which is in the biodiesel production. However, this crude glycerol have contaminated with various of compounds ( monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride, salts, FFA..etc). My question is, what are the possible value added produt that can be produced ny crude glycerol whithout a purification?
I am currently working with an experiment producing biodiesel from a heterogeneous catalyst. After the reaction I have to recover the catalyst after the reaction is over. I hope to use the centrifugal method to bind the catalyst to the surface of the centrifugal tube as a Pellet. However, I can not take the bound catalyst superficially.
How i can recovered this heterogeneous catalyst?
I'm currently working on my chemistry research proposal, focusing on the synthesis of ZSM-5 from natural resources (Kaolin and Clinoptilolite). However, I'm struggling to gather the needed reagents such as the SDA. Common SDAs used in published literature and studies are Tetrapropylammonium bromide and Tetraethyl orthosilicate, but these are expensive and hard to find. Can you suggest any alternatives for these? Thank you in advance.
I am just creating here a space for the discussions about the recent groundbreaking advancements in the synthetic organic chemistry and hence anybody can discuss about very recent and interesting inversions in organic chemistry including novel methods.
In transesterification some of heterogeneous catalyst such as BaO, SrO, MgO, and CaO shows different biodiesel yields. In general, BaO and SrO show high activity than MgO and CaO. My question is how these compounds do have different catalytic activity?
Several studies on combustion of bio diesel/petroleum fuel blends in IC engines and other power generation / combustion devices discussed extensively about the influence of fuel unsaturation on NOx emissions. A fundamental question arises on how we quantify fuel unsaturation?
I would like to start a discussion on the topic - How to quantify fuel unsaturation ? what would be an appropriate index to quantify unsaturation irrespective of the family of origin of fuels - like methyl esters, ether, alcohol , alkanes, alkenes, alkynes or aromatics or a weighted combination of aforementioned categories.
Our research group's take on this -
We have established a parameter - Degree of unsaturation that serves as a common platform across different fuel families (esters/alkanes/aromatics) to quantify the effects of fuel unsaturation, particularly with petroleum/bio-diesel blends. DOU can be evaluated based on the average molecular formula of the fuel alone without involving complex and expensive experimental procedures such as those involved in the measurement of iodine number and bromine number.
If interested, please follow the link to access the research work we have conducted at our laboratory to investigate the effect of fuel unsaturation on nitric oxide emissions.
Message me to get a copy of this article.
SNAP
How to use SNAP as a nitric oxide donor correctly? Is it possible to prepare a stock solution and store it in a freezer, and prepare the working concentration by dilution before application?
Or should SNAP crystals be dissolved immediately before use?
As I have read a paper on Vlab for molecular symmetry, I want to know where else this can be used?
Occasionally when handling wetted picric acid or saturated solutions some solution can be transferred to gloves or a very small spillage (a few drops) might need wiping up with a tissue. I then dispose of these gloves and tissues in the bin where they can dry out. How dangerous are these dry residues in terms of explosion? What is the best practice in this case? Thanks.
In the Lupine industry when lupin beans are detoxificated, lupanine goes to the wastewater. There is market for Lupanine and Spartein. But instead of extract they dispose of the brackish water in the sewers.
In the near future some non-biodegradable materials will be replaced in production processes for other, biodegradable. For example, plastics in the European Union until 2021 are to be withdrawn from packaging and replaced with other biodegradable materials such as paper or packaging produced from food, eg from cereals. But this is just the beginning of the revolution in the development of pro-ecological material innovations. This is only the first step towards the withdrawal of plastic as one of the main factors of littering the natural environment.
Do you know other types of examples already implemented or planned to implement projects to replace plastics with biodegradable materials?
Which biodegradable materials will be replaced in the future by plastic that is being phased out of production?
Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.
It is difficult to determine the volume % of Cpx, Olv, and Opx in mylonitic peridotites and very fine grained ones. Sometimes, Cpx, Olv and Opx % can be estimated from bulk chemistry based on CIPW norm.
I need trusted spreadsheet for CIPW calculation. Thanks so much.
Hello everyone,
Recently, I've been confused about how to calculate the needed weight equivalent from the hydrated salt MgCl2.6H2O (M.W=203.3) to match the final concentration of 1mM from the anhydrous salt of MgCl2 (M.W=95.2), in the same volume of H2O (1L).
Should I just keep the final concentration as it is for both of these salts and only use the molecular weight of MgCl2.6H2O (M.W=203.3), leading to this calculation >> g=M*M.W*V=1mM*203.3*1=0.2033 g/L?
Or should I use the conversion factor obtained from dividing the molecular weights of both salts (203.3/95.2=2.14), then use it to recalculate the final concentration for the use of MgCl2.6H2O instead of MgCl2 then calculate the needed weight within the same volume (1L) which will be 2.14mM*203.3*1=0.4351 g/L?
Hello,
currently I'm implementing a battery degradation model (for li-ion/LFP-tec) to an existing energy management optimization framework in stationary context.
Because stationary battery racks are often located in ground floor of a building where the environmental temperature is not fluctuating so much, I assume that the actual operating temperature of the battery might be in a pretty narrow range.
My question would be if that's the case and if yes about which temperature range we're talking. The idea behind is to decide how exact temperature-aging-dependencies should be implemented into the degradation model or if it is possible to almost ignore them because stationary batteries are operating in a very narrow range.
Unfortunately during my research I only found information about best suitable temperature ranges for specific battery chemistries or how temperature influences battery degradation until now.
Thank you very much in advance!
Best,
Antonia
With benzene ring as a typical aromatic structure, the uncompromising hydrogenation (ring saturation without altering the non-aromatic functionality such as the -OH and the -C=O) of benzene derivatives: phenol, benzyl alcohol, benzoyl moiety, aniline, etc. is well known.
However, little, if any, is documented about the reverse reaction. Have you come across or thought of the uncompromising dehydrogenation of the corresponding aliphatic (cyclohexane) derivatives to the benzene derivatives? If yes, please share your experiences, papers, weblinks, ideas, and so on.
Thanks in advance!
For my artificial intelligence study, I need to create a database of chemistry molecular compounds. So, I am in search of free open software or tools which can help to collect and create the database of the chemistry molecular compounds. Some suggestions or tips would be appreciated. Thanking you.
Given the absorbance spectrum, how could one calculate concentration using the slope (tangent) of linear part of that spectrum (e.g. from 300 nm to 450 nm is linear)
In the structure of many drugs, there is a carboxylic group
What is the significance of this group? Why should it exist in the structure of a drug?
Do you know any article or book or reference about this subject?
Thanks a lot
Greetings
It is very difficult for me to choose between these two majors for the master's degree
Although I think this is a question for many other students as well
Regardless of interest, which of these two disciplines do you think has a better future? Which has more job markets, in the US and Europe? Which one is more suitable for studying abroad? And which one has more income? Are jobs related to organic chemistry less than analytical chemistry?
Please share with me if you have information about these two fields and their job market.
Thanks
I understand that in a galvanic cell, electrons in the form of an electric current can reduce various ions such as Cu(2+) to Cu(s). I am wondering if this same chemistry would apply to redox enzymes, and if applying a negative charge to a redox enzyme could change it from its oxidized state into its reduced state, or if the reduction of an enzyme is more complicated than this and requires the necessary reactants. Thanks.
Yesterday I have read a news stating that The embryo fossil, nicknamed “Baby Yingliang,” was discovered in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province in southern China, and is believed to be at least 66 million years old. Researcher Dr. Fion Waisum Ma told the AFP news agency that the discovery is “the best dinosaur embryo ever found in history” (globalnews, 2021).
Although there were several discoveries of Dinosaur components such as:
Eggs
DNAs from thier remains
are frequently being discovered, Since the biotechnology development is in its Zenith at 2022, Why nobody has attempted to create a dinosaur?
What type of scientific constraints would be encountered in such a laboratory experiment?