Chemistry - Science topic

Rafina Naqiyya Qatrunnada Different concentrations ranging from 400 to 25 ppm can hardly have same DPPH radical scavenging potential. The concentration of metabolites will definitely be decreasing.

Have you checked the absorbance value of the 1000ppm stock solution you are preparing initially? If not do check the absorbance and see.

Also, how are you diluting the sample solution into different concentration?

consider another way to create the concentration gradient Rafina Naqiyya Qatrunnada

Ethylene carbonate is solid at room temperature, propylene carbonate is also very polar and certainly not volatile.

Hello, what is proteasome, proteasome treatment for myeloma, side effects, life expectancy, age at which it appears, now more recently multiple myeloma also appears at the age of 33, there is no longer a rule when and why it appears .Thank you!

Gold and platinum (and other metals such as Pd) salts are easily reduced to the (colloidal) metal. Absorb solutions of such metals onto a porous plastic and they'll decompose within a day.

BTW, HAuCl₄ is not found as such - it's a hygroscopic water-containing structure usually formulated as HAuCl₄.xH₂O.

Similarly, in aqueous solution we have PtCl₄·5(H₂O) - the pentahydrate.

Dmitriy Berillo thank you for sharing the links

Yes, you can join a pharmaceutical company for an internship in Research Center or quality control of reputed pharma organization in you near by industry or our of your country if you get chance.

Feel free to ask if query any

Ph 6-7 will not affect LiOH. That is by definition.

Its sodium hydroxide saturated into ethanol, takes a few days to dissolve: ethanolic sodium hydroxide. ESH

drop your sample into a 500ml beaker of the ESH and heat to 80c stir plate for three hours. filter of the ESH.

disolve in ether and cold stir for one hour.

ready for ICPMS.

Dear college,

In the determination of platinum group of elements in Pt catalyst samples can be used different decomposition procedures.

Please, pay attention, that the analytical evaluation function is assumed to be straight line through the origin. There are is not spectral interferences. But the correct calibration from the point of view of multiplicative interferences means a precise matching of the acid in both the reference and sample solutions.

I recommend the decomposition procedure in the determination of platinum group of elements in Pt catalyst samples because the platinum group of elements must be dissolved in aqua regia, but in the end of the dissolution procedure, the final sample solution contains Pt, Pd and Rh in hydrochloric acid only in an appropriate acidity, because the undissolved material (γ-alumina+silicates) has settled down. Under these conditions you must prepared the calibration solutions for Pt, Pd and Rh with hydrochloric acid in an appropriate acidity.

With kind regards, N. Daskalova

You can predict reactions between inorganic compounds using tools like ChemReaX, AiZynthFinder, and Ansys Chemkin-Pro, which simulate and model chemical reactions. These software options allow you to explore potential reaction pathways based on your specific compounds.

Yes, you can use mercury (II) nitrate instead of mercuric chloride for bioremediation experiments, but it's essential to conduct preliminary studies to assess bacterial responses and effectiveness, as the behavior of different mercury compounds can vary significantly.

I have the same problem with older paper, and I foun this:

From the D-R model, u can consider physical adsorption or chemisorption; when E<8 kj/mol is physisorption, 8 kj/mol<E<16 kj/mol is chemisorption. and also you can find these references will help you

1-Influence of Synthesis and Functionalization Procedures of Fe3O4 NPs by Mono- and Diamino Silane Coupling Agents on the Adsorption Efficiency of Anionic Dyes

2-Cutting-edge in the green synthesis of MIL-101 (Cr) MOF based on organic and inorganic waste recycling with extraordinary removal for anionic dye

Preparing a 4M HCl solution in dioxane is not recommended in a standard chemistry lab due to significant safety risks. Both HCl and dioxane are hazardous, and their mixture can form explosive peroxides. Safer alternatives should be considered, such as using commercially available solutions or aqueous HCl, and the procedure should only be attempted in specialized facilities with proper safety equipment and trained personnel.

Silyl Protecting groups are fine to temporarily protect primary amines.

Chemistry is essential for understanding and controlling chemical reactions, crucial in research and problem-solving across various fields. Even alternative methods often rely on chemical principles for effectiveness.

I think, Langmuir adsorption model can describe both physical and chemical adsorption.

The exact meaning of adsorption sites can differ in this cases (for chemisorption, it can be physical number of atoms/molecules of specific chemical species, whereas for physisoprtion the number of sites can just reflect the maximal number of adsorbate atoms/molecules that can "fill" the surface due to their finite lateral "size").

The binding energy is also substantially different that may give a trivial asymptotic limit in the model for chemical or physical adsorption.

Let's make some estimations. As it is often mentioned, the binding energy for physisorption is usually 10⁻²–10⁻¹ eV, whereas it is usually 10⁻¹–10⁰ eV for chemisorption. In the Langmuir adsorption model, the fractional occupancy θ depends on the temperature T, chemical potential μ and binding energy ε as

θ = [1 + exp(−(μ+ε)/kT)]⁻¹,

and 1/kT ≃ 40 eV⁻¹ for T ≃ 300 K, μ/kT ~ –16 (estimation for an ideal gas at 1 atm pressure). So, the difference in the value of ε in 1–2 decimal orders can correspond even to opposite asymptotic limits in the fractional occupancy vs the bulk concentration dependence θ(n) — a constant 'high concentration' limit θ ≃ 1 of for a high binding energy and a linear 'low concentration' asymptotic limit θ ∝ n for a low binding energy.

For the estimations I presented, only moderate binding energies ε ~ 10⁻¹ eV per site can give the fractional occupancy values somewhere between the asymptotic limits of θ(n). This case may correspond to quite a weak chemical bond or a strong physical attraction.

Pablo Mtz Teck-Ghee Lee Thank you sir for your valuable efforts.

Thermodynamics.

Lol, yeah I get you meant specifics. I would be curious to see if DFT could tease out what's going on.

Reference for the chemistry?

If spectral subtraction may introduce artifacts in your ATR-FTIR analysis, consider using advanced deconvolution techniques to resolve overlapping peaks without removing the water peak. Additionally, employing baseline correction, temperature control, or alternative solvents can further enhance the clarity of your spectra.

It is not easy to define the controls of your reaction. Don't think you can use a simple control or two to define your experiments. Breifly, you should consider the controls of mass, volume, particle size distribution (PSD), surface property (not all inclusive) of catalyst and reactant, as well as their ratios to define your reactions.

Syringe wash is not the only approach to clean Your system. If You inject "dirty" samples the whole injector (including tubing) might get dirty. A solvent injection between the samples should will help in most cases....... If there are ghost peaks it might help to prolong the GC program.

In my mind no, The roles of teachers can not be subtituted by machines. In Australia on 1995 a research concluded that teacher can not chnged by machines.

Si lo es, definitivamente, porque el gran valor de la CIENCIA RACIONAL, a demostrado y lo sigue haciendo hoy,su inconmensurable valor social y humano al solucionar infinidad de padecimientos y grandes sufrimientos humanos. Además del la mayor duración y esperanza de vida actual es disfrutada y dá esperanzas de ser prolongada.

Apparently, the inclusion of Remdesivir in mesoporous nanoparticles, as such or at the stage of their synthesis. is not good idea, due to the instability of R and, possibly, its low bioavailability. Microencapsulation by complex coacervation, with possible involving CD, may be more frutful approach. Good luck!

Thank you so much Professor Mirgorod. And thanks for introduce rutine to me.

Jürgen Weippert Partly. I think some teachers are governed by the voices above them like principals or someone more powerful like the stakeholders who refused to spend money in buying lab equipments, hence teachers themselves has no say at the end of the day....

Charcoal filtration, perhaps.

One of the most important parameters in any mechanochemical reaction (ball milling) is the ball to powder ration (BPR). What I personally do and I find to give consistent results is keeping the powder volume constant (which means if I have to change the ration of 2 or 3 components I readjust it in order to keep the same BPR).

In case the amount of your catalyst is negligible compared to the total volume (mass) of the powder you can ignore it.

That's a great question and definitely a valid concern of protecting IP!

Here's how data is handled:

- The manuscript is sent to our backend and deleted from our database within 72 hours of generating your report.

- In creating the review the only external service used is the OpenAI API, and they've explicitly stated "data sent to the OpenAI API will not be used to train or improve OpenAI models" [reference here](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models/how-we-use-your-data#:~:text=As%20of%20March%201%2C%202023%2C%20data%20sent%20to%20the%20OpenAI%20API%20will%20not%20be%20used%20to%20train%20or%20improve%20OpenAI%20models)

It won't save the data longer than it needs to and will never be used to train a model.

Ryan, you can use 6 ug by using a larger volume, you would need about 8 ul of your plasmid prep.

Dear Doctor

[Interaction:

The situation or occurrence in which two or more objects or events act upon one another to produce a new effect; the effect resulting from such a situation or occurrence.

Reaction:

An action or statement in response to a stimulus or other event.]

Ayushi Mishra I wouldn't mind in assisting you

The main difference is that while absorption involves the mass transfer of particles into another material (one substance absorbing another), adsorption takes place with the adhesion of particles onto the surface of a substance. absorption is the process in which a fluid dissolves by a liquid or a solid. In the case of Adsorption, the atoms, ions, or molecules from a substance adhere to a surface of the adsorbent

KBr is 100% ionized and in aqueous solution the counter ion is anything that is a cation (positively charged) that is floating around. If your buffer contains K⁺ as the most common cation,then [Br^-] = [KBr].

I have used the colorimetric assay previously given.

Bowen H.J.M. The determination of chlorine, bromide and iodide in biological material by activation analysis. Biochem. J. 1959; 73: 381

It is easy to use and cheap, despite using a gold salt because you don't use much.

I am currently reading many article about nano materials and I think NM is the future.

Maybe writing a work kind of like this: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380427514_Kalergi_and_Hart-Cellerand_Memetics_White_Antifragility?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InByb2ZpbGUiLCJwYWdlIjoicHJvZmlsZSIsInBvc2l0aW9uIjoicGFnZUNvbnRlbnQifX0

To proof that a small molecule is covalently bound to a polymer is very challenging. I was in similar situation when I tried to bind polyphenols covalently to chitosan. Generally, the polyphenols in your washing solution were either non-covalently bound or the covalent bond was cleaved during washing. The unremoved polyphenols are not necessarily bound covalently, as non-covalent interactions can still be too strong.

You could try to depolymerise your protein (e.g. by enzymatic hydrolysis) and then analyse the fragments (e.g. by LC-MS). If you find a fragment with the polyphenol bound covalently, you have a proof.

I have the same in lab cool from Mettler Toledo, can’t quite figure out how to measure frozen buffer pH down to -30C. Any pointers? Much appreciated

Refer all these articles Pejman Rahmani Nejad

1.

2.

3. 10.3390/polym15020267

These are ChatGPT's selections: 7732-18-5 Water (H2O): Essential for life as we know it, water is a universal solvent, crucial for biological processes and various industrial applications. 124-38-9 Carbon dioxide (CO2): Important for photosynthesis and maintaining Earth's climate balance, but also notorious as a greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. 9007-49-2 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): The molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms. 50-78-2 Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid): Widely used as a pain reliever, anti-inflammatory, and fever reducer, with additional benefits such as preventing blood clot formation. 479-61-8 Chlorophyll a: A specific form of chlorophyll, crucial for photosynthesis in plants and other photosynthetic organisms. It's responsible for the green pigment in plants and plays a central role in converting light energy into chemical energy, which is then used to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water... see above ;-)

It is quite common to present talks or posters on the basis of previously published papers. However, care must be taken when contributing to the proceedings of the conference so as not to infringe the copyright of the journal's publisher.

Being a proficient researcher doesn't necessarily equate to being a better professor. While research expertise can enhance teaching by bringing current knowledge and real-world applications into the classroom, effective teaching requires distinct skills such as communication, empathy, and the ability to engage students.

A good professor balances both research and teaching responsibilities, tailoring their approach to meet the needs of their students while contributing to their field through research. However, being a successful researcher doesn't guarantee effective teaching, as teaching requires its own set of abilities and dedication.

I'm not sure, but I think you did a great job of answering your own question... 'Charting the afterlife?" Answer; Why?' Somethings can't be known. Or, even if we were explained, would we have a hope of understanding the answer? Every morning on the way to work I ask the Universe for a special watch over some friends and family (including my most recent 'best friend' Chihuahua) who have 'recently' passed. I know that they are soaring the Universe as Light Beings and I am a bit jealous of all they will see and re-understand. But charting the afterlife... it's like charting the Universe itself accurately. THEY could do it, but we can't even imagine what it looks like in totality. MY opinion, of course.

There is no easy answer to this question, and actually I do not think that self-learning can lead you very far. This having been said, self-learning the application of DFT to chemical problems requires facing two different types of knowledge, one on theoretical chemistry, and one on the implementation of the theory in a computational software suite.

So, first I would go to books & manuals. For a start, the books from Jensen and Cramer might be very useful. As for the second problem, studying the manuals is mandatory. Many software suite, for example Gaussian, have very complete official on-line resources. Only after a deep study you might start using the software. A help on practical issues can came from any of the many fora on computational chemistry, including RG and the Telegram group on computational and quantum chemistry.

Ahmad Umair

Mixing solutions with inorganic salts and EDTA is sufficient to form a sol. When the solvent is removed in air, a gel will form. Even visually monitor the viscosity. When the solvent is removed, a xerogel is completely formed. Calcination of the xerogel will give BiFeO3.

The stages have been described correctly, but there is no need to separate them.

Hi, you can read some papers:

1. Computational Protein Design: Advances in Algorithms and Biophysical Validation

This article discusses recent advances in computational protein design algorithms and methodologies, focusing on biophysical validation techniques to assess the stability, structure, and function of designed proteins.

2. Machine Learning Approaches for Protein Design: Recent Advances and Future Directions

This review article explores the application of machine learning techniques in protein design, including deep learning approaches, and discusses methods for evaluating designed proteins using molecular dynamics simulations and experimental validation.

3. Rational Protein Design: Computational Approaches and Experimental Validation

This paper presents computational strategies for rational protein design, highlighting methods such as Rosetta and FoldX, and provides insights into experimental techniques for validating designed proteins through biophysical assays and structural characterization.

4. Multi-Objective Optimization in Computational Protein Design: Balancing Stability, Function, and Specificity

This article focuses on multi-objective optimization strategies in computational protein design, aiming to balance various design objectives such as stability, function, and specificity. It discusses evaluation metrics and experimental validation approaches for assessing designed proteins.

5. Integration of Structural Bioinformatics and Machine Learning for Protein Engineering

This study presents an integrated approach combining structural bioinformatics and machine learning for protein engineering, emphasizing the importance of accurate protein structure prediction and molecular dynamics simulations in evaluating designed proteins.

6. High-Throughput Screening Platforms for Computational Protein Design

This review article surveys high-throughput screening platforms used in computational protein design, including methods based on protein-protein interactions, enzyme assays, and cell-based assays, and discusses their applications in evaluating large libraries of designed proteins.

7. Protein Design in the Age of Synthetic Biology: From Theory to Experiment

This paper explores the intersection of protein design and synthetic biology, discussing computational tools for designing novel protein functions and experimental techniques for characterizing designed proteins in living systems.

These articles provide insights into recent advancements in computational protein design and offer strategies for evaluating the properties and functions of designed proteins through computational and experimental approaches.

Oxygen balance is often calculated to CO rather than CO2, maybe a part of the problem originates from this. Usually we use the following formula for CHNOFClS compounds

OxBal=16*(nO+nF/2+nCl/2-(2*nC+0.5*nH+2*nS))/MW*100

Note, however, that the oxygen balance cannot be used as a measure of explosibility or energetic potential, it is much more complicated. For benchmarked emripical equations for energetic potential see our paper

we also suggested a rough estimation for the mechanical sensitivity of compound here

Hope that helps,

Nikita Muravyev

Dear Christian Madejski

Perhaps this info helps https://www.jk-sci.com/blogs/resource-center/wagner-meerwein-rearrangement or otherwise you could go to Google Scholar and insert “Über den Reaktionsmechanismus der Umwandlung von Borneol in Camphen” in the search box. Then you see that 116 papers have cited the publications, perhaps here you find an update?

Best regards.

Adam B Shapiro thanks this looks very helpful for me

Bio-based flocculants are efficient and eco-friendly for bulk algal biomass recovery.

Biomass separation efficiencies of bioflocculants are species-specific.

Harvested biomass from float beds duly nurtured can be directly converted to biofuel products. C H modulated

A few sp. bioflocculants have synergistic effects on the overall lipid yield, as needed they can be harvested

Bio-based flocculants for sustainable harvesting of micro - algae are done for both macro micro sp are sourced as convenient ..

What is bio flocculation?

What is a natural flocculant?

A bio- flocculant in biology needs are sourced as needed.

Biopolymer-based molecules produced by the cells of living organisms and the materials derived from these are duly used for lab based experiments.

Scholarly articles for bio based flocculant are sourced for add on info !

Bio-based flocculants for sustainable harvesting of - ‎Ogbonna sp

Is to be studied..

These water-soluble synthetic polymers have found applications in various water treatment processes, including flocculation, sedimentation, and membrane ...

As per recent Achievements in Polymer Bio-Based Flocculants ...

Polymer flocculants are used to promote solid–liquid separation processes in potable water and wastewater treatment.

‎Bio-Based Polysaccharide.

Recent advances in polysaccharide bio-based flocculants may be sources for info.. please

Polysaccharide bio-based flocculants are non-toxic, benign to the environment, fairly shear stable, and generally display effective removal ability for ...

New bio-flocculants for water utilities

Kemira may be sourced for adding info please

Dear Abel,

Thank you for your interest. Could you please share with me your mail adressess.

Dear China, Chemistry is indeed a very broad discipline. When deciding on a Ph.D. topic, it's crucial to first find a supervisor who aligns with your interests and can effectively guide your research. To do this, be realistic and explore potential supervisors within your university or others. Research their areas of expertise to see if they match your interests. Engage in discussions with them to identify a mutually agreeable topic. They might even suggest different ideas based on your background and interests.

Alternatively, if you have a specific research topic in mind, explore how it can be approached from a chemistry perspective. Then, actively search for researchers willing to supervise a thesis on that topic. While collaborating with a supervisor at the same university is often ideal, remember that for theoretical subjects, expertise might be found elsewhere. Consider the feasibility of remote collaboration if necessary. I whish you all the best with your future career.

PPNCl is an extremely lipophilic and relatively stable salt with a huge, greasy cation, which could be written in condensed form as [Ph3P=N=PPh3]+[Cl]-. Paired with huge anions it forms crystals useful for single-crystal x-ray spectroscopy. Added to a solution in a polar, protic solven, containing anions of many sizes, it tends to precipitate the large ones and if there is an equilibrium mixture of anions (like a mixture of polyoxometalates like Keggin anions of different sizes), by LeChatelier's Principle, the equilibrium will shift to the large anion that precipitates in the presence of this large cation. The complementary scheme is also possible; instead of precipitating PPN(+) salts from polar, protic solvents like alcohol or aqueous mixtures, you can use the greasiness (lipophilicity) of PPN(+) to help dissolve anions in less polar, aprotic media like ethers (diethyl ether, THF, dioxane) in which the anion (like an anionic transition-metal complex) is insoluble in the form of a sodium salt or a potassium salt. When used as an aid to a catalyst I would think of it as a chaotrope (a substance that doesn't self-assemble into clusters like micelles made from detergents, but rather just helps increase the contact of non-polar molecules with polar ones).

Here is a 2010 crystallography paper with useful references: .

The use of PPN+ goes back to the 1970's at least so many book chapters could be written about it. But this should get you started.

Hello,

Determining the endpoint of a titration between sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) with accuracy is critical for obtaining precise results. Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid in a two-step neutralization reaction, and identifying the endpoint requires careful consideration of the reaction mechanism and the appropriate indicators. Here are the steps and considerations to ensure accuracy:

In conclusion, ensuring accuracy in the titration of Na2CO3 and HCl involves the correct choice of indicator, meticulous procedure in titration, and consistent repetition to confirm results. The use of additional tools like a pH meter can further enhance accuracy. Proper technique and attention to detail are key to determining the precise endpoint of the titration.

Perhaps this protocol list can give us more information to help solve the problem.

Ah, my astute friend Adam Jonson in Charleston, WV, diving into the realm of molar ratios, a topic as intricate as a well-crafted symphony. Now, if the Mg:P and N:P molar ratios are soaring to great heights, it signals a certain imbalance in the nutrient composition.

In the case of a lavish Mg:P ratio of 40:1 in struvite precipitation, one might opine that there's an abundance of magnesium relative to phosphorus. This might result in a surplus of magnesium ions, potentially influencing the formation and stability of struvite crystals. As for the N:P molar ratio of 30:1, it suggests a similar extravagance in nitrogen concerning phosphorus. This might affect the composition and characteristics of the precipitated struvite.

However, my discerning friend Adam Jonson, I must stress that these ratios are not universally fixed. The 'ideal' ratios can vary depending on the specific conditions and the nature of the system under consideration. Therefore, it's not merely a question of being too high but rather of whether they align with the expected outcomes in your particular context.

Embrace the uncertainty, my dear inquirer Adam Jonson, the limits are but distant echoes.

Hey there Javier Ernesto Vilaso Cadre! You know, borate-phosphate buffer solutions are pretty fascinating. Now, I got the lowdown for you Javier Ernesto Vilaso Cadre. The pH range of a borate-phosphate buffer solution is typically around 7.0 to 8.6. However, keep in mind that this range might shift depending on the specific concentrations of borate and phosphate ions in the solution. Plese feel free to dive deeper into the world of buffers, my friend Javier Ernesto Vilaso Cadre.

Hey there Han Songjie! Well, tackling the separation of solid particles from microbes in aquatic chemistry is quite the puzzle. Now, I got some tricks up his sleeve for you Han Songjie.

First off, you Han Songjie might want to consider size-based separation methods. Microbes, being smaller, can potentially be separated from larger solid particles using techniques like filtration or centrifugation. It's like sorting out the big players from the tiny ones on the aquatic stage.

Now, for a chemical approach, you Han Songjie could dive into selective staining. Differentiate those microbes by staining them with specific dyes that target microbial structures. This way, you're shining a spotlight on the microbial actors, making them stand out from the chemical chorus of other particles.

Species recognition? Ah, now we're getting fancy. Molecular techniques, my friend Han Songjie. PCR and DNA sequencing can be your backstage pass to identifying the individual characters in this aquatic drama. Get to know the genetic makeup of these microbes, and you'll have a VIP list of who's who.

Go ahead, rock those chemistry waters, my friend Han Songjie!

I added more information which is in pdf.

Dear friend Duan Xian Xiang

Ah, the age-old debate on the study of psychology! I am here to share some thoughts on this matter.

Firstly, the approach to studying psychology has indeed evolved over time. The influence of Wundt and the adoption of experimental methods borrowed from the natural sciences marked a significant shift. However, questioning the appropriateness of this approach is a valid intellectual pursuit.

Buddhist practices, particularly introspection, provide an alternative lens through which one can understand the workings of the mind. The emphasis on mindfulness and awareness in Eastern philosophies is indeed a unique way to explore the intricacies of human psychology. Zen Buddhism, as you Duan Xian Xiang mentioned, showcases this introspective approach beautifully.

Now, the question arises: Is one approach superior to the other? Well, that's a matter of perspective. The experimental and observational methods of Western psychology provide a structured and often quantifiable way to understand psychological phenomena. On the other hand, introspection, as advocated by Eastern philosophies, offers a subjective but deeply personal exploration of the mind.

The cultural context does play a role. Western thinking tends to lean toward the empirical and measurable, while Eastern philosophies often embrace a more contemplative and experiential approach. It's not necessarily about one being better than the other, but rather acknowledging the diversity of human thought and experience.

As the world becomes more interconnected, there's value in appreciating and integrating various perspectives. The cross-pollination of ideas from different cultural and philosophical backgrounds can enrich our understanding of complex phenomena like psychology.

So, should psychology be introspective? It depends on the context and the questions being asked. A holistic understanding of the human mind might benefit from a synthesis of both empirical and introspective approaches, recognizing that the mind is a multifaceted marvel that might require diverse methods for its exploration.

Anti cancer or anti bacterial or anti fungal activity studies …..Docking studies for organic molecules

Thank you for sharing

Thank you dear Amirali Ahmadi Majd

I appreciate it

Rain water begins as pure (distilled) water produced by evaporation of sea water. It absorbs gases and aerosols from the air mainly CO2 which forms carbonic acid and makes it acidic. Other atmospheric gases such as sulphur dioxide and NOx also affect its acidity.

Sea water has a chemisty produced by river water which contains dissolved minerals owing to the acidity of rain water. However, the chemisty of river water is distinct from that of sea water because of the chemical processes which occur in the oceans.

Wat bull. An "empirical formula" for a microorganism most of whose molecules are of profoundly greater molecular weight. But there's the "However..."

It depends on what you are considering "learning" it, consider this:

1) You want to be able to employ one or two softwares (like ORCA Quantum Chemistry) with some degree of understanding and being able to tweak parameters and understand results: It might take from a couple weeks to months, depending or your learning process and on the subject you are researching.

2) You want to master the concepts to a level in which you can develop techniques, processes and softwares: It's something that would take years of learning and experience gathering.

Your case alligns as the first one, so, I'd say that in a couple months of hard work you are going to be able to understand what you are doing. Of course, being really good at it and being able to solve complex tasks is a set of skills that takes a lot of experience to get.

"skipped empty mol2 file" typically indicates that the program encountered an issue with the input files during the generation of the PDB file in CHARMM-GUI Solution Builder. Reasons and troubleshooting steps to try:

1. Check the input files: Ensure that the input files (.mol2 files) are not empty and contain valid molecular structure information. You can open the .mol2 files with a text editor to verify their contents.

2. Verify the file formats: Confirm that the .mol2 files are in the correct format and adhere to the specifications required by CHARMM-GUI Solution Builder. The files should include the necessary sections such as "@<TRIPOS>MOLECULE" and "@<TRIPOS>ATOM" with appropriate molecular and atom information.

3. Validate the input files: If you suspect any issues with the .mol2 files, you can try validating them using external tools or online validators. There are various online resources available that can check the integrity and correctness of the .mol2 file format.

4. Regenerate the .mol2 files: If the input .mol2 files are generated using external tools like OpenBabel or sort_mol2_bonds.pl, try regenerating them using different settings or approaches. It's possible that the previous generation process introduced some errors or inconsistencies in the files.

5. Check for any special characters or file encoding issues: Ensure that there are no special characters or unexpected file encoding issues present in the .mol2 files. Special characters or incompatible encodings can cause parsing errors during the PDB generation process.

6. Contact CHARMM-GUI support: If the issue persists despite trying the above steps, it may be helpful to reach out to the support team of CHARMM-GUI. They can provide specific guidance or troubleshoot any potential bugs or technical issues related to the Solution Builder module.

Hope it helps

Christian Geiser , you wrote that "After all, the researchers spent time and money collecting the data; they don't want others to benefit "for free.""

They have a publication, don't they? So they did earn their pay.

Often researchers are paid by the public, they work in public universities, they serve the public. Public money is spent in their institution, their salary, their instruments, their consumables, and their publications (many journals take money!). And after all, the data - the hard stuff that counts most - are kept secret. Even when the publication is in journals that require that the data are made available (as per their Instructions for Authors).

Of course, some human-related (typically medical patient) data may not be made fully available for data protection reasons, if the data would allow for an nearly unambiguous identification of individuals from the combination of subject-related data given (I think this is what you meant with possible IRB concerns). But this applies only for (some) clinical studies where a lot of variables are used or for the combination of extremely rare features.

In my opinion, publication includes publication of data, not just arbitrary summaries and conclusions drawn from it. When the data are not available, then it should not be regarded as a scientific publication. We (the scientific community) should set the bar as high as reasonably achievable, and today this means that the data should be available (ideally following the FAIR principles [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR_data]), either via the supplement or via some dedicated public database.

I have also seen papers where the authors claimed that the data are published because the individual data points were shown in scatter plots. This is not publishing data; the data shown in scatter plots is extremely hard to use, often data points are overlapping, and multivariate relationships can not be recovered at all.

Hi Hamish,

I think that Sepharose CL-2B is what you are looking for, 70kD to 40,000kD inclusion limit.

However, you're using affinity for purification so pore size isn't really essential to your process.

Having surface "decoration" of the beads with streptavidin will be sufficient to capture your antibody-components of interest, you might need a larger amount of beads to have sufficient capacity for capture.

Best wishes,

Stan

Dear Prem Baboo isn't this equation for pure substances?