Chemistry - Science topic

Hi Obodo, It is important to know this first: To develop the retention skill, it is important to teach to observe in an orderly manner, to know how to compare, represent and describe abstractly. This means, to address retention, first teach the skills of orderly observation, comparison, classification, resentment and then the concept of retention and how to develop it. Kind regards

Simon Gersib Hi, the resistance of the glass frit ion flows is surely an issue. Have you measured the ac impedance of your cell in the background electrolyte? With your current being 0.27 mA, it means that a resistance of 350 ohm in the glass frit will produce roughly 100 mV voltage drop (iR drop) which is high enough to cause the crossover.

However, I shall point out that in the bridge section of your H-cell, stirring is almost no effect.

I think you should add the conjugate base (CH3COONa) but not NaOH

Have you considered evaporative cooling for your aquarium. As long as the relative humidity in the room is not pushing 100%, you can achieve cooling using this technique. This link will show your how it is done:

Your suspect compound is one with mid-high molecular weight that must be of organic nature. Centrifugating over 5000 rpm will "pelletize" this kind of compounds. Assuming you're working with inorganic or low-molecular compounds it would be a contamination: of your reagents, the DMSO itself or both.

In my experience DMSO is prone to contaminate due his highly miscibility with organic compounds, even some bacterial spores could survive on 99% DMSO. I recommend you to centrifugal your DMSO alone to see if pellets form. If that happens, try using a switch to another batch of reagent, or change to another supplier. You can also try to filter your DMSO with a 0,22 um filter, but I suspect it won't help.

Yumiao Ma Thanks for your reply.

I am looking for sigma *(Taft), sigma - and + with meta and para substitutes.

And I think that in this article there are only Hammett constants? (Benzoic acid).

Also Al3Mg2 phase will not achieve if we add Mg metal directly into the AlSi alloy, and Mg may react with other alloying elements which might not be accepted for the final alloy

The washing with ethanol helps to a deep removal of organic matter. Depending on the further use of it, it could be beneficial.

Dear Jürgen Weippert

By unstable, I mean that the SCF Done is coming out too low than the expected. The target energy is coming from a the Ethanal+OH/O2 system that has been studied in literature that we are trying to emulate. The unit of measurement is in Hartrees

I found these links, hope they are useful:

Based on the following study it has been concluded that Phosphorus measurements by HP-ICP-OES showed accurate results with very small uncertainties (0.1%) can be obtained with ICP-OES on digested DNA as has been seen with single-element solutions also, it is suitable for any size of nucleic acid from nucleotides to genomic DNA.

Hello,

Firstly I would like to give a small correction: the energy density of LFP is lower than other lithium ion batteries. This is mainly due to the lower voltage produced by this anode-cathode pair. I have made my master thesis on this subject 5 years ago so I will give you some information based on what I still remember (keep in mind that some of my references may be a bit outdated).

On the state of charge (SoC) discussion: the major difficulty with LFP is that its voltage-SoC curve is very flat over a large part of its capacity. This means that the open-circuit voltage does not change strongly as the cell is being charged-discharged. Only at the tails of the capacity (generally about < 20% SoC and > 80% SoC) will the voltage change strongly for a change in Coulombs (which can be expressed as the differential voltage, or dV/dQ). A comparison of estimation methods can be found at (Wladislaw Waag, Christian Fleischer, and Dirk Uwe Sauer. Critical review of the methods for monitoring of lithium-ion batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles. Journal of Power Sources) and another good reference is (Wen-Yeau Chang. The state of charge estimating methods for battery: A review. ISRN Applied Mathematics, 2013)

To make a simple but decent estimation of the SoC of an LFP battery, I'd propose you need 1 main piece of battery/cell-related information and one optional piece of information: mainly the voltage-SoC curve at sufficiently high resolution (which can be transformed to a dV/dQ-SoC curve) and additionally a mapping of the internal resistance of the battery over a range of temperatures & SoC. With this information, you can use a current counting algorithm which simply integrates the current (dis)charged by the battery and uses this to determine the SoC. The issue with current counting is that any measurement error is also integrated and over time this results in a large error. There are some simple fixes for this, at least if your use case allows for it. The idea is to reset the counter and SoC at specific moments: the most useful moment is to reset it when the battery is full, is empty, and/or when it is at rest. If the battery is at rest in the "flat" part of its profile you could also reset the counter, assuming your voltage measurement is sufficiently accurate. If at rest for a very high (or low) SoC, reseting becomes more accurate. If there are not many "rest moments" then it becomes more tricky, but you could use the internal resistance map to estimate the OVC of the battery while it is under load (you could even implement a higher order equivalent circuit model of a battery for a better estimation).

You could also use a simple recursive least squares method to estimate the SoC which has been widely documented in the literature (one example is here: Hongwen He, Xiaowei Zhang, Rui Xiong, Yongli Xu, and Hongqiang Guo. Online

model-based estimation of state-of-charge and open-circuit voltage of lithium-ion

batteries in electric vehicles. Energy, 39(1):310 – 318, 2012. Sustainable Energy

and Environmental Protection 2010)

Good luck!

Dear Arina Levina ,

Using the link as indicated by Shoffan Saifullah , the good news is now that your paper is finally published https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1212/1/012013 The thing is that “IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering” is ' suffering' from their own success and are recently even discontinued (see enclosed file) in Scopus.

The reason is most likely the enormous increase in number of accepted and published papers over the last few years which can be seen by clicking on “Scopus content coverage” here https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/19700200831

I think that the people behind IOP now try to ‘spread’ the papers over more than one year so that the number of papers published annually goes down again towards more acceptable/realistic numbers (at least in terms of inclusion criteria for Scopus).

So, at the very best this is a desperate attempt of the publisher to correct their suspicious behavior (by publishing too many papers in a year which raises questions on how to maintain scientific standards/quality control). This victimize researchers like you who learn the hard way how a publisher is trying to get their act together (again).

Best regards.

In principle silica is more sensitive to hot concentrated base than titania. However, a "quartz" substrate, whether silica glass or real crystalline quartz, is dense and etches very slowly, while your titania is probably deposited from the gas/plasma phase and not very dense. Selectivity may go the "wrong" way.

HF-based solutions will also attack both silica and titania, as you know. You may be able to find conditions of concentration and pH where silica will etch faster than titania, but to etch away the substrate while keeping the (presumably much thinner) deposited film is asking much.

One option I would consider is to interpose a thin Ti metal between the silica and the titania. Ti metal etches very fast in HF, even dilute HF, so you may be able to lift off the titania film without much damage. However, if the titania requires high-temperature annealing it is possible that the Ti will react with the titania to form TiO_2-x.

For CaO catalyst the best methanol/oil ratio is 12 (molar ratio).

The only N protection that is stable enough to allow typical n-BuLi chemistry of which I am aware is to attach two benzyl groups to a primary amine nitrogen, one benzyl group to a secondary amine nitrogen. Removal is by hydrogenation in the presence of one equivalent of HCl added to an ethanolic solution 0.2 M in your benzyl-protected amine derivative, where the HCl is added in the form of 1 M aqueous HCl (the ethanol can be 100% anhydrous or 95% ethanol). The typical catalyst for this is 10% Pd/C. The typical reducing agent is H2 at 60 psi. Typical times for complete removal vary depending on steric crowding around the amine group. PMB (para-methoxybenzyl) is easier to remove by both hydrogenation and by treatment with various acids.

A more thorough discussion is available if you have access to Green's book of protecting groups (Online ISBN: 9780470053485). More rugged groups each have their own problems. For example, a primary amine treated with succinaldehyde [HC(=O)CH2CH2C(=O)H] gives a pyrrole that can be cleaved back to an amine under various conditions. Converting the amine to a succinimide followed by TMSCl and a base gives an easier to remove 2,5-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)pyrrole. 1,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane and base protects the amine as 5-membered ring stable to base but labile to acid and TBAF.

You can mask the amine group as some other group; phenylselenyl chloride makes a phenylselenylamine; similarly phenylsulfenyl chloride makes a phenylsulfenylamine. These can be removed by mercuration or H2/Raney nickel. You can react the amine with an electron-deficient aryl chloride, displacing chloride and generating an electron-deficient aniline derivative that may lose one proton but not react further. Picryl chloride and chloropentafluorobenzene can react with amines to give anilines, and there are probably cutting-edge protecting groups based on these.

I would recommend against using MOM and MEM groups because under basic conditions these might result in a more reactive imine forming that can react with n-BuLi. These protecting groups are not suited to amines. They work well with alcohol protection, where the products are acetals of formaldehyde. If you are interested in that kind of group, think about exploring turning your primary amine into a derivative of thiamorpholine [a two-step but very clean reaction sequence avoiding the use of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide is treatment with 2,2'-thiodiacetic acid using a coupling reagent strong enough to form the cyclic imide, followed by reduction by borane-dimethylsulfide to the thiamorpholine group]. Removal can be the same as removing other sulfur-based groups (H2/Raney nickel, which leaves behind a diethylamino group) or oxidation (by MCPBA/bicarbonate or H2O2 etc.) in acetonitrile followed by aqueous base like 5%-10% potassium carbonate (the end product is the primary amine and 2,2'-sulfonyldiethanol, a water-soluble diol byproduct). I did the latter and it is a high-yielding, very mild protection and deprotection in which BOC-protecting group, acetals, esters, nitro groups, and conjugated C=C-C=O survive, but isolated C=C groups, carboxylic acid, aldehyde and ketones don't. I don't recall the literature references I used, off-hand, sorry. I would need access to a literature searching tool better than Google Scholar, but I don't have that. However, it's an example of "seek and you will find" that worked for my particular synthesis of a differentially protected non-natural amino acid, 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid, sometime around the late 1990's. So keep seeking. Best wishes.

You're welcome Roma. All the best.

Dear all, the size of the stirring bar influence essentially two factors, i.e., shear degree or level and heat conduction and dissipation. These two factors are in direct influence on all NPs features : growth kinetics, shape, size and its distribution. The effect may not be monotonically scaled, but for sure it is a compromise between these factors. My Regards

Hi David ,

You may use the web tool to calculate

Kamran Nasir Yes, you are right, as long as you compare it to other spectra that are recorded under the same conditions (same angle of incidence, ATR crystal and polarization state) there should be no problem.

Heavy metal pollution will always be relevant. However, I think that further studies on remediation strategies will be a plus.

Adding to Dr. Hanson's setup, if you want the gaseous product to be free (or mostly free) of reactant gas, you can connect multiple gas dispersion tube in parallel so that all the reactant gas is converted to product. Reactant gas to inlet of gas dispersion tube containing liquid reagent, outlet connected to the inlet of 2nd gas dispersion tube containing more liquid reagent, outlet of the 2nd gas dispersion tube connected to the inlet of 3rd, if required, and so on.. You can collect the product gas from the last outlet.

In principle it is an easy calculation but in practice it depends heavily on the substances and their interaction.

https://www.pharmacalculations.com/2016/06/how-to-calculate-density-of-solvent.html

The same concerns will be shared here which means I agree. The supposed standard concept of ethical publishing and research were taught and still in practice. Direct communication to the author/ correspondent is necessary, and in this way, limited access or limited amount of the manuscript maybe shared, both parties protected, and continuum of knowledge is not compromise. Best wishes.@Mahamid

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

https://www.sciencedirect.com › topics › engineering › ca...

I have figured it out and it's a little less tedious than Christina Ertural's excellent answer. I took the simpler of the two molecules, converted it to SMILES, and then did Build > Insert > SMILES in Avogadro. If I ever need to conserve the coordinates, I'll use the Excel trick. Thanks!

Hello Viraj,

thank you for posting this very interesting technical question on RG. We work in the field of synthetic inorganic chemistry, so that I would not call myself a proven expert in the field of heterogeneous catalysis and transesterification. However, I can suggest to you two very instructive review articles which will certainly help you in your analysis. Thus please have a look at the following references:

Fortunately this paper has been posted by the authors as public full text on RG, so that you can freely download it as pdf file.

The other paper can also be accessed as public full text as it has been published Open Access:

(Please see the attached pdf file)

I hope this helps. Good luck with your work!

Also, kindly check:

just found an article https://retractionwatch.com/2021/12/07/researchers-sound-alarm-on-predatory-rankings/

Dear colleague,

I am sending the following decomposition procedure which we used in the analysis of catalyst samples [1]:

1 g of the catalyst samples was weighed in a 50 ml beaker. 15 ml of

freshly prepared mixture of acids (5 ml conc. HNO3+15 ml conc. HCl)

was added to the sample and the beaker was covered with a watch

glass. The sample was left to stand for 1 h at room temperature in

order to prevent vigorous reactions. After that, the sample was heated

for 6 h on a water bath and allowed to cool down slowly to room

temperature. The content of the beaker was transferred quantitatively

into a 100 ml volumetric flask and filled up to the mark with redistillated

water. The undissolved material (γ-alumina+silicates)

has settled down and the supernatant solution was subjected to

analysis by ICP-AES. The volume of the solid residue is less than 0.4% of

the final volume.

Please, see Ref.[1]

REFERENCES

[1] P. Petrova, S. Velichkov, N. Velitchkova, I. Havezov, N. Daskalova “Problems, possibilities and limitations of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry in the determination of platinum, palladium and rhodium in samples with different matrix composition”, Spectrochimica Acta Part B 65 (2010) 130–136, doi:10.1016/j.sab.2009.12.005

With kind regards, N.Daskalova

The following useful RG link is also very useful:

Dear Manel Taferguennit in this context, please have a look at the following instructive presentation:

The presentation is freely available on the internet. It might also be worth reading the answers given to the following closely related question which has been asked earlier on RG:

(6 answers)

Good luck with your work!

Kindly see also the following useful link: https://www.wired.com/story/how-to-make-hand-sanitizer/

Dear Viraj,

many thanks for sharing this very interesting technical question with the RG community. Did you follow a published procedure? Perhaps I did not fully understand your question. However, after the acidification step, you don't have any potassium present in your mixture. Thus at this stage no K₃PO₄ precipitate can form. This can only form after separation of the different phases and neutralizing the purified glycerol with KOH. Please have a look at the following published procedure (citation):

"As the crude glycerol received is solid at room temperature, around 200 g of the crude glycerol was melted at 55 °C in a 500 ml beaker placed on a magnetic hot plate. The molten crude glycerol under gentle stirring was acidified with different acids (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphoric acid, respectively) to a desired pH level and was kept for a sufficiently long time to allow the formation of three separate layers. The top layer is fatty acid phase, the middle one is glycerol rich phase and the bottom one is inorganic slat phase. The bottom phase was separated by simple decantation. The fatty acid-rich top phase was separated from the glycerol-rich phase by using a separator funnel. The extracted glycerol was neutralized using 12 M KOH solution followed by evaporation of water at 110 °C for 2 h and filtration to remove the precipitated salt."

As you can see, you need to separate the phases, neutralize with KOH, and then remove the remaining water by evaporation. Only after these steps have been carried out, the potassium phosphate salt will precipitate.

This is the article from which the cited procedure was taken:

I hope this helps. Good luck with your work!

It depends on the type of crude oil you are using and the type of other reactants

After the last reaction analysis is complete. Dilute it with methanol and wash it, centrifuge again, the catalyst will be better recovered.

Dear Jhune Dominique Peralta Galang thank you for sharing this very interesting chemical question with the RG community. I'm not really a specialist in this chemistry. However, I can suggest to you the following potentially useful review article which might help you in your analysis:

Fortunately this article has been posted by the authors as public full text on RG. Thus you can freely download it as pdf file. Moreover, most of the authors of this paper have RG profiles. You can easily contact the corresponding author via RG and discuss your question directly with him as he is a proven expert in the field.

I hope this helps. Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Dear Dr Katta Venkateswarlu,

Interesting topic. I think these documents (in attached) may actually interest you since the book summarizes the groundbreaking advancements in organic chemistry made during the19th century while the review article those of twenty-first century.

Best wishes,

Sabri

Dear Viraj Miyuranga . See the following useful link: http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?st11020

Please refer this article which will be a help

The reagent SNAP, are prepared by mixing solutions of N-acetyl-penicillamine, with equimolar NaNO2 in 0.5 N HCl. The reaction is typically complete within 1 min; for reasons of stability, the solution is neutralized by addition of NaOH immediately before addition to the protein solution. source: Nitric Oxide Synthase: Characterization and Functional Analysis

Ying-Yi Zhang, Joseph Loscalzo,

See attached article

contact with even a small amount can cause an allergic reaction with symptoms such as skin redness, itching, rash and swelling.

Precautions for safe handling

Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.

Hi Hector,

May be you can do it your self using SPE protocol in this paper.

You have an overview of the method recovery and matrix effect.

I hope this helps!

Dear Dr Dariusz Prokopowicz,

Very interesting topic. In my opinion, bioplastic may a more realistic / alternative solution since the actual research works are focusing on the possibility to elaborate bioplastic from renewable resources, which will have the characteristics to be biodegradable / recyclable.

Here's in attached a recent article treating the economical potential of bioplastic.

Best wishes,

Sabri

Hello, here is the spreadsheet for CIPW calculation.

Best regards, Zilong

Your "conversion factor" is actually a "confusion factor". Let's go back to basics here:

You can check your calculations by using the Mg/MgCl2 ratio e.g. 24.3/95.2 = 25.5% (of the 0.095g will be 0.0242 g of Mg²⁺). (Is this where you got confused?)

Similarly, 24.3/203.3 = 11.9% (of the hydrated 0.203 g is ... 0.0242 g of Mg²⁺).

This should be found and probably explained better than what I have written in most(!) undergraduate textbooks.

Dear Dr Antonia Mauch . See the following useful RG link:

Dear Stanislaus O. Okwundu thank you for sharing this very interesting chemical question with the RG community. As a synthetic inorganic chemistry I absolutely not an expert in this area of research. However, I at least found two literature references which at least come close to answering your question in part. Both describe the dehydrogention of cyclohexylamine under formation of aromatic amines. Please have a look at these articles:

and

The second paper is even freely available as public full text. You can find and access other related articles by searching the "Publications" section of RG for the term "dehydrogenative aromatization":

Other articles are found when searching for terms like "acceptorless dehydrogenative aromatization". When searching for literature references, I think you should better avoid the term "uncompromising" as in your original question. This word seems to be rather unusual in this context.

I hope this helps. Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

I know about a free tool with the name ACD ChemSketch which can be used to generate 2D and 3D chemical structures.

I have a created a course for learning this tool. Check it out at https://drravirawat.wordpress.com/the-art-of-writing-chemistry-in-electronic-notebooks/

This method has no benefit that I can see over the usual method of measuring the absorbance at a single wavelength and applying Beer's Law. It is also unrealistic in that absorbance spectra typical lack linear parts, except as approximations over short wavelength ranges. Nevertheless, below I examine the proposed method in detail.

Consider the absorption spectrum of a substance S in a dilute solution, such that Beer's Law pertains and the absorbance at any wavelength is directly proportional to the concentration. The constant of proportionality is called the extinction coefficient.

For the slope measurement, choose any 2 wavelengths (lambda 1 and lambda 2) at which the solution has a non-zero absorbance. The difference betwen the 2 wavelengths is Delta lambda. Measure the absorbances (A) of the solution at each wavelength: A₁ and A₂. If you draw a line between these two points on the spectrum, as for any two points in a plane, you can measure the slope of the line as (A₂-A₁)/(Delta lambda).

Now consider a solution of twice the concentration as before. Its absorbance values at the same two wavelengths will be 2A₁ and 2A₂, because for dilute solutions the absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration, according to Beer's Law. The slope of the line between the two points on the spectrum of this solution will be (2A₂-2A₁)/(Delta lambda) = 2(A₂-A₁)/(Delta lambda).

Thus, the slope of the line between the two points increases in direct proportion to the concentration. The result of the comparison of the spectra by this method is that you have determined the ratio between the concentrations of the 2 solutions, but not the actual concentrations. To get the actual concentrations, you either need to know the concentration of one of them to begin with, or to know the extinction coefficients at the two wavelengths.

Notice, by the way, that this calculation did not require that the two selected points on the spectrum lie along a linear portion of the spectrum. They could be anywhere on the spectrum. More to the point, the calculation achieved the same result as a measurement made at a single wavelength.

Nalidixic acid - A NSAID grs of drugs or pain killer .REF : en.wikipedia.org ( Image Source ) .

The subject of specialisations does not depend on the feature income rather your subject if interest . Organic chemistry has too much scopes as a synthetic( R&D) chemist in multinational pharmaceutical houses like Chem biotech , Pfizer , DRL labs etc etc. Even in post doc level abroad from India very high scope in organic nano synthesis like CNT . So scope of income is naturally very high in organic chemistry indeed . But in analytical chemistry the scope is narrow compared to organic chemistry . Since analytical and quality control laboratories are also guided by organic chemists / phyto chemists / petrochemicals for mainly UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis / Chromatography like GC , HPLC , HPTLC , GC-Mass spectrophotometer and fluroscence spectroscopy .Yes analyical chemists are useful in effluent treatment / waste water analysis as well as drinking water analysis of trace heavy metals like Cu , Cd, As , Pb , Hg ( II , I ) by AAS ( Atomic abs Spectrophotometry ) AES ( Atomic emission spectrophotometry. In drinking / waste water lab there are so many important analytical parameters like B.O.D , C.O.D , D.O , pH , TDS , TSS and limit tests for heavy metals in trace metals .

Dear Mrutyunjaya,

I am not really in a position to assess the likelihood of an RNA World scenario for the origin of life on Earth. However, I would like to point out that from an astrobiological standpoint, I think that we should keep an open mind on the huge variety and broad range of potential (evolutionary) pathways leading to life. Moreover, a lot also depends on the precise definition of "life" and from which stage or time onwards we classify certain phenomena as "life". If life exists outside of Earth, it may look very different to what we have become accustomed to on our "pale blue dot". Once we have confirmed at least a second, independent instance of a living system in the universe, we may also see clearer on how probable a RNA World scenario may have been for the case of Earth (even if we may never be able to reconstruct and verify the exact pathway...).

Thanks & all the best,

Julius

Hi, this paper is useful for you about this question:

The science fiction book Jurassic Park and the movies based on it are about recreating dinosaurs by extracting their DNA from the guts of dinosaur-biting insects trapped in amber.

DNA is not sufficiently stable to survive for the necessary 65 million years or longer since dinosaurs roamed the Earth, so dinosaur DNA is not available. What you would do with it, if you could get it, in order to recreate dinosaurs is another issue.

The oldest DNA ever recovered was recently reported from 1.2 million year old mammoth teeth in Siberia.

It has been seriously proposed to recreate mammoths, which went extinct several thousand years ago. Mammoth DNA is available from animals preserved in permafrost.

Dear Mahsa Lotfi Marchoubeh Kindly visit..

Dear Alexander Sinko many thanks for sharing this very interesting technical qustion. Unlike some other RG members I will give you only one answer at the moment. First of all, I would not worry about the toxic and hazardous nature of elemental fluorine, as I assume that you are most likely not equipped to handle elemental fluorine anyway. The potential toxicity of fluorides does not present a big problem either because you are certainly not planning to eat your compounds, right? There are, however, some simple fluoro-organic compounds which are really toxic. The most (in)famous example is monofluoroacetic acid and its salts. Besides, many fluorinated precursors are commercially available and easy to handle. A very nice aspect of introducing fluorine atoms into biologically active molecules is that it adds another NMR-active nucleus (¹⁹F). Moreover, fluorine-substitution can also improve the solubility and volatility of organic molecules (the latter aspect is important for mass spectrometry).

In this sense I wish you good luck with your own work. Please stay safe and healthy! With best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Dear Dr Praneeth Silva,

In my opinion, a true researcher is someone who try to find solutions for the well-being and prosperity of humanity and not to serve individual / personal interest.

That's why a good researcher should be modest, generous and have perseverance since this capacites or should I say personality traits make (in my own vision) a huge difference to qualify a person as a reserahcer since intelligence / competence alone are not enough.

Best wishes,

Sabri

"Life cycle assesment (LCA)" could be jointly addressed with the "circular economy (CE)" and the "ecosystem service valuation (ESV)", as an integrated tool to "quantify the resource-based benefits due to carbon based methane (CH4) production". Besides, this integrated approach can better control the excessive use of material, lowering the energy needs for new products, saving natural sources from overexploitation and environmental degradation, managing labour's capital, and proving the resource efficacy of carbon capture.

Dear Ryan Lo, you may find various stufies on this topic. Please have a look at the following free access RG fille. My Regards

Very promising

According to Web of Science, ESCI Journal can be included in Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), or Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI), if they meet "Impact Criteria".

Accordingly, journals are included in Web of Science Core Collection (SCI, SSCI, AHCI, and ESCI) if they meet 2 criteria, namely; 1) Quality 2) Impact. The "Quality criteria" comprises 24 sub-criterion, while the "Impact criterion" consist of 4 sub-criteria.

Hence, any journal captured in ESCI have already meet the quality criteria , therefore the quality criteria is the only requirement for journal to be considered in ESCI. Similarly, any journal on ESCI must wait to meet the "Impact Criteria", which can take time, and may be impossible to be predicted. This is because the Impact Criteria is evaluated according to the number of citations the journal is receiving, the performance of authors who published in the journal before, and the number of cross-references between journals in web of science, etc. Waheed Ur Rehman .

Dear Salman Amjad thank you for posting this interesting technical question on RG. In fact, the influence of the pH value on the formation struvite in synthetic water has been studied previously. For example, please have a look at the following potentially useful article which might help you in your analysis:

This paper has not yet been posted as public full text on RG, but I assume that you have access to the full text through the university library. If not, you can request the full text directly from one of the authors via RG.

The following articles are freely available as public full texts on RG:

and

I hope this helps. Good luck with your experiments and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

UV-VIS spectrophotometry will be reliable.

Please fo thru this for proper usage information

Deflouridation techniques are simple and can be explained like Bone charcoal, contact precipitation, Algona, activated alumina, ion-exchange technology, membrane filtration, nanofiltration, and clay are all methods for defluoridating water that can be used. Reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis, and distillation are examples of cutting-edge treatment methods.

Agree with Mohammad Abboud sir

Dear Salman Amjad thank you for posting this very interesting technical question on RG. As a synthetic inorganic chemists I'm not really a proven expert in this field of research. However, there are a few relevant and potentially useful references about this topic available in the current literature. For example, please have a look at the following articles:

These two articles have not yet been posted as public full text on RG. Please check if you can access them through the OvGU library.

There is also an entire book chapter about this research topic available which can be freely downloaded as full text (after free registration):

I hope this information is helpful. Good luck with your research and please stay safe and healthy. With best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Hi Bhaskar Bhatt

These are great questions!

Storage modulus is related to the amount of elastic structure in the sample and the higher it is, the more solid like the material is (as opposed to liquid like). If the storage modulus exceeds the viscous modulus, the material will usually ultimately fail by breaking elastically rather than being viscously pulled apart. I say usually, as these moduli are determined usually in the linear viscoelastic region (LVR) of the material whereas destructive tests are outside of the LVR of the material.

The ratio of viscous modulus to elastic modulus is also the Tan delta. Therefore if Tan d is below one, the sample is solid-like and if above 1 then liquid-like (although it may be a very stiff liquid).

With regard to tribology, I have less information, however some assumptions may be as follows. If a grease, the elastic modulus would need to be high enough to prevent the material from flowing under it's own weight (and be able to start up flow at all likely environmental temperatures). You may want the viscous modulus to be higher for a system where there are high shear forces eg in a wind turbine (to prevent scratching etc) , whereas it should be lower viscosity (and lower modulus) for a lighter stress application, eg a small motor. People often use a Stribeck curve to mimic an application and measure the friction / lubricity of a surfaces or lubricant.

I hope this helps.

Best regards,

Phil

Prof. Ajitanshu Vedrtnam: In my opinion, the projects are more than enough instead of your suggest