Chemistry - Science topic

Define Stoichiometry

Elaborate the use of stoichiometry

I am actively seeking a PhD position in Chemistry at a renowned university in the United State, German or United Kingdom.

My name is Mohamed, I love chemistry, and I will love more to see it done by bots.

I have already built 8 AI agents in the domain of organic chemistry, I can send the videos and the results gladely.

I will have all the honor in the world if you accept to supervise me in my PhD subject: Automating Multi-Step Organic synthesis using Machine Learning and Robotic Systems.

I have a hunger to do research and learn new things, if you give me the chance, I will do miracles.

Best regards.

Why student find organic chemistry hard?

Explain the reason students have hard time in comprehending the course?

¿Qué autores o publicaciones tienen artículos relacionados con este tema?

Some of my papers were related to this term (water self-purification) and I want to better understand how this term is perceived and interpreted by colleagues.

Ostroumov S. A. On some issues of maintaining water quality and self-purification.- Water Resources, 2005. Volume 32, Number 3, p. 305-313. http://www.scribd.com/doc/57511892/0305 [Generalizations presented in this paper represent, in systematized form, the basic elements of the qualitative theory of water self-purification in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Recommendations are given for maintaining water quality and sustainable development of water resources. New experimental data were obtained]

Ostroumov S.A., Water Quality and Conditioning in Natural Ecosystems: Biomachinery Theory of Self-Purification of Water. - Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2017, Vol. 87, No. 13, pp. 3199–3204. ISSN 1070-3632, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323122008;

Hi, I am collecting RP-HPLC data using Shimadzu Labsolutions Version 5.71 SP1.

Every time I do the postrun PDA analysis, I have to manually remove unwanted peaks, e g. below retention time=4.5 min, etc. Basically, I am only interested in 3 peaks, at time=4.5, 6.5 and 11min. Besides, I need to copy the peak table one by one to my excel file for data processing and then graph plotting. It seems that I can only export each LCD data file into ASCII format one by one.

1) Is there anyway I can remove the unwanted all at once for all, say, 40 LCD data files, instead of editing it one by one in the software?

2) Is there any way to bulk export my data? The main purpose is just to ease data processing and cleaning, if it would.

3) Is there anyway to bulk export all forty chromatograms at once?

Thanks

I am trying to conjugate an antibody, but I want to know what the molecular structure of antibody is to see where the free thiols are and where lysine residues are for my reaction.

Also, on the same note if I want to do thiol-maleimide reaction, and I reduce the antibody to expose more thiol groups, what prevents the antibody from falling apart as the disulfide bridges are broken? I want to attach a drug to antibody without comprosing the antibody and without affecting the binding site.

Is there a powerful AI tool that can help us connect information from peer-reviewed and published papers with a scientific question and guide/ direct us to try some methodologies/ reactions to solve a problem, or is it still a dream? Suggestions?

To my mind, V.I. Vernadsky was one of the fathers of the science of geochemistry and the father of biogeochemistry. He modernized conceptualization of the biosphere. His works and ideas were ahead of his time and to a degree, are ahead of our time. I think his works are helpful in our effort toward the goals of sustainability. I will be glad to hear any comment from you, dear colleagues.

Some of my publications related to issues of the biosphere, biogeochemisty and issues covered in scientific legacy of Vernadsky are presented as bibliography in this publication:

Ostroumov S.A. The study of the biosphere and chemical-biotic interactions. Moscow, MAKS Press, 2016. (Series: Ecological Studies, Hazards, Solutions. Issue 21). ISBN 978-5-317-05302-4; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389720754 ; https://www.academia.edu/44365963/

Some of my related papers:

Additions to Some Concepts Presented in V.I. Vernadsky’s Works on the Biosphere. Russian Journal of General Chemistry (ISSN: 1070-3632), v.89, p.2858-2859. S.A.Ostroumov. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339329976

New Aspects of the Role of Organisms and Detritus in the Detoxification System of the Biosphere; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322861119 ; Russian Journal of General Chemistry, Ostroumov S.A.

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I want help for this equation if any one expert with chemistry can help me and write for me the mechanism of reaction using reductive amination and how it goes for final product,I will be grateful for that

Should Matric results show separate Physics and Chemistry marks instead of 'Physical Sciences'?

I am doing a mechanochemical synthesis and trying to find the induction time of the reaction. Thus, I take samples every 30 seconds and inject each sample into the HPLC to detect the time required for the product to form. I see the baseline of HPLC is just mostly noise for all the samples that have been reacted for 2 mins. But at 2.5 min, I start to see a very small rise in the retention time that corresponds to the compound. The height of the peak is then further increased as the reaction time increases.

The problem is, that this peak (reaction proceeded for 2.5 min) at 6.25 min is noticeable but very, very small. The baseline noise fluctuates at an amplitude of 0.075 mAu while the peak height is merely 0.1 mAu (measured from the supposed baseline to the tip of the peak). I have been using this method to do quantitative analysis of the product and it is 100% sure that it is the compound, but not some ghost peak, injection peak or random noise. So, can I say it takes about 2.5 minutes for the product to form? Is the peak too small to be counted as a "real" peak? I don't think the traditional LOD works here because I am not trying to quantify it but only to do qualitative analysis.

To determine the induction time, the product concentration would be very very low and the peak would thus be very small as well and outside the calibration curve. But is there a standard such as "if the product concentration reaches 1 mg/ml? 1 ug/ml? 1 ng/ml? the product starts to form" or "if the peak reaches 1 mAu? 2 mAu? then the product starts to form at this X number of time approximately?"

Note 1: I know that people use time-resolved PXRD to determine the change in crystal structure, but wouldn't that also depend on the "concentration of change in crystal structure"? If the concentration is too low, you won't be able to see on the PXRD diagram. Also, HPLC is the only method to analyse this sample. PXRD, GC-MS and NMR can not do it.

Note 2: The compound only absorbs UV strongly at 195 nm. An increase beyond 205 nm would essentially have no peak.

Note 3: The HPLC method is a 100% aqueous salt solution with an ion-pairing reagent on a polar C18 column

Note 4: In the picture, the peak is very small and the baseline noise is huge it is because I zoomed in a lot to see it and it is only the start of product formation. After 30 mins of reaction time, the product peak height reaches 50 mAu and you won't see a noisy baseline anymore.

Numerical studies on fluid flow using nanoparticles like Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and MoS₂ have been carried out in several academic publications. Still, the value of electrical conductivity used in these studies differ greatly. While some research consider these nanoparticles to be conductive and cause numerical modeling to be inconsistent, others perceive them as insulators. Correct simulations depend on a consistent supply of experimental or theoretical data on the electrical conductivity of these nanoparticles as a function of temperature. Could someone recommend books or research papers with thorough conductivity values for various nanoparticles?

I'm trying to explain organic molecule's adsorption onto activated carbon based on chemical parameters, and I found a good correlation between the adsorption amount and topological polar surface area (TPSA).

However, this parameter is used only to explain pharmaceutical absorption and not for different groups of organic molecules. Instead, electron density has been studied as a very important element in adsorption phenomena.

Can these two parameters be correlative? Does it make sense to consider adsorption and some pesticides TPSA, for example?

Any help would be significant to me.

Thanks.

Hello,

About 2 weeks ago, I loaded a paper with a citation, yesterday i should get another citation, unfortunately research gate did not add them on my account? I am very sad.

Thank you

Dr. Yusuf Yildiz

Professor in Chemistry

Suppose you began your career in organic chemistry (MSc and PhD) but later specialized in analytical chemistry (Dr. Sci.) and conducted research in this field for over 15 years. How would you identify yourself?

1. As an organic chemist

2. As an analytical chemist

Reply by (1) or (2).

2025 7th International Conference on Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ICBB 2025) will be held in Guangzhou, China from March 7 to 9, 2025.

The topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to:

1. Medical imaging technology and its application:

Magnetic resonance imaging

X-ray, CT, PET and SPECT

Ultrasonic imaging

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2. Biomedical signal processing and medical information:

Biomedical signal processing

Medical big data and machine learning

AI and biomedical signal processing

ECG, PCG, EEG, EMG, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory and sleep signals

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Biomechanics of organs

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Both Abstract and Full Paper are welcomed. All accepted full papers will be published by BIO Web of Conferences (ISSN: 2117-4458) and will be submitted to Scopus for indexing.

Full Paper Submission Date: January 31, 2025

Registration Deadline: February 24, 2025

Final Paper Submission Date: February 24, 2025

Conference Dates: March 7-9, 2025

Please send the full paper(word+pdf) to Submission System:

Hello all dear

I need a help

Thanks in advance

I did a dpph method and make a variety of concentration (400, 200, 100, 50, 25 ppm). I have done it by making 1000 ppm first and diluted them, I already did this 4 times but the results are always same. is there something wrong with my way in diluting the sample? or is there something wrong with my sample?

Give all summary about the chemistry of the isoniazid.

For the sake of recycling electrolyte of a polymer Li-ion battery, the salts like LiPF6 will be recycled with CO2 supercritical extraction method.

But how can we preserve the volatile organic solvent carbonates to be used again, as these solvents start evaporating as soon as a cell is opened?

Hi, I'm Almajeanu Delia from Craiova, Romania, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Biologically Active Compounds, please can someone help me with a PPT or information about Multiple Myeloma?

To all the great Chemistry minds, try to answer the question asked and try have a look at the following link:

I'm looking for postdoc position

Just need to know if yes which company

Looking for motivated Chemistry students (Net/Gate) qualified for working with our translational team at IIT BHU. Please apply if you are interested. The candidate will work to develop immunoprotective small molecules, develop 3D printable biomaterials and various aspects of medical implants.

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Our laboratory link:

Hi,

I have a leach solution with Li present as LiOH. I did lime water leaching of material but also leached impurities such as Zn, Cr and Al with it. The pH of the solution is around 11. Now I want to remove the impurities and the literature suggests using ion exchange resins to remove them. The ion exchange resins would require pH adjustment to around 6-7 which might also alter the chemistry of dissolved LiOH, and I do not want that. So how should I proceed? Is there any other way I should explore to remove those impurities?

While working on my laterite samples, I came across a problem. Following the digestion protocols we made the volume with approx. 100 times dilution and started the ICP-MS measurements. The concentrations went down after measurement of 2-3 samples. The reason was a clogged pore. Citing the presence of trace and REEs in very low concentrations we can't go for further dilution so is there any way to remove Fe from the matrix without disturbing other elements?

I need to find a proper method to prepare sample solution by digestion for Pt-Pd-Rh elements from spent automotive catalysts. Any suggestion except application of microwave-assisted digestion would help me.

I want to predict the reactions between my two desired inorganic chemical compounds. Can I? Is there any software or website for do this? Dear chemistry experts, please help me with this. Thank you for your response.

I have read many journals about the bioremediation of mercury using bacteria. All of them have used mercuric chloride in their experiments. However, this compound is a little tricky to synthesize. Can I use mercury (II) nitrate instead?

What means gamma in old chemistry papers like Lowry method? I have a suspicion it was the concentration unit in micro something. I am right? Why they used it? Typographical problems at the time?

I have performed the adsorption studies and applied Langmuir model to the data. I obtained KL value from it. In literature it is given higher the KL value stronger the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate. But there isn't any specific value of KL given.

In literature FTIR and XRD are also performed to predict the adsorption mechanism. I have done that as well and there is shift and change in the peak intensities.

Which one is better to predict the adsorption mechanism? Either from KL value or FTIR/XRD?

i want to prepare this solution in-house in lab, is any method?

I'd like to protect a secondary amine group (on Glucosamine-HCl) with a silyl group.

Did you ever do that? Did you use a chlorosilane? Does it get attached two times to the amine? Is the resulting nitrogen on -NH-Si-R more activated as a nucleophile?

How is it removed? Acids only or also fluoride ions? Does it work only for trimethylsilanes or also more bulky/resistent silanes (TBDMS, TBDPS, ...)?

Thank you in advance

RC

Chemical laboratory process should be so so

La isoterma de Langmuir representa una adsorcion fisica o quimica?

The temperature-dependence of rate constants is frequently expressed using a modified form of the Arrhenius equation:

k(T) = α (T/300)^β exp(−γ/T)

When a homometallic cluster, Cu₆L₆, and a homometallic Ag₈L₈ cluster are dissolved in the DCM/Isopropanol system, they would form a heterometallic cluster crystal, Cu₄Ag₄L₈, and no homometallic metal clusters will be formed. (L is phenylacetylene-derived ligand)

What is the most likely driving force for the formation of this coinage heterometallic clusters?

Hello,

Has anybody used ATR-FTIR to probe the chemistry of colloidal samples (excluding the procedure of drying the droplet on the crystal or using a flow cell)?

If yes, how do you account for the broad water peak?

Any relevant references are really appreciated.

Thank you!

I run mechanochemical reactions that involves the use of a large amount of catalyst (1:1 molar ratio to the reactant). When I try to understand the effect of amount of catalyst on the reaction, I find it very hard to get consistent results when I control the the ball to powder mass ratio (I am using the same number of balls, but keeping the total powder mass the same while adjusting the mass between the reactant and catalyst). This makes me think that I should probably control ball to powder volume. However, even though I know the rough bulk volume of two things at the beginning, the powder volume will always increase by an unknown amount once it is milled. So how should I control my reaction??

Hi, I am a PhD student working at Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry. My work is related to the development of new analytical methods for the quantification of short-chain fatty acids in biological samples. In my research, I used a gas chromatograph (Shimadzu GC-2030 Nexis) coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Shimadzu TQ-8040). I developed a new GC-MS/MS method for the quantification of short-chain fatty acids, but I have a problem with the carry-over effect. After injection of high concentrations of analytes, such as 10 ug/ml, I observed peaks from the analytes in the blank sample. The problem is a little bit reduced when I frequently change the solvents (water and ethanol) and utilize a long washing procedure after injection, but it still exists. The current washing procedure includes 4x8µl H2O, 4x8µl EtOH, and 4x8µl EtOH. In addition, sequence – 20x8µl H2O, 20x8µl EtOH, and 20x8µl EtOH were utilized for extra washing following the analytes with the highest concentration.

Do you have some experience with the carry-over effect in the GC-MS/MS system and some suggestions to solve my problem?

Post-COVID, online platforms or remote learning especially in the education field has accelerated its pace. Is this going to make a lasting impression where educators must adapt to this new way of learning or are we returning back to physical school, physical tutorings or physical lectures in the near future.

Yes because critical rationalism recognizes substance, parsimony and identity(adjusts premises upon contradiction), while skeptical empiricism believes all results from impressions. Skeptical empiricism also believes the self is an illusion.

Hello,

I want to load Remedesivir (RNA polymerase inhibitor) into mesoporous nanoparticles (MSNs). The issue is drug is temperature and pH sensitive and it degrades quickly. I need advice on its loading.

1- Should it be loaded to at the last step of MSN synthesis. Problem with this MSNs are extracted later on through reflux and 60 degree temperature is required. It degrades drug.

2- Should it be loaded after extraction making an ice bath but how long it should be kept on stirring?

3- Later I want to coat it with chitosan MSN loaded Remedesivir and then coating with chitosan. I am concerned about leaching and degradation of drug. Should i load drug first and then add drug?

Thank you for your suggestions.

Flavors of all tea leaves are determined by their respective chemical compositions. Are there any quantitative research on this?

Research has proven that successful chemistry cohorts normally spend more time executing practical experiments in the laboratory rather than sitting in the classroom listening to lectures.

Researchers undertaking such job roles, please share your ideas and comments.

Hi all,

I have a several gallons of water mixed with low percent SLS, how can i remove the SLS in a cost-effective manner.

Here is one case: I want to perform X + Y in the presence of Z catalyst in a 50 mL milling jar with 8 12 mm milling balls and investigate whether the the amount of catalyst affect the yield of the product. So, I change the amount of catalyst from 1 molar equivalent to 3 molar equivalent as compared to X. However, this will change the total volume of powder as well. And as we all know, when the volume changes, the kinetic energy delivered from the ball to the material will not longer be the same. Less energy will be delivered to the powder and the kinetics of the reaction will be affected by this.

I've read that the milling load in a mechanochemical reaction is defined as the total powder mass divided by the void volume in the jar (jar total volume - volume of balls)

In the case I mentioned before, should I (1) keep the amount of everything the same and increase the amount of the catalyst as what it should be, basically ignoring the effect of volume and just do the experiment or (2) Readjusting the mass of all samples to keep the total mass the same as before to maintain the same milling load as before (as a result, it will decrease the mass of the reactant) ???

Date: 19-09-2024

Location: Online

Submission Deadline: 15-07-2024 **** Extended to 1-8-2024

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Authors are invited to submit original, unpublished research papers that are not currently under review elsewhere. All submissions will be peer-reviewed and evaluated based on originality, technical and research content, correctness, relevance to the conference, contributions, and readability.

1. Format: All papers must be formatted according to the conference template available on the conference website.

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Hello everyone,

My question for sure is silly, but I have been arguing with my labmate about this. If our plasmid concentration is 0.776 µg/µL and he wants to make a final concentration for transfection of 1 µg/µL and 6 µg/µL, how is it possible to achieve a concentration of 6 µg/µL from 0.776 µg/µL?

Using the equation C_1 V_1 = C_2 V_2 :

v2 = 50 ul

c2= 6 ug/ul

Please help me understand. I have a brief knowledge of chemistry and calculation

Anyone is working on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in research?? I am willing to learn about it is there any platform/workshop/course for free regarding the same!

Also I’m looking for this for a chemistry point of view

Thanks and Regards

If you know any articles, I will be very grateful.

What is the difference between absorption and adsorption?

Hi, I am looking to perform an analysis of Br/ KBr in samples of water sources to see if the levels are safe. Due to budget and resource limitation at the stage, I would prefer a method that considers these factors.

Kindly help.

Its been around 6 months when I started working on a research project related to nanomaterials BFO for water treatment. I worked on the chemistry of synthesis, photocatalysis, degradation of textile dyes using visible light only, sol-gel synthesis of BiFeO3 (material able to degrade multiple cationic dyes of higher concentration 20ppm), and sol-gel synthesis of double perovskites (its still incomplete and material is able to degrade cationic and anionic both type of dye i.e., Rh.B., MB, MV, CV, MG, CR etc. efficiently in lesser time). To help you guys how can you find the chemistry of synthesis for related material always remember to look for the chemistry of method you are using it can be sol-gel, co-precipitation, solvothermal, chemical vapor deposition or any other. Look for the chemistry of original method and them find out what materials in your method are acting analogous to materials given in explained method, you found during literature review. Hope this will help you out remember me in your prayers. Thank you so much. I will be glad to help you guys anywhere I could.

#research #nanomaterial #energyconversion #solarenergy #materialsynthesis #nanotechnology #photocatalysis #visiblelight #sunlight

As a professional teacher, there is need to have a 'What' and 'How' of teaching? The what to teach, which is the subject content like Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics and the likes, and the 'How' to teach them, which is the pedagogical content knowledge.

I extracted protein from a roasted food sample using alkaline extraction followed by acid precipitation. Polyphenols were always coextracted since they were covalently bound with proteins during roasting and the formation of covalent bonds were irreversible. How can I know how abundant covalently-bound and noncovalently-bound polyphenols are in my protein extracts? I would greatly appreciate it if you could provide any suggestion or guidance.

There is a pH-Electrode by Mettler-Toledo that is supposed to measure pH at temperatures as low as -30°C, even in frozen solutions.

Greetings

I've been searching for quite a while about Covalent organic framework (COF) and Porous organic polymer (POP) XRD pattern, how their xrd pattern should be and their differences.

But i could not find any specific findings.

some texts mentioned that COF xrd pattern should be sharp and pop should be broad. But ive seen so many COFs with broad PXRD pattern.

How can you distinguish between these two? How could you know that your product is POP or COF (etc. )?

Can somebody share their knowledge or mention a helpful Paper? Im so confused.

Thanks a lot.

-- 🧪 Calling all science enthusiasts! 🌟 Whether you are a seasoned scientist or simply curious about the fascinating world of chemical compounds, I need your input for an exciting project! 🚀 In the comments below, please share: --> Your top 5 CAS Registry Numbers® and the name of your favorite molecules (and perhaps why?). If you are feeling particularly creative or simply undecided, feel free to share two posts! Not familiar with CAS Numbers? No problem! CAS numbers are unique identifiers assigned to chemical substances. Think of them as molecular fingerprints! For a quick explanation, check out Wikipedia link here https://lnkd.in/ee8fkHug. Thank you in advance for your help. Let's create a diverse and fascinating collection of molecules together! 💡✨ #CASnumbers #STEM #innovation #chemistry --

Most of the researchers use to teach at university. In some careers, professionals who exert their profession without doing research share teaching spaces. When I was a chemistry student, 100% of my teachers were researchers ranging from PhD candidates to experts in their respective fields. While it may seem logical for researchers to be the best candidates to teach in fields such as chemistry or biology, what about healthcare-related fields like medicine, pharmacy, or biochemistry? Who is better suited to lead a class, a researcher or a professional, or both, each one in different subjects? We can distinguish between basic and clinical subjects. I am interested in hearing your thoughts on this matter.

Maybe we should identify what is the most parsimonious afterlife. Expanding the law of identity, maybe physics can determine the exact afterlife all have coming.

My previous attempts:

Guessing what the afterlife broadly is:

1)

Guessing what the afterlife is NOT.

2)

3)

4)

What are the efficient online sources to self-learn DFT calculations useful for students with chemistry background ?

After spending some time on understanding the chemistry of Sol-Gel synthesis. I've made a short overview I need you guys to let me know if it's good or not.

I am specifying the pechini method here in which a chelating agent is used while salt solutions are made in water and ethylene glycol.

these are steps for bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) synthesis.

Here are the steps.

Iron nitrate and EDTA solution in water and Bismuth nitrate solution in ethylene glycol.

1. Formation of Iron hydroxide (need your help. it may lead towards formation of Fe-O-Fe) while heating.

2. Formation of Bismuth glycolate

3. Mixing of these salts together with EDTA

4. Formation of Metal EDTA complex (Here I need your help is it possible for the complex to be between 1 EDTA molecule and Fe, Bi to different metals) if yes then a bi metal complex. Otherwise two complexes in one solution.

5. drying to form gel results in crosslinking (need your help how will it work and happen).

6. Drying to form Xerogel and complete removal of solvents.

7. calcination at high temperature to decompose the Metal-EDTA complex results on formation of metal ions and which at the end form BiFeO3.

#nanomaterial #research #BFO #perovskite #energystorage #energyharvesting #energyconversion #renewableenergy #metaloxides

I need some suggestions for articles recently focused on the computational design of proteins, as well as the evaluation of the designed proteins by assessing various properties or values. If anyone is interested in this field and has read articles on this topic, please don't hesitate to share your suggestions below

I am checking the Oxygen Balance calculation as reported in Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_balance).

Some calculated values corresponds to those reported in that page (e.g. nitromethane (-39%) and trinitrotoluene (−74%), ammonium nitrate (+20%)).

While some of the values reported in the wiki page do not fit with the formula (e.g. ammonium perchlorate (wiki +34%, calculated 27%), potassium chlorate (wiki +39.2%, calculated 26%, sodium chlorate (wiki +45%, calculated 30%)).

Oxygen Balance is used to evaluate explosivity of a substance and it is also cited by ECHA in ECHA Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria Version 6.0 – Jan 2024, page 93.

Am I doing something wrong or am I missing something?

Dear researchers

I'm currently editing a Research Topic entitled Five-membered Ring Heterocyclic Compounds as Anticancer Drug Candidates. It's being published in the journal Frontiers in Chemistry. Given your work in this field, would you be interested in contributing? I look forward to hearing from you. Best wishes,

The procedures of Justus Liebig Annalen der Chemie 1914 do not lead to the desired product.

I'm currently trying to make a standard curve for potassium ion detection. For my reagent I'm using 25 mM of sodium cobalthexanitrite with potassium dihydrogen phosphate as a substrate in a 40:60 ratio and measuring at 420nm after incubating the mixture in the dark for 10 minutes. Unfortunately, it's not really working and I'm not getting any precipitation. Is there something more I need to add or a step I've missed? Is my wavelength incorrect?

Hi,

I am looking for new development in biobased flocculants for water treatment. If you company is a start-up and developing this type of chemistry, I am very interested to contact you.

Regards, Pieter

Dear all,