Science topic

Cell Proliferation - Science topic

Cell Proliferation is an all of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
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I have observed IFN-gamma induced growth inhibition in few of my cancer cancer cell lines. I assume that is due to the activation of STAT1 phosphorylation which in turn is targeting some downstream effectors of cell cycle arrest. To understand the exact mechanism, I want to inhibit STAT1 phosphorylation without interrupting the cell proliferation. Can you suggest any pharmacological inhibitor which will not kill or toxic to the cells itself?
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Thanks, I will check them out.
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Its an In Vitro Cell Proliferation using Leukemia patient cells lines. Cell Proliferation Dye Used : Tag-It Violet Cell Proliferation Dye. Thank you a lot.
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Preprocessing:
  1. Gating: As before, exclude debris, doublets, and dead cells based on FSC and SSC. For leukemia cells, you might also consider excluding dead cells using viability dyes like propidium iodide (PI).
Proliferation Analysis:
  1. Find the Proliferation Platform: Navigate to the "Biology" tab and select the "Proliferation" platform.
  2. Identify Resting Cells: Since Tag-It Violet is not generation-specific, there won't be distinct peaks for each generation. Instead, look for a broader peak representing resting cells with low dye intensity.
  3. Set Gate for Resting Cells: Draw a gate around the peak representing the population of resting cells (low Tag-It Violet intensity).
  4. Analyze Proliferating Cells: FlowJo will calculate the percentage of cells with higher Tag-It Violet intensity, which corresponds to proliferating cells.
Output and Statistics:
  1. View Results: FlowJo will display the distribution of cells based on Tag-It Violet intensity. You'll get statistics like the percentage of resting cells (gated population) and the percentage of proliferating cells (high-intensity population).
Additional Considerations:
  • Compensation: Ensure compensation is set for Tag-It Violet (usually excited by a violet laser) to avoid overlap with other fluorochromes used for viability staining.
  • Positive Controls: Include a positive control, such as stimulated healthy cells, to validate the assay's ability to detect proliferation.
  • Cell Line Specificity: Proliferation patterns might vary depending on the specific leukemia cell line used. Consider historical data or pilot experiments to establish baselines.
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Telomere length has been recognized as one of the best biomarkers of aging, indicating its importance in understanding the aging process. However, the evidence suggesting telomere length as a definitive biomarker of aging in humans is not conclusive and remains equivocal. Staying in harsh environments like space stations can lead to telomere lengthening as an adaptive response to stress and radiation exposure. Research on astronauts and individuals in high background radiation areas has revealed interesting findings regarding telomere dynamics in such conditions. Stressors such as space radiation and microgravity can trigger telomere lengthening, which typically reverses upon returning to Earth. This phenomenon is influenced by factors like radiation dose, dose-rate, and radiation type, underscoring the complexity of telomere modifications in extreme environments. Similarly, residing in another challenging setting, such as an underwater compound in a Florida lagoon, may also result in telomere lengthening due to increased pressure and exposure to environmental stressors. The compound's atmospheric pressure is 70% higher than at the surface, impacting bodily functions such as urination and metabolism. Researchers like Dr. Joseph Dituri are investigating the prolonged effects of this heightened pressure on the human body, as it could potentially offer insights into reversing the aging process and extending lifespan. The elevated pressure is thought to boost stem cell proliferation, telomere length, and collagen production, potentially slowing down or reversing aging effects. Nonetheless, it's crucial to recognize that continuous telomere replenishment is a hallmark of immortal cells like cancer cells, necessitating further research to grasp the possible consequences of these transformations.
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Thank you for your input. I completely agree with you that the idea of "reversing aging" is still mostly theoretical and debatable. Nevertheless, our understanding allows us to reverse specific signs of aging, like alterations in telomere length.
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Hello everyone
I am trying to design an MTT experiment for an immortal adherent cell line with doubling time of 20 hours. The goal is to evaluate effects of certain growth factors and their combination on cell proliferation and determine the optimal dose.
Many papers suggested seeding 10000 cells in 96 well plates and performing MTT at 24 h intervals or at days 1, 3, 7.
I am not sure about some technical issues:
1. should I proceed with 24 h interval assay and for how many days? or the 1, 3, 7 days evaluation is good enough?
2. can I seed 5000 cells/ well in 96 well plates instead of 10000?
3. I expect my cells to become confluent after 72 hours (starting from 10000 cells), and they definitely die without medium change, so should I change the medium every 24 hours for all plates? or just change the medium after 72 hours and wouldn't this affect my results?
Thanks a lot!
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Thank you very much
I learned a lot
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I am working through the challenges of cell isolation from the rat heart. I am using VSMC media and endothelial cell media. In a homogeneous mixture of cells, would these media favor only the growth of the 1 cell type that they are optimized for? For example, I know endothelial cells require specific hormone factors which other media lacks. Or would other cells proliferate just as well in these media? For example, vsmcs in endothelial cell medium or fibroblasts etc.
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I find it difficult to believe that with some type of basal medium you are able to select a specific cell type without any other stimulus. For example, I don't think you can prevent the growth and proliferation of fibroblasts just by using a basal medium. It is one thing to favor the growth of a specific type, and quite another to select it. I have always had to use additional processes to select cells (for example, differential adhesion, explant clearance or differential toxicity). Only in some cases where the cells are very isolated you can culture directly on basal medium, but the risk of another cell type growing is always there.
I hope I have understood you well and helped you.
All the best
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Hi
I want to check the cell proliferation using live/dead cell imaging technique till 72 hr. What should be the cell seeding at the start if using 24 well plate.
Thanks for your time.
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The appropriate cell seeding density for live/dead cell imaging depends on various factors such as cell type, size of the wells, and desired confluency level. However, a general guideline is to seed cells at a density that allows them to reach confluence within 24-48 hours. This ensures that the cells are in log phase growth during the imaging period, which is important for accurate assessment of cell proliferation.
For a 24-well plate, you can seed cells at a density of around 10^5 - 10^6 cells per mL. This will allow the cells to grow and reach confluence within 24-48 hours, depending on the cell type and growth conditions.
To calculate the number of cells needed for each well, consider the following formula:
Number of cells = Volume of media (in mL) x Cell concentration (cells/mL)
For example, if you plan to use 1 mL of media per well and want to seed 10^5 cells/mL, then you would need:
Number of cells = 1 mL x 10^5 cells/mL = 10^5 cells
Therefore, you would need to add 10^5 cells to each well of the 24-well plate.
It's worth noting that this is just an estimate, and the actual cell seeding density may vary based on your specific experimental design and cell type. It's always a good idea to perform a pilot experiment to determine the optimal cell seeding density for your particular assay.
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I am now studying a protein, this protein might affects cell proliferation because I performed a Knock down experiment and I found that the cells proliferation rate is reduced when this protein is knocked-down. This protein is a trafficking protein which has role in transport from ER - Golgi, I suspect that the mechanism related to this reduced proliferation rate is because of the delayed cargo shipment to golgi. What method is used to identify the cargo protein of this protein ? I want to collect many materials before I spoke to my PI
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H. Troy Ghashghaei min6 cells and proliferation is measured by manual cell counting and CCK-8 dojindo (WST). Aside for confirming the defect in trafficking, what kind of method is best for identifying the possible cargo protein that is responsible for this?
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Hi,
I'm using CRISPR to knockout a gene. The two gRNAs that I used were different in their efficiency in reducing the protein expression level (one reduced over 95% of the protein, the other reduced only 60%); however, these two gRNAs were suppressing cell proliferation at the same level. Could anyone think of any explanation for this?
Thank you!
Lei
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There could be several reasons why the two gRNAs are suppressing cell proliferation at the same level despite having different efficiencies in reducing protein expression:
  1. Threshold effect: It's possible that a certain threshold of protein knockdown is required to suppress cell proliferation, and both gRNAs achieve this threshold, despite their different efficiencies. For example, if 50% knockdown is sufficient to cause the observed suppression, both gRNAs would have a similar impact on cell proliferation, even though one is more efficient than the other.
  2. Off-target effects: CRISPR-Cas9 systems may sometimes have off-target effects, which means they can induce unintended modifications in other genomic locations. These off-target effects could also contribute to the suppression of cell proliferation. It's possible that both gRNAs have off-target effects that are influencing cell proliferation similarly, despite differences in their on-target efficiency.
  3. Cellular compensatory mechanisms: Cells have various mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and compensate for the loss of specific genes or proteins. These mechanisms might be compensating for the reduced protein levels in both cases, resulting in a similar suppression of cell proliferation.
  4. Experimental variability: Differences in experimental conditions, such as cell culture conditions, passage number, or transfection efficiency, could also contribute to the observed similarities in cell proliferation suppression, despite the differences in protein expression levels.
To further investigate this phenomenon, you could perform additional experiments, such as:
  1. Testing additional gRNAs targeting the same gene to see if the same trend persists.
  2. Analyzing the potential off-target effects of both gRNAs using computational prediction tools and experimental validation techniques (e.g., whole-genome sequencing).
  3. Assessing the activation of compensatory pathways in the cells treated with the gRNAs using gene expression analysis, proteomics, or pathway-focused assays.
  4. Ensuring that experimental conditions are consistent between the two gRNA treatments to minimize variability.
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Planning to run my assay this week but couldn't figure out positive control for MTT assay. I want to use cells without treatment as negative control while needing an agent or growth factor that induces endothelial cell proliferation as positive control. Please your advise on this will be appreciated. Thanks
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I don't think that MTT assay is really a good instrument to measure cell proliferation, to my opinion the best way would be to measure the number of cells or cell nuclei or the DNA content of your culture.
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While culturing immortalized ameloblast lineage cells from frozen stock (liquid nitrogen), despite there being good attachment numbers, subsequent proliferation of the cells is slow to negligible. These cells have a tendency to proliferate quickly when seeded with a moderate cell density. Previously, we were able to successfully culture these cells under identical conditions (low glucose DMEM enriched with 10% FBS and antibiotics). Currently however, the cells do not attach to plates unless high glucose media is used. And the attached cells are not proliferating despite a good proportion of cells with tight cell-cell contacts. Any suggestions on what other parameters to change are much appreciated! Thanks!
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Mert Burak Ozturk Thanks for your suggestion! I do use heat inactivated FBS and I did check to make sure the plate, incubator and other equipment used are in good condition. Switching the media to F12-K seems to work for the time being, I'll have to re-characterize the cells to make sure the media switch isn't impacting the expression patterns of these cells.
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1) What all mitogens can be used to increase cell proliferation apart from classical/mostly used growth factors to enhance cell proliferation?
2) Can this be universal for all cell types?
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1) Mitogens that could be used are as follows:
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)
wheat germ agglutinin (WGA),
concanavalin A (Con A),
pokeweed mitogen (PWM)
phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)
Levan
LPS
Dextran-sulfate (DxS)
2) No. Different mitogens stimulate different cell types and their stimulation will also differ. For instance, Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and concanavalin-A (Con A) promote human and murine T cell proliferation, respectively, whereas pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulates both human and murine T and B cells. LPS is a non-lectin mitogen for murine and human B cells.
Levan, LPS and dextran induce a proliferative response in human lymphocytes. These three stimulants differ, however, in their mitogenic potency and in their optimal concentration. Levan induces the highest stimulation, while LPS and dextran are stimulatory to a lesser but significant extent.
Best.
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I culture multilayered cells, and I found previously that the live nuclear staining dye Hoechst 33342 enters the cells not in contact with the culture medium (cells in the lower layer) very poorly. I am afraid that BrdU would also fail to enter the cells, and I would get a false readout for non-proliferating cells. What other markers (immunofluorescence based) can I use to detect cells that are likely to divide (S-phase)?
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My protocol requires the establishment of clonal cell lines through the expansion of single cell clones sorted in individual wells by FACS. This is notoriously challenging for fibroblast cell lines such as BJ, which often do not proliferate as isolated cells. Do you have tips for stimulating fibroblast cell proliferation after single-cell sorting?
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When I have need to clone in a 96 well format, I used the recommended basal media with 20% FBS and 2x the usual amount of glutamine. After verifying which wells have single cells, I let them incubate for at least a week without movement as to not allow endogenous growth factors to disperse. Any feeding is done by replacing half the media with cloning media. As they sit for prolonged times without media change, I would not seed the edge wells, but would fill them with sterile water. It might help to use collagen I coated plates. Another strategy would be to use conditioned media (24hr growth media from 70-80% confluent cells, centrifuged 1200 rpm 10 min, 4C, then filtered through a .2 um filter) from uncloned fibroblasts, though you would need to titrated the ratio of conditioned media to cloning media, not exceeding 30-40%. Hope this helps and good luck!
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I have generated cell proliferation luminescences OD value of breast cancer cells. Now, I am trying to calculate CI value with compusyn software. Can anyone help me to convert OD into effect as compusyn software only takes a value of 0-1 but my OD values are in hundred to thousand range.
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Why are you using OD values for luminescence? It seems as if you are using film OD for luminescence and thus risk saturation effect problems. I suggest that you use the actual light emitted (luminescence) values and, after subtracting appropriate blank background, and assuring that the luminescence of each cell is equal, take the ratios on the growing cells mean value at each time point relative to that of the original day zero value (use equipartition of variance to get the appropriate precision estimates of the ratios) and plot their values on a semilog plot as a surrogate of cell growth, which is what I assume that you are seeking to measure and compare.
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Hi All,
My team and I have been growing endometrial organoids and recently noticed a strange cell growth appearing in one of our plates, what appears to be a cluster of cells with spindle like formations growing outward. It is too early to tell how exactly the organoid's growth is being affected, however is does appear cell proliferation has slowed since these growths were noticed. Some members of our lab have suggested yeast or other types of bacterial contamination, or fungus. We on the fence about what to do, since our cell lines are precious and relatively difficult to obtain, throwing out all the cells would be a great loss. However, if you think it was a fungal or bacterial contamination that could create spores or in other ways endanger specimens in our incubator, we would dispose of immediately. Thank you very much for your time, and advice.
Best wishes,
Etta Hanlon
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Hi Etta, I have been culturing chicken intestine organoids in BME matrix and I've seen spindle cells develop from organoids after 24h of culture. We think they are fibroblasts. Did you solve this problem?
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Why do reagents like the ones below induce lytic replication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?
What's the biochemical explanation?
Is this something specific to EBV?
* 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)
* 5-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza)
* Calcium ionophore
* Sodium butyrate
* Tetracycline derivative doxycycline (Dox)
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EBV seems to employ epigenetic mechanisms to control the host transcriptome and to control expression of its own virally encoded genes. Upon initial infection of a cell, the unmethylated viral genome can undergo viral replication with new virion production, while a subset of infected cells acquires a highly methylated viral genome that squelches expression of foreign proteins and mediates long-term viral persistence by way of latent infection. Infected tumors tend to have highly methylated EBV DNA, and methylation-related silencing of viral genes helps explain how infected tumors evade immune destruction.
The reagents mentioned by you like 5-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza), Sodium butyrate, Tetracycline derivative doxycycline (Dox), etc. are demethylating agents with the capacity to induce transient DNA hypomethylation.
Deliberate attempt to reduce the DNA methylation in EBV-associated cancer with the aim to activate the expression of cellular and viral genes has the potential to achieve two potentially therapeutic events.
First, it may result in reactivation of the expression of viral genes that expose the cells to attack by the immune system (the recognition of the target by virus-specific cytotoxic T-cells).
Secondly, it may result in the expression of important cellular genes that cause the cancer cells to stop proliferating or to die through apoptosis.
So, deliberate attempt to alter DNA methylation presents an attractive research direction which may lead to new therapeutic approaches to treat EBV-associated cancer.
In a way, yes, it is specific to EBV because EBV employs epigenetic mechanisms namely, attains a highly methylated viral genome that helps mediate long-term viral persistence by way of latent infection evading the immune system. When demethylating agents are used, they reactivate viral gene expression and as a result are easily recognized and attacked by the immune system.
I have attached a research article for your reference.
Best Wishes.
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I did the Vero cell cultivation at different cell seeding density for toxicity effect study, and in the last two sets of MTT assays, cell died after MTT addition (even 10 minutes after, I just took a picture after 10 minutes and the cells were starting to detach from the surface, cell sheets detachment!).
In the first experiment, I had 3 different cell inoculation density in which I have the cell density range of low and high, but after MTT addition, they were all dead.
And at the second time, due to MTT reagent cytotoxic effect, instead of using 1:3 ratio of MTT solution, I used 1:6 ratio of MTT solution and the medium (I am using Cell Proliferation Kit II (XTT) from Roche)
I would appreciate any ideas or suggestions on what might be the reason for this.
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In my opinion, from the image above, it looks like you used too much force when pipetting and cells started to detach. Try to do it more slowly.
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Hello,
I`m testing LPS (10 ug/mL to 40 ug/mL) with IEC-18 cells and doesn´t reduce cell proliferation (MTT assay).
We have changed the cell type and tested several batches of LPS and we don't know what is going on.
Could you tell me what reference you have used from LPS and has it worked for you?
Or what could be the problem?
Thank you!!
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I have some experience with IEC-18 cells and inducing several toxins including LPS. Hence, I would say the toxicity of LPS in IEC-18 is comparatively lower (RAW264.7, BV-2, and so on).
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In my cell culture i have GFP positive and negative cells. I would like to know if there is a difference in cell proliferation rate in positive compared to negative cells without sorting the cells.
Normally we just count the cells to find out the proliferation rate but i have a mixture of positive and negative cells. I would like to compare the two. Could i use FACS somehow to gate the positive cells and find out if the cell went through more dividing cycles as the negative control?
Any suggestions?
I have found 3H-thymidine, but after reading a paper it seems quite unreliable.
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As mentioned above, i can't sort the cells. It has to be done with the mixture of cells.
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It is an experiment to check the effect of a certain phytoestrogen on a particular cancer cell proliferation in-vitro.
The results consists of
Six absorption readings from control group
Six absorption readings from X phytoestrogen at concentration A
Six absorption readings from Y phytoestrogen at concentration a
Six absorption readings from Y phytoestrogen at concentration b
Six absorption readings from Y phytoestrogen at concentration c
THANK YOU.
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Hello John Kurian,
Since you are testing two phytoestrogens (X and Y), out of which Y phytoestrogen has three concentrations (a,b,c). So you have to see the effects of two phytoestrogens, therefore it would be better to use two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis (to compare any two groups). Actually, in your experiment, you have first factor = X phytoestrogen; second factor =Y phytoestrogen and then interaction between these two factors X vs Y (third factor).
If you want to only analyze the effect of various concentrations (a,b,c) of Y phytoestrogen (one factor) , then one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis would be appropriate.
Hope this helps
Best
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Dear all,
Recently I met a problem. We screened out a gene A which performs like a tumor suppressor gene. It negatively correlates with clinical patients' survival. And it affectes tumor cell proliferation much. When we knockdowm it the proliferation of lung tumor cell line increases. The radiosensitivity seemed to be decreased. My quenstion is: Commonly what should the radiosensitivity be implicated when the proliferation was upregulated by one gene? If my results are repeatable, is it strange as we inhibit a tumor suppressor gene to achieve radiosensitivity? I read some papers about the relationship between cell proliferation and its radiosensitivity, no consensus opinion was found. What do you think about this kind of thing?
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What Malcom refers to is the "Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau". This is misunderstood in the Anglophone literature, due to a mistranslation (from their French) of their reported observations. A more correct translation of their reported "appear to be more radiosensitive" is not the "are more radiosensitive" as translated in Radiation Research. What best explains the B&T observations is that a cell that has been sterilized (lost it's reproductive integrity or clonogenicity) will not be seen to be sterilized until it attempts to divide (mitosis) and fails (most apoptosis in solid tissues occurs after a failed mitosis). This is best exemplified in lethally irradiated hibernating squirrels, which are very radioresistant compared to active squirrels, but once brought out of hibernation, die with the same time course post-hibernation as that observed for normally active squirrels post-irradiation (see CS Lange, DPhil thesis, Oxford University, Fac Med, Bodleian Library, 1968). Hence, radiosensitivity should be measured in terms of loss of reproductive integrity (ability to proliferate ad infinitum, or clonogenicity, where a sufficiently large number of divisions (at least 10) are taken as the endpoint).
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Because I want to make B16F10 cells proliferate faster in vitro, I wonder if 20%FBS will be better. Thank you.
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Hello Linwen Lv
Serum is a complex mixture, introducing undefined components into the medium. Many of these substances have not yet been identified, and in many cases the effects on cultured cells are yet unclear. Serum components, such as immunoglobulins (which may have inhibitory effects), endotoxins (indicative of bacterial contamination, but are also powerful cell mitogens), and hemoglobin (indicative of hemolysis during clotting) can have a negative impact on the cells. Serum contains growth factors which may dramatically affect the growth rate. Serum can interfere with phenotype of the cell by affecting gene and protein expression.
Thus, the use of excess amount of FBS can possibly lead to unexpected or undesired outcomes. Use of optimum FBS concentration in growth medium is recommended which is usually in the range of 5-10%. For B16F10 cells I use high-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. So, I recommend that you should not change the FBS concentration from 10% to 20% to avoid any deleterious effect on B16F10.
Best.
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I need to transduce HL-1 cells and keep them for 5-7 days for the transgene to be expressed but they proliferate very fast, get over-confluent and die around day 3. Etoposide was very toxic for this cell line and decreasing serum concentration did not help. Any idea how I can stop/slow down the cell proliferation?
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You can seed HL-1 cells with medium serum-free. But I advice you to assess if this protocol change will influence your experiment. In all case, you shloud consider the option given by Dr. Zhou
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I am starting to investigate cell migration (A549 cell line; wound healing assay) for longer than 24 hrs. I want to make sure I am looking only on migrating but not proliferating cells.
Are there any suggestions which proliferation inhibitor I can use, which otherwise don`t inhibit cell migration?
Thanks
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A low concentration of mitomycin C may suit your experiment - here is a paper detailing the experiment in A549 cells:
Alternatively, you could use thymidine to block DNA synthesis at the G1/S phase boundary
Good luck with your experiments.
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Are there mechanics by which a cell can recognize how many cell divisions it has underwent therefore regulating certain pathways? Or are there indicators which scientists can observe to determine how many cell divisions have occurred after a drug treatment?
Of course you can use the FUCCI system and FACS to determine the particular cell stage a cell is in. You could also theoretically count cells to determine how many times the cells in general have divided inferring cell divisions.
Thank you,
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In a normal cellular process, a small portion of telomeric DNA is lost with each cell division. When telomere length reaches a critical limit, the cell undergoes senescence and/or apoptosis. Telomere length may therefore serve as a biological clock to determine the lifespan of a cell and that of an organism.
Measurement techniques that provide the distribution of telomere lengths in a cell population offer improved and more informative data regarding telomere length dynamics, and one such technique is Telomere length Combing Assay (TCA) which is an accurate and robust technique to measure the distribution of telomere lengths in a cell population.
Please refer to the recent article below for more information.
I hope this information helps you.
Regards.
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I was asking myself why we usually change the media just the day after thawing the cells. It seems that the two reasons most of the people exposed are:
1. To get rid of the DMSO leftovers.
2. To remove the dead cells floating in the media as soon as possible.
Without entering to discuss whether the small amount of DMSO in our media could be affecting cell proliferation or not, I was wondering about the necessity of getting rid of the dead cells. Apoptotic cells are known to release factors that increase wound healing and cell proliferation both in vivo and in vitro.
Do we have any research that supports that these dead cells could not be beneficial for the first days of culture after thawing?
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Everybody is bringing up valid points concerning the possible negative effects of dead cells on the remaining live ones. However, I am missing hard data. Does anybody know some? Everything I read here is intelligent guesses based on (valid) theoretical considerations and anecdotal evidence. Unless there is reliable data, I would not declare this issue as settled. And there are many different cell types out there, which might behave also different when it comes to dead neighbors...
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What additives can I add to the culture medium to improve the expansion of a Jurkat cell in a 96-wells plate?
I have tried to isolate a transduced single jukat cell without a selection marker.Then I expand it to a large number of jurkat cells. but during culture, jurkats become apoptotic and die after 3 weeks. why?
what can I do to have a clonal jurkat cell line from a single cell?
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The methods in the article I linked above describe how the authors performed limiting dilution of human T cells.
The formulation of standard RPMI 1640 does not contain pyruvate, but it does contain all amino acids, so cells leaking small amino acids should not be an issue.
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Is that CCK-8 test can also react with DH5a (E.coli)?
In numerous studies have shown that CCK-8 or MTT tests for detecting the proliferation of cancer cells incubated with certain bacteria. However, in my recent work, I find that DH5a also presents a great influence on the OD450 of the CCK-8 test. I really wonder the validity that using this method for examining the proliferation of co-culture bacteria and cancer cells. Furthermore, I apply Hematocyte Counter for checking this result, I find that the so-called phenomenon of cancer cells proliferation have been definitely disappeared, or even displayed cells number decreasing. I did not know how to explain these conflicting results.
Many thanks for your kindly response.
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Kaili Fu I think it difficult to observe cell proliferation. Actually, I tend to consider that the coculture of bacteria and cells in vitro may be a competitive relationship. The CCK-8 assay, Edu kit, and Flow Cytometer always present the confusing result, because the live bacteria can also react to these reagents. I did not try the LDH assay, but many species of bacteria also carry the LDH enzyme.
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My substance decreases percentage of cell numbers in the G1 and increases percentage of cell numbers in the G2 phase while percentage of cell numbers in the S phase(cell cycle) remains same compared to the saline control in the cytometry assay. WB shows unregulated expression of Cycline D1.What can this suggest? (Btw, CCK-8 assay show higher proliferation rate in treated cells)
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Hello Muhammad, What cell numbers are you recovering from the different treatment groups? And how are you evaluating cell cycle eg DAPI, Ho, PI ? What about % apoptototic population in the different treatments is that changing between groups?
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Hello
Does anybody know which would be a good assay to assess cell proliferation in transwells?
I want to understand if my treated cells proliferate at a higher rate compared to the unstimulated ones. I thought of using BrdU but I don't know if is going to affect the cells (toxicity) for a longer time period than 16 hours.
Thanks
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Antonio Greco , the EdU kits available now are simpler than doing a BrdU assay, but it should be possible to visualize both with microscopy . Adity Pore's suggestion of using CellTracker dyes should also work for fluorescent microscopy, and we use these same dyes to track cells during chemotaxis assays (i.e. transwell migration/invasion).
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I induced ACh and SFb with TNFa and INFg for 96 hour. On the cell viability assay, I saw an increase in number of the cells in comparison with control condition. I read papers reporting that cell proliferation should be inhibited. Thus, reducing cell number.  Any explanation for this?
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There is an explanation. ACh can both increase and inhibit cell proliferation depending on the concentration.
See my publications and monographs.
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I am looking to incrementally increase calcium ions in culture media to assess the impact on cell proliferation. I was hoping to using CaCl2 anhydrous prills. Can someone advise on how to acheive this? Ie dissolve CaCl2 in dH2O and add to media or dissolve directly into Ca-free DMEM?
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Fabricio Amador López thank you very much! Very helpful advice and tips
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I want to mark parasites with CellTrace ™ Violet Cell Proliferation Kit, for flow cytometry (Catalog number: C34571). Has anyone used it with parasites? I work with T cruzi.
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Dear Sofia!
Please you look at the article:
2.2. CellTrace Violet in vitro assay Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes were isolated by centrifugation and allowed to recover for 2 h at 37°C in high-glucose DMEM medium with 10% FBS, and then labelled with CTV fluorescent dye (Thermo Fisher Scientific), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, 2 × 106 trypomastigotes were washed in PBS and then incubated for 20 min at 37°C in 10, 5, 2 or 1 µM CTV, protected from light. Unbound dye was quenched by the addition of one volume FBS and incubating for 5 min at 37°C. After washing (×2) in fresh complete medium, trypomastigotes were used for infection. Vero cells maintained in RPMI 10% FBS were trypsinized and seeded at 104 or 105 cells per well in 24-well plates containing coverslips, or in eight-well Ibidi µ-slides, and allowed to attach for 6 h before infection. Trypomastigotes were added at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 : 1 (parasite : host cell) and allowed to invade overnight (16–18 h). Cultures were then washed with PBS (×3) to remove non-invading parasites, and infected cultures incubated in RPMI with 2% FCS. Coverslips were fixed at different timepoints by transfer into a plate containing 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min, then stained and mounted for microscopy using Vectashield® with DAPI, or with propidium iodide following RNase treatment.
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Dear Fellow Researchers,
I'm having some troubles with BrdU assay. I provide you my simplified protocol and images in attachments below. I am not able to count proliferating cells beacuse of these blurry green shapes that do not locate in the nucleus. It worked several times with PC3 cell line but from some time I'm having troubles with other cell lines (BXPC3, HCT, HT-29). Could you please tell me what should I check?
Protocol:
1. Add BrdU stock (4ul/l) to the medium for a given time (usually 24h). Final concentraton 10 uM.
Next day
1. Remove the cell culture medium.
2. Wash the cells with warm PBS.
3. Fix the cells in 70% cold ethanol (keep in room temperature for 20 min).
3. Wash the cells witt PBS (5min, RT)
4. Wash the cells with PBS + 0.5% triton X100 (2x5min, RT)
5. Incubate with 0,5 ml of PBS and 0,5 ml of 4N HCl - incubate 30 min in RT
6. Wash the cells twice with PBS (2 x 5min)
7.Incubate in 1 ml sodium borate 0.1M (1min)
8. Wash the cells twice with PBS.
9. Incubate with 1st ani-BrdU (mouse) 10ul/ml in PBS+1%BSA+ 0.5% tween (1h, RT, dark)
10. Wash the cells with PBS+0,5% tween twice (2 x 5 min)
11. Incubate with 2nd anti-mouse 1:650 in PBS+1%BSA+0,5%tween (1h)
12. Wash cell with 2 x PBS+0,5% tween (2x 5min)
13. Incubate with DAPI (15 min)
14. Wash the cells with 1 x PBS (RT, 5min)
15. Mount coverslips with fluoromount G.
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Dear Mateusz Kciuk many thanks for your interesting technical question. As an inorganic chemist I'm far from being a proven expert in this field of research. However, I can suggest to you some potentially helpful literature. For example, please have a look at the following relevant link:
Top Tips for Troubleshooting Your BrdU Blues
It might also be helpful to have a look at the answers given to this closely related RG question:
Has anyone experienced problems with BrdU staining the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus?
(9 answers)
I hope this helps. Good luck wth your work! 👍
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I'm working with HEK293 cells and I'm trying to find a way to increase the expression after virus transduction. I'm thinking about a way of inhibiting cell proliferation and direct the cell more into transcription and translation. Do you think there is a chemical to do that ? I know that Thymidine block can inhibit cell proliferation. However, I 'm more interested in increasing the expression.
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Hi John, Thanks for your answer. I am using a maximum concentration of the virus. From my experience, there is a limit of increasing the expression after a specific concentration. Tat is why I think I have alredy reached the limit of the amount of virus used.
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I transfected px458 in Expi293F HEK cells with lipofectamine and then sorted single cell by FACS into 96 well plates.
The medium is Expression medium without antibiotics.
The cells are cultured in a 37C, 8% CO2 incubator with shaking.
However, after one month, no cell proliferation has been observed.
If anyone has done transfection with Expi293F and can tell me the solution or protocol, I would appreciate it.
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I didn't work on HEK, but i tried to sort single K562 cell into 96 well plates, and recovered 84.5% positive clones.
To me, the main stress for these HEK cells come from transduction reagents. After transfection, wait a few days for the cells to calm down and start to grow, and then sort cells into 96 well plate may be helpful.
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I found in the literature that nicotine, acting as an nAChR agonist, increases the proliferation of A549 cells (human lung adenocarcinoma cells). But when I treat A549 cells in 96-well plates with nicotine (concentration range from 0.1-5 uM) for different periods (from 1 to 3 days), I get no effect on cell proliferation (using alamarBlue assay, Neutral Red Uptake assay and microscopic observation). For experiments I am using DMEM (high glucose) cell medium supplemented with 10% FBS. Does anyone have an explanation as to why I am not getting an increase in cell proliferation?
I would like to thank you in advance for any answers/comments.
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Dear Veno!
You do not observe cell proliferation with nicotine because you are using inappropriate assessment methods.
For example,
Proliferation Assays
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling kits were obtained from Roche Biochemicals. Cells were plated in poly-D-lysine coated chamber slides at a density of 10,000 cells per well and rendered quiescent by serum starvation for 36 hours. Cells were then re-stimulated with 1µM nicotine or 10% FBS for 18 hours. S-phase cells were visualized by microscopy and quantitated by counting 3 fields of 100 cells in quadruplicate. Data is presented as the percentage of BrdU positive cells out of the 100 cells counted.
Figure 1
Nicotine can promote proliferation, invasion and survival pathways in A549 NSCLC cells. (A) Nicotine can induce S-phase entry in A549 NSCLC cells in a dose-dependent manner, as measured by BrdU assays. (B) Nicotine can induce anchorage-independent growth of A549 cells in soft-agar assay. Nicotine increased the size of the individual colonies but had little effect on the total number of colonies. (C) Nicotine can promote migration and invasion of A549 cells in Boyden Chamber assays, in a dose dependent manner, the maximal effect being observed at 1µM nicotine. (D) Nicotine can confer resistance to anoikis of SAECs. SAECs were treated with 1µM nicotine and plated on polyhema coated slides. Apoptosis was measured by TUNEL assays. (E) Treatment of A549 cells with 1µM nicotine caused morphological changes, similar to VEGF on 3D collagen gel assays.
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I have cultured the MCF7 and T47D cells, after 4 times of passage the cell proliferation was slower than before and the cells detached. After the cells washed by PBS, they still detach the next day. Then, I checked the pH of DMEM+10% FBS. It showed 8.25.
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Hello Rohmi
The requirement of CO2 in cell culture is important because it dissolves in cell culture medium where a small proportion of it reacts with water to form carbonic acid which in turn interacts with the dissolved bicarbonate ions in the medium to control a stable physiological pH through the bicarbonate buffering system. The amount of sodium bicarbonate in the medium will decide upon the amount of CO2 to be used to maintain the pH. The physiological pH is generally in the range of 7.2 to 7.4.
DMEM medium has a higher concentration of sodium bicarbonate (44mM). So it will require a higher percent of CO2 8-10% compared to other cell culture media. Though many still use 5%CO2 for DMEM as information on this aspect is still scanty. Using DMEM at 5% CO2 will result in a pH of 7.5 which although acceptable for most cell cultures is slightly outside the desired range of physiological pH.
I would suggest you change your culture medium from DMEM to EMEM as EMEM is formulated with a much lesser concentration of sodium bicarbonate (26mM) supplemented with 10%FBS.
The pH of 8.25 does not seem to go well with the cells.
All the best.
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Hi all,
is there a way to analyze cell proliferation with CFSE with BD DIVA software? I activate murine splenocytes or purified CD4 and I use Cell Trace and follow the exact protocol but I only see the initial peak on Day 0 as expected. I harvest the cells each day from day 1 to 5 but instead of seeing multiple peaks, I rather see a "curve" each day, almost falling at the same place of intensity. Any ideas?? Should I only harevst the cells on day 4 or 5 (final)?
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Hi Spyridoula,
You can try titrating down the CFSE to optimize the peaks. You should also gate on CD4+ live cells. Other advice I have is to:
1) look at D0 AND d4 or d5 only, not d1,2,3
2) change your collection size. For example, for D0 (or unstimulated), collect 5k CD4+ events but for d4 (or 5) collect 50-80K events so that the maxima of the 2 curves are about the same height. If you look closely, you will notice that there are humps starting to appear, you will see them resolve better with titrating down the cfse and by collecting many more events
Kind regards,
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I want to conduct a proliferation assay to test a chemotherapy combination on a cancer cell line. At first, I thought about the MTT assay. But now, all sources are saying that these do not measure proliferation.
If you had a hypothesis that some drugs decrease proliferation, how would you go on about it? what experiments/assays would you use?
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Hello, Aicha!
1. Probably the simplest analysis for proliferation is to sow the same number of cells, treat with drugs and after the same time count the number of cells (for example, in a Goryaev chamber or using an automatic cell counter). Then, in relation to the ratio of the grown cells to the initial number, the proliferation index in% can be estimated.
2. You can use antibodies to marers of proliferation Ki-67, PCNA and use flow cytometry or immunofluorescence.
3. MTT test can also be used. The viability of cancer cells will be proportional to their proliferation. If your drugs act on proliferation, then cell viability will also change.
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Need to detect cytokines from PBMCs dosed with peptides. This is to determine if the peptides elicit PBMCs to release markers for immune response. I am unsure how long to incubate the PBMCs with the peptides? And.. Do you need to dose the cells multiple times?
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Hi,
There are several methods for identifying antigen (peptides here)-specific T-cells e.g. proliferation (measured after several days of cell culture stimulation), intracellular cytokines staining, etc. But these methods are classically used when memory antigen-specific cells are present. If I understood well, in your case using neo-antigens in-vitro, only naive cells would be potentially present. This means that you should focus on methods designed to identify naive cells potentially responding to these neo-antigens, which will demand several days of culture in the presence of cell-growth cytokines (such as IL-2). By using tetramers it is possible to identify ex-vivo naive antigen-specific T-cells but limited to HLA-peptide specific combinations. Maybe it would be interesting to immunize mice with your candidate peptides and look for peptide-specific T-cells eventually elicited? I am not familiar with B-cells but I suppose the problem would be similar.
Few effective answers here but hope it helps to target the best approach...
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Hello,
I want to measure the proliferation of magnetically isolated T cells. I have successfully stimulated PBMC with 5 ug/mL PHA-L and measured their proliferation with MTT. The same method has not been successful in my magnetically isolated T cells (>95% CD3+).
I would like to know if PHA-L alone will stimulate the proliferation of isolated T cells (>95% CD3+) or if an additional stimulant is required?
Thank you,
Thomas
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Dear Thomas Byrne,
Yes, it is possible to stimulate the magnetically isolated T cells. You may consider using interleukin-2 (IL-2), a potent T-cell mitogenic cytokine along with PHA.
Hope this helps.
Best - Pradyumna
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Once I have carried out the research I have to insert not one but more journal articles, books and more (more preprints, more groups of purposes and more groups of hypotheses) as a set of results of research. So, I would need multiple cells to enter the various articles, various books, multiple purpose groups, and multiple hypothesis groups that the research has implemented. You tell me very simply how to do it?
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Dear Cladio,
I am not sure of the meaning of your question. Do you mean that you will do various researches using various types of cells, or you will do various researches using one type of cell, so you will need a lot of cells?
In case you will used various types of cells, you should have the various cells and do your study, but I think doing all simultaneously will be very hard. My suggestion, you can do it one by one, one after another.
If you only use one type of cells and you do various test on that cells, it is better to publish as a whole, so the article will have a complete information, and it will be easier to be accepted by a reputed journal. If you divide the results and publish in many journals, that is called 'salami publication' (like a pice of salami that is cut into many thin pieces) and it will be very difficult to be accepted by a reputed journal. Usualy, low grade journal, or may be predatory journals that will accept salami publications.
So.. it depend on your purpose, you want many publications with little value, or one publication but very valueable and published in a highly reputed journal.
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Hello
I am doing a study using Crispr/cas9 edited cell where we KO a gene and study the phenotypes associated with it.
However, our data showing opposite phenotypes (i.e in the first study we observed decreases in cell proliferation, migration and cell growth, and in other study using same cell model we observed increases in cell proliferation, migration and cell growth !). We had repeated the experiments so we are confident that we have true data. I am looking for a scientific explanation.
Does the mutation created by Crispr cas9 system lead to somatic mutation by which tumour cells change their behaviours over time ( complete acute vs complete chronic loss )?
Or is it possible that Crispr cas9 system for a specific gene creates driver mutations ‘and then passenger mutations or vs?
Thanks in advance.
Bayan
Note :
“Driver mutations confer a growth advantage on the cells carrying them and have been positively selected during the evolution of cancer”
“Passenger mutations hat do not confer growth advantage, but happened to be present in an ancestor of the cancer cell when it acquired one of its drivers”
Refr. Stratton, Michael R et al. “The cancer genome.” Nature vol. 458,7239 (2009): 719-24. doi:10.1038/nature07943
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Interesting question. Following the discussion.
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Hello everyone!
I have the following question: I tried to expand CD4 Tregs in vitro to get enough material for WB or any other application. This is my first trial with them.
So, I`ve got FoxP3+ CD4 T-cells from mice (I use FoxP3-GFP mice) by FACS and activated them in vitro for 3 days with DynaBeads as beads/T-cells 1/2 ratio with rhIL2 ~100 U/ml. By that time the cells were mostly alive, looking good and being >65% GFP+. I`ve removed beads from the culture and rested the cells for another 6 days on rhIL2 100 U/ml dividing them every 2-3 days.
When I checked them, only ~23% were GFP+ and they didn`t secrete any TGFb or IL10 upon PMA/Ionomycin stimulation, but expressed quite high level of IL2 and TNFa (even GFP+).
I`ve checked protocols, but mostly all of them say that I just need to sort cells and activate them and then culture with IL2 100-1000 U/ml (quite a huge variation range).
What did I do wrong?
I`m quite fresh with this expansion method, so I`d be very grateful for suggestions.
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Hi Dmytro,
The different protocols for Treg expansion include a very broad range in IL-2. You are at the upper limit of IL-2 concentration and you are correct to assume that if you use higher IL-2 levels, you are most likely going to observe expansion of other T cell populations (in the context of bead activation). That is the basis of CD25 /T reg function.
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Hi,
I'm currently working with the Flp-In T-REx system to get isogenic stably transfected cells expressing my GOI (gene of interest, of about 1.4 Kb).
I have generated a Flp-In Cell Line and since I'm not interested in modulating gene expression via Tetraciclin, I decided to direct cotransfect my clone with the pCDNA5/FRT/TO_GOI and pOG44. As suggested by the user manual, I independently repeat the experiment using the pCDNA5/FRT/TO_EV (empty vector). After 24 hours hygromycin was added in all plates. After about a week I started to get clones in both the plates and now I'm propagating them.
Here comes the point.
There is clear evidence of larger and faster-growing clones in the cells transfected with the pCDNA5/FRT/TO_EV compared to those transformed with the pCDNA5/FRT/TO_GOI. Since the lack of positional effect is one of the features that characterize this system I can't understand why this happens. Having in mind to test how the expression of my GOI in both stimulated and unstimulated conditions may influence several parameters (including cell proliferation and viability) this makes things more complicated.
It could be possible that my GOI has some effect on cell proliferation, but since it is a receptor that needs a stimulus to be activated, I don't think this is the reason why this occurs.
Any explanation or further suggestions for testing alternative hypotheses?
Thanks in advance.
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Hi,
Just reading the manual and it looks like transfecting pcDNA5/FRT/TO EV shouldn't induce Hygromycin resistance. I am using the Flp-In T-REx system and am observing Hygro resistant foci in flasks of cells transfected with pcDNA5/FRT/TO + GOI and also in pcDNA5/FRT/TO EV. I don't think this should be happening!
VG
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I want to detect that my proliferating cells underwent a DNA Damage after treatment with drugs. I already know the H2AX method but looking for other methods. Many thanks in advance!
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I hope the paper attached will help you more.
Tunnel assay, comet assay, H2AX phosphorylation, immunocytochemistry and few other methods are mentioned in these.
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Background info:
I have calculated the doubling times of wild-type cell lines and gene knockdown cell lines. Growth curves were measured three times (day 0-day 6), each time there were 2 technical replicates. The technical replicates were plotted over time and via log-linear regression a doubling was derived.
I now want test whether knockdown of this gene affects doubling time. As the variation between the different growth curves (doubling times) is quite large (likely due to random things like people opening the incubator more frequently that week and differences in confluency at plating, things that are the same for both wild-type and knockdown cell line), I think I need to use a paired-t test.
However, from what I've seen, a paired t-test does not take into account standard error of those doubling times. So I'm wondering, is this correct? I do not have a background in statistics, but this feels somewhat wrong.
To clarify: for both the wild-type cell line and for the knockdown cell line I have three doubling times. I want to compare these to see if the knockdown has an effect on doubling times. As I derived the doubling times from log linear regression I think it's best to compare the slopes rather than convert those slopes to doubling times and compare those.
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I'm not sure where you found that t tests do not take into account standard errors of means. T-tests are based on the t statistic, which is the quotient of the mean difference and the standard error of the difference.
Do you mean that the t-test only take into account variability between growth curves of individual cells, but not the variability of each curve? T-tests assume that individual data point (in your case growth curve slopes) comes from a single measurement. One underlying assumption of t-tests is that measurement error is distributed normally, so the average measurement error will approach (or be) zero as the number of data point increases.
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I have been differentiating multiple iPSC lines into NPCs and then into astrocytes. I would like to do some qPCR to further characterise my iPSCs and astrocytes but was wondering how best to choose a housekeeping gene. I've tried 3 different ones for all cell types from all lines (GAPDH, YWHAZ and b-actin). Should I try and find the least variability across cell type, or across cell lines? Or is it okay to use different housekeeping genes for different cell types?
Sorry if I've explained this very badly! I'd appreciate any advice. :)
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I recommend you the database "Housekeeping and Reference Transcript Atlas" (www.housekeeping.unicamp.br). It offers candidate reference transcripts stable across multiple tissue types.
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I am culturing a spheroid which derived from intestinal stem cells. The colony seemed to contain multiple types of cells and I would like to identify what kind of cells in the colony.
Does anyone know how to identify the cell types in heterogeneous cell cluster?
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Dear Dr. Saleh Alkarim
Thank you very much for your reply.
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Mean pore size of tissue engineered scaffold plays a vital role in cell activity(eg. Infiltration of cells into the scaffold, proliferation etc)which in turn is dependent on cell type. In order to optimise electrospinning parameters to produce a viable scaffold for culturing human embryonic stem cells, the mean pore size would serve as a optimisation target to predict cell activity.
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The following article may be useful.
All the best
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Hello,
I am examining the phosphorylation of the MAP kinase ERK by immunofluorescence. In order to do this, I understand that serum-deprivation of cells will eliminate background phosphorylation levels. For how long should I serum-deprive the cells? Shall I keep them in low serum for a full passage prior to seeding in my assay plate? Or shall I seed them in the assay plate in low serum? Or shall I seed them in the assay plate in normal serum and then change to low serum after cell landing? How many hours of serum-deprivation will result in low background phosphorylation? I imagine that 24 hours at 1% serum should do the trick. Alternatively, should I eliminate serum altogether? After how long in low-serum or serum-free conditions will cells signal abnormally or arrest?
Thank you!
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You can culture the cells in serum-free medium for 3 days and keep cells that are not deprived of serum as negative control for examining the phosphorylation of the MAP kinase ERK by immunofluorescence. For more detail kindly see the published paper in FEBS Lett. 2008 Aug 6;582(18):2703-8.
doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.06.051. Epub 2008 Jul 9.
Serum starvation induces H2AX phosphorylation to regulate apoptosis via p38 MAPK pathway.
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Dear all,
I used the Click-it EdU flow cytometry assay to measure cell proliferation of my samples. However I do not know how to analyse them and interpret. How can I use the data to compare cell proliferation between two different groups?
Thanks :)
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Dear Sofia at the first, gate the live cells. next, use histogram to discriminate unstained cells, stained but not stimulated cells, Positive control (which stimulated by PHA, Antibody or Ca/ionomycin ...) and your interested cells. finally compare the percentage of proliferated cell in the interested groups by proper statistic.
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hi everybody,
i have some troubles with chemokines and cell proliferation. Different papers evidence that CXCL8 (but also CXCL12, CCL2 and other chemokines) are able to promote cancer cell proliferation. Based on these statements i tried to assess if CXCL8 would increase TPC-1 and 8505C thyroid cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Firstly i seeded my cells in a 96 well flat at a density of 4000 cells x well. After adhesion i treated cells with increasing concentrations of CXCL8 (10, 50 and 100ng) for 24 48 and 72h . At the end of each time of treatment i stained cells with cristal violet 0.5% fixed with METOH. I read the OD and calculated my results basing on control untreated. However my results were not reproducible. I tried also to assess the proliferation by CFSE at FACS but i did not found any increase of cell proliferation after treatment with CXCL8. I do not understand what's wrong, i have probably choose not adequate proliferation assays? could anyone suggest me some alternatives?
Thankyou
Francesca
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Francesca Coperchini Yes, but you can just add it in your wells and visualize in brightfield. WHile it's cheap and fast, it can undermine your results though, but you can give it a go for a first kind of interpretation. Add a control on 0 hour timepoint as well
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I want to check the effect of IL2 on the phenotype of a population of mouse CD8 T-cells I'm studying. So I want to stimulate my cells with IL2, anti-CD3 or anti-CD3+IL2. Recently I've ordered 100 mcg human recombinant IL2 from Peprotech.
In the manual it's suggested to dissolve powder in 100 mM sterile acetic acid as 1 mg/ml. I equilibrated temperature of the vial, centrifuged, dissolved in 0.1 M acetic acid, waited for 3-5 minutes to give better solubilization. Then I dissolved my protein solution additionally to 50 mcg/ml in sterile PBS/0.1% BSA, aliquoted and froze at -80. 1 vial was diluted more in order to get 20000 U/ml as the instruction claimed IL2 activity to be 10 millions U/mg. So as I got 100 mcg IL2 it means I got 1 million units IL2.
But this IL2 added to get 50 U/ml doesn't support CD8 T-cell survival neither alone nor during polyclonal T-cell stimulation and even decrease their survival what is strange.
Why it is so? Any ideas? Any suggestions?
Many thanks!
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Cell stimulation protocol is like that:
Sorted CD8 T-cells are either cultured at IL2 50 U/ml or at plate-bound anti-CD3+soluble anti-CD28 or at plate-bound anti-CD3+soluble anti-CD28+IL2 50 U/ml.
As I tried before IL2 induced my CD8 T-cells to proliferate even at 25 U/ml.
Now it is not only supportive alone but it even reduces anti-CD3 induced proliferation.
Any idea where the mistake can be?
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Have anyone tried to transfect a cell multiple times with same DNA. Like a cell line which is already made stable with a particular DNA can be transfected again with the same DNA which is already integrated into the genome?
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Shankar Anand Most likely you will not see the increase in expression of transgene, or at least not to the level you want to see. The expression level of transgene depends more on the kind of promoter you use than on anything else. If your plasmid has a weak promoter, try redesigning the plasmid.
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Dear Scientists,
I am working with a gene of interest in colorectal cancer, which has no role in cell proliferation. In addition, by knockdown this gene, the FAK and SRC protein expression are decreased. I have changed amino acid by SDM and check the protein expression of the gen by WB, the expression is decreased and the MW was less than actual MW. Then, I check the cell proliferation after transfection with mutated plasmid and wild type plasmid, I have noticed a significant increase in proliferation of the mutated one compare to WT. Can anyone have an idea to explain how this is happening?
Thank you in advance,
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Hi Colin,
Can you please explain what do you mean by ''Receptor and expression factor dilution upon division?''?
Thank you,
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In my experiment I am currently growing two strains of bacteria, and in order to test them in my experiment I have to grow the biofilms in 15 mL falcon tubes. I haven't yet found a great assay to determine cell proliferation. I have been running CV staining of biofilms then de-staining cells, and transfering that solution to plates to collect abs. I am open to any suggestions.
I was thinking about getting a OD 600 on the media that I pull off the tubes after 24 hr incubation, but was concerned that I wouldn't be able to quantify the biofilm growth. Thank you for any help you can give.
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Thank you for both of these papers they helped clarify the problem with using plastics. I really appreciate your help and knowledge! Thanks again! Mert Sudagidan
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Stem cells can reproduce themselve, although their proliferation rate is very low.
On the other hand there are the so-called "immortalized cell lines" which have a normal or high proliferation rate, and can sustain it over long periods of time.
Can stem cells also be considered to be a kind of such "immortal" cells?
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Vad Pérez Stem cells are generally divided into two (very broad) groups, pluripotent stem cells and all other stem cells (such as neural progenitors, muscle progenitors and other progenitor cell types). Pluripotent stem cells can be either embryonic stem cells obtained from embryos ("ES cells") or induced ("iPS cells).
The growth rate of stem cells varies widely depending on the cell type. The same thing can be said about cancer cells. For example, I worked with more than 20 different cancer lines, of which about 8 were neuroblastoma cell lines. Neuroblastoma in particular is very hard to grow, has extremely high cell death rate, is prone to differentiating, and many lines actually grow slowly. Not all cancer cell lines grow rapidly. However, it is true that all of them are immortal (otherwise it would not be called a cell line).
Stem cells, in turn, are very different depending on the cell line, too. For example, now I am working with two human embryonic stem cell lines, KhES-1 and KhES-3. They have very different growth rate, and one grows much better than the other. To illustrate, my KhES-1 is still "passage 4", while my KhES-3 line is already "passage 10", even though I started them and split them always at the same time (because I work on both at the same time). The speed of their growth is quite different. ES and iPS cells can definitely divide just as fast as HeLa or faster. The speed of division does not directly correlate with immortality.
Now, about immortality, yes, all pluripotent stem cells (that is, ES cells and iPS cells) can divide indefinitely. However, whether the mechanism of this immortality is same as in cancer, is not clear. Pluripotent stem cells do activate telomerase, and extension of telomeres happens during reprogramming. They are very similar to cancer cells. The question "what is different between cancer cells and pluripotent stem cells" (i.e. why cancer is so aggressive while pluripotent cells are not, even though both are immortal) has not been answered yet. Whoever answers it, is going to publish pretty high.
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Hi all,
I am running a n experiment involving primary rat Schwann cells ( passage 3) and varying dosages of H202 (0mM, 0.1mM, 0.3mM, 0.8mM, 1mM, and 2mM). Schwann cells ( n=2,000) were grown on a 96 well plate for 48 hours in 10% DMEM media with glutamax and forskulin. The varying concentration of H202 ( previously mentioned) was added to media after 48 hours and cells were subsequently grown in 1%FBS media. CellsThe experiment was done in triplicates. The results of my experiment seemed to show an increase in Schwann cell proliferation after CCK-8 assay. Is this to be expected or is it a technical error?
Please see attached for my data results
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It makes sense to me too. Does this protein reacts with NADPH too?
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I prepared TiO2 suspension in DMEM medium and used it to seed plate. Under the microscope I can observe something is moving and vibrating. Does the particles move and vibrate or it is cause bacteria contamination? Does anyone encountered similar problem as mine? Besides, the absorbance reading of the control and treated cells are almost same or sometimes more than control but the cells are still alive. Does it caused by contamination or the cells proliferate when the reading is higher than control? I need some advise on this.
Thank you in advance.
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Hi Pravena, TiO2 should be insoluble in DMEM, so you have a suspension, but depending on the size of TiO2 particles you can see something under the microscope or not. If your TiO2 particles are big enough, or being them nanoparticles, they aggregate forming bigger ones, then you can see them wanderig and vibrating due to the Brownian motion
If your particles are nanoparticles, and they do not aggregate, you cannot see them with an optical microscope, therefore, what is moving in your sample should be some kind of cell... may be bacteria contamination.
I hope it helps. Best!.
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If we have a plate of stem cells consist of one million cells in the start of in vitro differentiation process, after the induction of differentiation factors, and after the end of differentiation,
How many cells usually remain? (one million?)
What happens for cell cycle and cell division process? These process will be stop during differentiation?
Is there any publication about the genetics ans cellular characteristics of the cells after in vitro differentiation?
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There are lot papers which described about cell cycle activity during differentiation. You are right that cell proliferation need to be stop, so cell can go for differentiation.
How any differentiated cells expresses a particular markers which undifferentiated cells do not expresses. Similarly, for proliferation and apoptosis phenomenon. Apoptosis assays will determine whether differentiation induction caused any death or not.
While, to track the cell proliferation, you can use FLOW CYTOMETRY analysis for Ki67, which is prominent proliferation marker, also PCNA & MCM2 expression. Even several dyes are available such as BrdU, EdU can be used.
Ki67 expression before and after differentiation will give very good answer whether cell exit the cell cycle or not...
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Hi! I would like to compare cell proliferation rates.
The working hypothesis is that the proliferative effect of extracellular vesicles on cells cultured on the skin implant is increased compared to samples with pure cell culture.
There will be 4 samples:
1) cells (control)
2) cells + skin implant
3) cells + skin implant + extracellular vesicles
4) cells + extracellular vesicles
Cells will be from 3 donors, and experiments will be carried out 3 times with each donor culture.
Can someone help? Could you advice what method is the best?
Thank you in advance, your help is much appreciated.
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In R the model could be formulates like
model = glmer(rates ~ implants*vesicles + (1|donor), family=Gamma)
where rates are the rate constants detemined, implants and vesicles are binary factors (yes/no) and donor is a factor identifying the subject (used a random intercept factor in the model).
You are interested in the interaction of implants and vesicles. The difference-in-difference statistic can be obtained with
summary(model)
and you can get a p-value with
anova(model, test="Chisq") or drop1(model, test="chisq")
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Hello everyone! I regularly use the Sigma BrdU cell proliferation kit for my cell assays, and due to the nature of the kit I always run out of some reagents before others. This means I keep repurchasing the same kit just to replace one or two components since they don't sell them separately, and so I have accumulated multiple vials of the BrdU labeling solution as well as the wash buffer. It makes no sense to keep buying this kit since it is quite expensive. I would like to know if anyone has any experience in replacing the fix-denaturing solution, the anti-BrdU-peroxidase antibody, the antibody dilution solution, or the substrate solution, as a DIY reagent and still have the assay work just as well????
As a side note, I now use MTT instead of BrdU for cell viability because its much cheaper, however I am repeating a particular set of experiments from last year where I originally used the BrdU kit, so I would like to use the same method for consistency purposes here so I don't have to re-do everything with MTT....
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One thing I tend to run out of quite quickly from that kit is the stop solution, and I've found that using either H2SO4 or HCl at standard ELISA concentrations works just fine, so that I can make the kit last a bit longer. Good luck!
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We wish to use the Click-iT EdU Plus Kits to visualise cell proliferation of mouse splenocytes ex vivo.
One method of detecting and visualising EdU incorporation is fluorescence IHC. However, the protocol recommends paraffin-embedding the tissue before staining. Our problem arrises because we would like to multiplex EdU staining with our antibody of interest, which works much better in OCT-cryopreserved tissue than in paraffin-embedded tissue.
Has anyone used the EdU kits and subsequently frozen the tissue for fluorescent IHC?
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I have not personally tried to stain samples with incorporated EdU, however, I have EdU after being frozen at -20 C for years. I do not see any reason why freezing a sample with incorporated EdU wouldn't work, as long as you are performing the EdU staining/detection after you pull the frozen samples out, presumably when you are doing your antibody staining (or immediately before if using PE/PE-conjugated Abs)
Good luck!
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Do hypoxic or necrotic cells release chemicals that inhibate the proliferation of the surroundings cells ?
And do you think that such chemicals could alone stop a multicellular spheroid from growing ?
Meaning I could understand a spheroid stops growing because that there are not anymore anough nutrients in the media, or because there is a flow of proliferating cells towards the center do to the fact that cells are dying there. But could the inhibition due to chemicals be a cause of the cells stopping to grow ?
(I'm asking that cause of some experiments I'm observing)
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Thank you ! This is very clear.
In the experience, there are just tumor cells and solvant in ultra-low binding plates. There are no other chemicals.
The thing that makes me think there might be an inhibition is because most of the spheroids start with a few cells, but stop growing quite quickly, at a radius where it's unlikely there is a necrotic core. So I was thinking maybe the hypoxic or quiescent or the few necroting cells release some molecules that inhibate the growth of the surrounding cells. According to what you're saying, maybe not only the quiescent cells stop their cycle, but they are also signaling a lack of nutrients and those signals make the other cells stop their cycle too.
There has been no testing yet. We should do some soon.
Have a nice week-end
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I have 8 means for 8 concentrations inducing control
I calculated the proliferation %
How can I statistically analyze if the treatment significantly has an effect or not ?
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Is there a difference only in one variable/parameter (concentration) in cell culture experiments, i would propose to use One-way ANOVA analyses.
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I am doing my research on electrospun scaffolds for tissue regeneration and my team will have it them tested for biocompatibility and cell proliferation soon. I'm not yet sure which cell line will be used but I came across several papers that use cancer cells for such tests. I don't have a background on cell testing but I do know that cancer cells can proliferate indefinitely in a culture without the need for additional growth factors unlike normal cells which makes things easier. But how can it provide evidence of compatibility when my application is solely for normal cells (i.e. scaffolds for skin cell regen.)? I mean will the results be the same for normal version of the cell?
Please enlighten me about this. Thank you
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Dear Jean Raynell Bello
Cancer cells are immortal. Therefore, their use is unsuitable for assessing biocompatibility. According to the international standard, fibroblast cells are used for this task such as L929, SNL and etc. All biological tests must conduct according to ISO standards 10,993–5:1999 (Biological evaluation of medical devices; Part 5: tests for in vitro cytotoxicity). You can read the following articles:
Flexible magnetic polyurethane/Fe2O3 nanoparticles as organic-inorganic nanocomposites for biomedical applications: properties and cell behavior
Preparation and evaluation of polyurethane/cellulose nanowhisker bimodal foam nanocomposites for osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs
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Are we suppposed to include dead cells that have not proliferated when calculating in vitro proliferation of T cells. If we keep only live cells we could be in a situation where the majority of the cells have died and the 10 live cells are proliferating thus we would have 100% if we consider only the live cells.
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There are probably exceptions but I would think that your in vitro assay would be invalid if you are getting the extreme case you are mentioning. You can remove dead cells from the % of CFSE-negative but ALSO report your % of dead cells. That would give evaluators of your data the most information. However, if you have high % dead cells - consider also adjusting parameters of your assay.
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Hello
I am planning to insert a mouse gene into dog genome via CRISPR cas9 to re-activate cell proliferation pathway. Not sure where to begin. If anyone who has done a successful CRISPR Cas9 experiment before, can you please share your experience with me e.g. how to set up the experiment? any help would be highly appreciated.
Many Thanks
Regards
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Kavita, Yes I believe HDR template is necessary along with sgRNA.
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Would you know of any study that measures any quantity related to the cell proliferation rate with regards to different concentrations in O2 or other nutrients ? For example the time of a cell cycle, or the growth rate K in dC/dt=K*C, or the probability for a cell to divide on a time T.
More precisely, are there single-cell experiments on that topic ?
Thx in advance
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Yes
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Is anyone working with immortalized human cardiac fibroblasts (abmgood) or primary human cardiac fibroblasts (PromoCell) ?
Do you have any problems with cell proliferating or spontaneus differentiation?
(I need to differentiate them info myofibroblasts and haven´t found any publications on this process.)
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Dear Veronika,
have you started to work with these cells?
As I would like to buy both of them, I'm looking for suggestions!
Thanks