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Cell Cycle Analysis - Science method

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I have given the MCF-7 treated cells and control for cell cycle analysis by FACs. Unstained control MCf-7 cell have produce a peak in cell cycle analysis. So this result is wrong? if it is wrong, where it might have gone wrong?
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Maryam Hataminejad .... Thanks a bunch for the thorough explanation! I really appreciate it!
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I performed a cell cycle analysis using the cell cycle platform in FlowJo and found that some samples showed a negative value in the Sub-G0 population (see attached image). While I understand this result doesn’t make sense biologically, I’m wondering how I should interpret it and what steps I could take to correct these values. Thanks
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when looking at the percentage of cells in G1, G2 and S, you got a total of 104.9 %. Therefore the machine indicates - 4.8 % in less G1 simply to have a final count of 100%. But here I don't think that this last percentage (- 4.08 %) corresponds to real apoptotic cells or cell debris. You have probably to see with the operator of the machine to undersatnd this point.
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Hello everyone,
I'm studying cell cycle regulation in diseased MSC,I did BrdU cell cycle analysis,and there was significant delay in G1/S phase in diseased cells in comparison to normal cells
I want to analyze gene and protein expression of cell cycle regulatory factors
My question is how to make sure that all the cells at G1/S phase transition ?
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Dear Gehan Abdelaziz,
In order for all (most except for cells in G0) cells to be on the G1-S border, double synchronization must be done. With aphidicolin or a combination of serum starvation and aphidicolin.
You can read more about this in my review. Uzbekov, 2004
Biochemistry (Moscow),
Analysis of the Cell Cycle and a Method Employing Synchronized Cells for Study of Protein Expression at Various Stages of the Cell Cycle
The full text in English is in ResearchGate.
Rustem E Uzbekov
Best wishes,
Rustem Uzbekov
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Hi, I culture HACAT mammalian immortalized cells. I am interested to check the protein changes by western blot and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry. Can i store the harvested cell pellets in -80 freezer without any storing reagent before performing western or flow cytometry?
Thank you
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For the western blot, it should be fine. You can harvest the whole protein from the cell pellet after freeze in -80 freezer.
For the cell cycle analysis, no.
As alternative, you can fix the cell in 4% formaldehyde, wash, and resuspend in PBS + 2% FBS, and keep the cell in fridge for overnight;
For the long term storage, you can cryopreserve the cells in 10% DMSO+90% FBS in-80 freezer.
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I am a newbie in FACS analysis: so I used this reagent from dojindo called cell cycle blue reagent and do staining in live cells (not like PI) they stated that fixation is not needeed, the problem is this reagent has not been used in available paper for my cell lines (min6 insulinoma cell lines), thus I don't know why my result is like this... I tried to analyse in FlowJo but I couldn't get the result of the cell cycle that is usually shown. 1st peak G0/G1, then s phase, then G2/M phase... what went wrong?
I attached some of my result:
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Stephan Spangenberg I want to ask about automated cell cycle analysis by flowJo, why is all population phase G0/G1+S+G2/M does not add up to 100%, is this okay?
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I would like to do a FACS analysis with BrdU-7aad staining, how long should I incubate with BrdU if my cells doubling time is 48hours?
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Excuse me, td=t / Log2 (Nt/N0)
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Hello everyone.
I have performed cell cycle analysis by FCM using FxCycle PI/RNase staining solution from Invitrogen for MSCs. I fixed my cells with 70% ethanol for 2 hours at 4 degree C before staining with the solution.
My results showed 2 peaks which commonly known as G0/G1 peak and also G2/M peak, however the G2/M peak was very far from the G0/G1 peak and not showing 4N DNA content (attached file).
What would be the probable causes?
I am thankful for any tips and advice.
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The cause of the discrepancy in your cell cycle analysis results could be due to several factors, including improper cell fixing, staining or sample preparation, or issues with instrumentation or data analysis. In particular, the gating strategy can greatly impact the accuracy of cell cycle analysis results, so it is possible that incorrect gating could be a contributing factor. I would recommend checking your gating strategy and reviewing your sample preparation and staining protocols to ensure that they were performed correctly. Additionally, it might be helpful to consult with a specialist or perform a quality control check with a known cell line to ensure that the results are accurate.
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I am searching for the best approach to statistically evaluate differences in cell cycle distribution between different cell populations. We are analysing the cell cycle distribution, by staining DNA with PI and analysing what percentage of the cell population is in the different phases (GO/G1, S and G”/M) using flow cytometry and the Flow Jo software. So we get percentages of cells in these three phases for different cell populations and we want to analyse differences between the cell cycle distributions for these populations (usually treated cells in comparison to control). Using simple ANOVA or ttest statistics is probably not the best here, as the amount of cells in each of the phases is co-dependent on the amount of cells in the other phases. What would be the best approach?
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I hasten to remind readers that this is not primarily a statistics problem because ignoring the G0 nonproliferating fraction will make nonsense of the derived cell cycle parameters (G0 will add to the G1 fraction, 2n DNA content and reduce others). Please see my recent entry, above.
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When I perform cell cycle analysis using Cell Quest flow cytometer, I can not well initial gating of FSC-H and SSC-H. Because most of the cells are not see in the FSC and SSC figures. If anyone have experience of initial gating in cell cycle using PI, please help me.
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Thank you so much. I am using FACScalibur (cell quest) software and this is first for me to detect cell cycle analysis. I did not how to proper adjusting the initial gating of cell population.
I will try again.
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I need a positive control for a cell cycle analysis experiment. Can anyone please suggest how you would arrest some cells in G0 to be used as a control? Thank you!
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It depends on the cell line but most gave a good G1 block by 24h serum starvation followed by 18h (overnight) treatment with 100microM Hydroxyurea. Wash and replace the medium with full serum to release the block if required, and if you have a number of dishes or flasks then you can use flow cytometry to watch the populations travel through S phase in synchrony.
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Hi there, I would really appreciate some help. I have done the flow cytometry using this kit: BrdU Flow Kits http://www.icms.qmul.ac.uk/flowcytometry/uses/cellcycleanalysis/diagrams/brdu.pdf
As recommended, I use FITC anti-BrdU and 7-AAD for DNA staining and cell cycle analysis. Somehow my result looks like this and I am not sure what the problem is here since this is the first time I have done it.
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Ziyi Zhang, what channel did you use to acquire the 7AAD the same should work for the analysis. Look like the Cy5 channel should work.
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I'm trying to do BrdU stainning in AML cell lines. first cells were incubated with brdu for 2 hr at 37c then after washing cells incubated with cold 70% ethanol in ice for 30 min followed by 2N HCl treatment for 30 min at RT. Before cells being incubated with FITC conjugated anti-Brdu, cells incubated with 2ml 0.1M borax (NaB4O7) pH 8.5, incubate for 5 minutes at room temperature. This protocol was used in our lab and gave a nice result. However, I did not got the good separation of cells in S phase from cells in G1 and M phase.
Does anybody had this problem before and have good suggestions or know why S phase cells did not go far from cells in other phases
 
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We need to label BrdU cells in the rat hippocampus. How many pH 8.5 Borax buffer washes do you recommend to complete replacement HCl?
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Hello everyone,
I'm new to flow cytometer analysis.
For the first time, I did analysis for PI stained hela cells. but I got the histogram like this. I want to do cell cycle analysis. Can anyone help me to improve this?
Thank you
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For cell cycle analysis, suggestions are :-
1. You have FSC Vs SSC dot plot - it will help to select the live cells population and gate the population (G1).-Graph 1
2. Please include PI-A vs PI-W ( area vs width) dot plot: it will help to exclude the doublet cell population. ( G1 population will be selected from the Graph 1) select the singlet population (G2)
3. SSC vs PI-A plot: you have already plotted, please convert it into linear scale on X axis. ( select G2 population from graph 2)
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Dear Researchers, which is the RNase A solvent for cell cycle analysis? DEPC? PBS? or DMSO?
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You can make a 1 mg/ml stock in PBS (also, check the recommended buffer from the data sheet of Rnase A) and store aliquots at -20C. Working concentration 40 ug/ml with a incubation of 45-60 min at 37C works fine for cell cycle analysis.
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Hello Researchers, I have been trying to use DAPI for cell cycle flow experiment, however the result looked really funky, does anyone have any advice?
The mice that I used is WT B6/J mouse around 6 weeks old. I use MBI pan T cells kit to isolate T cells and stimulate them with CD3 (1:50) plate bound (2h) & CD28 (1:250) in solution and cultured cells for 24h. For media I used RPMI 1640 with 10%FBS + 1% L-glu and P/S.
Here is the protocol I have been using. Have around 5 million cells after 24h.
1. Label with 100uL of 1:200 ZOMBIE NIR diluted in PBS for 20 minutes at RT. Wash once with FACS buffer.
2. Label with 100uL of 1:250 APC diluted in FACS buffer for 20 minutes at 4C. Wash once with FACS buffer.
3. Fix cells by adding 1 mL of Foxp3 Fixation/Permeabilization working solution to each sample and vortex. Incubate for 30minutes at RT. Protect from light.
4. Centrifuge cells @1200rpm for 8 minutes at RT, resuspend cells in 1mL PBS, incubate 15minute at RT to rehydrate cells.
5. Centrifuge cells @1200rpm for 8 minutes at RT. Dilute DAPI to 3ug/mL in perm buffer, resuspend cells in 250uL DAPI perm buffer.
6. Incubate the samples for 15–30 minutes at room temperature, protected from light. Analyze the samples without washing.
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Hello Ngai So
I would suggest that you perform step 3 carefully. It is important to have single cell suspension. So, when you add the fixative, add it drop by drop while you keep vortexing the cells. Sometimes the cells tend to group themselves and they are fixed as groups which may be the cause of such a result. Try this method.
Best.
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I´m using a protocol in order to detect by flow cytometry (using a 488-nm laser and 530-nm/30 filter or similar) whether my cells are positive for B-galactosidase or not. In this protocol I have to fix the cells with paraformaldehyde to 2% in PBS during 10 minutes before incubating with the working solution. After detecting my cells positive and negative for B-galactosidase I have sorted these two populations of cells and I have performed a cell cycle analysis with propidium iodide (IP). As these cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde, I have had to adapt the recommended protocol for the cell cycle analysis (fix with 70% ethanol and incubate with RNAase + IP) and instead of fixing with ethanol I have permeabilised my fixed cells with 0,25% triton x-100 during 15 minutes before incubating with IP. The problem is that when I have analysed the phases of the cell cycle, they are not distinguished as good as with the recommended protocol. I have also tried to look for the cell cycle with 7AAD but the results were even worst. Does anyone know how can I adapt my protocol in order to improve the cell cycle analysis in the cells already fixed with paraformaldehyde?
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It will be the fixation that is causing DNA damage. Use fresh 1% PFA made from prilled solid stock (signa-aldridge 441244) in PBS with the pH carefully adjusted to 7.4. If using suspension cells 10 min fixation with three washes of PBS. You can then treat with triton X100 etc. as above.
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I am testing Prussian blue (Fe3+[Fe3+(CN)6]) cathode for Sodium ion battery.
Literatures showed 2 voltage plateau (while it is not that clear in voltage plateau, still contribute a bit in capacity) and higher capacity as shown first figures from
However, It seems like I only have one voltage plateau and not even half capacity as shown my data second figure. I used 2 - 4.5V for cycling. The material synthesis was same as the paper.
differences were
1. I used active material: super P: PVDF = 65:25:10. While literature used active material: acetylene black: PVDF = 80:10:10.
2. I used 0.3M KTFSI electrolyte. While literature used KPF6 in EC/DEC.
What could be the reason of having only one plateau?
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Thank you for your help Wang!
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Hi, I would like to obtain synchronised cultures of B. subtilis with an efficient and reproductible method. Has anyone done this before and have a clear idea of the best way to do it?
Thanks a lot four your help,
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Hi Julie,
To my knowledge taken from an expertise of a collaborating lab at Harvard University, efficient and reproductive results might be achieved working with biofilms as structured communities of B. subtilis that exhibit complex spatio-temporal dynamics. Thus, quite recently Dr. Rubinstein & colleagues (Lee LM, Rosenberg G and Rubinstein SM (2019). Front. Microbiol. 10:842. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00842) revealed a sequence of developmental events during pellicle growth, encompassing adhesion, conversion, growth, maturity, and detachment on the interface, which are synchronized with the bacteria in the liquid bulk increasing in density until the formation of a mature surface pellicle.
Best,
Ilya
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1. I'm gonna fix my cells for cell cycle analysis via flow cytometry method. I've just read a protocol from this link "https://www.abcam.com/protocols/flow-cytometric-analysis-of-cell-cycle-with-propidium-iodide-dna-staining". My question is how long can we keep cell in fixation using 70% ethanol solution?
2. I have 200 mg powder of cisplastin. Does anyone know how to prepare for stock and how to store the stock for long-term using?
Thank you so much!
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Hello Bui Khan
1. You can fix the cells using 70% ethanol for at least 2 hours at 4 degree C. Keeping cells for fixation in 70% ethanol at 4 degree C for 12-24 hours would be still better.
2. Preparing stock of cisplatin.
You can dissolve cisplatin in deionized water up to 2 mM by vertexing it well and letting the solution to remain on the shaker for at least 10 mins at room temperature. Cisplatin is also relatively sensitive to light. Please make a note of this. Do not use DMSO as a solvent because DMSO reacts with cisplatin forming various complexes and so you need to avoid it.
The molecular weight of Cisplatin is 301.1 g/mol
So, you can make a stock of cisplatin by dissolving 0.301 mg cisplatin in 1ml deionized water to get a stock concentration of 1 mM. Make aliquots of the stock solution and store them at 4 degree C in the dark (prevent exposure to light). The stock solution is stable under these conditions for a few months.
You can use this stock solution to prepare the working solutions for your experiments.
Good Luck!
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My substance decreases percentage of cell numbers in the G1 and increases percentage of cell numbers in the G2 phase while percentage of cell numbers in the S phase(cell cycle) remains same compared to the saline control in the cytometry assay. WB shows unregulated expression of Cycline D1.What can this suggest? (Btw, CCK-8 assay show higher proliferation rate in treated cells)
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Hello Muhammad, What cell numbers are you recovering from the different treatment groups? And how are you evaluating cell cycle eg DAPI, Ho, PI ? What about % apoptototic population in the different treatments is that changing between groups?
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I do not know which area should I gate in the area vs height graph to distinguish between the doublets and polyploid cells using flowcytometry? I am working with a Beckman Coulter Machine. I have done PI staining
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Adam Figarski - Thank you for the suggestions. I will look into it.
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I need to study the cell cycle using PI by FACS. I would like to know if the difference in the cell number between samples can affect the FACS analysis. In the scatter plot (Cell count vs PI) the histogram changes the position along the PI axis between the samples. Why? How can I have the histogram plot fixed along PI axis?
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For the cell number, the most important is the concentration of the cells in the final staining solution which should be between 1-2 million /ml.
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Hi everyone,
We are trying to optimize a protocole for cell cycle analysis in 6-well plates. We prefer this format of plates because it is what we use regularly for siRNA transfections. So we wouldn't like to change the size of plates.
We have a protocol using PI in which we fix the cells with ethanol. We lose almost 90% of cells after this fixation.
Could you give me tips for avoiding this loss of cells?
Thanks.
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suggest you to harvest cells, wash them twice, fix in cold 70% EtOH and keep at +4° almost 3-4 hours before PI staining. If you work in 1.5ml tubes, you can wash cells by suction to avoid lost of cells.
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Dear all,
I am about to purchase a bench top flow cytometer and our budget allows us to buy either the Accuri C6 Plus (BD) or the NovoCyte (ACEA), both with 2 lasers and 4 colors.
I have been using BD flow cytometers for more than 15 years including FACS Calibur, Aria, Canto (BD), and the bench top from Partec and the Guava.
I appreciate your feedback regarding the Accuri C6 Plus versus the NovoCyte if you have used either or both of them, regarding easiness of operation, software, and any potential frequent problem that may occur.
My main applications are cell cycle analysis, apoptosis, protein expression, as well as some immunophenotyping at the moment.
Thank you
Eiman
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Very interested in this question
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I prepared my samples with ethanol, RNase and PI. However I could not use the Flow Cytometry machine because of an technical problem. I covered my samples with foil and put them in +4. As my cells are fixated I don't question them but I'm not sure about the stability of PI. I don't know if PI is stable for longer times.
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Theoretically, you may keep them for 1-2 weeks, but as per my experience, we add PI just before the acquisition (that gives best results). but keeping even fixed cells more then 2-3 days would impact cells. PI is very sticky dye, you will find much positivity in PI chennal.
Try to acquire the sample as soon
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I have been staining yeast cells for analysis of cell cycle using SYTOX green and getting good results.
The cells i'm now tiring to stain express GFP so SYTOX green wouldn't work as they emit at the same wave length.
I have tried using both SYTO 60 and DRAQ5 with little success.
SYTO60 seems to mainly stain mitochondria and DRAQ5 does not provide great separation between G1 & G2.
anyone knows about a better protocol for DRAQ5 (for now i've been diluting it 1:1000 in PBS and incubating for 15 min in room temp) or a better DNA stain emitting in far-red and works well with yeast?
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If u are still interested - If I am correct, the cell cycle stain uses some harsh fixation and proteolysis steps which might be incompatible with gfp imaging due to denaturation. Can u present the protocol?
If I wanted to do what you want, I would use an alternative method for cell cycle determination, such as cytometric quantification of histone amounts. So, your protein of interest can be a gfp fusion, while you need to tag a high abundance histone with with an RFP. Ive done cytometry of histone tagged yeast and the n/2n peaks are really nice. I think it was Hta2-GFP
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I was performing wound healing assay seeding 300,000cells/well in 6 well plates with 2mL RPMI medium.
At 0hr after intervention, the cells looked like the first picture.
At 24hr after intervention, the cells looked like the second picture
at 42hr after intervention, the cells looked like the third picture.
The control (DMSO) group on the other hand, demonstrated morphologies of the fourth, fifth, and sixth pictures at 0hr, 24hr, and 42hr after intervention respectively.
The thing is, the duration of this entire transformation shortened to about 20~24hrs when I redid the experiment under the same conditions, but with 1mL medium (same amount of cells seeded, same drug concentration, same type of 6 well plate, just with half the medium)
We can clearly see morphological differences at 42hr (the third vs the sixth picture) between the intervention and control groups, and I'm curious as to what may be the cause of it.
BTW, cell cycle analysis via flow cytometry was also performed, and there doesn't seem to be much of a difference between the control and intervention groups, with no signs of increase in SubG1 upon intervention, which kind of dismisses apoptosis. I'm therefore suspecting the possibility of autophagy.
So does anyone know the morphological changes of PC3 cells during the process of autophagy? Or does this indicate something else going on that I haven't considered?
THANX!!! :)
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Hello, Evra!
You see this article, please, there is a morphology of PC3 cells
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I have recently started to work with Flowing Software 2.5.1, Unfortunately I am stuck in the analysis of the data, because I can not modify the range the default axis values of the dot plot. Basically, I can go from logarithm to linear scale, but, for example, I cannot change the minimum and maximum value of each exis.
Thanks in advance for any advice
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This question is old but i think it might help someone else in similar problem.
Ralf Mrowka didn't seem to be clear on the question
There is no direct tool within the software, but there is a way around it.
1. Open the data on your flowing software as usual.
2. Right click and export data>save data as ".txt (delimited) somewhere on your pc
3. open microsoft excel
4. Go to file>open> (search for the txt file you saved previously)
5. Adjust accordingly as suggested on flowing software webpage under documentation>Read TXT files http://flowingsoftware.btk.fi/index.php?page=4
6. Once done, save the file, then close it
7. Go back to your flowing software, create a dot plot or histogram or as you wish, 8. Then goto file>open TXT (tab delimited), and open the txt file
9. If it doesnt display as you wish, go back to step 3 and play around with the ScaleMin and ScaleMax values.
Tip: I assume the numbers in the excel sheet would be very long. To easily find the minimum and max values in your data, copy a column of the values to another worksheet and sort from smallest to largest or vice versa.
I hope this helps.
Good luck!
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I'm using Abcam 112116 cell cycle assay kit - Green Fluorometric to detect cell cycle for HCT116 and Caco2 (colorectal cell lines). I've performed an optimization run using the recommended protocol (Nuclear green 1:200), and I even included several nuclear green concentrations (1:400, and 1:600).
Cell scattering shows two populations for HCT116 (probably cell duplicates) and minimal separate scattering with Caco2 (for 1:200 only as recommended by the kit). Nevertheless, when I select a single cell population I can't seem to see a normal cell cycle, always one prominent peak is showing.
What could cause the disappearance of cell cycle?
Note the following:
- Untreated unstained samples were used to detect auto-florescence
- Untreated stained cells were used to detect normal cell cycle
- I've used a cytotoxic treatment below IC50 for 24 hrs duration
- Treated stained cells are being investigated for cell cycle arrest compared to untreated ones
- Floating treated cells were collected in the samples
- Floated untreated cells were NOT collected in the samples
- no starvation was done
- Incubation of cells with nuclear green was 50 minutes
- cells are adherent, so trypsinization was done and following by complete media wash prior to incubation of with nuclear green in fresh complete media
- I've used Doxorubacin as a sample, the graph shows shifting but I can't quantify it without distinct cell cycle phases (attached is a full profile scatter for dox).
Should any of the following suggestions be crucial for better cell cycle presentation:
- Starving the cells prior to treatment?
- Using short duration treatment (<24 hrs)?
- Using low passage cell line? avoid advanced passage cell lines?
- Using IC50 or above IC50 concentrations of cytotoxic agents?
- Using higher dye (nuclear green) concentration (>1:200; recommended is 1:200)?
- Using prolonged incubation time with the dye (>60 minutes; recommended is 30-60 minutes)?
- Using cell strainer to avoid duplicate cells?
- Floating cells in the treated/untreated samples should/not be collected?
Attached is a full scattering profile for the untreated HCT116 cell line. Note that the second peak is probably representing cell duplicates rather than a population of single cells in the G2 phase, despite using a cell strainer.
Thank you
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Hi Husam,
Have you contacted Abcam's tech support?
One other thought is that the cells might have the capacity to clear the Abcam probe (drug resistance mechanism). Perhaps adding 0.5% formaldehyde would "snap" the pumps involved in this without permeabilising your cells or affecting the expression of other cell surface markers. PI will not suffer from this because of the fix, perm, RNase procedure required to use it.
Regards,
Roy
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any one know cyclin E inhibitor (Synthetic) . CDK2 inhibiotrs are there but i need cyclin E specific inhibitor.
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How did you managed to specifically inhibit Cyclin E? Because the list of inhibitors of Santa cruz inhibit several targets.
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Hello everyone, I would like to study how the silencing of a protein can affect the cell cycle using Control Cell Vs CRISPR-Cell KO for this protein. I would like to check the cell cycle using FACS and the PI staining . Could you suggest me a nice protocol describing some parameters to use ?
Thank's in advance.
Best regards !
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One can find a Cell cycle protocol using PI at-
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Hi there,
I have been doing cell cycle analysis with PI/Flow Cyt for a few months now, and every so often, I get weird results (see attached pic) where I lost my G2 peak entirely, and my S-phase bleeds off from my G1 peak. I can never figure out what is wrong, but if anyone can give me some insight I would greatly appreciate it.
My Protocol
I harvest cells from a 6 well plate (70% confluency) - use accutase, not trypsin
I wash 2x with RT PBS, then I fix the cells using 400uL cold PBS and 800uL cold ETOH (everything added on ice)
Within the next few days, on the day I want to run Flow, I wash the cells again 1x PBS, put on 500uL of PI at 50ug/mL, incubate @37C for 30 mins, then put the cells in the fridge for up to 3 hours (or whenever the technician runs the Flow)
Sometimes I get great results, where I can see G1/S/G2, other times all my samples come out looking like the attached picture. Has anyone experienced this, and do you know why it happens?
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Hi Doorsa,In the past,I had also experienced similar histograms for some of my samples. But i think at least control sample should not be like your histogram. You have not mentioned your cell name.I observed similar (even shift towards subG1) histogram when cells were delicate (MDAMB231 triple-negative breast cancer)or treatment with high concentration of drugs or for longer duration.I used trypsin and 70% chilled ethanol (-20 deg)(Your protocol suggest accutase and 66% ethanol).You can see my protocol at-
Few suggestions-
1.prior to fixation with -20 deg ethanol, collect cells by centrifugation at as low speed possible.2.Resuspend cells with delicate pipetting 3.Fix with 70%, -20 deg. ethanol 4.DONOT keep at 4 /-20 degree after fixation for more days if the cells are delicate(when i pocessed the sample on the same day instead of keeping for 4-5 days to week(s) in refrigerator,i got better results) 5.Avoid keeping for long hours after PI labelling(2-3 hours at 4deg. is OK ,however PI fluorescence in HeLa cells was intact even when kept at 4 deg.for 12 hrs)
Since some times you got good results with your own protocol, try to repeat exactly the same way.
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I want to ask about the RNAse treatment for the cell cycle. What should be the ideal conditions during RNAse treatment i.e. Incubation period, temperature, time or either it should be placed in 5% CO2 incubator or not?
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Correct me if I am wrong, but the first step of the preparation is after cell washing an Ethanol-fixation, then Ethanol removal, PBS washing, then RNAse A treatment - at least in a Propdium Iodide based cell cycle protocol.
As soon as cells are fixed in Ethanol, they are dead - and why should they need 5% CO2 then?
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I would be using PI staining and flow cytometry to examine cell cycle arrest effects of a certain plant extract in MCF 7 cells. I now need a positive control causing cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase. Do you have any ideas as to what kind of agent I should use for this purpose?
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This post is now old but I work with MCF7 cell line and I tried to block them by serum starvation.
It didn't work at all, even for 24, 35 or 48 hrs of starvation (only 60% of cells in G1). Drugs like nocodazole or other might work better.
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What will happen to cell cycle histogram in PI staining flow cytometry if RNase doesn't work? Does it change or move the histogram peaks?
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Hi,
I currently have a problem which I cannot understand. I am fixing cells in 70% ethanol: cells are first trypsinized, spinned down and 70% ethanol in water is added dropwise while vortexing. Cells then stayed at -20C for about a week. Then, I spinned the cells at 500g for 10 min, and I saw clearly big nice pellets of fixed cells. Then, I removed the soup carefully, checked that the pellet is still there and then added cold PBS 1X, up-and-down and then spinned again at 500g, 10 min. But the pellet is not there! I removed the soup and kept it on the side and checked some of it under the microscope, no cells. I put new PBS to the first tube (that has the invisible "pellet"), up-and-down and again checked under the microscope, no cells there too! Could it be that my cells are bursting or something?
I want these cells for propidium iodide staining for cell cycle analysis in flow cytometry.
Does anyone who actually does this protocol have an idea? Could you provide specific speed and time for the spin steps?
Thanks
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If you try and fix your sample with EtOH, before fully re-suspending the pellet, too quickly, the cells can lyse releasing their DNA. This usually causes the remaining cells to aggregate around the free DNA, into long strings and you will not be able to recover them. Resuspend the pellet in a drop of PBS, and add the EtOH slowly, with GENTLE mixing will give you a good fixation with minimal cell loss, suitable for cell cycle evaluation.
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Hi, I am studying a protein that seems to be localized at cilia but only in very short times, so i want to see if it is in a specific cell cycle phase.
What markers could I use in immunofluorescence to identify the cell cycle phase?
I work with IMCD3 cell line, in which the ciliation is not synchronized (I am trying to work this out).
Thanks in advance for any suggestion.
Best,
Cecília
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Hi Cecillia,
I'm running into the similar issue to this and I'm wondering if you ever landed on a successful method. I'm also working with IMCD3 cells and a protein that is a transient resident of cilia. In my hands IMCD3 are totally immune to any of the usual cell cycle synchronism methods. They proliferate rapidly and randomly in serum free media.
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Hi,
I have been doing flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis using PI for a liver cancer cell line and I have been getting a big and strange peak where S-phase should be. Not sure if it's S-phase peak or a heterogenous population (where the peak represents the G1 phase). We had this cell lines STR tested and it was a 100% match and we have been using a low passage number (max P-17).
I couldn't find any literature having similar results. Any ideas what's happening here or how to get rid of it?
Thank you.
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Hi Anshuli,
Very interesting issue, Ive been doing Flow with PI for my work for the last 3 years and its very interesting to see a clear peak between G1 and G2.
Few questions: is it your control group or treatment ?
also can you plot PE-H or PE-W vs PE-A and send the pic again ?
Are you using any kit for staining or PI with own protocol ?
If there is an option to sort those cells, then you can stain or do qPCR for ki67 and p21 to see if the cells have stalled in S phase. Some times you might see ki67 high (indicating cells are progressing through cell cycle) but might have high p21 as well (inhibitor for cell cycle progression) in that scenario, the cells do tend to halt in certain stage. If its your treatment group then its worth looking at, if your treatment is disrupting the checkpoint of progression to G2.
I would also repeat this with different timepoint cells. Just to make sure that cells are progressing and when they reach S phase, they halt.
Hope this helps.
Kiran.
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I have measured cell cycle progression of my cells by staining my cells with propidium iodine (PI). I obtained the histogram unlike what is expected with a high abundance of S phase in control cells and more cells in G2/M phase that expected.
It is the first flow cytometry experiment I did so I am wondering if I did something wrong to receive these data (protocol attached). Do you think it might have something to do with the cells handling?
I am using HEK293 cells but our Flow Cytometer (FC500 from Beckman Coulter) is mostly set up for the yeasts. We do not have any program set for the human cells and only one colleague of mine adjusted the program for HeLa cells.
I would really appreciate your feedback. Thank you in advance.
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Cell cycle labelling should work with PI as long as the membranes are appropriately permeabilised. Your cell cycle profiles suggest that you have a good fixation/staining procedure. I can't see how many cells you have recorded but the profiles suggest several thousand so they are smooth and will have high statistical strength. It appears that you have cells in to phases - your results active proliferation of cells in log growth(like a tumour line) while the Expected profile looks like naive PBMNC were the majority of cells are in G0/1(Quiescent state). Both look like normal profiles. Try your procedure on some fresh PBMC,
or see what happens to the cell cycle in HEK that are overgrown , were I would expect cell:cell inhibition to reduce the S and G2/M contribution, as cells drop out of active cell progression. Or try a metabolic inhibitor eg cytochalasin D, Indisulam, ... to confirm your labelling is correct for actively proliferating cells
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About to run cell cycle/apoptosis analysis on flow, i am unsure of which drug to use for my endothelial cell line. What i have now is etoposide and 5fu. and i am unsure of the concentration that is suitable for 72hrs treatment window. i have checked on pubmed and ncbi for clues but to no success. please help. thank you.
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I have been running FACS analysis with a given protocol that does not use Triton X-100 treatment following fixation/permeabilization with 70% ethanol. The resultant cell cycle histogram has a huge G1 peak, but a poor S-phase and G2/M profile. Would we expect a difference using Triton X-100 in this protocol? Most protocols seem to use it, but some don't. My lab professor has never used it before and is reluctant to add it to the protocol.
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Hello Tiago,
I do have the same problem with my organoids. I am not using Triton-X100, only 70% EtOH fixation. Did you manage to find out or get a reply from someone with a possible explanation?
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Cancer treatment with three different concentrations has been used on cancer cell line for 24hr, and then ab139418 – Propidium Iodide Flow Cytometry Kit was used for cell cycle analysis. The attached file shows the results, where the DNA content in the second concentration (T2) is higher in G2 than S and G0.
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Hi Assem:
Three technique problems may bias your data:
1) dead cells will bias the frequency of cell cycle phase; it seems you included dead cells into pre-G1 phase;
2) Data analysis is problematic in PI staining for cell cycle phases, had to gating even there is some program.
3) Drug treatment may change the structure of chromosome, change the efficacy of PI staining.
DAPI+Hoechst staining can solve most uncertainty; look chromosome of your drug treated cells under microscope can give you some clue as well.
After these validation, your drug may arrest cells in G2 phase.
Regards
Shiqiu
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Hello everyone
does any body know how can we analyse and gating the cell cycle data in G1,S and G2 phases in the cancer cell line by Flowjo software?
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Flowjo provides Watson model and Beckmann model for cell cycle analysis, you can have a try.
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Hello, I want to perform FACS analysis to assess the cell cycle status in specific bone marrow cell populations by looking at the Ki67 against DAPI signal. We have working antibodies and DAPI solutions and I am troubleshooting the protocol.
In our last experiment, in one of our samples we observed a granular cell population that is DAPI high (comparable to signal in G2/S/M) but Ki67 negative/low (comparable to signal in G0). I know that all cells between G2/S/M phases according to DAPI signal should also be Ki67 positive/high.
My question then is, has someone experienced something similar while testing the protocol? I am wondering if it is a technical issue (eg buffer composition, DAPI concentration, machine voltages) or if this population can indeed come up in some cases. I wasn't able to find much information by quickly browsing the literature.
Thanks everyone!
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Thanks for the answers!
@Yulia that is a valid point regarding the antibody. We are also still titrating the concentration to find our what works best. I also didn't know that progenitors can give this confusing signal, I will go back to my gating and make sure I am not including unwanted populations.
@Han we are using DAPI to assess DNA quantity and distinguish between G0-G1 and G2-S-M phases and simply gate out dead cells in our analysis. All cells are permeabilised so DAPI will be able to access the nucleus for all of them anyway. But adding another viability dye may help out with the gating, and maybe what we are seeing is indeed noise so I will keep this in mind.
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We have a platform that can stimulate cells mechanically, and normally proliferation of cells decreases greatly with that stimulation.
So I thought that cells were arrested in G0 phase, but cell cycle analysis revealed decreased G0/G1 phase and increased S and G2/M phase.
Any possible explanations for this?
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Dr.Jumaa Thank you for your answer
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Hello,
What I want : I want to sort primary cells according to different cell cycle phases and then stain for transcription factors to image/flowcytometry/qPCR any of these.
Combining cell cycle analysis as well as trascription factors for flow would be the best.
has any one tried ?
Thanks.
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You can sort cells by cell cycle phases with DAPI without using RNase if you have FACS with UV light excitation source. Check this article ( Pozarowski and Darzynkiewicz, Analysis of Cell Cycle by Flow Cytometry ). Then, if you have enough cells, you can do qPCR.
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Do I have to treat RNase A when measuring cell cycle by FACS? I am measuring cell cycle of Arabidopsis mutants by FACS. Because of a little expensive price of RNAse A, if it is not necessary, I would like to skip RNase treatment. Do you think I don't need to treat RNase?
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It depends on which dye you are using for the analysis. If you are using Propidium Iodide, then yes, you do need to add an RNase A treatment. However, if you are using DAPI or Hoechst, then no, you do not need an RNase A treatment. DAPI and Hoescht are fairly specific to DNA. DAPI can bind to RNA, but it creates an emission at a different wavelength and with a much lower intensity.
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I was trying to do cell cycle analysis using MCF-7 cell lines in BD-Flow cytromery instrument. The peak of all phages are shifting towards right of treated cells as compared to normal MCF cells. How to analyse this observation. Please share your ideas, if anybody has expertise on this.
Thanks
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As the colleague Ondrej Havranek say the differences between the
number of cells in all samples and in some cases the compounds studied could influence the fluorescent properties associated to their structure. Both factors could in theory shift the whole profile. I agree as say Ondrej that you can still compare the samples if the shift is small.
Good luck,
Joan Villena
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I have discordant findings using DAPI and propidium iodide. Should I trust any over the other? I study human memory CD4 T cells.
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I prefer DAPI, because;
  1. DAPI is (almost) specific to DNA, and does not required RNase treatment
  2. DAPI's fluorescence is less likely to spill into other channels than that of PI. PI has a very broad emission spectrum.
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I have observed that when I pulse cells with EdU for analysing cell cycle kinetics, the pattern of staining is as in Fig.1. Considering the heterogeneity of S phase cells during the pulse, cells that are in early S phase appear as EdU[medium] DNA[2n] (marked by the blue box); cells that progress through S phase appear as EdU[high] DNA[2n-4n] (green box). However, cells that are in the late S phase must appear as EdU[med] DNA[4n], which I do not see (red box). I have pulsed cells for different durations (2h, 24h, 48h) and still observe similar distributions. I use propidium iodide for measuring DNA content.
Fig.2 is from the manufacturer's website. BrdU images from publications also show similar trends.
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I add EdU in DMSO. I maintained the amount of DMSO constant in all treatments. I did verify the effect of DMSO (1 µl/ml ) and the cells do as good as the untreated group, with no visible effect at all. I add EdU into the existing medium and mix by pipetting. After the incubation, I wash the cells once and re-seed with fresh media.
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I am working on cell cycle analysis in keratinocytes and SCCs. My treatment is supposed to lock the cells in G2 phase. We are using flow cytometry to analyze the cells, with BrdU vs Propidium iodide as stains.
The first few times I did the experiment, it worked just fine, you could see distinct groups of G1, S, and G2 in the flow data.
However, this last time I ran the experiment, most of the samples (control and treated) had a big blob stretching foughly across where G1 and G2 should have been. My gut says that the cells probably were growing, but for whatever reason either the BrdU wasn't incorporated, or that the antibody did not bind effectively to it.
The only other thing I can think of is that the cells were dead during the BrdU treatment phase, but then they looked normal and attached under the microscope prior to harvesting them.
The only variation in my protocol this last time, was a slightly lengthened step where the samples sat at room temperature incubating with the anti-BrdU antibody. Normally this would be done for only 2 hours, but here they were done at 2:30-3 hours. Otherwise, the experiment was done as normal. I would imagine this would have allowed for better binding, not less.
I'm just a little stumped. During the BrdU process, all the cells had all the same reagents (I mixed enough for all samples with each step) and did all things at the same time, and yet some ended up worse off than others.
Any ideas or advice?
Thanks!
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Alos, to control number of cells, make sure they are in exponential growth phase when you do the staining if too many, the antibody won't be sufficient to stain equally all cells.
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I did cell cycle analysis of AGS cell line by using flow cytometry (BD) after treatment with paclitaxel. But I am not familiar with flow cytometry. So after getting the histograms, I could not differentitate G0/G1, S and G2 phases (attached figures). Please give me guidance how I could get differentiation of phases.
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1. Perform a double discrimination. Include only singlets in the histogram.
2. Beware of the confluency of your cells. Try not to let them grow to >80% density as that would affect the cell cycle.
3. Make sure you added good RNase to digest any double stranded RNA that would interfere the results. Add enough amount and allow enough time for digestion.
Doing points 1-3 should help to obtain a histogram that looks better
4. If you still couldn't obtain a good distribution, you can try to include a sample that is synchronized by nocodazole to help finding out the position of the G2/M peak. The G1 peak is obvious in the asynchronous samples. Cells in between the two peaks should mostly be S-phase cells.
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After staining the cells with TB do I need to wash them in order to obtain the clear solution of cell suspension or the colored solution can be injected as such into flow cytometer? Also is it important to have argon laser for such experiments (I think not, because the laser is same just the source that generates it is different)?
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Hear it is. You may read this and go ahead.
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Hi,
Guys, I performed cell cycle analysis using PI staining recently. The problem is the compound I am working should lead to cell cycle arrest and the data suggests that. But, this is not enough. (Data is attached; D24 and D48 compound treated samples for 24 and 48 hours).
What I see is that in compound treated cells and non-treated cells, the majority of cells are G1 phase. I can indeed see increase in cells in G1-phase in compound treated cells (suggesting G1/S arrest). But, the cells in G1 phase originally is too high already (nearly 70%).
Can someone suggest me error in my protocol?
1. Seed cells (24 hours)
2. Serum starve cells (24 hours)
3. Add compound treatment and DMSO (negative control) 24 or 48 hours)
4. Wash cells with PBS 2X
5. Treat cells with Trypsin-EDTA and collect cells and centrifuge at 300g for 5 minutes.
6. Remove media and add 4-5 mL (PBS+2%FBS )
7. Fix cells by adding 3-4 mL 70% ethanol. Make sure to vortex mildly while adding ethanol. Carefully check if they are no clumps being formed. Make sure to use pipette for continuous aspiration. Incubate for 1-2 hours at 4C on ice. Cells could be kept at -20C for weeks.
8. Add more PBS+2%FBS and centrifuge at 500g for 5 mins.
9. Wash 1 more time in PBS+2%FBS and centrifuge for 5 mins at 500g.
10. Add solution with 0.5 ug/ml RNAase in PBS (with 0.1% sodium citrate and 0.1% Triton-X 100) for 30 mins at 37C. Total solution volume is 0.5 mL
11. Add PI staining solution (100 ug/mL) 0.5 mL solution and keep at 4C overnight. It is suggested to vortex gently in between a couple of times.
Regards,
Pratik
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Hi,
I already did samples without starvation. The results were even more worse than with starved samples. So, I was confused.
Regards,
Pratik
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I'm trying to combine Analysis of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Analysis using flow cytometry. I'm using mouse multipotent neural progenitor or stem-like cells (C17.2) and have access to a BD Canto II machine (3 lasers/ 8 colors). I'm very new to flow cytometry.
I've already tested the combination Annexin V and PI staining - Stain the live cells with Annexin V, fix in 70% ethanol and stain with PI. The Annexin V staining wasn't sufficient in our adherend cells and the needed fixation (we used 70% ethanol).
Do you have any suggestions on how to combine these Analysis (in terms of dyes or fixative...) or is it better to do two seperate staining?
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Hi Tessa,
ANX V/PI is vital assay, no fixation (Annexin V bids PS and after etoh fix you will lose most of the signal). PI is there do detect necrotic, secondary necrotic or late apoptotic cells, not for cell cycle. Nice modification of ANX/PI protocol here - it really works :)
if you want o thave really complex protocol - check out our paper in Cytometry Part A
good luck!
Karel
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The data sheet says that it intercalates DNA, but I'm not sure if it does in a stechiomoetric way...
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Yes, to be sure I'll try to use a renown positive control, thank you for the help!
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Hi There,
I have attempted to perform a double-thymidine block on my cells using a 24h first inc.-9h release-16 second inc. and 16-9-16 incubation periods in FUCCI DLD-1 cells. I haven't seen any synchronization. Does anyone have any recommendations or tips?
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Hi,
I was wondering if you succeeded to find the right conditions at the end? I'm trying also double thymidine block in DLD-1 and was hoping you found the right timings.
Thanks!
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I am not sure if fluorescence microscopy by nuclear staining with DAPI / Hoechst dyes alone could be helpful in detecting genomic instability characteristics by fluorescence microscopy. Of course, one can perform cell cycle/ploidy anaysis. Please let me know if there is another simple experiment to assess genomic instability induced by a drug candidate.
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Of old methods - count proportion of interphase cells with micronuclei (micronuclei index) in DNA staining (can be also Hoechst or DAPI) - it is an indication on the genome instability. Anaphases with chromosome bridges indicate the same. Presence of tri-or multipolar mitoses - the same.
Variation of the chromosome number in metaphase plates (simple karyogenetic analysis of SKY) is indication of genome instability.
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Hi,
How long I need to starve MDA-MB-231 cells in serum free media to synchronize them before I infect them with my protein of interest using Adenovirus..
I'm aiming at conducting cell cycle analysis as end assay
published papers time range from 2-24hr?!
Thank you
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Dear Sarmad
You may go ahead with overnight (12h) incubation in basal (serum and antibiotic free) medium.
Harsh
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I am doing cell cycle analysis using Propidium iodide dye in flow cytometry. My samples are
1) cells
2)cells+ silica
3) cells+ drug
4) Cells+ silica-drug
The cells treated for 24 hrs with the drug and silica-drug to the cells. The dead cells start floating after 24 hrs treatment. My doubt is that if I throw the media from the flask, dead cells also gone with the media. Whether I need to take the floating cells (dead) for the cell cycle analysis? Please note: my cells are adherent cells.
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You should not discard the supernatant. Add the supernatant containing dead cells to the suspension of cells that were released by trypsin. Then you must centrifuge and resuspend the pellet with the buffer containing PI.
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Dear all,
I want to determine the fraction of dead (or apoptotic) eGFP expressing cells in comparison to the fraction of dead non eGFP expressing cells. I have a BD LSR II available but I am a total beginner in FACS. However, I think that should be possible to descriminate in FACS.
What dyes should I use to label dead or dying cells? eGFP in combination with propidium iodide? eGFP in combination with DAPI? Which filters are appropriate and what pitfalls should I consider?
Thanks in advance!
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Hello Steffen, I think your LSR II, should be able to detect the tx eGFP for some period into the death process. You could evaluate the retention of eGFP fluorescence in your particular cells during the process eg following 56˚C heat shock exposure for 1 minute, followed by incubation at 37˚C, sampling acquisition at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes . This should induce apoptosis in ~50%. Monitor the uptake of PI/modulation of eGFP to determine its persistence - you know the original gfp% contribution and it's intensity.
Anti-gfp antibodies would require the cells to be permeabilised, to access the eGFP protein, and this would mitigate the use of PI for viability. It's an exclusion dye for viability but a cell cycle dye for fixed/permeabilised cells. If you wanted to try this approach you would have to utilise an appropriate Fixable Viability stain eg Zombie, Live/Dead, etc. with the counter staining for eGFP.
Hope this helps
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I am currently working on antiangiogenic activity of natural bioactive compound. From my MTT result, IC50 is determined at 2ug/ml. Apoptosis occurred at 20 ug/ml but not at the IC50 level. However, when doing cell cycle analysis, no significant difference was observed between negative and treatment group (0.2, 2 and 20 ug/ml).
1. Could I say that the compound is anti-proliferative?
2. Is my cell cycle analysis making any sense?
Many thanks in advance for your help.
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Are you distinguishing between apoptosis and necrosis somehow? Maybe it is a completely different cell death pathway.
Furthermore, yes it is possible, that the cells die without interfering in the cell cycle if there is an acute toxicity, there are certain pathways which lead to immediate cell death i would however expect at least a certain degree of decrease in cell proliferation.
Another possibility is a inhomogeneous cell culture. Even with certain cell lines, no all the cells are heterogeneous and if cultured for multiple passages they certainly become inhomogeneous. It is possible, that you are observing different cell populations.
Another possibility is that the substance is interfering with the MTT in a certain way. MTT test is also not the most reliable and not really linear... i determined that myself, a while back.
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Cell cycle analysis
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@chris- thank you Chris for the reply..I was able to do the experiment...the results were ok in this regard...i would need to check out the kit that you have mentioned above too...infact the end user used the talli kit for the cell cycle analysis & for the apoptosis test too...
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I have done cell cycle analysis of sychronized HEK-293 cells incubated with some nanomaterials and in their absence (control) The results show almost no difference in G1 phase, while a decrease in S phase, accompanied by an increase in G2/M phase appears. Could somebody give me some more insight into this data?
* cell cycle analysis was performed three times and these are the mean values. Sample 1 is the lower tested concentration and sample 2 is the higher tested concentration.
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It could be the cell been arrested in G2/M phase if this is cell toxicity study.
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increased s phase in teh cell cycle should also be complemented with an increased g2m phase?
in context to cell cycle analysis using PI ?
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Some treatments may also just delay the time a cell needs to spend in S-phase without affecting the length (in time) of G2 or M. Then S will increase at the expense of both the G1 and the G2/M peak. Make sure you always gate out the doublets/cell aggregates when looking at cell cycle. PI-W (pulse width) against PI-A (pulse area) is the best, but at least use a scatter pulse geometry discrimination method if your instrument does not provide that option. G1 doublets create a false positive "G2/M cell" due to the double DNA content, so this is crucial. Best Regards, Idun Dale Rein
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we performed clonogenic assay by just seeding the cells at very low density and observed lesser formed colonies of our transfected cells compared to mock. However, similar cell cycle analysis was observed in both cells. What does it mean? Also the number of medium and large colonies was decreased in transfected cells compared to mock cells
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The clonogenic assay tells you how many cells are able to settle down, attach and then start growing. This can very between cell lines and conditions. When seeding at very low density, this tells you what happens to individual cells. The cell cycle distribution tells you something about the cells that have attached and then started growing. Also, the proliferation rate (for example the population doubling time) is not the same as the cell cycle distribution. 
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We synchronize cells for different experiments, but my question is in reference to drug treatment. If we synchronize cells by minimal or no media, should we add the treatment or drug in complete or serum containing media?
If not, how would cells enter in cell cycle then? and if we dont want them to enter into active cycle, are we looking at the effect of drug or any molecule in cells at G0/G1 arrest?
How would it justify chemotherapeutic effect?
Any thoughts are welcome. 
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I write to point out that it is impossible, as in not possible at all, to synchronize cells by whole-culture methods where you starve, inhibit, arrest or do everything to all cells and then release them.  These cells are not synchronized at all.  Here are some papers you should read and if you cannot get these papers write to me at
and I will send you all the papers in pdf format.  Also look at criteria below, particularly number 8 which is never fullfilled in whole-culture methods.  I know the field believes otherwise, but the field is wrong.  In parituclasr look at the Rethinking Synchronization paper and the perpetual motion paper.
Stephen Cooper
11.       Cooper, S. (2003). Rethinking synchronization of mammalian cells for cell-cycle analysis. Cell Mol Life Sci 6, 1099-1106.
12.       Cooper, S. (2003). Reappraisal of serum starvation, the restriction point, G0, and G1-phase arrest points. FASEB J 17, 333-340.
13.       Cooper, S. (2004). Rejoinder: whole-culture synchronization cannot, and does not, synchronize cells. Trends Biotechnol 22, 274-276.
14.       Cooper, S. (2004). Is Whole-culture synchronization Biology's "Perpetual Motion Machine"? Trends in Biotechnology 26, 266-269.
15.       Cooper, S. (2005). Reanalysis of the protocol for in vitro synchronization of mammalian astrocytic cultures by serum deprivation. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc 15, 115-118.
16.       Shedden, K., and Cooper, S. (2002). Analysis of cell-cycle-specific gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as determined by Microarrays and Multiple synchronization methods. Nuc Acids Res 30, 2920-2929.
17.       Shedden, K., and Cooper, S. (2002). Analysis of cell-cycle-specific gene expression in human cells as determined by microarrays and double-thymidine block synchronization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99, 4379-4384.
18.       Cooper, S. (2000). The continuum model and G1-control of the mammalian cell cycle. Prog Cell Cycle Res 4, 27-39.
19.       Cooper, S. (2005). The continuum model of the eukaryotic cell cycle:  Application to G1-phase control, Rb phosphorylation, Microarray analysis of gene expression,a and cell synchronization. Clinical Oncology 26, 205-206.
20.       Cooper, S., and Shedden, K. (2007). Microarrays and the relationship of mRNA variation to protein variation during the cell cycle. J Theor Biol 249, 574-581.
22.       Cooper, S. (2017). Rethinking cell-cycle-dependent gene expression in Shizosaccharomyces pombe. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 00, 000-000.
23.       Cooper, S. (2015). Gene Expression During the Cell Cycle: Obfuscation of Original Cell-Cycle Gene Expression Data by Normalization. Journal of Cells 1, 1-7.
24.       Cooper, S. (2017). The Ideas of Ludwik Fleck and their Application to the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle. Studia Historiae Scientiarum (The Work of the Commission for the History of Science PAU) 16, 000-000.
25.       Cooper, S. (2004). Whole-culture Synchronization Can Not, and Does Not, Synchronize Cells. Trends in Biotechnology 22, 274-276.
26.       Cooper, S., Iyer, G., Tarquini, M., and Bissett, P. (2006). Nocodazole does not synchronize cells: implications for cell-cycle control and whole-culture synchronization. Cell Tissue Res 324, 237-242.
27.       Cooper, S., and Gonzalez-Hernandez, M. (2009). Experimental reconsideration of the utility of serum starvation as a method for synchronizing mammalian cells. Cell Biol Int 33, 71-77.
28.       Cooper, S. (2002). Reappraisal of G1-phase arrest and synchronization by lovastatin. Cell Biol Int 26, 715-727.
29.       Cooper, S. (1998). Mammalian cells are not synchronized in G1-phase by starvation or inhibition: considerations of the fundamental concept of G1-phase synchronization. Cell Prolif 31, 9-16.
30.       Cooper, S., Chen, K.Z., and Ravi, S. (2008). Thymidine block does not synchronize L1210 mouse leukaemic cells: implications for cell cycle control, cell cycle analysis and whole-culture synchronization. Cell Prolif 41, 156-167.
31.       Cooper, S. (1979). A unifying model for the G1 period in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Nature 280, 17-19.
32.       Cooper, S. (1982). The continuum model: statistical implications. J Theor Biol 94, 783-800.
33.       Cooper, S. (1987). On G0 and cell cycle controls. Bioessays 7, 220-223.
40.       Cooper, S., and Shedden, K. (2003). Microarray analysis of gene expression during the cell cycle. Cell & Chromosome 2, 1-12.
Criteria for successful synchronization of cells
1) If newborn cells are produced by the synchronization method, there should be a
minimal increase in cell number for a period of time covering a significant fraction
of the interdivision time.
2) The rise in cell numbers during division should occur over a relatively small
fraction of the total interdivision time. It may be as small as 10% for 90% of the
final rise in cell number, or it may be as large as 20-25%. Knowing this value is
important in judging a synchronization procedure.
3) At the time of synchronous division, the cell number should double. If cell number
does not double, that means some cells are dead or altered; this minority of cells
could be giving results that obfuscate the results emanating from the majority of
dividing cells.
4) There should be at least two successive cycles available for analysis. If only one
cycle is analyzed, the results may merely reflect artifacts or perturbations
resulting from synchronization. Presumably, but not necessarily, these artifacts
would be eliminated in the second cycle.
5) Successive generations (i.e., the time between rises in cell number) should be of
equal length and equal to the doubling time of cells in exponential growth.
6) Data points should show synchrony without any need to connect points or draw
a suggestive line indicating synchrony. The data should speak for itself.
7) The DNA distribution of cells should be narrow in the synchronized cells and
these distributions should then reflect the movement of cells through the division
cycle. Thus, newborn cells should be essentially pure cells with a G1-phase
amount of DNA, the DNA content should then move through S-phase contents,
there should be a period of time when cells have only G2-phase DNA contents,
and then there should be a return to essentially pure G1-phase DNA contents.
8) The size distribution of newly synchronized cells should be narrower than the size
distribution of the original population, cell size should increase as the cells move
through the cell cycle, and during the period of cell division there should be a
bi-modal distribution of cell sizes.
9) Cell numbers should be determined by a method that eliminates investigator bias.
For example, electronic cell counting is to be preferred to microscope counting
chambers.
10) Only selection methods can give synchrony. Whole-culture methods, using
inhibition or starvation, cannot synchronize cells. This is not so much a criterion,
as a theoretical rule regarding synchronization in general.
11) Alignment of cells so that cells all have a particular property in common (e.g., all
cells have a G1-phase DNA content) does not mean that the cells are
synchronized. Synchronized divisions are the sine qua non of synchrony.
Criteria for successful analysis of gene expression during the division
cycle
12) Gene expression results should be replicated (with allowance for normal
synchrony decay) in successive cycles. If data does not repeat over two or more
cycles, the cells are very likely perturbed by the synchronization method.
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Hello!
My substance decreases the percentage of cell numbers in the G2/M phase (cell cycle) compared to the saline control in the cytometry assay. What can this suggest? 
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I totally agree with both the suggestions above. Moreover, if there is a cell cycle arrest, it must lead to an increase in S phase peak (S phase should be made pretty much distinct by optimum gating). This would confer an "S-Phase block", provided the peak intensity of G1-phase doesn't change (mostly increase) significantly. If it is so, then in the next step you might consider to check the cell cycle checkpoints/proteins responsible for this block by doing e.g. Western Blotting, and at transcriptional levels through RT-PCR.
There is although another aspect as mentioned above, that is the appearance of a clear Sub-G1 peak, which represents cell death. A dose dependent study (a-e uM) would give a better understanding. In that case you may next consider doing the Annexin-V - PI assay where the notion of early or/and late apoptosis is further confirmed. For apoptosis being the sole cause, the arrest in S- Phase might not be evident at times. So, to confirm apoptosis you may consider doing a couple of more assays that are usually followed.
All the very best!
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I'm currently analyzing cell viability using an Annexin V flow cytometry assay. I'm trying to determine if there is a statistically significant difference in live cells between my untreated control cells and cells dosed with different concentrations of a chemical. 5,000 cells are counted each time, with five replications per concentration. Again, live cells are reported as a percentage, and I'm trying to determine if there is a statistically significant difference in the average of percentage of live cells after five replications in control vs. treatment groups. 
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