Cattle - Science topic

Dear Doctor

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[A mechanobullous skin disorder was identified in the progeny of a 3-y-old Friesian–Jersey crossbred bull. The condition presented as loss of skin and mucosa from contact areas and inflammation. Examination of skin samples under light microscopy revealed separation of the epidermis from the dermis. Electron microscopic analysis refined the site of cleavage to above the basement membrane involving lysis of basal keratinocytes. These observations were consistent with the simplex form of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) in humans. Candidate genes based on human gene mutations were assessed, resulting in keratin 5 being identified as the most likely candidate gene. The sequence of bovine keratin 5 was established and sequencing led to identification of a G to A substitution in all affected animals. This mutation leads to an amino acid change of glutamic acid to lysine in the final E (478) of the KLLEGE motif of the protein. The sire carried a de novo mutation and was mosaic, explaining his asymptomatic status and the less than expected frequency of affected offspring. Remarkably, the same mutation has been previously described in EB simplex in humans.]

Dear Doctor

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[Abstract

Authors' Contribution JAHR, JMO, LJGM, OFPR and RJMB wrote the initial manuscript. JAHR, JMO, ACGC, and MIU corrected the manuscript attending the reviewer's suggestions and language of the manuscript. Heat stress has severe effects in organisms. Dairy cattle is susceptible to suffer behavioral, physiological and reproductive damages due heat stress. Breeding searching for tolerant heat stress genes and their incorporation in crossbreeding programs has gained interest in dairy cattlemen concerned by the global warming and greenhouse effect in the environment. This review shows and update of the crossbreeding in dairy cattle in both hemispheres. Here, is reviewed the effect of heat stress on dairy cattle; the mechanism of autoregulation; the benefits of the heterosis in crossbreeding cattle by hybridization; the body condition score in crossbred dairy cattle; the yields in crossbreds; here is also discussed that even when there have been many crossbreeding in dairy cattle, but when the producer choose a system crossbreeding in dairy cows always mostly contemplate only body weight, body condition score, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency. Is suggested to contemplate other traits like genetic potential, lactation (305 d), lactation number, fertility rate, and economic impact to observe clarity the potential of each crossbred in dairy cattle in the future.]

Electrical Conductivity of Cow Milk

The electrical conductivity of milk depends on the concentration of ions, such as salts, in the milk. It is often used as an indicator of milk quality or to detect abnormalities such as mastitis (an infection of the udder).

Please use ELISA, HPLC, LPGC and other

Anatomical Differences

1. Number of Carpal Bones:

- Horses typically have 7 or 8 carpal bones, depending on the presence of the first carpal bone.

- Cows have 6 carpal bones, due to the fusion of the second and third carpal bones and the absence of the first.

2. Fusion in the Distal Row:

- In cows, the second and third carpal bones are fused, forming a single bone. This fusion is absent in horses, where each bone is distinct.

3. Size and Shape:

- In horses, the carpal bones are more elongated and robust, reflecting their role in absorbing impact during high-speed locomotion.

- In cows, the carpal bones are more compact and designed to support weight-bearing and slower movement.

4. Accessory Carpal Bone:

- In both species, the accessory carpal bone is prominent and serves as a leverage point for flexor tendons. However, its relative size and shape may vary slightly.

5. Functional Adaptation:

- The horse's carpus allows greater mobility and shock absorption, essential for running and jumping.

- The cow's carpus is adapted for stability to support their weight during grazing and slow locomotion.

If those additives include antibiotics to suppress rumination, then there is likely some impact. There is (at least anecdotal) evidence that this practess can contribute to the build up of bacterial resistance to antibiotics needed for human medication.

Karl Pfeifer

Ontology for you, Epistemology for others. 😤😜😱

Sheep RBCs is preferred simply because of its higher and or stronger immunogenic abilities.

The Sun God (Ra) was probably the oldest religion.

There may be an indirect effect, as climate change, which leads to delayed migration in some areas, leads to increased contact with poultry in these areas, and thus there is prior contact between poultry and livestock in these areas through several methods (such as transportation in the same cars or contact between breeders).

yes, cow's dung can be repeated used in forms of biofertilizer/compost and cow dung cake used as natural fuel.

Manure has a relatively low concentration of nutrients (N-P-K), so it makes it expensive to transport large amounts to use as fertilizer.

Its use is economically viable when 1) the livestock is in close proximity to where the manure will be applied. Or, 2) the consumer is willing to pay a higher price for nutrients for the other benefits of manure. (2) includes, for example, home gardeners and organic farmers.

Infrared Thermography (IRT): IRT captures thermal images of cows, highlighting variations in body temperature. Areas with higher temperatures indicate potential heat stress. However, IRT results can be inconsistent.

Grass (or any other feed) produces more methane if it rots on the ground than if it goes through an animal. An animal also uses it to produce meat, and energy. Grass eventually produces exactly the same amount of CO2 as it consumed while growing.

Not a personal recommendation, but GeneTex and Biorbyt have anti-TET3 pAbs that they say are bovine reactive:

and Millipore-Sigma has bovine reactive anti-DNMT3B:

We all know that Cattle egrets show two types of ecological relationships with cattle- one is mutualism and the other is commensalism. The relationship between grazing cattle and Cattle egrets are well-known example of commensalism. But I did not find any concrete evidence of any ecological relationship between Cattle egrets and mango trees in the form of commensalism or mutualism as these birds are seen in association with mango trees for a few days during the flowering season only, even during this period they do not show consistency. I observed that some days they are present in good numbers, some days they are not present at all and some days only a few are seen as Cattle egrets are opportunistic birds and do not completely depend on mango trees for forage. They are mostly seen in villages around farms and grazing cattle, hence their association is with grazing cattle and not specifically with mango trees or any other trees.

Dear Muna Ahmed

Just go the paper and click on the title. You end up for example here:

Feeding strategies during dry summer for lactating desert goats in a rainfed area under tropical conditions

Here you see this paper is cited 7 times.

If you go to https://scholar.google.com and insert the title “Feeding strategies during dry summer for lactating desert goats in a rainfed area under tropical conditions” you see that in GS it is cited 19 times.

Etc.

Best regards.

Hi,

This depend of:

· The expected prevalence: check for the sample size formula and considering you expected prevalence, confidence interval and the confidence level you can find out if your sample size is robust or not

n=(Z^2.p.(1-p))/E^2

with:

Z is the Z-score for the desired confidence level (e.g., 1.96 for 95% of confidence)

p is the expected prevalence

E is the desired margin error

· Geographical Variability: If tick prevalence varies significantly across different regions of your country, ensure your sample includes cows from various regions to account for this variability

And don’t forget, to adjust for the design effect (DE)

thank you

some people do use it in the veterinary setting

You might find this article useful

The estimation of semen fructose is a common biochemical assay used to assess male reproductive system function and health. Fructose, a sugar present in seminal fluid, provides insights into sperm production and function. One method for estimating semen fructose involves using an "Infinitely Stable Indole 3-acetic acid reagent." This reagent reacts with fructose to produce a colored compound, measurable via spectrophotometry. The stability of this reagent ensures accurate fructose level measurement over time. In the assay, semen samples are mixed with the reagent, allowing the reaction to occur, and the resulting color intensity is measured to determine fructose concentration. This method aids in assessing male fertility in research and clinical settings. However, interpreting fructose levels requires consideration of other semen parameters and clinical findings for a comprehensive evaluation of male reproductive health.

Welcome to our discussion on the 'You Must Know How to Feed Your Cow' theory! Let's delve into how this analogy sheds light on prioritizing employee well-being for organizational success. Your insights are valued!

One of the tests could be a PCR test of blood to identify the sex of the cattle.

Yeh it occurs as high as 2% in hand milked cow as I have observed.

1 No Stress (THI < 72): Dairy goats are comfortable and have no heat stress.

2. Mild to Moderate Stress (72 < THI < 79): Some goats may start to experience mild heat stress, particularly those in late pregnancy or lactating

3. Severe Stress (THI > 79): Heat stress becomes significant, and all goats, especially lactating and pregnant ones, are at risk. Measures should be taken to mitigate heat stress in this range.

Dear colleague,

You can exolore all the bovine genes in NCBI website... www.ncbi.nlm.nih

For determination milk yield for sucklong cow the best way is to separate the calf from his dam for 12 hours , then weigh the cslf and let him to suckle and them weigh him again and the differnce is the milk yield in addition you can also milking the cow to get the toyal yield

Asneel Ashesh Lal

References:Refer to established protocols or scientific literature for detailed methodologies.

Approval:This SOP has been reviewed and approved.

Note: Customize this SOP according to your specific laboratory conditions, equipment, and reagents. Always adhere to safety guidelines and ethical standards.

The volatile solids loading rate is a design parameter that may be used to size digester tanks. Typically, gas is produced at a rate of about 13 to 18 ft3/lb volatile solids reduced. Methane may account for up to about 70% of the total volume of gas produced during digestion. Aerobic digestion reaction rate as a function of temperature. It's a Biological Process, and there are 4 stages: Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, Methanogenesis

Percentage volatile solids reduction =

where in, initial weight of VS; out,

final weight of VS after anaerobic digestion.

NH4 + Carbon-based matter + O2 + H2O + Energy + CO2 ------(1)

Energy + O2 digested sludge + NO3 + CO2 + H2O --------------(2)

As in (1) Organic matter is oxidized straight into decomposable matter and later oxidated to digested sludge.

Simultaneous Depletion of DNA fragmented Sperm and abnormal sperm More than 3000 individual human semen purifications as well as Veterinary purifications for IVF treatments have occurred by 3rd party fertility clinics in the USA and Internationally with 70 % -80% pregnancy rate. In summary, the Nano particle NP technology simultaneously depletes apoptotic sperm, damaged acrosomes, depletes DNA fragmented sperm and increases hyper activation and reduces ROS, thereby improving fertility and pregnancy rates. Our website contains data from other studies confirming high quality blastocysts and reduced fragmented DNA. Please let us know if you are interested in purchasing the technology to improve fertility. www.clemente-associates.com clemasso@gmail.com We will also custom make particles directed at targeted cells of your choice. Think of us as your research department

Atrial fibrillation (AF)is the commonest dysrhythmia in adult cattle and can occur associated with various diseases including abomasal disorders. The presentation is generally paroxysmal (eg it reverts spontaneously to sinusal rythm within a week when adressing the primary presentation problem). The exact pathophysiology is not precisely known in cattle but the large atria size may increase the risk of ectopic foci of depolarisation especially when homeostasia is perturbed (eg electrolic imbalance observed in abomasal diseases but also with inflammatory diseases). Interaction with sympathetic/parasympathetic tone has also been mentioned. From my experience, I would not say it is commonly associated with abomasal displacement (I would say max 5-10% from my best guess so not "often" as mentioned in your post). Japanese researchers also reported that up to 2.5% dairy cows have AF (285 dairy cows followed 18months, Machida et al., 1993) which was more idiopathic (ie no specific disease associated with it but only hypothesizing that increased sympathetic tone could be associated with this form of AF). A small proportion of cattle also display persistent AF and in this case it has been associated with the presence of small fibrotic lesions within the atrial wall which may perturb the normal eletric conduction and increased the risk of ectopic depolarization foci (Machida et al., 2001).

A good overview of AF pathophysiology is available from general cardiology textbooks and it has to be remembered that this is generally considered as a relatively benign condition in cattle vs small animals where AF generally occurs associated with enlarged atrial size due to advanced stage of cardiac disease.

Machida N, Nakamura T, Kiryu K, Kagota K. Electrocardiographic features and incidence of atrial fibrillation in apparently healthy dairy cows. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1993 Apr;40(3):233-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1993.tb00622.x. PMID: 8328231.

Machida N, Kiryu K. Cardiac lesions in dairy cows with idiopathic atrial fibrillation. J Vet Med Sci. 2001 Aug;63(8):873-8. doi: 10.1292/jvms.63.873. PMID: 11558542.

I would firstly think to either an abscess or a hydatid cyst rather than a tumor (higher probability).

Very uncommon in my opinion except if the cow is in poor body condition (or maybe a small breed).

We've used Polar H7 monitors with a Polar equine belt on calves (study led by Kathryn Proudfoot). There were struggles keeping good contact but they are an option.

Good morning Benard Mzapi, You have an interesting ?, that I know nothing about in terms of the animal species/ measurement biology/chemistry. However, from a statistical point of view, you need to consider how retrospective you want this to be, what datasets you have access to & how many time points of measurement you have, are they comparable? Are the measurements continuous or categorical & what other co factors or variates are you wanting to measure/ get data on. Then decide on your analysis. What program are you using for statistical analysis? Good luck with this.

hi

maybe the book of " Rumen microbiology from evolution to revolution" from "Anil Kumar Puniya" on "springer site" be useful for you.

6.7-6.9

0.31 higher than those of the cattle population.

Thanks a Lot Dear Sir

Thank you

I am so sorry that i could not help but sure that some other one workking in ruminology could help you could luck

Here are some links

Calculating the compliance costs of cattle milk involves considering various factors related to regulatory requirements, production practices, and monitoring processes. Here's a step-by-step approach to help you calculate compliance costs for cattle milk:

Further research is required, concerning the main question of the discussion thread. In addition, I agree with Sachin Kumar. He made a good point.

Bonsoir! Je reviens sur un volet intéressant en agronomie, il s'agit d'un fertilisant qu'on peut confectionner dans nos pays et nos parcelles destinées à l'agriculture. Les modes opératoires sont classiques et peuvent parfois réserver quelques surprises désagréables (surtout la baisse des rendements sur les cultures annuelles en particulier). Dans ce cas il faut analyser le contenu du compost commercialisé (il peut contenir des produits toxiques).

McNemar is indicated because the data are paired (same cows sampled twice) which is different from the Chi-square hypothesis

1000 Bull Genomes Project aimed to sequence the genomes of a large number of cattle from various breeds and populations. The project provides a database of genetic variants, including validated SNPs, which you can access to find relevant variants for your study.

Treating diseased udders in dairy cows is still important regardless, It promotes animal welfare by alleviating discomfort and pain associated with conditions like mastitis. Treating udder diseases also helps maintain milk quality, ensuring that dairy products are safe and free from contaminants. Prompt treatment prevents the spread of infections within the herd, protecting the health and productivity of other cows. Despite varying success rates, treating diseased udders is economically beneficial, Early detection, proper treatment protocols, good management practices, regular monitoring, veterinary care, and preventive measures all contribute to improving treatment outcomes and reducing the incidence of udder diseases.

Around 7 to 7.6

There are similarities.

Check out this link

The methodology used to calculate emissions from livestock in India typically involves the use of standard emission factors and activity data. These factors take into account the amount of greenhouse gases emitted per unit of activity, such as per unit of animal feed intake or per unit of manure produced.

In India, the most commonly used emission factors for livestock are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. These guidelines provide default emission factors for different types of livestock and different stages of production, such as enteric fermentation (the digestive process that produces methane) and manure management.

Activity data, such as the number and type of livestock, the amount of feed consumed, and the management practices used, are collected from surveys and other sources. These data are then combined with the appropriate emission factors to estimate the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock in a given region.

It is important to note that emissions from livestock can vary widely depending on a number of factors, including the type of animal, the diet, and the management practices used. Therefore, accurate estimation of emissions requires detailed and up-to-date data on these factors.

You can explore this gene from NCBI database. If you lucky, you will find this gene sequence from Bos indicus, Bos taurus dan ther crossing. Please select "gene" in the menu and click Bis taurus CAPN13. If you get many varians of bovine CAPN13 gene sequences, you can copy it one by one and use them for alignment with BioEdit software. If you find any mutation sites among bovine CAPN13 gene, you can designing a primer pairs to detect those mutation sites. You can try it and dont hessitate to contact me if you find any problem during analyse it. Thanks

I'm going to answer a bit more generally than just BSE, as there are a number of different prion diseases, but they broadly originate in the same ways. There are 3 general types of prion disease: sporadic, variable, and genetic. Genetic is what it sounds like: there is some abnormality in the genetic code for normal prion protein that makes the protein more likely to spontaneously convert into a pathological form. Examples of this in humans include fatal familial insomnia, GSS, and some forms of CJD.

Variable prion diseases are one that are acquired from an outside source, most often from eating food with infectious material. Some people have traced BSE outbreaks to the practice of feeding cows scraps from other farmed animals that were unknowingly contaminated with prion disease, for example giving them feed made from both vegetative matter that the cows want to eat as well as leftover sheep remains to supplement their diet. Scrapie is a prion disease that naturally occurs in sheep in goats, so when the scrapie prions are fed to cows it has a low chance of causing BSE in the cow. While this feeding practice has been illegal for a number of years now, it is likely that BSE originated from a genetic disease in sheep that was passed to cows by human feeding practices. I will note that we are not 100% certain that this is the origin of BSE, but it is one of the leading hypotheses. It persists because those prion proteins the infected cows made are better at infecting cows than the previous scrapie prions were, and unfortunately prion proteins persist for some time in the environment. Infectious prion proteins passed in cow dung can be eaten by other cows as they graze, which can in turn put those new cows at risk.

The third form of prion disease that I mentioned is sporadic. Simply put, we don't know where it comes from or why it develops. There are a number of things it could be, but we don't currently have definitive answers.

Alright.

Sorry about that

Researchgate has a way of identifying already uploaded documents.

All you have to do is search for the article through your profile search engine.

You can use the article title or Doi.

Upon locating the available version, just click claim article as author.

Then it will be listed on your profile successfully.

I hope this help.

Let me know if you still have challenge.

Dear Sandeep

I am from a human IVF background, and the culture seems to be contaminated; it could be culture media contamination or process-mediated contamination.

Kindly check your media and dishes, and other disposables and try to start the batch with fresh media and disposables. It should resolve the problem of the arrest.

If the strategy is not working out, you may have to look into the stimulation protocols and media quality assurance.

Regards,

Sanketh Dhumal Satya

Dear Gandham Sandeep

When you can store it at 4 to 8 degrees Celsius in a normal refrigerator, why do you want to store it at -40????

Thanks & Regards,

Sanleth Dhumal Satya

Hello Utibe,

Several technologies can be used to analyze the protein structure of different meat products, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and Gel Electrophoresis.

FTIR uses infrared light to analyze the chemical bonds in the proteins, providing information about the protein's composition and structure. MALDI-TOF MS provides a high-resolution mass spectrum of the samples' proteins, which can be used to identify specific proteins and their relative abundance. Gel electrophoresis separates proteins based on their size and charge, allowing for the visual analysis of protein profiles.

To differentiate the protein structure of cattle muscle from other livestock, such as poultry, these technologies can be used to analyze the protein profiles of the meat samples. The resulting protein profiles can then be compared to identify protein composition and structure differences. For example, FTIR can be used to analyze the protein spectra and identify differences in protein bonding. MALDI-TOF MS can be used to identify specific proteins unique to cattle muscle or poultry.

In conclusion, these technologies provide valuable tools for analyzing protein structure in different meat products, allowing for the differentiation of protein profiles between cattle muscle and other livestock, such as poultry.

I hope this helps.

Yours sincerely,

Edgar M Cambaza

Thank you for your responses @Juan Carlos Blandon

All of them definitely look like strongyle type gastrointestinal parasites egg most especially for B and D while A looks Monieza.

Dear Javad,

The work that you quote

Refers to an experiment to understand the effect on aminoacids (AA) availability in the gastrointestinal tract after exposure to a mycotoxin binder. If that is the goal to be sure that your product might not have an adverse effect on the absorption of nutrients, this is a good protocol. The main site of absorption of AA is the small intestine in ruminants, after digestion in the abomasum (acid digestion).

On the other hand, if your goal is to see if the mycotoxin binder has an effect on reducing toxins availability... you might want to simulate conditions in the forestomach (rumen) as this will be the place where the binding process might take place.

Regards,

José

This question has not a single answer.

Milk yield depends not only on nutritional regime but also on genetic merit, environmental conditions, body condition at the beginning of the lactation, etc. NRC and INRA give comprehensive methods to estimate requirements of dairy cows. The rationing would also depend on the ingredients (forages and concentrates) available for you.

dear umut thank you for your answer, but my point is the following if one specie ovulate with less diameter than other, it is possible that the explanation will be the number of receptors?

Make fully methylated control DNA using M.SssI CpG Methyltransferase enzyme (Thermo Scientific, Catalog number: EM0821) and Make fully unmethylated control DNA using Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) method with REPLI-G kits by QIAGEN.

Also, use the criteria mentioned in TK Wojdacz's article to design the MS-HRM primers

Hello Mr Saurabh Mandal

I will check them

Thank you a lot Saurabh Mandal

Ok, let me know if I can help further.

Leo

One of the elements influencing the sensory qualities of milk and meat products is the kind of forages consumed by ruminants. The impact of the type of forages (corn silage, grass-based forages), the conservation strategy (hay versus silage), and the botanical composition of the grass on the sensory qualities of cheeses (colour, texture, flavour) are discussed for dairy products. There is no scientific evidence that genetically modified feed has an effect on milk output or composition. It is crucial to remember that cows consuming GM food do not modify an animal's (or a person's) DNA. Cow's milk has no GMOs. A contrast may be made to diabetics who use insulin; the individual does not become GMO. A dairy contrast is that a cow given chocolate does not produce the milk that comes from that animal.

Sravya Jasthi Hope this answer is relevant to your query.

And kindly check:

Impact of hot weather on animal performance and genetic strategies to minimise the effect

The milk should be discarded but if it must be consumed, it should be heat pasteurized.

Temperature may be decisive too

A good and standard management and routine practices, with a balance ration and adequate feeding standard would help bring out the best in any specified local breed of cow, but won't compete with exotic breeds because of genetic endowment and makeup. The best a local breed of cow could offer under improved management system, may not be competitively compared to exotic breeds.

This number is suitable for cattle comfortable temperature (generally 15 to 18℃), house feeding, light activity, no stress environment. When the temperature is below 12℃, the maintenance energy needs to increase by 1% for every 1℃ decrease. Net energy for weight gain (kj) of growing-finishing cattle = (2090+25.1W)X daily gain /1- (0.3x daily gain) [where W is body weight (kg)

Dear Nurul,

For Multiplex PCR, you must dilute your working primers in the cocktail primers for all the species in a single tube that will be your working primer tube. From that cocktail primer tube, you have to use 1 ul of primer for your 10ul PCR reaction volume.

Although, you have to ensure that the efficiency of your PCR master mix and optimization of primers will also be required.

ما هو الفرق بين وزن الجسم النهائي والزيادة الوزنية الكلية في الحيوان

These articles may help

Correct

Dear Muhammad, kindly find the link for an article that perhaps help in your context:

10.4271/2014-01-2580

Best wishes!

I do agree with Mamerto Reyes Hernández.