Case Reports - Science topic

See attached article

Sobur Setiaman, I had already taken into account several of the options that you have indicated to me, however, it is difficult for many of these journals to have a scope aligned with our research.

Hello

You will find some examples in this video :

Regards

Definitely but case report or case series systemic review having lesse quality than RCT

How can we evaluate whether certain papers are meaningful or not? From one point of view, heterocitations play a role.

Hi Zahra,

Your topic may be very detailed, so I suggest changing the components of PICOS and/or the inclusion criteria to include a higher number of eligible studies.

In qualitative research, a pilot test is typically conceived as a small-scale version of the full study that is conducted before the full study is carried out. The aim of the pilot study is to test and refine the research design, methods, and procedures, and to identify any potential challenges or issues that may arise during the full study.

To conduct a pilot study in qualitative research, the following steps can be taken:

1. Define the research questions: Clearly define the research questions that will guide the study.

2. Develop the research design: Develop a research design that outlines the methods and procedures that will be used to collect and analyze data.

3. Select participants: Identify a small group of participants who are representative of the population that will be studied in the full study.

4. Collect data: Use the selected methods and procedures to collect data from the pilot study participants.

5. Analyze data: Analyze the data collected from the pilot study participants to identify any potential issues or challenges and to refine the research design, methods, and procedures.

6. Refine research design: Use the insights gained from the pilot study to refine the research design, methods, and procedures for the full study.

7. Conduct full study: Use the refined research design, methods, and procedures to conduct the full study.

Overall, conducting a pilot study can help to ensure the success of the full study by identifying and addressing potential issues before they become major problems.

Xuyang Bai

Hi,

utilizing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict land use based on raster data is a potent application of machine learning in geospatial analysis. This approach involves training a model on historical raster data, such as population, precipitation, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and existing land use, and then leveraging this trained model to forecast future land use patterns using forthcoming raster data containing parameters like population, precipitation, and temperature.

To practically implement this approach, you can follow these steps:

As for case studies and code examples, you can explore academic journals, conferences, and online repositories like GitHub. Many researchers have indeed explored this approach, but the specific code examples might not be readily available due to variations in dataset availability and implementation choices. Look for papers that discuss their methodology in detail; they often provide insights into the data preprocessing, model architecture, and evaluation techniques used.

Blockchain: A Lexical and Conceptual Decryption

In quintessential parlance, Blockchain can be succinctly conceptualized as a decentralized, immutable ledger underpinned by cryptographically secured data structures. However, navigating this description necessitates an epistemological deconstruction of its inherent lexicon and operational paradigms.

A Hypothetical Case Study on Blockchain's Financial Sector Incursion:

Title: Decentralized Ledger Technologies in Financial Ecosystems: A Diachronic Analysis of Blockchain's Disruptive Potency.

Abstract: This discourse undertakes a rigorous exploration into the multifaceted impact of Blockchain's paradigmatic advent within financial ecosystems, juxtaposing traditional fiduciary conduits with this nascent, decentralized topology.

In essence, to truly fathom the intricacies of Blockchain and its monumental ramifications within the financial sector, one must engage in a methodical, multi-disciplinary study, bridging the chasm between cryptographic academia and fiduciary pragmatics. This hypothetical case study offers but a cursory glance into the vast expanse of possibilities that Blockchain's disruptive potential promises.

Multinational companies are taxed in each country in which they operate. As well as income taxes, they will also pay sales taxes, payroll taxes and any other taxes which are levied in the countries in which they run their business. The advantage multinational companies have is that they can move revenues and costs between different countries, depending on which countries charge lower taxes. Although there are usually anti-evasion laws in place to minimise the extent to which they can do this. Hopefully that explains a little about why and how multinational companies pay tax.

Dear Doctor

"Different Research (Methods) Exist

Exploratory research structures and identifies new problems.

Constructive research develops solutions to a specific persisting problem. Empirical research tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence.

Research Methods,

Techniques and Methodology

Research Method: refers to the manner in which a particular research project is undertaken.

Research Technique: refers to a specific means, approach, or tool-and-its-use, whereby data is gathered and analysed, and inferences are drawn. Research Methodology: refers to the study of research methods; it does not admit of a plural.

A case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.

A case study can definitely be classified as an empirical study. A study can be considered as an empirical study if it relies on data collected through both direct and indirect observation of reality. A typical case study does just that. It collects, process, and analyze data from one or more cases."

Alok Kumar Bharti Ilyas Evgenyevich Varshavskiy Mrutyunjaya Hiremath "Profound thanks for your insights; your synthesis of epistemological nuances and empirical methodologies has significantly enriched the discourse here."

It's new field for explore

Alwielland Q. Bello

Hi

The case study is a research approach often seen in the fields of social and life sciences. The definition of case study research lacks consensus and is subject to variation. However, in a straightforward manner... A case study is a comprehensive investigation conducted on an individual, a group of individuals, or a specific entity, with the objective of drawing generalizable conclusions across several entities. A case study is often defined as a rigorous and comprehensive examination of a singular entity, such as a person, group, community, or another unit, whereby the researcher meticulously analyzes extensive data pertaining to several factors.

The examination of complicated phenomena in their natural situation, as described by researchers, is a key characteristic of case studies, which aims to enhance comprehension of these phenomena. According to Sandelowski, the use of case studies in research offers a mechanism to address the comprehensive character of nursing care. Moreover, while elucidating the procedural aspects involved in using a case study methodology, this research technique enables the investigator to condense a multifaceted and expansive subject matter or phenomena into a more focused and feasible research inquiry or inquiry. Through the acquisition of qualitative or quantitative datasets pertaining to the phenomena under investigation, the researcher is able to get a more comprehensive understanding of such phenomena, beyond the level of insight that would be achievable by relying just on a single form of data.

Goodluck.

I think the following three papers will help you out in this regard:

Effect of multiple taxation on small/medium enterprises in Nigeria‏

CO Daniel - International Journal of Advanced Research and …, 2019‏ - researchgate.net

Multiple taxation and small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) financial performance in Abuja, Nigeria‏

R Tabet, PE Onyeukwu - World Journal of Innovative Research, 2019‏ - wjir.org

Effects of multiple taxation on the growth of small and medium entreprises in Nigeria‏

SA Ilemona, S Nwite, GE Oyedokun - Journal of Taxation and …, 2019‏ - academia.edu

‏

I am sorry, but I do not have a clue what you are asking for.

Tertiary what?

I don't know anything about Albertine Graben but I have studied many petroleum systems. I like to "follow the molecule" by starting with an understanding of the original composition of the source's organic matter (kerogen types). Then mentally follow the molecule's path through maturation, migration and trapping. This process will allow you to list the things you know and don't know and to evaluate the available data.

The tool classifies your business needs into four types of key resources – physical, financial, intellectual, and human. Examples of physical resources include the facilities, buildings, vehicles, machines, and distribution networks needed to successfully operate your business.

How about calling it a "longitudinal case study"?

Case study. Interviewing points of contact. Literature review (comparative view).Management model proposal. This seems to me the best methodical sequence of steps, with respect to research logic, dear Petra Costa

It would be a pleasure

"Case report is a distinct way of conveying a piece of information. In addition, writing a case report provides a good opportunity to young physicians to get acquainted with the nitty gritties of writing a scientific article. Case reports have more chances of acceptance if they provide a message which has the ability to alter clinical practice. They are also accepted if they add to the existing literature and/or raise a novel research question, which has the potential of generating a large-scale research.

A case report is expected to be authentic and thought provoking. The use of propranolol for the management of infantile hemangiomas is an example; which came into limelight with the publication of case reports; and thereafter, large-scale experimental studies were designed. Therefore, case reports aid in designing tenable protocol for performing good quality scientific research. The CARE (CAse REport) guidelines for writing a case report are universally followed.

Brevity and clarity, are the two pre-requisites for any case report. The various components of a case report and the preferable formatting of the same have been summarized below:

Hello Dr Mohammad Javad Amini

My approach is to see if the case is written well, if it is well related to the journal and if the discussion (which usually involves discussing the findings with the background of related literature) is good quality.

If you are having difficulties getting the audience you need from the company you chose as a case study for your dissertation, there are a few options you can try:

Consider choosing a different company as your case study: If the lack of audience from your current company is preventing you from completing your dissertation, you could consider choosing a different company to study. Make sure that the new company is relevant to your research question and meets the other requirements of your dissertation.

Expand your search for participants: If your current company is not providing the audience you need, consider broadening your search for participants. You could try reaching out to other companies in the same industry or consider using a different research method such as a survey.

Consider changing your research question: If the lack of audience is preventing you from completing your dissertation, you could consider changing your research question or narrowing the focus of your study. This might allow you to still complete your dissertation without needing the same level of audience participation.

Seek advice from your dissertation advisor or supervisor: Your dissertation advisor can provide valuable feedback and guidance on how to proceed. They may have specific advice on how to approach the issue or suggestions for alternative research methods.

Hi

If the topic or filed of study is the same, it would be case series.

Hey Nurziya Oralbayeva, while it is generally recommended to use multiple sources of data in a case study to enhance the validity and reliability of the findings, there may be situations where employing only one data gathering instrument is appropriate. The decision to use a single data gathering instrument should be based on the specific research objectives, the nature of the case study, and the available resources and constraints. Here are a few considerations:

1. Research Objectives: Determine if the research objectives can be adequately addressed with a single data gathering instrument. If the focus of the case study is narrow and well-defined, and the chosen instrument can provide sufficient insights and information, using just one instrument may be acceptable.

2. Case Complexity: Assess the complexity of the case and the depth of understanding required. If the case is relatively simple or straightforward, and the use of additional data sources would not significantly contribute to the understanding of the research problem, a single instrument may be sufficient.

3. Resource Constraints: Consider the resources available for data collection. Conducting a case study with multiple data sources can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. If there are limitations in terms of time, budget, or access to participants, using a single data gathering instrument may be more feasible.

4. Methodological Fit: Evaluate the compatibility between the chosen data gathering instrument and the research approach or methodology. Certain research questions or approaches may lend themselves better to specific data collection methods. If the chosen instrument aligns well with the research design and can provide in-depth insights, it may be reasonable to rely on a single instrument.

While using only one data gathering instrument may have some limitations in terms of the breadth and depth of data collected, it is not inherently invalid or inappropriate. It is crucial to ensure that the chosen instrument is appropriate for addressing the research objectives and provides sufficient data to support the findings and conclusions of the case study. Additionally, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of using a single data source and discuss them transparently in the research report or publication.

Dear Alok, thanks a lot for your answer.

Dear Jose A. Medina-Talavera ,

UNESCO is fostering equality in the digital sphere. Worldwide, only 30 per cent of the world’s researchers are female, and close to half the total global female population (43 per cent) is still not using the Internet, compared to 38 per cent of all men. Especially in emerging technologies, there is a need to bridge the divide and address these challenges to enable inclusive digital societies.

Regards,

Shafagat

You will be definitely benefitted , if you take help of Howard Business review

I am preparing a case study in dermatoimmunology

It is entirely dependent on the research questions you are posing. An ethnoarchaeological survey of literature about various groups of people can provide library-based comparative examples from societies with similar social, subsistence, or technological practices, or particular kinds of environments, that are relevant to your research questions. Broad research from the ethnographic literature is always useful for developing a good comparative sense of the problem you are researching. Engaging in a single field-based ethnarchaeological project can be a big undertaking. In general, multiple month longitudinal research is preferable to very short field visits. Almost everything we think about how lifetime hunter-gatherers or small scale agriculturalists do particular things is under-informed , and our ignorance benefits from immersion over time with a particular field site. Setting top field sites is a lot of work, so focusing on a single community develops relationships that are crucial for expanding our learning beyond even the initial research problem. Learning the indigenous language can be critical to more productive investigations, working in translation is not ideal. I have performed ethnoarchaeological research with hunter-gatherers in Venezuela until the country's politics & economy made continued fieldwork impossible (I have 30+ months in the community, learned their language as they were monolingual and spoke no Spanish, and spent over 11 months in permitting in Caracas) and now have over 17 months of ethnoarchaeological experience with traditional Maya farmers in the Yucatan (while many people do speak Spanish, the more May I learn the better my fieldwork). These ethnoarchaeological/ethnographic experiences have been critical for making me a more integrated anthropologist, I now better understand the relationship between archeology, biological anthropology, behavioral ecology, linguistics, kinship studies, etc. in the broader field of anthropology than when I was only an archaeological specialist.

A location-based case study is a research method that is used to investigate the effectiveness of nature-based solutions to flood resilience. This method involves collecting data from a specific location and analyzing it to determine the effectiveness of the nature-based solutions that have been implemented in that area.

Dear colleague,

There are some well respected journal - such as OOOO or JOMS, even BMC Oral Health - that accept case reports (usually including a literature review). But, the cases submitted should really be special / rare - or of high clinical relevance (maybe spacial treatment variants, etc.).

My best regards,

Michael Bornstein

I could help you with this.

Thanks,

Ahmed

This paper by Heidi Pitman is a narrative case study. It might be useful.

Pitman, H. 2014 ‘A Cake of Spinifex Resin,’ in, S. Brown, A. Clarke, and U.K. Frederick (eds) Object Stories: Artefacts and Archaeologists. Walnut Creek: Taylor and Francis Group. DOI:10.4324/9781315423371

It is a recent publication by Andrew Goatly in the Journal of Literary Semantics¹. However, you may need to log in with your institutional or personal account to access the full text. Alternatively, you can request a PDF copy from the author via ResearchGate². The article is about a stylistic analysis of the poem `From Far, from Eve and Morning' by A.E. Housman, and how it relates to a musical analysis of Vaughan-Williams' setting of the poem.

(1) Locating stylistics in the discipline of English studies: a case study .... https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jls-2021-2034/html.

(2) Locating stylistics in the discipline of English studies: a case study .... https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355066213_Locating_stylistics_in_the_discipline_of_English_studies_a_case_study_analysis_of_AE_Housman's_'From_Far_from_Eve_and_Morning'.

(3) Locating stylistics in the discipline of English studies: a case study .... https://scholars.ln.edu.hk/en/publications/locating-stylistics-in-the-discipline-of-english-studies-a-case-s.

David is correct here. Ariful - the example that you provide commences with a literature review and then qualitative interviews. For me, this would make more sense than the other way around. The article, correctly, does not refer to its methodology as mixed methods.

Why don't you use freelancers' community as a case study

They are from every country around the globe and they deal with international clients from every country around the globe.

There is many groups on Facebook and telegram where they share their experiencies and challenges and they can share with you their misfit with their target clients bacause of many factors like: diiffernt cultural backgrounds differents languages, communication style (if it is written or verbal), their field of activity (design, marketing..) and even gender.

All the best

Dear Eugénio Moita Gonçalves ,

This journal “Open Journal of Clinical and Medical Case Reports” seems to be a so-called stand-alone journal which is mentioned in the Beall’s list (https://beallslist.net/standalone-journals/ ). This a red flag that this might be a predatory journal. This is an indication but there are more red flags that this journal is most likely predatory:

-Contact info looks questionable (does not seem to resemble a ‘real’ office)

-Impact factor claim is misleading. They are not indexed in Clarivate’s SCIE index (which can be checked here https://mjl.clarivate.com/home ) and therefor they have by definition no impact factor.

-In addition to the fake impact factor info they mention in their indexing info DRJI, a so-called misleading metric (https://www.jclinmedcasereports.com/indexing.html ) often used by predatory journals

-They use in their open access info (https://www.jclinmedcasereports.com/open-access.html ) large parts of the text from the following website (https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research ) without proper reference. Compare:

“Open Access is the free of charge, instant, online availability of research articles, together with the rights to use these articles fully in the digital milieu.” With the original “Open access (OA) refers to the free, immediate, online availability of research outputs such as journal articles or books, combined with the rights to use these outputs fully in the digital environment”

So, I would say this is a journal to avoid.

Best regards.

You can give scores to each trait understudy, then use chi square test, do that for all traits. You don't need any paper to follow, but you need an example on how to use chi square to compare, a book in statistics will be so enough. Wish you luck.

Dear Milka Mimi Klincheva ,

If you mean “Journal of Surgical Case Reports” published by Oxford University Press (https://academic.oup.com/jscr?login=false ) then I think it is a safe choice. The good things are:

-Indexed in Clarivate’s ESCI

-Member of DOAJ

-PubMed indexed

So, definitely not predatory.

Best regards.

PS. Most likely an software/metadata issue but there seems to be something odd with their Scopus indexing. According to https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100932734 the indexing covers 2018 to 2020, while according to the most updated Scopus list (see enclosed file) it is from 2018-ongoing.

Thank you so much for letting me know.

Lee, Mi Sook

Phenomenology does indeed emphasize lived experience, but so does nearly all qualitative research, and the same is true about hearing things from the participants' point of view with very little input or influence from the researcher.

I really think you need to read more about phenomenology before you say that you are following that perspective.

Simply Register yourself in GOoGLe Schoolar you can sort out your all queries

EoQ5D is a prescribed structure, we cannot manipulate it. None will accept. In UK some health economics experts are discussed on " we needs to change EoQ5D as with time with transition of disease the method needs to modify", Professor Ric Fordham,UK is one of them.

As answer above use "Visual Analog Scale" if you wants to said QALY.

Additionally, can think about;

Likert scale:

It's a question that uses a 5 or 7-point scale. Typically, the Likert survey question includes a moderate or neutral option in its scale.

I think the most important factors are a respect for varied perspectives and dedication to curiosity and openness. To do this the group needs maturity and emotional security. Overly-critical or overly-cohesive teams fail to reach that deep level of collaboration which is so valuable.

@diwakar

Add your answer (type @ to mention people)

The most common complication is GIT upset, fatigue and anorexia with subsequent weight loss

While the mist serious is pancytopenia with immune suppression which puts the patient at high risk of fulminant infections .

It may be not that much relevant, but you can found some ideas on it as it talks about NZEB solutions.

Bushra Eshaq This looks most interesting and I would encourage you to publish the paper as a preprint on ResearchGate.

I would like to send you my support and encouragement because I believe in world peace and in the importance of men and women having an equal voice in all things.

Richard

You can check out these URLs:

I do not think a single case study would be generalizable. You would need multiple case studies. Christopher C Kelly specializes in case study methodology and might be able to provide advice.

If the data are ordinal then it violates assumptions underlying many types of tests (e.g., ANOVA). Thus, the non-parametric equivalent is an option. Kruskal-Wallis is potentially suited for this design. I've done comparisons of one-way and factorial anova versus their non-parametric equivalents and found the results to be virtually identical. If the DV is on a 7-point scale (or similar) then then it is technically ordinal but practically interval in nature, and most researchers use parametric tests. If it is truly ordinal, such as a rank-based DV, then you'd want to look at rank ordered tests (e.g., Friedman's test), but I doubt that would be a good fit here. I think you could also set up a regression model depending on how comfortable you are with it.

Thanks @Donkor for suggesting but the Article Publishing Charge for this journal is USD 2550, excluding taxes!!!

Isn't high?

There should be Government policy for Adverse Drug Reactions ( ADR) Reporting. .should be implemented at each and every institute level ,District level Hospital

Besides BMJ and BMC , you can choose Indian Korean , Egyptia journal of respective stream to publish your case series and Systemic review

Yes you can conduct meta-analysis based on case series but conclude weweak evidence

From my personal experience in conducting research and publication, I can say that you can publish the case study in an appropriate journal. First, search on google or publishers like Springer, and Elsevier, for the relevant journals. If your targeted journal publishes a case study then it is possible to publish the report, however, it should be as per the format of the journals. If you want to publish a research paper on your case study, then it would be better if you restructure of your paper.

Almost all of the journals have a similar structure but are different in some contexts like word limit for abstract, reference style, and so on.

You are welcome to ask for any further clarification.

Thanking you

In mixed methods, I argued for splitting the concepts of "convergence" and complementarity."

Within qualitative research, triangulation is still treated as a way of demonstrating credibility (note that "validity" is not the preferred terminology among qualitative researchers, and I tend to agree with that stance).

There is an important (and growing) literature on reshoring, dual sourcing...

Some (may be) useful academic references can be Boffelli & Johanson 2020, Operations Management Research, Benstead et al 2017, Operations Management Research. You may also get interesting conclusions from Fratocchi et al (2016), International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, although it is focused on manufacturing.

I hope this can be useful.

Best,

Fernando

I take an example may you do not like, corruption perception index, as this show citizens culture and enviroment, not blaming Nigeria for his status at all, the responsibilities is mostly of Western countries

AMERICAS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Score

67/100

Rank

27/180

Since 2020

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

NIGERIA

Score

24/100

Rank

154/180

Score change

-1

since 2020

The index reflect the country grow in legal system and the trust of citizens on Government..In Italy where perception index is 56, i not a good one,as we have case of Italian conglomerate ENI, subsydiary co. SNAMPROGETTI corrupted Nigeria Gov. Officer for years,

sanctioned in 2010 from a fine of 240 Millions of USD , from US -DOJ, this money should have been sent to Nigeria Education Center Charity Foundation.

Yes Physiotherapy is helpful to maintain muscle power till disease stabilization.once it's non progressive we can work with AROM exercise for maintenance Nd strengthen available muscle.

Management should be for LMN lesions.

Crisis financiera global: un estudio crítico del papel de la auditoria en programas del estado

Frankly speaking qualitative research is always preferred as it is detailed and explains phenomena behind events. At least I rank qualitative research above quantitative. Case study is an exhaustive probe into one or very few number of similar entities to deeply understand process you aim to explain. During this process you may administer questionnaire internally to workers and managers . For example you change a practice in he organization and then study its effect. The case research is explanatory not conclusive as sample size is not random and diverse. No postulates can be formed,

Omar Edrees you can use (WWW.PVWATTS CACULATURE ) to calculate the real output of the solar system

In my hospital , Doctors must to use their user name and password to see their patient data for prevention the problems.

If it may be happened about this problem, our data processor committees will solve this problem and sent the results and suggested to the director of hospital.

Very useful website reports on Twitter Thought Police termination of accounts.

You can include what you wish in a systematic review, it is your research after all.

You should aim to include all publication types, to avoid any bias.

If publications have an abstract but do not have an available full-text then you can either include or exclude; it is a judgement call. For instance, you may include if there are only a few other eligible studies. In contrast, you may exclude if you have many eligible studies (although, you should still note it in the paper, that those publications were excluded because you could not get the full-text).

If only a title is available you cannot include; but again you should note in the paper that the publication was excluded because you could not get the full-text.

You can often get full-texts by emailing the authors or organisation to request it. Alternatively, you can get access to almost any full-text via the British Library's 'on-demand' service; although it is paid. Your institution may cover the fee.

Haiming Zheng i will write in DM

Is case study a methodology? Robert Stake (1998) argues: "As a form of research, case study is defined by interest in individual cases, not by the methods of inquiry used". I find it enlightening to regard case study methodology as a meta-methodology; the methodological recommendation is to combine the methodologies which are useful in the light of the issue at stake. A methodology is a recommendation to rely on certain data collection methods, methods to analyze and apply specific quality criteria. Action research procedures and purposes, Grounded Theory methodology, Hypothesis-testing approach (Yin) are examples of methodologies which can be used, alone or in combination, in a case study. In short: (1) Case study methodology is a combined methodology: a meta-methodology, (2) object of the study is a case, (3) triangulation is an overarching quality criterium, (4) a purposeful sampling procedure is used to select the case(s). As a consequence: in research it is more important to make clear how it is done, rather than what it is.

Best wishes

Rolf

Several india based case studies on VE are available. Just google.

Dear Hasanul Islam, always refer to the original source. Your work will be similar to the others which mentionned it. My Regards

Thank you for the response

you can absolutely do it, some of the greatest achievements in science and medicine were accomplished this way. Can I write a case report on myself? and as a single author? | Student Doctor Network

Just some suggestions.

Make a prototype/model of your study to be used for presentations, appraisals, and promotions. By creating a PowerPoint, Blog, or using a network or designed website, you can create a prototype of a product for testing, analyzing, sharing, and comparing quantitatively ( for how many for similarity) and qualitatively (to improve your product for the best).

Tools to consider:

You can present your model using PowerPoint, Google Slides, or Prezi

For sharing and comparing your product, use a blog, a social network, and a website.

Sample site

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📷

📷

Should be in focus group

Hi,

Data from unconsented teachers need to be disregarded as research needs to be ethically conducted.