Science topic
Carbonates - Science topic
Carbonates are in chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid, characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, CO2− 3. The name may also means an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C(=O)(O–)2.
Questions related to Carbonates
In my lab, we measure clumped isotope on bioapatite carbonates. Our acid reaction is at 70deg.C. We are wondering if anyone knows the acid fractionation value that we need to use or can give me a ref? I only found for 90 and 110deg.C. Thank you!
Decreased carbonate ions with increased bicarbonate ions reduce pH. But while measuring water quality, we estimate carbonate and bicarbonate ions as one of the parameters and a higher concentration of these ions indicates alkalinity. But how ocean acidification happens when bicarbonate concentration increases.
The HR ESIMS of a compound we obtained from natural source seems to exhibit a carbonate adduct. If this has already been reported, please kindly send me the paper.
Best regards,
Remy
I am looking for an alternate method to measure percentage of carbonate impurity from sodium bicarbonate. The specification is <0.23% carbonate. There is a titration method using barium chloride to precipitate the carbonate and back titration for the bicarbonate. This will measure total carbonate/ bicarbonate and also bicarbonate only, in order to calculate the carbonate. I am not sure if this will be sensitive enough for small amount of carbonate, which is less than 0.23%. I try find other ideas or separation with different techniques, for example using ion chromatography, but it seemed that carbonate and bicarbonate not separable by IC by many articles. Any comment and suggested techniques or method for this quantitation. This was originally a project to find alternate method from the USP method using the carbonate apparatus (for sodium bicarbonate) since we have difficulty with the method.
I am looking for a lab methodology that would be suitable to arsenic sequential extraction in carbonates. Many of the papers I find are applied to siliciclastics and the strong acid reagents used can dissolve carbonates, hence yielding erroneous results.
Thanks
Am making carbonized biomass value chain analysis and for such work, I am calculating carbon footprint.
I would therefore appreciate if anyone can share one (carbon footprint calculator e.g., spreadsheet) with me or direct me to a link/website where I can access one.
Thank you!
Recently there were published many “comment papers” in valid journals such as Palaeoworld, Geological Journal, Carbonates and Evaporites and ... regarding the larger benthic foraminifera where accurate identifications require a high level of experience and knowledge of their taxonomy, this is the main question who are really the cause of these mistakes and problems?
1- Authors
2- Reviewers
3- Editors
These specimens were found in carbonate sediments in Tunisia. Kasserine area
In anticline structure carbonate Reservoir of areal extension 31x10 km with 24 to26 degrees. no compartments. And no faces alteration (hydraulic continuty exist) multiple Downhole samples, MDT, and well testing samples were taken the bubble point ranging from 2140 psi in one flank to 2746 psi as average.
Can the inorganic carbon isotopes measured in a sequence of deep-water profiles dominated by black shale be used as a stratigraphic correlation? If the absolute values are affected (possibly more negatively than shallow-water carbonates), can the isotopic trends be correlated?
Dear colleagues,
I'm looking for a laboratory that measures clumped isotopes - Δ47. My research interests are carbonate minerals occurring in ultramafic rocks. I plan to reconstruct the formation conditions of various carbonates from ultramafic massifs from the north-east part of the Bohemian Massif. The carbonates were probably formed in both supergene and hydrothermal conditions and I aim to distinguish how these conditions had changed in terms of time and space. I would like to reconstruct magnesite precipitation conditions using clumped Isotope palaeothermometry.
Please let me know if you are open to collaboration and what are possible costs involved. Long-time scientific cooperation is possible :)
Contact me on Researchgate or blazej.cieslik2@uwr.edu.pl
Thanks!
What type of marine carbonate factory is more predictable to be present in here ? what animals were responsible for the formation of the carbonates?
Dear, I need to prepare carbonate buffer for my ELISA work. It requires the pH of 9.6 to be used. In the ref. method, it is stated that bicarbonate/carbonate buffer is used. However, I ever done ELISA before this time, using just only bicarbonate dissolved in water and it has pH around 8.5. My advisor told me it is the same thinig between the two buffer system but somehow Im eager to know how the two is the same (or different). I already have tried to look for explanation anywhere but im not quite good at chemistry much.
Another question is that I see from "https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/TH/en/technical-documents/protocol/protein-biology/protein-concentration-and-buffer-exchange/buffer-reference-center" and I understand that 0.1 M of bicarbonate/carboante buffer has concentration of bicarbonate and carbonate both equal to 0.1 M. However, when I look into "https://www.aatbio.com/resources/buffer-preparations-and-recipes/carbonate-bicarbonate-buffer-ph-9-2-to-10-6" at pH 9.6 (which can be adjust), it shows that the concentration of those 2 chemicals are not equal but somehow give the summation into 0.1. I wonder which I am misunderstanding the concept. Thank you in advance for the reply ^^"
I am doing the synthesis of tert-butyl 6-(3-hydroxy-propyl-methy-lamino)quinoline-4-carboxylate, using Cesium carbonate, BINAP, and Pd2(dba)3 and N-methyl-1,3-propanolamine in Toulene.
TLC using different solvents and ratios didn't work out even using column chromatography, so does anyone know how to purify my compound ?
to get rid of Cesium Carbonate, BINAP and Pd2dba3 ?
I want to use orbitolinids for the biostratigraphy of a Barremiam/Aptian carbonate platform, to support my chemostratigraphy data. I have used related publications for descriptions and pictures trying to identify the different species, but I would like to have the opinion of an expert to confirm my classification.
I want to know about the carbonization process related to electrospun fiber.
I need to carbonize the NBR rubber sample. Can anyone explain the formation of graphitic structure from the carbonization of NBR? Is there any mechanism relevant for this formation?
Which method and which function is suitable to be used to get the target?
1. Productivity of single well at a different location in fractured cave carbonate reservoir
2. Productivity of multiple wells at a favorable location in fractured cave carbonate reservoir
Your help will be highly appreciated
Mass balance calculations require that carbonates with δ13-C < -5 (per mil) contain some carbon derived from the oxidation of organic matter. Given that several negative isotopic anomalies much smaller than that (< -10) are recorded, notably in the Neoproterozoic, is it possible that there is another source for depletion in 13C?
What kind of carbonate minerals depression is preferrable for Au-bearing sulfides flotation (may be reverse flotation?) for such an ore:
- quartz - 10-30%
- feldspar (orthoclase) - 5-40%
- clay&mica - 20-30%
- Fe-dolomite&ankerite - 5-60% (!)
- FeS2 - 1-8%
- FeAsS - 0,5-3%
- AsS - 0,2-2%
- ZnS - 0,1-4%
- PbS - 0,1-1%
Gold is mainly assotiated with Py and AsPy. There are also 0,5-5,0 mkm particles of electrum. Any advice for effective modern reagents?
Hi,
I'm working on Late Cretaceous carbonates in central southern atlas of Tunisia. I think that these are longitidunal sections of Rudists but I need confirmation and a more detailed description.
Thank's
I have noticed that often bedding planes are not included in discrete fracture network (DFN) for carbonate rocks. Personally I believe that bedding can be an important anisotropy for fluid flow, and theoretically should be added together with the different fracture sets in a DFN. What's the general opinion in the DFN modeling world?
I have got following answer but bit confused
The total phenolic contents in all samples was calculated the using the formula:
C = c V/m
where, C = total phenolic content mg GAE/g dry extract, c = concentration of gallic acid obtained from calibration curve in mg/mL, V = volume of extract in ml, m = mass of extract in gram.
we have used following procedure
- 500 μl of the sample was taken in 25 ml volumetric flask. To this, 10 ml of water and 1.5 ml of Folin ciocalteu reagent were added.
The above mixture was kept for 5 min. and then 4 ml of 20 %sodium carbonate solution was added and the volume was made up to 25 ml with distilled water.
The mixture was kept for 30 min. and the absorbance of the blue color developed was recorded at 765nm. than graph ploted and we got y=mx+c, from that we got C now
wt of crude drug = 50 g
wt of dried extract = 100 mg
sample is dissolved in 100ml methanol
sample used for assay is 0.5ml
so my question is what is V in our case and what is m in our case.
some time i also find to C = c V DF/m where DF is dilution factor so what is it in our case
I am doing description of the Triassic carbonate description in terms of Diagenesis and facies analysis. where can I find the related paper or book? thanks for your recommendation
To Know the Trace elements concentration in carbonate and phosphorite minerals separately.
How can carbon quantum dots(CQDs) be distinguished from carbonized polymer dots (CPDs)?
What Characterization techniques help to indicate the type of CDs?
Any guidance is really appreciated.
I would like to know the toxic effects of Ammonium bi carbonate as a food additives in bakery items especially in biscuits
Hi,
I wonder if it is possible to find natural soil carbonates (calcite, dolomite, etc.), not coming from liming, in soils naturally having a low pH (4-5.5).
Is it possible to find these mineral forms of C in acidic tropical soils?
I am asking because while measuring both total C and inorganic C (after acid dissolution) of tropical soil samples from Indonesia with an Elementar, I sometimes get a gap between the two measurements.
Sometimes the gap is positive (total C > organic C), and other times the gap is negative (organic C > total C !?). Generally, total C is equal to organic C, meaning most samples do not show these confusing 2-way gaps, and suggest the absence of inorganic forms of C.
In both cases, I wonder if discrepancies are just technical (noise), or if the gaps between samples are due to the natural variability of my samples, or in some cases, there could be some carbonates present in those soils (which have a relatively low pH of 4-5).
Best,
Thomas
Is there any effective way to reconstruct the thermal history of deep carbonate formations?
I know that there is a Δ47/(U-Pb) method, but is this method too harsh for the selection of carbonate samples?
I am trying to prepare a bicarbonate buffer for TNBS analysis which requires a 0.1 M bicarbonate buffer of pH 8.5. Most of the chemical suppliers have a reagent of 1 M and of different pH. I have been told that I can use carbonate and bicarbonate to make the buffer using the Henderson-hasselbalch equation, but I am not sure how to calculate exactly how much concentration or volume must be added in order to obtain a specific pH buffer of the same. Can anyone point out the exact process to make the same? Thanks.
[I have also attached the protocol steps for reference.]
What is the effect of increasing carbonate minerals (calcium and magnesium carbonates) on the value of the cationic exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil ?
If calcium carbonate was coated soil particles and its percentage is not less than 25%.
Is it permissible to use a soil sample (Bulk Sample) without removing carbonate minerals, organic matter and iron oxides in the mineral examination with a diffracted X-ray device, or by examination with a polarizing light microscope or a scanning electron microscope ?
Is it permissible to use a soil sample (Bulk Sample) without removing carbonate minerals, organic matter and iron oxides in the mineral examination with a diffracted X-ray device, or by examination with a polarizing light microscope or a scanning electron microscope ?
Hello
Is there a modern method to remove carbonate minerals from a soil sample for the purpose of conducting an X-ray examination?
I'm planning to run GC analysis but having difficulties on:
1. whether to use internal standard or not and which one will be best for cyclic carbonates detection
2. How to chose the best capillary column
I don't know much about sedimentology. Two question about carbonate sediment were bothering me in recent studies. Hope you can give me some suggestions or references. Thank you in advance!
Two questions about precambrian carbonates:
Q1: Did Precambrian carbonate sediments often undergo dolomitization after deposition?
Q2: Did Precambrian carbonate sediments (especially dolostone?) usually with high Mn/Sr ratio, and this diagenesis criteria whether or not perfectly fir for the Precambrian carbonate sediments?
Actually I want to make activated carbon and I have soaked carbonized carbon in NaOH...now if I use filter paper for filtration this powdery mass will stick to it.IS filter paper is right way to do filtration of carbonized carbon?
I've synthesized hyroxyapatite and carbonated apatite and I need these cards ( PDF card #9-432 and PDF card #35-180) to analyze my XRD results. Does anyone know how I can get them?
why folin–ciocalteu's reagent forms a green color and precipitate from the addition of sodium carbonate
I have a body of water with about pH: 6.8 and alkalinity of about 30 mg/L CaCO3. And I am looking to increase the alkalinity as much at as least to 100 mg/L CaCO3 but without increasing pH level.
I have used sodium carbonate and has increase alkalinity but pH levels as wells, while I need to keep pH at a maximium of 7.
Analysis of a carbonate (calcite vein) sample yielded d18O of 6.09 (V-SMOW) and d13C of -4.23 (V-PDB), and only 47 ppm Sr. Stable isotopic data indicate 'mantle signature', while Sr abundance is very low (Sr isotopic ratio is not available yet). Can the sample be of a carbonatite vein? If carbonatite, what could be the reason of its extremely low Sr content? Please suggest me some relevant literature on petrogenesis of such type of carbonatite.
Since 1850 59% of atmospheric CO2 emissions have been taken up by terrestrial and marine sinks according to AR6 (see attached image). This amounts to 1430 Gt of CO2. Unlike the terrestrial sink, which is largely permanent (soil organic matter and living biomass), some of the marine sink is transitory. For example, a portion of dissolved CO2 (and the carbonate and bicarbonate is equilibrates with) will offgas when atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 drops, after accounting for the time lags in oceanic circulation.
Do any of you have references to studies that estimate what portion of the marine sink is permanent? This is important when calculating how much excess CO2 (atmospheric plus transitory marine) we need to draw down to solve climate change and ocean acidification. Thank you!
Dear Colleagues,
I want to synthesize different composite materials by adding different components with desired percentage.
What type of furnace is required for this purpose?
For example, I want to prepare YBCO by adding Yttrium Oxide, Barium carbonate and Copper Oxide.
Please help by discussion.
Thanks and Regards
N Das
How to reconstruct the history of fluid pressure evolution in carbonate formations in the absence of fluid inclusion data?
I want to test the phenol content in my plant sample and I have chosen this method:
"One ml of 20% sodium carbonate solution
was added to 1 ml of the phenolic extract and incubated
for 5 min. at room temperature. Then 0.5 ml of Folin
Ciocalteo phenol reagent (1:1 diluted with distilled water)
was added and incubated for 10 min. at room temperature.
Absorbance of the colored solution was read at 735 nm
using a spectrophotometer".
But I noticed later that most protocols call for an FCR ratio of 1:10 or 10%. Why is that? Is my method reliable or should I change it?
I am a new researcher in the field of Carbonatite. I have samples from northeastern India I thought it is carbonatite but geochemically it does not show any characteristics of Carbonatite like LREE enrichment and total REE content or (trace element like Ba, Sr).
I didn't get any apatite in petrography but I found spinel, olivine, and tremolite so I think that it might be marble or meta carbonate.
So I need tools to resolve this problem. whether it is carbonatite or not
Hi everyone. i am currently conduct an investigation on the flexural properties of the polylactic acid/polypropylene carbonate with the incorporation of 2,4, and 6 wt. % halloysite nanotubes. From my observation, the flexural modulus of the blends reduced when the blends incorporated with 2 wt.% of HNT. however, it increased back when the amount of HNT increased to 4 and 6 wt.%. My question is, why there is inconsistency in term of the patterns of flexural modulus?
I am interested in the minerals particles suspended in seawater. What are the minerals? Carbonates, silicates, what more? Which clays are the most common? Could someone provide articles related to the study of mineralogical composition in sea water suspension, that is derived from shallow water bottom sediments and from river detritus?
Thanks in advance!
I am trying to introduce the Folin-Ciocalteu method in the extraction of phenolic contents with NADES. The problem is that when I trying to measure TPC, Folin precipitates, specifically using solvents that contain Choline Chloride, generating a yellow precipitate when the Folin reagent is added (without adding Sodium Carbonate). When I add the Sodium Carbonate, the precipitate is blue. Can this be fixed? Do I have to find another method? Has someone else precipitated the sample by adding Folin-Ciocalteu?
Standardization of tiamulin was tried using HPLC, mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 1 percent ammonium carbonate... The rt was detected at 8.3 based on the gradience, however rt kept changing on subsequent attempts... Could it be due to deterioration of the drug being used?
GOR Variation in Fractured Carbonate Reservoir: Different from a sandstone reservoir?
Whether the following statements associated with a sandstone reservoir – will also remain true for a fractured carbonate reservoir?
(A) The gas expels oil from the reservoir formation by means of (a) gas carrying oil with it due to its velocity; and (b) gas driving the oil ahead of an expanding volume of gas.
(B) Since the reservoir pressure gets reduced by the earlier completions, the amount of gas required to expel the same quantity of oil would remain greater; and in turn, the enhanced initial GOR for later completions would result only from the drainage of pressure by the earlier wells.
(C) When the gas acts as the only force that expels the oil from the reservoir-formation, then, the rate of decline of oil production would remain faster than the rate of decline of gas production. Also, an enhanced rate of increase of GOR will always have the greatest decline of oil production.
I am making a polymer and using hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) as a catalyst in a reaction. I am also using Sodium Carbonate(Na2CO3) to balance the pH to 7 at the end of the reaction. I am afraid either the hydrogen peroxide or the Sodium Carbonate is causing gas bubbles in my polymer. Maybe both. Would anyone recommend a way to get rid of air bubbles that is cheap and easy? A purifying step? My polymer seems to separate into a watery and oily layer. Even after I centrifuge the watery layer still separates over time. If you have any more questions or suggestions I would love to hear it. Thank you!
I need UCS data conducted on carbonate rocks can anyone refer me to any published and unpublished source. I need the formation and location as well. Of course, I'm searching everywhere but would like to know from expert researchers on this platform. I will be thankful, as I need a lot of Carbonate UCS data for my research.
Thank You all!!
CO2 is normally isotopically depleted compared to carbonate rocks (e.g. limestone). However, CO2 liberated during decarbonation of carbonate rocks are enriched in both O18 and C13. Why?
Field emission scanning electron microscopy a powerful diagnostic tool for kidney stone disease ?
Such a diagnostic tool would represent a significant benefit to the clinician.In view of the increase in infection-related stones over the past two decades, Urinary Track Infection must always be considered a significant possible cause of urolithogenesis. In a recent publication, We note the presence of bacterial imprints for kidney stones with a high, but sometimes a low content, of Wk. Thus, we propose FE-SEM as a diagnostic tool for stone patients who have a negative urine culture associated with kidney stones containing less than 20% by weight Wk, a low level of carbonate in apatite, and no struvite.
Hi. I am looking for ethyl methyl carbonate Hansen solubility parameters.
There is no data in Google.
How can I know the value?
What's the easy way to separate these compounds? I would be glad if you help
I have some strange phenomena, usually it well known that ethylene carbonate will be freeze in room temperature, because it melting point is 34 degree celcius. But Why my ethylene carbonate does not freeze in the nearest room temperature?
Hi everyone, I'm looking for a method to obtain max carbonation yield (95 wt.% and more) after gas-solid reaction between CO2 and dense bulk CaO. I can run the reaction up to T=800°C and PCO2=50-60 bar (inside pressurized reactor). But the reaction at 800°C, 60 bar CO2, for 24 hours is not complete (max yield is 80-85 wt.%).
Any suggestion? Add water to CaO (what concentration?), light acidic treatment of CaO (or other chemical treatments), etc...
Thanks
Please I need a material that clearly explain the quantitative inorganic analysis of a mixture of carbonate and bicarbonate with HCl.
Also the quantitative inorganic analysis of a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide with HCl.
I'm getting negative values for my Mml and Pml respectively.
I need help.
Molarity o HCl is 0.1M. Is it possible to have a negative value for Mml ?
How quickly oil wells reach their ‘maximum daily output’ following their completion - associated with a carbonate reservoir?
How different - the rapidity of decline - will be in a carbonate reservoir - from that of a sandstone reservoir?
So, I have been doing reactions using both P4S10 and Lawesson's Reagent (LR) as of lately. I have been using a secondary amide, Boc-protected Phenylalanine N-methyl amide. Two literature papers I have been reading, one using LR, K2CO3, and diglyme solvent at 120oC ( ), the other using P4S10, K2CO3, & DCM at 40-50oC ( ), showed rather obviously that the base does not inhibit the reactivity of either thionating agent.
Yet when using my substrate, the base appears to severely depress reactivity. LR in THF at r.t. gave 65% conversion on NMR after 2h. P4S10 did the same in refluxing DCM after 2h. Adding potassium carbonate to both reduced conversion to trace amounts.
The K2CO3 our lab uses has been stored inside a cabinet for several months, flushed with nitrogen, tightly closed, and sealed with parafilm. Are we storing it incorrectly to where it's absorbing too much moisture & thus quenching the thionation agent?
What is more puzzling is that Cs2CO3, which has been stored in a desiccator for longer than I've been in the lab, also totally suppressed LR reactivity. That too has been flushed with nitrogen and wrapped in parafilm.
I also have not been terribly strict about oven-drying my glassware before use, given a plethora of literature using both thionation agents not using solvents that were perfectly dry and still getting acceptable yields. If this was to blame then I would have seen little to no yields w/ no carbonate added.
So, what do I do about this?
Dear colleagues,
I am a researcher working with bovine hydroxyapatite. I want to reduce the percentage of carbonate on the sample. Is there any suggested techniques for this? I am measured the carbonate from EDX (SEM-EDX). Thank you
Thank you.
Hello everyone,
We recently adquired a Digiprep block digestion system in our lab and I wonder if it can be used for highly-carbonated soils decarbonization. I have been looking for similar protocols but I had no results.
Thanks in advance and kind regards.
Layla M. San Emeterio
If I have an excess of sodium carbonate and add sulfuric acid to it, which of the following reaction takes place having in count that there is an excess of sodium carbonate?:
1. 2Na2CO3 + H2SO4 --> 2NaHCO3- + Na2SO4 (before the firts equivalente point)
and 2NaHCO3- + H2SO4 --> 2H2CO3 + Na2SO4 (after the firts equivalente point)
2. Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ---> Na2SO4 + H2CO3
This is without having in count that the final products are Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O because of the descomposition of the carbonic acid.
The diagram shows Raman spectra (measured with a blue diode laser at 473 nm) of carbonized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers. The fibers were in contact with different metal surfaces during carbonization in nitrogen atmosphere. I wanted to analyze the D and G band intensities but noticed these sharp double peaks at 1000/1040 cm-1 and 1580/1600 cm-1. Can anyone tell me where these peaks are coming from?
It is a general view that carbonation of OPC-based concrete can improve the compressive strength in comparison to reference non-carbonated concrete; carbonation parameters (relative humidity, CO2 exposure time, CO2 concentration/pressure, temperature), concrete porosity, microstructure, and amount of portlandite can affect the results.
There are studies that show improved mechanical behavior after carbonation
Are there studies available that tried to correlate the compressive strength of carbonated and reference non-carbonated concrete, analytical or empirical? So we can assume how much strength would increase after carbonation with certain parameters.
What is the best way to wash residual potassium carbonate out of chemically activated carbon? In the literature, washing is mentioned, yet most don't explain how.
Hello Professors and colleagues
I am trying to draw a detailed Tectonic schematic cross section for a subducting slab focusing mainly on the transformation of shales and carbonates into greenschist facies schist and Thermal skarn overlying this slab .. ... i know that less is known about the 3D imagination of subduction zones and specially what happens to the sediments !
But what is the best schematic model i can follow from your opinion ?
Suggest references or attach your own images would enrich our discussion :)
Thanks in advance
I am modelling an extractive distillation of Dimethyl carbonate and methanol using phenol as entrainer on Aspen Hysys V10 but I can’t find dimethyl carbonate amongst the component list
Chemical index of alteration (CIA) is widely used in fine detrital sedimentary rocks for reflecting intension of continental weathering. But, I am wondering that whether carbonate insoluble residues can be used for CIA analysis!?
I am preparing a practical course on carbonate petrography so I need CT image datasets or 3d objects (e.g. *.stl) of fossils or fossiliferous limestone, for educational purposes. All efforts are, of course, to be acknowledged. Thanks in advance.
I am performing a Boc-deprotection with HCl in organic solvent (dioxane or Ethylacetate) but would like to isolate the free amine.
Several problems:
- Neutralizing with inorganic base as NEt3 involves too large amounts as I am using 25 eq of HCl (reaction is too long with less eq)
- Washings with carbonate solution leads to product degradation
Has someone experience of such situation ? Could ion-exchange resins help ? Which one ?
The process has moreover to be upscalable ...
Thanks in advance