Carbon Sequestration - Science topic

You can consult this recent report under green India Mission

Aquatic flora are to be collected and species wise biomass to be recorded and finally CHN analyser to be used

Thank you @Shuraik Kader for sharing this useful paper.

Tillage can break up soil structure, speed the decomposition and loss of organic matter, increase the threat of erosion, destroy the habitat of helpful organisms and cause compaction. Each of these potential outcomes negatively impact soil quality.

The following RG links are also very useful:

Dear @Mohammad Kheiri You may also access the following links:

Need to focus in individual species within the watershed, and test soil once a year to determine the increased in organic matter, because it will be different from species to species.

Another interesting test to do, is carbon date the soil carbon, and see how long each species sequesters the carbon in the soil. Testing Nevada desert grassland soils last year, it was a minimum of 300 years, which makes desert grasslands a very good place for long term carbon sequestration.

Saudi Arabia (KSA) started a project this year, to sequester carbon by planting one million trees a WEEK, for a total of 10 BILLION trees at the end of that project, that I got started with my website at https://www.ecoseeds.com/cool.html in 2002 when KSA set aside 175 million acres of preserves to do ecological restoration, to convert the barren deserts back to grasslands and forest.

Hi Jeremy,

Maybe start first with composition of Coconut shell.

Coconut shell is a raw material containing:

and ash (0.6%).

The first three biochemical compounds are carbon based. Should check out carbon content of uronate!

I calculated the CO2 emission from the total combustion of 1 kg of Coconut shells to be: 344 g CO2, take or leave 5% confidence.

Check it out.

Cheers,

Frank

@Rudiger The key difference between carbon capture and storage and carbon sequestration is that carbon capture and storage involve capturing, transporting, and storing carbon dioxide, while carbon sequestration only involves storing carbon dioxide for a longer period of time.

Thank you for this data !! I will use it .

12 percent In the United States, forest and croplands currently sequester the equivalent of 12 percent of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions from the energy, transportation and indus- trial sectors (EPA, 2008b).

Definitely because of high biomass, but lamina area also matters. Kindly consult this Govt. report

Soil -C-sink -

For more information please visit:

Planting new trees and improving forest health through thinning and prescribed burning are some of the ways to increase forest carbon in the long run. Harvesting and regenerating forests can also result in net carbon sequestration in wood products and new forest growth.

Evidences can't tell until we go for soil organic carbon estimation. According to the information definitely there will be more carbon stocks.

Dear Arvind Singh sir,

Thank you so much. It would be more helpful if you kindly attach some recent reference.

Carbon financing to safeguard the planet

@ Mohammad, the attached files may be useful to you. In general, carbon sequestration by trees can be calculated by multiply the weight of carbon in the tree by 3.67 as the weight of CO2 in trees is determined by the ratio of CO2 to C is 44/12 = 3.67.

please just put these keywords on any search engine like google or yahoo , you will find hordes of literature pouring in.....since this is the most debated issue of biochar. Infact , biochars proved their worth through these issues only.

Litter and detritus sampling and subsequent analysis through CHN analyzer can give you an approximation

You can go through this paper and refer it --- My Best Wishes

Try Alex B Mcbratney and Budiman Minasny

Quantification of carbon based on traits is important to know the contribution of each component.

I am in a holidays, away from the lab computer to check the options of origin, but anyane who have the experience in using it can provide help. Sorry for being unable to help at this time period.

I do agree with Chris Smith.

Have a look at this initiative: https://ledslac.org/en/the-international-blue-carbon-initiative-lessons-from-experiences-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/

Fixed carbon content gives information of the amount of char formation in the thermochemical conversion process. It is the solid combustible residue that remains after the volatiles matter drive off. Higher the fixed carbon, the higher the char production in the thermochemical conversion process as a product yield.

Interesting discussion !

Good question , could a possibility , but right now , such reports are miniscule in number....

Maybe this one.

Thanks Dr. Craig for sharing experiences of grassland ecosystem of desert, USA. You have rightly said earning from grassland through carbon credit. Factually in the India desert, grassland is dwindling due to the rising population demand better livelihood, quality produce and the land for infrastructure and industry.

Therefore we have proposed site specific alternate land uses. It consists of energy plantations on the dunes together with horticulture and dry farming in the inter-dunal plains. It has the dual purpose. On one hand the system preserves the ecosystem services by restricting wind erosion and enriching soil through carbon sequestration.On the other hand it provides better income to the desert dwellers through horticulture and dry farming. It also supports animal husbandry and rearing of small ruminant. Additional earning could be possible through carbon credit from non-arable land. Thus articulating the land use depending upon the local socio-economic condition is the basic idea for conceptualizing sustainable agriculture consisting of selecting land uses and management practices suitable to a specific site. As it is pointed out in my previous reply in the present discussion.

Your second observation regarding carbon in the sub-soils also has the great merit. We also have the similar kind of experience in the Indian desert, concealing the impressions of episodes of climate change in the past. I have mentioned some of them while discussing the topic on climate change.

These are the few points perhaps, it will help you in articulating the study on carbon sequestration in future

Application of organic products

Sir, I am unable to find the allometric equation for volume estimation in FSI Report. Please provide the allometric equation for Pyrus pashia, Pyrus communis, Prunus domestica, Sapindus mukrosii,Pomegranate, Emblica officinalis, Apricot, Guava.

Read widely noting the methods and findings of various researches and them compile them to understand existent gaps of literature

Regards !!!

Walkley-Black chromic acid wet oxidation method (1934) is best method.

Dear Akhlaq Amin Wani

I am interested in joining this project and want to write following chapter:

Mechanism behind sources and sinks of major anthropogenic greenhouse gases

You can convert by using this % × 10000 = ppm × 2.24 = kg/ha

Thanks Armine Juergenliemk and Erandathie Lokupitiya

Dear Shiv,

you may check following publications to get some ideas on how to proceed:

Enders et al 2012 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.022

Spokas 2010 10.4155/cmt.10.32

Kuzyakov et al 2014 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12

Wang et al 2016 10.1111/gcbb.12266

Harvey et al 2012 10.1021/es2040398

and more...

BR

Nils

If crop residues returned to the soil over 30 years have been consistent in quantity or type, then the C content of the soil would not likely change. The reason for this is that the soil C is in equilibrium with the biomass C inputs and the environmental conditions of the soil (temperature, moisture, nutrient inputs, etc.). Adding manure is essentially an importation of C which changes the equilibrium between the C sources and soil. Because the manure is of different quality, the equilibrium has to adjust to the manure source, nutrient load and other manure characteristics. If different rates of manure are applied, each manure rate would require a different set of equilibrium conditions. However, if the manure applications are consistent and of similar quantity and quality, over time you should see SOC attain a new level that will remain relatively constant until a new equilibrium is reached.

The key to changing the SOC levels in soil (both in a positive or negative direction) is to change equilibrium conditions (change residue/biomass inputs, temperature, moisture , season length, type of residue, nutrients, tillage, etc.). Changing any of these will generate equilibrium changes that will result in increase or decrease in SOC over time.

Dear Sajib Aninda Dhar ,

as mentioned by Tamjid Us Sakib we can use FTIR to study the change (increase) in aromaticity. For example, you can plot the ratio of integrated areas at 3000–2800 cm^-1 (aliphatic CH_x stretching vibration) to 1650–1500 cm^-1 (aromatic C=C ring stretching vibration) vs temperature to demonstrate the relative contents of aliphatic and aromatic functional groups of charcoal ( ). The ratios of integrated areas at 900–700 cm^-1 (aromatic CH out-of-plane deformation) to 1650–1500 cm^-1 you can be used as a measure of the degree of condensation of aromatic rings.

Raman spectroscopy (

) and ¹³C NMR ( ) are also very useful analytical tools to study the aromaticity of biochars.

Hi Alamzeb,

the world expert in this area and the developer of the LANCA (Land Use Indicator Value Calculation in Life Cycle Assessment) system is Dr. Ulrike Bos. She could answer your questions for sure. You can reach her at ulrike.bos@thinkstep.com.

Nice response Dr Dobriyal. How do you see a empirical relation between carbon footprint and net primary productivity vis- a- via plant biomass...

Almacenamiento de SOC = contenido de SOC x BD x profundidad del suelo... Lee mas

Thanks again Brunu Martin ..... I have removed the tag C++....

You can follow this article

Dear Achankeng Etiendem, I can recommend this article.

Best regards.

Thank you to all of you for your kind reply.

Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon.

Carbon stock is the amount of carbon stored in a reservoir whether it may be in the form of vegetative biomass or

in earth or sea.

Carbon emission is the amount of carbon emitted in atmosphere by naturally or human activities.

Maybe see thse two recent papers:

I am not quite clear on this question. But you might use allometric equations from the literature. But the best was is to harvest above and below ground, seperate into different components (leaves, roots, etc.) and then calulate relations hips with each comonent something easy to measure such a baseline diameter or height and then apply those regressions to the shrubs you want to sample.

Be careful to use ratio around 20-30%, in many cases, especially in stress condition, the BGB can be higher than ABG.

Funny how I interpreted the question differently than the person above. I interpreted the question to be asking how to estimate the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered from the atmosphere by a growing forest, without having to do labwork.

Obviously the labwork will give a more accurate estimate, but you can get a rough estimate by the following procedure:

CO2 sequestered (kg / hectare / year) = (a) annual forest growth (m^3 / ha / yr) x (b) bone-dry wood density (kg / m^3) x (c) proportion of carbon in bone-dry wood (unitless or kg / kg) x (d) ratio of molecular mass of CO2 to C (unitless or Dalton / Dalton)

If the forest is a single-species, even-age plantation forest, any forester in your area can give you an estimate of (a), based on site class. Natural forests are tricker, but a good forester in your country should have an estimate.

(b) mostly depends on tree species, but may be somewhat variable within species. For many species you can look up an estimate of bone-dry density. Try google, or ask a forester/wood products person. Fonseca (2005) lists several. For mixed-species stands, this will get tricky.

(c) is about 0.5 (also variable, but that's a very rough rule-of-thumb)

(d) is 44/12 or 3.67

A slightly more accurate way to estimate (c), but still just a rough estimate, is described in IPCC (2003). We used this approach in Frey et al. (2010) to estimate carbon sequestered by hypothetical forest and agroforest plantations:

IPCC (2003) Equation 3.2.3 is the formula for estimating total forest biomass

from merchantable biomass. Annex 3A.1 gives international default conversion

factors based on scientific estimates. Adapted Equation 3.2.3: C = [MBM x

BEF2] x (1 + R) x CF, where C is total carbon in biomass (metric tons C), MBM

is merchantable bone-dry biomass (metric tons), BEF2 is biomass expansion

factor for conversion of merchantable volume to aboveground tree biomass (dimensionless), R is root-to-shoot ratio (dimensionless), and CF is carbon fraction.

The default values used for BEF2 (from IPCC 2003, Table 3A.1.10) are: hardwoods, 1.4; pine, 1.3. The default values used for R (from IPCC 2003, Table

3A.1.8) are: oak, 0.35; other hardwoods, 0.26; pine, 0.23. The default value used

for CF is 0.5 (from IPCC 2003, p. 3.25).

The mass of CO2 sequestered from the atmosphere is greater than the mass of the carbon (C) alone, because C is stored and oxygen (O2) is reemitted to the

atmosphere. The atomic mass of C is 12, and the molecular mass of CO2 is 44.

Therefore, for every 12 metric tons of C stored, 44 metric tons of CO2 have been

sequestered. The conversion factor from C to CO2 is 44/12 = 3.67.

References:

Fonseca, MA. 2005. The measurement of roundwood: Methodologies and conversion ratios. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA. 246 p.

Frey, GE, DE Mercer, FW Cubbage, RC Abt. 2010. Economic Potential of Agroforestry and Forestry in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley with Incentive

Programs and Carbon Payments. SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY 34(4): 176-185.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC). 2003. Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry. Penman, J., M. Gytarsky, T. Hiraishi, T. Krug, D. Kruger, R. Pipatti, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, K.

Tanabe, and F. Wagner, eds. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.

Available online at www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_

contents.html; last accessed Jan. 23, 2010.

www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2560e/i2560e04.pdf

Dear Ken and Francesco,

The issued to manufacture biochar is required energy not a problem anymore because when we produce biochar at the same time we can also produced energy. I have proved it using pyrolysis - gasificatio stove and semi-continuous biochar that could produce biochar and energy at the same time. What I did with those biochar and energy production were I feedback the volatile matter produced by pyrolysis proses as fuel to keep pyrolysis process and produced thermal energy surplus. What did I need to run these system just triggered once using burning chamber until the biomass produced pyrolysis process to produce autothermal. This method also environmentally friendly with minimum smoke (nearly smokeless) because this smoke (volatile matter) was burn to produced thermal energy. My research right now is producing biochar and energy (electical) continuous.

You can find my journal about my Gasification – Pyrolysis Stove that I attach. But I am sorry information you can get just in abstract and picture inside because others was written in Indonesian. I will translate it English. My semi-continuous biochar and energy production still in press for publication in the same journal.

So if biochar could become as carbon sequestration, this method to produce bochar and energy could become a method to produce energy with negative GHG emission for the future.

How much reduction could we get if we can produce biochar and energy from biomass using this method? My question: could we using simple GHG reduction (kg/ton) = 3.67 x % of fixed carbon content x amount of biochar applied (kg / ton)? I agree that LCA needed for more detail result.

Interesting question & answers. Same situation happens to me often, as I am from the pre-digital era.

Production of gases is usually inventoried in LCA databases, like ecoinvent. Running those datasets in a LCA software like SimaPro or Gabi will give you the CO2 eq.

I am interested too. We have some publications soil organic carbon in savannah of plateaux bateke. Please check my researchgate profil. We are working too to Know role of savannah of the north of republic of Congo in global change.

I will be happy to any kind of collaboration.

On approach can be to use the high frequency eddy covariance measurements to calculate the fluxes of CO2 and/or CH4 and upsclae for the entire vegetation canopy (here, the agricultural land of interest).

Dear Mohit,

Yes there are a very important too named InVest (downlaod page https://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/invest/).

In this tool there are several models which you can run depending on the scenario. In your case if you want to estimate carbon sequestered according to the Land cover you can do that using carbon model. Even you can create different scenario (pessimistic and optimistic; current business and future ). You can use Landsat image to create Pre-harvest map and post- Harvest map and compare the quantity of sequestered carbons.

Best regards

Dear Nafees, I used 0.5 M NaOH (10 ml) to trap CO2 from scotch bottles (25 g soil oven dry basis), kindly give the detail calculation about:

CO2 (mgg-1d-1)= (sample reading - blank) then next.....??? dilution factor is 5,

I agree with Dr. Fraser. Grasses in the temperate steppe of China are much better than forbs to sequester soil carbon.

Dear Birhanu,

It is difficult to find a "fit all" rule to solve this problems. I would say......It depends! It depends on population growth and pressure to secure affordable and nutritious rice. It depends on the scale of rice production and methods (traditional/ecological versus conventional). The bottom line is that we need to protect wetlands around the world for a variety of reasons and ecological services they provide, as you mentioned in your question. It remains ultimately, the responsibility of specific governments and stakeholders to strive for a good balance between wetlands conservation and crop production.

Is there any relation between soil carbon storage and carbon sequestration by plant..??

Respected sir also have a look at this important attachment.

Kindly look at this link-

Dear, soil biological activity and declining earthworm numbers are also associated with a fall in soil pH.

Dear friend, a fundamental hypothesis of agroforestry is that different plant life forms such as trees and herbaceous crops or pastures occupy to some extent different soil strata with their root systems when grown in association, leading to a degree of complementarity in their use of soil resources. For this reason,rooting depth and the vertical distribution of root systems are of particular interest for agroforestry. Rooting depth determines to which extent plants (e.g. trees) can use subsoil water and nutrients which make them less dependent from the supply in the topsoil and may also be made available to associated plants (e.g. crops) with shallower root systems through nutrient pumping and hydraulic lift.

Dear, also go through above interesting link...

Sir, my opinion said, these parameters will be components of Agroforestry, soil carbon stock, Biomass production, GHG emissions