Science topic
Carbon Monoxide - Science topic
Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Questions related to Carbon Monoxide
Where can I obtain temperature sensors (such as thermocouples and IR cameras), pressure sensors, and gas analyzers (for CO₂, O₂, CO, NOₓ, and H₂O)? These will be used in Bucharest, Romania, and we are prepared to cover the costs for transportation, consumables, and equipment rental as part of an energy study on propulsion systems.
Question:I am conducting computational research on a ketone structure that contains two tetrazole rings and a carbon-oxygen bridge (CO). My goal is to remove the CO group and achieve a self-coupled product, similar to TKX-50, which involves the coupling of the tetrazole rings. However, I am encountering high energy barriers in this process, making it challenging to achieve the desired transformation.
Has anyone encountered similar challenges in overcoming high energy barriers during the removal of CO in similar systems? I am particularly interested in computational methods or strategies that can help lower these barriers, facilitate the self-coupling of the tetrazole rings, and provide insights into optimizing the reaction mechanism.
Additionally, any suggestions regarding non-metalic strategies, solvent conditions, or electronic modifications that may aid in lowering the activation energy would be greatly appreciated.
I am attempting to plot a Boudouard diagram using Python in Google Colab. However, the results do not match the diagrams typically found in textbooks. Could anyone advise on how to obtain accurate thermodynamic data for the calculations and ensure the diagram is correctly drawn? Any suggestions or resources would be greatly appreciated.
The image from and the one I drawn.


"Given the following parameters for water-gas shift reaction:
- Feed gas composition in volume %
- CO conversion percentage
- CO2 selectivity percentage
I recently tried to use select permanent gases/CO2 column (CP7429) for the separation of N2, O2, CH4, CO, H2 and CO2. The column has both the molesieve and the Parabond PLOT Q column mounted in parallel to achieve this separation. Please I will like to discuss with anyone who has tried or successfully used this column for analysis. Thanks.
Hi all,
Has anyone here ever used a GC column that can separate the following gases?
O2, N2, CO, CO2, CH4, H2
I would appreciate any useful information
Thanks!!!!!!!!!
I need to calculate the correlations between excess CO and excess CO2 of my ambient measurements.
Abstract: There is gas in the container: CO, O2, CO2, and solid C, among which there are four equations: three chemical equilibrium equations and one element conservation equation, but there are only three variables: the densities of three kinds of gases. In this way, the number of equations is greater than the number of variables, there is no solution, an isolated system has no equilibrium state, and the second law of thermodynamics fails.
See image for details
Scientists can determine the truth of the second law of thermodynamics as long as they can count. Come on!
Abstract: There are gases in the container: N0, NO2, CO, CO2, O2. Since O2 can participate in two chemical reactions at the same time, five related equations can be generated. After simplification, a one variable nine degree equation will be obtained, which will have multiple equilibrium solutions. The second law of thermodynamics requires that the equilibrium state is unique, and the system will be in a non-equilibrium chemical state.
See image for details

I haven't observed any products with C3N4 and TiO2.
I am doing a reaction in which terminal alkene was broken down into ketone, aldehyde, and another by product aldehyde (formaldehyde). The problem is that this formaldehyde reacts with another substrate, which causes a decrease in yield. I need to scavenge the formaldehyde (maybe the radial). Note that all these reactions are going on via a photocatalytic system.
In modern warfare, the preparation and execution of Cyberspace Operations (COs) pose unique challenges distinct from traditional military planning. CO planners are tasked with analysing the operational environment and developing Courses of action. That navigate technical peculiarities inherent to cyberspace, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the logical layer. However, despite the prominence of the logical layer in COs, a critical need exists to incorporate elements from other layers for a holistic approach. The overarching problem lies in maintaining a practical overview of the Cyberspace Operations operational area and the need for a systematic planning framework within the logical layer.
Considering that steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, how can we expect to produce steel with zero percent carbon dioxide? In fact, due to the presence of carbon, we will definitely produce CO, and CO2. I wonder why the term green steel was developed today with the goal of zero carbon dioxide production.
Greeting Researchers
What is the accepted level of CO and NOx gas emission to the atmosphere ????
Greetings,
Please how can i plot Cross or CO polarization on both hfss and cst
Thank you
Difference CO PULSE and CO2 PUSLE CHEMISORPTION for a catalyst characterization ? what are the information we will get from this experiments?
Also the diffrence between the NH3 TPD and Co2 TPD?
find the flame temperature or adiabatic flame temperature of syngas with the following composition:
- O2 - 6.7
- CO - 2.2
- H2 - 2.5
- CO2 - 12.42
- CH4 - 2.97
- GCV - Calculated at 3.39
Looking to find the method and an example please as this isnt really a strong point of mine and I have found myself deep down a hole!!!
Many noble metal catalysts require hydrogen pretreatment for the oxidation of carbon monoxide. What is the purpose of this?
Wondering, if the addition of DEE with biodiesel influences the HC, CO, NO and Smoke emissions. Its a great honor to get answer from expertise answer from the RG community. Kindly provide your valuable answers.
I am working on a paper regarding the impact of air pollution on warming the Global Climate. So, I need to know about the Global Warming potential values of different air pollutants. Therefore, I am requesting to all reasearch community to help me in this regard.
If we try to reduce iron ores by carbon monoxide - by injecting from different tuyere lances- and replace metallurgical coke with it in the blast furnaces. What is the maximum met. coke replacement with CO theoretically? Is 90% reduction of coke possible? And the rest 10% of met. coke would be used for mechanical support of the furnace?
If the mixture of CO gas and high purity air is allowed to pass through bed of SiO2 (7.54 cm3 vol.). At What temperature CO will convert to CO2. Please
Hello.Please explain why the guidelines for air pollutants concentrations are higher in an indoor environment than in an outdoor environment.Like in case of PM10, 50µg/m3 (24-hr mean) for indoor (WHO, 2005& 2010) and 45 µg/m3 (24-hour) for outdoor (WHO, 2021).Same for CO, 7 µg/m3 (for 24 hours) for outdoor (WHO, 2021) and 7 mg/m3 (for 24 hours) for indoor (WHO, 2005 & 2010).Kindly elaborate with some supporting documents. Thank you.e air pollutants' (PM10, PM2.5, CO, etc.) concentration guidelines (like WHO, EPA, Singapore, etc.) higher indoors than outdoors?
Hello.
Please explain why the guidelines for air pollutants concentrations are higher in an indoor environment than in an outdoor environment.
Like in case of PM10, 50µg/m3 (24-hr mean) for indoor (WHO, 2005& 2010) and 45 µg/m3 (24-hour) for outdoor (WHO, 2021).
Same for CO, 7 µg/m3 (for 24 hours) for outdoor (WHO, 2021) and 7 mg/m3 (for 24 hours) for indoor (WHO, 2005 & 2010).
As we are spending our majority of the time (80 to 90 %) in an indoor environment, and indoor environment are believed to be less polluted compared to outdoor environment in common belief so air pollutants guidelines must be lesser in indoor compared to outdoor environment.
Kindly elaborate with some supporting documents. Thank you.

I need a papers about designing MOF for capturing CO. I searched so much about it but i don't have any idea how i should start.
I ran a simulation but in the results I only get de CO2 production. I wonder if it is necessary to activate any additional boxes or I am missing something.
Box models such as Geocarbsulf (2006) indicate that the mass of O2 has changed over geological time and Johnson & Goldblatt note in their EarthN model that N2 has also not been constant; thus Patm has probably varied together with pCO2.
At the ocean interface there is a fractionation of 13C which has been actively examined at different temperatures and values are higher, for example, in colder waters. It seems likely that the very high Henry's Constant for CO@ would alos facilitate higher 13C values at higher Patm. I could not find, however, any experimental (or theoretical) work on this
Regards
Alan
There is a database (Real) I am looking for that has ambient air refration indices based on carbon monoxide concentrations?
How to convert the IC engine exhaust gas emission measurement in ppm (NOx, HC) and % (CO, smoke & CO2) into g/kWh and g/Km?
I have been using folmer primer for the amplication of CO I gene in Caridean shrimps. But even though the DNA quantity is good, I'm not getting bands in AGE after doing PCR. I tried with dilution of DNA in 1/10 and 1/20 and put it on a gradient temperature PCR at an annealing temperature range of 47-55 degrees. Can anyone help me with this problem?
I have observed a similar decreasing trend for both CO and CO2 emissions in gasoline engine when increasing the load. what will be the reason for this effect?
I want to use mercury as sodium-amalgam for reaction in Tube-type reactor.
1) Do mercury attach to surface of metal reactor?
2) If mercury binds to reactor, we can clean it up? with what?
Reaction condition is like that 60 psi of CO, at least 20 hours, and 60 celcious degree.
Thank you for your recommand!
The procedures in the literature are vague about details. We followed a general procedure from the literature and ended up with dark brown precipitate which is not the general appearance of the material. I appreciate your help in advance.
I need to measure gas concentration in a system before and after filtering. But I don't have access to some of these gases sensors and I don't have enough information about available analysis methods for this purpose. Is there any analysis method capable of doing that for me?
Dear all,
Is it possible to separate CO2 from syngas without affecting CO concentration? I got syngas from wood gasification that consists of H2 (32%), CO (21%), CO2 (15%), N2 (30%), and CH4 (2%). I want to remove CO2 to perform CO-methanation without CO2. To what extent this is possible?
Thank you
Why steam to carbon ratio is increased with decreasing the feed flow rate at the reformer inlet?
Also why Steam/CO ratio is increased at inlet of isothermal (MT) shift reactor inlet at turn-down condition? -
I have heard that the new BME688 sensor can be used to detect Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), and other gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen. However, we could not really understand how to interface this sensor and which codes to use in order to obtain these data. Presently, we know of codes that can help us find out Air Quality Index but that is limited to temperature, pressure, and humidity. If anyone has researched about it or knows a way to obtain the other data using Raspberry Pi, please let me know! Thanks!
I'm currently working on a batch type gas phase photocatalytic reaction. For product analysis, i draw the gas samples from the reactor using a gas tight syringe and then inject directly into the GC column (GC TCD/FID) through septum. As for now, I'm using 0.5ml of gas samples, but i found that there is poor data reproducibility and the signal for CO peak is too strong for both TCD and FID throughout reaction period. I'm aware that FID should not detect CO but in my case the signal for CO is HUGE! However, I'm getting good results for other gas products such as H2, C2H6 and C2H4. I suspect the volume of gas sample could be one of the reasons, therefore if anyone have experience in analyzing gas samples by manually injecting into GC, please share your thoughts. Thanks in advance.
Clostridium acetobutylicum is a solventogenic bacteria, still can it use C1 compounds like CO and CO2 as substrates for fermentation process.
Hi,
I am working on Fuel Cells, especially SOFC. I am using a tool to model the SOFC. While providing data for Polarization Curves, the tool request for Limiting and Exchange Current Density for Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon Monoxide individually. I thought that these two parameters are specific to the Fuel Cell chosen. Literature & books I have verified so far has listed these two parameters concerning Fuel Cell of choice.
Is there something I am missing over here? I would be glad to learn and understand the theory & methods to estimate the limiting and exchange current density for the 3 elements H2, O2, & CO. I wanted to understand why did the tool choose limiting and exchange current density for 3 chemical elements H2, CO, O2 separately.
Thank you
Regards
Raghu
CO methanation : CO + 3H2 ↔ CH4 + H2O ; △H°298K = −206 kJ/mol
CO2 methanation: CO2 + 4H2 ↔ CH4 + 2H2O ; △H°298K = −165 kJ/mol
Based on the equation above, we can conclude that CO2 methanation is easier to occur since its heat of formation is lower (-165 kJ/mol) than CO methanation (-206 kJ/mol). In comparison to CO methanation, CO2 methanation requires less energy (low temperature).
However, several pieces of literature claim that CO methanation is easier and more favorable at lower temperatures than CO2 because of the large kinetic barriers caused by the eight-electron reduction of CO2 by H2. Therefore suggests that CO2 is far more difficult to breakdown than CO.
So, which one is correct? Which is most likely to occur at lower temperatures?
Reaction of I with palladium acetate, 1,3-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)propane (DCPP), K2CO3, water and NMP under 30 psi of carbon monoxide at 120 C gives II. Please explain the mechanism for the conversion. thanks in advance.

Hi all,
CO is one of the major air pollutants which toxic. Most of the literature says catalytic oxidation as a removal remedy for CO, by using catalysts especially Pd in nano size. Can anybody tell why the nano dimension is required for CO oxidation? What will happen if the catalyst size is micro in size and why?
Also, is there any other way of removing CO than catalytic oxidation? If yes, then what is the advantages of catalytic oxidation of CO over the other methods?
Thanks in advance,
ANSARI P
H2 : 16.16 %
O2 : 0.03 %
N2 : 49.98 %
CH4 : 1.83 %
CO : 17.15 %
CO2 : 14.83 %
( All % are on volume basis)
Hi all,
We are working on CO production from CO2 dissociation. In this system, the recombination of CO and O2 to reproduce CO2 at high temperatures (>1000 °C) severely limits the conversion of CO2. We are thinking to in-situ absorb O2 physically or chemically to hinder the reverse reactions.
Any ideas on how to realize this? using any metals?
Thank you!
I have a getter film consist of Zr,Ti,V alloy. I want to calculate the getter capacity, sorption performance, diffusion coefficient of CO and O2 theoretically. How can I calculate these terms?
CO and CO2 level somehow signifies the level of wastewater.
Can anyone please help me suggesting any reference/journal mentioning how to do calibration of CO gas to get a graph?
In general, syngas from gasification or steam reforming, etc, can generate H2, CO, CO2, and/or CH4.
However, many papers compared only H2/CO.
Therefore, I want to know the reason why H2/CO2 is not used.
Is there a characteristic or importance of H2/CO?
Thank you so much!
The fundamental physical constants, ħ, c and G, appear to be the same everywhere in the observable universe. Observers in different gravitational potentials or with different relative velocity, encounter the same values of ħ, c and G. What enforces this uniformity? For example, angular momentum is quantized everywhere in the universe. An isolated carbon monoxide molecule (CO) never stops rotating. Even in its lowest energy state, it has ħ/2 quantized angular momentum zero-point energy causing a 57 GHz rotation. The observable CO absorption and emission frequencies are integer multiples of ħ quantized angular momentum. An isolated CO molecule cannot be forced to rotate with some non-integer angular momentum such as 0.7ħ. What enforces this?
Even though the rates of time are different in different gravitational potentials, the locally measured speed of light is constant. What enforces a constant speed of light? It is not sufficient to mention covariance of the laws of physics without further explanation. This just gives a different name to the mysteries.
Are the natural laws imposed on the universe by an unseen internal or external entity? Do the properties of vacuum fluctuations create the fundamental physical constants? Are the physical constants the same when they are not observed?
Iron is one of the elements undoubtedly known to the ancient world. Using of Iron is increasing every day and it is important to find new sources.
Economical extraction needs high grade source of iron and it is essential to convert low grade iron ore to high grade one.
low grade hematite are abundant and by conversion hematite to magnetite it is possible to get high grade iron ore.
There are some methods to convert hematite to magnetite but there is this question it is conceptually right to convert hematite to magnetite and magnetically separate them to get high grade iron ore? Are hematite to Magnetite Conversion economical with CO and C?
I heard there are some companies in China but i could not find any information of them in English search.
Dear RG members
I am working with low valent metal complexes especially metal carbonyls. As a continuation of my work, I would like to work with Co2(CO)8 in near future. However, this is a toxic, CO evolving, carcinogenic and pyrophoric compound. Would you like to suggest me precautionary measures to be taken while working with it? Sharing of your working experience with it will be highly appreciated.
I am doing CO adsorption experiment. When I collect the CO gas phase spectrum there are two peaks for CO. One at around 2114 cm-1 and the other one is around 2170 cm-1. I don't know the reason why there are two peaks for CO there.
The reactions are as below:
CO2=CO+1/2O2
H2O=H2+1/2O2
These reactions are from syngas production.
Experiment #
1, Carbon monoxide (CO) in the given air sample
2, Methane (CH4)
3, Formaldehyde
4, Lead (Pb)
5, Nitrogen Oxide
6, Pesticides
7, Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen oxides and Sulfur dioxide
Hi,
I am currently looking for an industrial process that can use some intensification in the separation part of the process. I am very interested in intensified separation for biofuel processes (bioethanol/propanol/butanol), intensified methanol production using pressure swing to produce CO from CO2 from the revers WGS reaction, intensified carbon capture,...
If anyone has experience in these fields and can inform me if one of these could be a good dissertation, I would like to hear it! I am also curious for other processes that can use some intensification to reduce energy use/cost...
If you have any info you can also send me a message!
I have an electrochemical system with two cathodes and one anode. CO2 is being bubbled into an aqueous environment where it is getting reduced at one cathode to CO. At the other cathode, water is being reduced to H2. There is only one counter electrode or anode where the oxidative half-reaction of both reductions takes place.
What should be the half-reactions in this system? The project description I have only mentions the cathodic half-reactions as follows.
CO2 + H2O + 2e- → CO + 2OH- (E0 = -0.52 V)
2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 2OH- (E0 = -0.41 V)
But there is no information available on the oxidation or anodic half-reaction. Anyway, the way the above two reductions are mentioned seems so confusing to me. I have never seen water reduction half-reaction expressed this way. And I noticed that different authors (e.g. Hori, 2008; Hiragond et. al, 2020) state the CO2 reduction to CO half-reaction differently. Even more confusing is that these half-reactions don't seem to add up a sensible net reaction (which should be simply CO2 + H2O → CO + O2 + H2).
Can anyone shed some light on how this electrolysis should look like? Any help would be highly appreciated. I am attaching a picture of the reaction scheme I have at hand.
Thanks.
References
Hiragond, C. B., Kim, H., Lee, J., Sorcar, S., Erkey, C., & In, S. I. (2020). Electrochemical CO2 reduction to CO catalyzed by 2D nanostructures. Catalysts, 10(1), 98. DOI: 10.3390/catal10010098
Hori, Y. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Metal Electrodes. In Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry; Vayenas, C. G., Gamboa-Aldeco, M., White, R. E., Eds.; SpringerLink 42; Springer New York: New York, NY, 2008; pp 89–189. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-49489-0_3.

hydroformylation
[RhCl(CO)2]2
precursor
Hi everyone. I am working on a project regarding gasification of lignite. The problem that i am facing in the problem setup is that when i select lignite-air mixture, i am not getting the desired species i.e. methane, CO and hydrogen. It automatically provides species such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, volatile matter, nitrogen. Can someone help me in this.
Regards
I am running CO oxidation using GC and the column can only seperate O2, N2 and CO so if there is any CO2 produced, the GC cant detect it. I could only find the decrease of CO during the reaction but my advisor said it will be better to find the peak for CO2, is it necessary? If so, I will need to find a new column and re-do all the tests.
Also, if you know the column for such test, please let me know, thanks in advance!
During my experiment I found that different dissolution time may cause totally different activity. I use high pressure CO and 0.1M KHCO3 electrolyte, the CO gas didn't purged into solution but a stirring bar served to be the source of forced convection. I want to quantify the dissociation process so I need some data of CO dissolution rate. Hope someone can me some clues about this information.
I have daily CO measurements of a city from different stations. How can i calculate the daily mean CO of this city?
I am attempting to design a membrane separation unit to separate a gas feed of approximately 94.1 mol% of hydrogen but I am having trouble finding performance equations/sizing parameters and heuristics which could be used to do so. Can anybody recommend any textooks or reports to help with this? If it helps the stream also contains carbon monoxide and dioxide, nitrogen and methane.
Regarding a steam methane reforming reaction for hydrogen production three reactions are choosen for study.
CH4 + H2 → CO + 3 H2
CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 ( Water gas shift reaction)
CH4 + 2 H2O → 4H2 + CO2 (direct reforming)
In modelling what the rate constants to be provided in fluent window? As in figure attached..
Its the order of reaction i think. For each species rate constants are needed. As iam only looking towards only the f orward reaction, the products rate exponents are zero. What rate constants I need to input for each species in the reactants for the three equations?
I am new to this chemical reaction / species transport area. If anybody have previous experience in setting this for methane steam reforming please help me in solving this.
Thank you

If the CO and O2 concentration change, how will the kinetic energy of CO oxidation be influenced?
Case 1: 3000ppm CO + 10% O2;
Case 2: 3000ppm CO + 0.2% O2;
Case 3: 2% CO + 10% O2
My research is in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell field. I've been looking for a cost effective gas analyzer. I need it to continuously analyze H2, H2O, CO, CO2, CH4.The prices for some of them is $100K which is too high for our group's budget. I need some recommendation based on your experience. Thank you in advance.
I am trying to perform Co chemisorption in my catalysts with Pt, but the results are very strange, I only get low values. I had measured using pulses.
My loop is 5ul, I don't know if it is so big, that could explain the low dispersion.
So, I would like to get some information about loop volumes and their results. For example, for 1%Pt/Carbon (commercial one) I get 25% of dispersion.
I have downloaded Sentinel 5p TROPOMI data sets and managed to Process the netCDF file in R subsetting the data for the desired region and Quality values. Can anyone suggest a way to map the data frame so generated with lat/lon/time/ CO columns, be plotted in base map.
Hi,
I am currently looking for emission factors for emissions, especially for other substances such as CO, VOC, SOx, etc. I search that majority of the documents refer to OGP Report no 2.59/197. However, the document itself is no longer available for download on the OGP websites. Are there any documents that directly refer to that report (as in, the revised version)? I have found another reference, released by IPIECA in 2019, but when I try to do some crosscheck, the emission factor value is very different, as the used unit is also different
(for instance, the OGP report used ton emission/ton fuel, while IPIECA used kg/TJ).
Thank you in advance