Carbon Dioxide - Science topic

The quantification of carbon equivalent of each production practice is an excellent start.

The additional step is the quantification of carbon sequestrations of the system practice.

When sequestration of the system is greater than the emission equivalent we are improving our soil resource and also reducing our carbon footprint.

The net result is where a whole accounting becoming more available.

The ability to improve in the industrial is based on the adage that whatever is measured can be improved.

Finally as the improvements are quantified it can be able to incentivize the producers based on problem resolutions. This might also include penalties on back actors to give a carrot and stick approach.

The regimen will require some education demonstration verification etc.

Thank you!

Thank you, sir.

Though the purpose behind the experiment is not clear but purging isnecessary in electrochemistry to get rid of oxygen. If the experiment target is reduction of CO2 then the solution must be saturated with CO2. In all cases the scan must be performed in a stagnant solution because cyclic voltammetry theory is based on diffusion as the mode of mass transfer.

I will admit my ignorance and ask if Pt is an abbreviation for pounds. Here in the United States, the standard abbreviation for pound is lb. Anyway, if Pt = pound, then Gaurav H Tandon’s equations for converting between kilopound and tonne are correct.

Well, those equations are correct if you are dealing only with CO₂. If you are working with other greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, N₂O), then multiplying kilopounds of greenhouse gas by 0.453592 will get you to tonnes of greenhouse gas, but not to tonnes of CO₂-equivalents. To make that final step of normalizing your greenhouse gases to CO₂ (that is, getting to CO₂-eq units), you need to use a metric like the global warming potential (GWP). [Note that there are other metrics than could be used here, but the GWP has become the default metric for doing this kind of normalization with emissions data.]

The GWP values vary from gas to gas (so, for example, the GWP for CH₄ is different from that of N₂O). They also vary depending on the time horizon you are looking at (so, the GWP for CH₄ over 20 years is different than its GWP over 100 years). In my experience, a 100-year time horizon is used most often, but that might not be best for your application. You can find GWP values online in many places, including in the latest (2021) IPCC synthesis report (look in Working Group 1, Chapter 7, Table 7.15).

Once you have your GWP value, then you just multiply the mass of gas by the GWP to get the CO₂-equivalent mass:

For CH₄: Tonnes CH₄ * GWP_CH4 = tonnes CO₂-eq

For N₂O: Tonnes N₂O * GWP_N2O = tonnes CO₂-eq

I humbly point you toward a recent mini-review I wrote that (briefly) explains more about greenhouse gas metrics and their usage:

Good luck with your work,

- Scott

Anika Dreier. I use the lids to prevent spills when moving the whole thing.

Forests play a crucial role in maintaining environmental balance and the equilibrium of oxygen and carbon dioxide in nature through a combination of processes and interactions.

Here's how forests contribute to this balance:

In summary, forests are essential for maintaining environmental balance and the equilibrium of oxygen and carbon dioxide in nature by sequestering carbon, producing oxygen, regulating the water cycle, supporting biodiversity, stabilizing soils, and more. Human activities that lead to deforestation and forest degradation can disrupt these vital processes, highlighting the importance of forest conservation and sustainable management.

The balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained in the atmosphere by the oxygen released by plants during photosynthesis and carbon dioxide released by humans, animals, and plants etc. during respiration. This oxygen from the atmosphere is taken in by animals for carrying out the process of respiration and carbon dioxide is evolved. This carbon dioxide is used by plants and the same cycle continues. Hence plants maintain the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen gases in the air is maintained by respiration by plants and animals and the process of photosynthesis carried out by the green plants because green plants use carbon dioxide and release oxygen in photosynthesis. Plants take up carbon dioxide from air and give out oxygen during photosynthesis. Animals take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide during respiration. This maintains a balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Oxygen is the second most plentiful gas in the air. Humans and animals take oxygen from the air as they breathe. Green plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis. In this way oxygen content in the air remains constant.The balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained in the atmosphere by the oxygen released by plants during photosynthesis and carbon dioxide released by humans, animals, and plants etc. Photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition are processes that are responsible for maintaining the carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle. The process of photosynthesis in plants releases oxygen into the atmosphere. Oxygen in air is used by living organisms present in air, water or soil during respiration. This shows the interdependence of plants and animals and thus the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is maintained.

Sorry but I've not worked with such solutions. If we are correct it must be a universal problem. I wish you luck ...

Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay. Other organisms also release carbon dioxide as they live and die. Carbon is used by plants to build leaves and stems, which are then digested by animals and used for cellular growth. In the atmosphere, carbon is stored in the form of gases, such as carbon dioxide. It is also stored in oceans, captured by many types of marine organisms. In the food chain, plants move carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere through photosynthesis. They use energy from the sun to chemically combine carbon dioxide with hydrogen and oxygen from water to create sugar molecules. Carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere by respiration of animals and the plants. Plants again use this carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis thus quickly adding it to their bodies from where the cycle continues. Atmospheric carbon, lithospheric carbon, etc. Carbon continually flows in and out of the atmosphere and also living things. As plants photosynthesize, they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. When plants die, the carbon goes into the soil, and microbes can release the carbon back into the atmosphere through decomposition. Carbon cycles through the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere via processes that include photosynthesis, fire, the burning of fossil fuels, weathering, and volcanism. This element is also found in our atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon helps to regulate the Earth's temperature, makes all life possible, is a key ingredient in the food that sustains us, and provides a major source of the energy to fuel our global economy. Green plants grow faster with more CO2. Many also become more drought- resistant because higher CO2 levels allow plants to use water more efficiently. More abundant vegetation from increased CO2 is already apparent. Because CO2 is a main "ingredient" that plants need to grow, elevated concentrations of it cause an increase in photosynthesis, and consequently, plant growth a phenomenon aptly referred to as the CO2 fertilization effect, or CFE. It is essential for the survival of most living organisms and cycles in the ecosystem, through respiration (aerobic and anaerobic), photosynthesis, and combustion. Carbon dioxide plays an important role in the regulation of earth's temperature, and is one of the greenhouse gases.

Oxygen is reactive and will form oxides with all other elements except helium, neon, argon and krypton. It is not an inert element but is chemically active as it is reactive and oxidizes with all the other elements except the inert elements like neon, argon, helium, and krypton. Oxygen is highly reactive because of its biracial electronic configuration. Oxygen is a highly reactive element that is very abundant on earth and in the human body. It is found in many compounds that are used to sustain basic life forms and modern civilization. Compounds containing oxygen are of great interest in the field of chemistry. The reactive gases as a group are very diverse and include surface ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidised nitrogen compounds (NOx, NOy), and sulphur dioxide (SO2). A combustion reaction occurs when oxygen gas (O2) reacts with certain types of compounds. We often call the other compound fuel. A more familiar term for combustion reactions is burning. The most common products of combustion reactions are carbon dioxide and water.Combustion is a high-temperature exothermic (heat releasing) redox (oxygen adding) chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. A combustion reaction occurs when a substance reacts quickly with oxygen (O2). Combustion is commonly known as burning. The substance that burns is usually referred to as fuel. The products of a combustion reaction include carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). A combustion reaction is when a substance reacts with oxygen and releases a huge amount of energy in the form of light and heat. A combustion reaction always includes a hydrocarbon and oxygen as the reactants and always produces carbon dioxide and water as products. An oxidation reaction is one where a substance reacts with oxygen and produces oxides. An oxide is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. Combustion is an example of an oxidation reaction.It is a combination reaction as carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. It is a combustion reaction as carbon is burnt in the presence of oxygen.

Through food chains, the carbon that is in plants moves to the animals that eats them. Animals that eat other animals get the carbon from their food too. Carbon moves from plants and animals to soils. When plants and animals die, their bodies wood and leave decays bringing the carbon into the ground. The carbon cycle is nature's way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the atmosphere over and over again. Most carbon is stored in rocks and sediments, while the rest is stored in the ocean, atmosphere, and living organisms.Producers use carbon dioxide to make food in photosynthesis. Some of the carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere when this food is used for energy during cellular respiration. The rest is stored in the producer's body as sugar. It becomes available to consumers for energy. Carbon as carbon dioxide, an abiotic factor, enters the biotic realm of an ecosystem through photosynthesis by either plants or photosynthetic microorganisms. Carbon moves through ecosystems in two cycles that overlap. In the biotic cycle, it moves between living things and the air. In the abiotic cycle, it moves between the air, ground, and oceans. By burning fossil fuels, humans have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. Nutrients are taken up by plants through their roots. Nutrients pass to primary consumers when they eat the plants. When living things die, the cycle repeats. Nutrients can enter or exit an ecosystem at any point and can cycle around the planet. Plants constantly exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay.After the organisms die, they sink to the seafloor. Over time, layers of shells and sediment are cemented together and turn to rock, storing the carbon in stone limestone and its derivatives. Only 80 percent of carbon-containing rock is currently made this way. Carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere naturally when organisms respire or decompose (decay), carbonate rocks are weathered, forest fires occur, and volcanoes erupt. Carbon dioxide is also added to the atmosphere through human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and forests and the production of cement. The green plants and trees present in the forest utilize carbon dioxide from the environment during the process of photosynthesis and release oxygen into the atmosphere. This oxygen is inhaled by the animals during respiration. Animals release carbon-dioxide during respiration which is absorbed by plants.It is proposed that one large tree can provide a day's supply of oxygen for up to four people. Trees also store carbon dioxide in their fibers helping to clean the air and reduce the negative effects that this CO2 could have had on our environment. The balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained in the atmosphere by the oxygen released by plants during photosynthesis and carbon dioxide released by humans, animals, and plants etc. during respiration. Through photosynthesis, forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce oxygen, complementing the collective breathing of other life on Earth that inhales oxygen and expels carbon dioxide.

When injecting CO2 into an oil reservoir for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or carbon dioxide storage purposes, the behavior of oil properties can indeed vary depending on whether CO2 is miscible or immiscible with the reservoir fluids. The distinction between miscible and immiscible CO2 flooding is crucial for understanding the reservoir's response and optimizing recovery. Here are some key considerations:

To differentiate between miscible and immiscible CO2 flooding behaviors, reservoir engineers use reservoir simulation models. These models take into account the equations of fluid flow, phase behavior, and transport properties to predict how CO2 injection will impact reservoir performance. By carefully modeling the system and considering factors like the reservoir temperature, pressure, and composition, engineers can gain insights into whether CO2 will behave miscibly or immiscibly and how it will affect properties like oil viscosity, solubility, capillary pressure, and relative permeability.

Ultimately, the decision to use miscible or immiscible CO2 flooding depends on the specific reservoir conditions, the desired recovery mechanism, and economic factors. Proper characterization and modeling of the reservoir are essential to make informed decisions and optimize oil recovery strategies.

Hi,

In the Heat load eqn MCp ΔT , Cp varies with temperature ie 0.79-1.476 to 175 K- 6000K and emission is dependent on the molecular weight conversion of C to its oxidative forms ie direct CO2 and CO, CO to CO2.For CO2 it arrived from both C and CO . So, the light variations should be considered.

Hi, could you please guide me how did you calculate the density profile in pore width?

Mario Stipčević, I think it is just you. Perhaps start out finding evidence for your claims before you demand it from others.

There is a recent study that considered CO₂ absorption into hybrid graphene oxide/MOFs, which might be useful for your perusal:

Respected sir,

Can you recommend any paper regarding CO2 emissions during the production of Xanthangum

Hello, for emitted CO2 you can use modified(for your purpose) soil respiration analysis, its simple and just include incubation a sample with a potassium hydroxide(KOH) to catch and absorb CO2 and after that you can titrate it with a hydrochloric acid (HCl) to calculate how much CO2 it absorbed and sample emitted.

We do in a same time a control experiment with an empty jar and incubate in it hydroxide as well, to make a correction.

But I'm sure there is a lot of advanced and new methods exist, this one is simple and can be applied in any laboratories.

It is my pleasure to help you out.

Subham Basak

Hi, please check this recent paper regarding flexible CO2 patch sensor:

Hi, please check this recent paper regarding flexible CO2 patch sensor:

Evaporating water is a physical change. During evaporation, the substance changes from liquid to gaseous state. As water evaporates to form water vapour. Both evaporation and boiling involve changing a liquid to a gas, but there are a number of differences between them. Vaporization, which is more often referred to as "boiling," is the complementary process in which a chemical is converted from the liquid state of matter to a gaseous physical form. Boiling and Evaporation: Evaporation is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas. Boiling is the change of a liquid to a vapor, or gas, throughout the liquid. Boiling and Evaporation: Evaporation is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas. Boiling is the change of a liquid to a vapor, or gas, throughout the liquid. Changes of state are physical changes. They occur when matter absorbs or loses energy. Processes in which matter changes between liquid and solid states are freezing and melting. Processes in which matter changes between liquid and gaseous states are vaporization, evaporation, and condensation. Evaporation is the conversion of a liquid to its vapor below the boiling temperature of the liquid. Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid. As the temperature increases, the rate of evaporation increases. When a liquid evaporates, the chemical makeup of the substance has not been altered. The only change is a change of phase caused by temperature and pressure. Therefore, evaporation, the phase change from liquid to gas, is a physical change. The change of liquid into vapour without reaching its boiling point is called Evaporation. The kinetic energy of molecules at the surface of the liquid increases when exposed to some temperature. Due to the increased kinetic energy the molecules overcome the force of attraction between the particles of the liquid. Take one glass and one plate. Pour an equal amount of water into each. Step outside with both of them and wait for 20-30 minutes under the sun. After 30 minutes, measure the amount of water in both the containers. Sublimation is the conversion between the solid and the gaseous phases of matter, with no intermediate liquid stage. This must be a chemical change, because a new substance “fog” forms.” Actually, dry ice undergoes a physical change when it sublimates from the solid to the gaseous state without first melting into a liquid. The same carbon dioxide is still present; it just undergoes a phase change to become a colorless gas. The formation of dry ice from carbon dioxide is a physical change as the gas can be collected and with the increase in pressure and decrease in temperature, it can become dry ice.The process in which solids directly change to gases is known as sublimation. This occurs when solids absorb enough energy to completely overcome the forces of attraction between them. Dry ice is an example of solids that undergo sublimation.

I do believe this Ruddimann Hypothesis is valid.

As agriculture is the first cause of accelerated global warming and delayed ice age is it possible we need to reassess our sole focus on emissions from our activities and access the role of agriculture combined with emissions controls to sequester our way out of what could be the growing AGW issues we now face.

I believe the answer is yes and will lead us to have a more complete focus on how both emission control and sequestrations with agriculture playing a pivotable part in reversing the dangerous current situation.

Autotrophic bacteria synthesize all their cell constituents using carbon dioxide as the carbon source. Chemoautotrophs: microbes that oxidize inorganic chemical substances as sources of energy and carbon dioxide as the main source of carbon. Capnophiles are microorganisms that thrive in the presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide. Photoautotrophs are cells that capture light energy, and use carbon dioxide as their carbon source. There are many photoautotrophic prokaryotes, which include cyanobacteria. The transportation sector accounts for largest share of U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions. Consumption of fossil fuels accounts for most of the CO2 emissions of the major energy consuming sectors: commercial, industrial, residential, transportation, and electric power. Many Bacteria are chemoheterotrophs, and must consume organic molecules for both a source of carbon and of energy. Many other Bacteria are photoautotrophs, and can derive energy from light and synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide. Organisms that derive their energy from chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis are called chemoheterotrophs. They extract their energy and carbon from chemical substances. Examples of chemoheterotrophs are fungi and most animals. These organisms use organic chemicals as their energy source. Most microorganisms using light as their principal source of energy are photoautotrophs, that is, they use an inorganic reduced compound as an electron donor and CO2 as a carbon source. Autotrophic bacteria synthesize all their cell constituents using carbon dioxide as the carbon source. The most common pathways for synthesizing organic compounds from carbon dioxide are the reductive pentose phosphate (Calvin) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the acetyl-CoA pathway.

Johann HUMER In my perspective, the thicker the Greenhouse Effect (GE) the higher the atmospheric temperature rises, since the Greenhouse Effect can easily be penetrated by light radiating from our star, the Sun, but GE won't let this light radiating from the Sun be deflected back where it originated. Therefore: the rising and declining of atmospheric temperature/s is directly proportional to the thickness or thinness of the Greenhouse Effect layer in the outer space. Hope this makes sense to the readers.

Ruling out the possibility of "residual CO2 trapping" in structural or stratigraphic traps, where only water drainage occurs upon CO2 injection, depends on the specific geological and hydrogeological conditions of the site, as well as the details of the CO2 injection process. However, I can provide some general insights into this topic.

Residual CO2 trapping refers to the physical entrapment of CO2 in porous rock formations due to capillary forces or other mechanisms, even after the buoyant CO2 has started to migrate upwards. This trapping mechanism can contribute to the long-term storage of CO2 in geological formations. In the context of CO2 storage, the main trapping mechanisms are often classified as structural trapping, residual trapping, dissolution trapping, and mineral trapping.

In your scenario, where you mention that water drainage occurs upon CO2 injection, it seems like you're describing a situation where the injected CO2 is not being effectively trapped and instead is being displaced by water. This could happen if the injected CO2 is not immobilized due to factors such as poor reservoir integrity, lack of suitable caprock, or unfavorable pressure conditions.

Here are a few considerations:

In summary, while it's challenging to definitively rule out the possibility of residual CO2 trapping without detailed information about the specific site and conditions, the factors mentioned above should be considered to assess the potential for effective CO2 storage. Comprehensive site characterization, coupled with numerical modeling and laboratory experiments, can help in understanding the dominant trapping mechanisms and the long-term fate of injected CO2. It's important to note that successful CO2 storage requires a combination of various trapping mechanisms working together.

I had the same issue. Iz Thelegend, you can check the following link. It might help in finding the right keywords:

Insights Series 2015 - Storing CO2 through Enhanced Oil Recovery – Analysis - IEA

Carbon trading, also known as emissions trading or cap-and-trade, is a market-based approach to controlling and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It is a system designed to incentivize organizations, industries, and countries to limit their carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. The goal is to mitigate climate change and global warming by putting a price on carbon emissions.

Here's how carbon trading works:

The idea behind carbon trading is to create economic incentives for emission reductions. Companies that can reduce emissions at a lower cost can sell their allowances, while those facing higher costs can buy allowances to comply with regulations more economically.

Carbon trading is a tool aimed at achieving emissions reduction targets outlined in international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. It offers a market-based solution to address climate change while allowing flexibility for industries to transition to cleaner technologies and practices.

Solar power produces no emissions during generation itself, and life-cycle assessments clearly demonstrate that it has a smaller carbon footprint from "cradle-to-grave" than fossil fuels. There have been many studies on the carbon footprint of solar panels with varying results. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) found the median value among peer-reviewed studies for life-cycle emissions for rooftop solar is 41 grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt hour of electricity produced. Solar energy does not need to burn fossil fuels to produce energy. Therefore, it is less likely to release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Over 40% of energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are due to the burning of fossil fuels for electricity generation. All electricity generation technologies emit greenhouse gases at some point in their life-cycle. Nuclear fission does not produce any CO2. Solar panels don't produce emissions while generating electricity, but they still have a carbon footprint. Mining and transport of materials used in solar panel production and the manufacturing process represent the most significant sources of emissions. Natural sources include decomposition, ocean release and respiration. Human sources come from activities like cement production, deforestation as well as the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. Installing solar panels on your home is a very effective way to reduce your carbon footprint. Although there is carbon emissions associated with manufacturing solar panels, these are quickly offset once they are installed and operational.Solar panels are responsible for 48- 50 grams of carbon emissions in their first few years of service, which is ten times less the carbon footprint of non-renewable power. In three years of use, the panels will have produced enough energy to offset the emissions from their production. Wind, nuclear, tidal, hydropower, geothermal, solar, and wave energy have the lowest carbon footprint. Per kWh produced, the energy sources emit between 11 and 48 gCO2 on a life-cycle basis. With the consumption of every unit of thermal power, we generate 0.7 kg of carbon dioxide. Therefore, every unit of solar energy helps prevent 0.7 kg of carbon dioxide emission. Installing a 1 kWp solar rooftop plant is thus equivalent to planting two trees in terms of carbon sequestration. To achieve this, solar panels use solar radiation from the sun to generate heat, which is then converted into electricity. This makes solar energy one of the most eco-friendly energy sources available, as it has virtually no effect on the environment and is capable of providing clean energy for homes and businesses.

The ocean generates 50 percent of the oxygen we need, absorbs 25 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions and captures 90 percent of the excess heat generated by these emissions. It is not just 'the lungs of the planet' but also its largest 'carbon sink' – a vital buffer against the impacts of climate change. Prochlorococcus and other ocean phytoplankton are responsible for 70 percent of Earth's oxygen production. However, some scientists believe that phytoplankton levels have declined by 40 percent since 1950 due to the warming of the ocean. Ocean temperature impacts the number of phytoplankton in the ocean. It's important to remember that although the ocean produces at least 50% of the oxygen on Earth, roughly the same amount is consumed by marine life. Like animals on land, marine animals use oxygen to breathe, and both plants and animals use oxygen for cellular respiration. Oceanic plankton is responsible for the production of an estimated 50-80% of the oxygen on earth. Plankton takes its form in algae, plants, and photosynthetic bacteria. One specific bacterial species, known as Prochlorococcus, is responsible for producing a whopping 20% of the oxygen on our planet. That's right more than half of the oxygen you breathe comes from marine photosynthesizers , like phytoplankton and seaweed. Both use carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun to make food for them, releasing oxygen in the process. In other words, they photosynthesize. And they do it in the ocean. Carbon dioxide, also called CO2, is found in water as a dissolved gas. It can dissolve in water 200 times more easily than oxygen. Aquatic plants depend on carbon dioxide for life and growth, just as fish depend on oxygen. Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water as compared to oxygen gas. Some fraction of carbon dissolved forms carbonic acid with water and it is readily dissolvable because of formation of strong hydrogen bonds. Oxygen in dissolved form is necessary for survival of aquatic life and it forms weak vander waal bonds. The molecular arrangement of carbon dioxide makes it more soluble in blood compared to the solubility of oxygen. The solubility of carbon dioxide is 20-25 times higher than oxygen. The values for carbon dioxide correspond to the total CO2 in water of zero alkalinity or to the free CO2 and H2CO3 in sea water. It is seen that carbon dioxide is much more soluble than the other two gases and that oxygen is about twice as soluble as nitrogen. Carbon dioxide, also say CO2, is found in water as a dissolved gas. It can dissolve in water 200 times more easily than oxygen. Aquatic plants depend on carbon dioxide for life and growth, just as fish depend on oxygen.

Oxygen made up 20 percent of the atmosphere about today's level around 350 million years ago, and it rose to as much as 35 percent over the next 50 million years. The layer of the atmosphere that has the highest level of oxygen is the troposphere. The troposphere is the largest layer of the atmosphere that is located closest to the Earth's surface. However, over the long history of Earth's oxygenation, researchers now realize that atmospheric oxygen levels have fluctuated significantly. Case in point, some 300 million years ago, during Earth's Carboniferous period, researchers know that Earth's oxygen levels peaked at some 31 percent. At first, the oxygen produced by cyanobacteria was sequestered in minerals and seawater. But between 2.4 and 2.5 billion years ago, cyanobacteria were producing enough oxygen to be stored in Earth's atmosphere. As plants became firmly established on land, life once again had a major effect on Earth's atmosphere during the Carboniferous Period. Oxygen made up 20 percent of the atmosphere about today's level around 350 million years ago, and it rose to as much as 35 percent over the next 50 million years. The air the dinosaurs breathed was in fact much richer in oxygen than now, and is the reason why winged reptiles of those days had pinions too small to work in today's atmosphere. Cold water is better at dissolving and absorbing gasses like CO2 compared to warmer water, which is why a large amount of it gets dissolved in the ocean's chilliest waters, according to the report. When that heavy water sinks to the deep sea, large portions of that CO2 can be stored for a long time.Oxygen gets into the sea in two ways: through photosynthesis, which takes place only near the top where light penetrates, or through the mixing of air and water at the surface by wind and waves. Deep ocean waters hold far less oxygen than surface waters because they haven't been in contact with air for centuries. The downward flux of organic matter decreases sharply with depth, with 80–90% being consumed in the top 1,000 m (3,300 ft). The deep ocean thus has higher oxygen because rates of oxygen consumption are low compared with the supply of cold, oxygen-rich deep waters from Polar Regions.Molecular weight of CO2 is 44u while the molecular weight of O2 is 32u. Hence, carbon dioxide has a higher density or is heavier than oxygen. The researchers identified an adaptation that helps these loriciferans to survive in their environment. Instead of mitochondria, which rely on oxygen, the creatures have organelles that resemble hydrogenosomes, which some single-celled organisms use to produce energy-storing molecules anaerobically.

Water at lower altitudes can hold more dissolved oxygen than water at higher altitudes. A commonly recognized phenomenon is that as the altitude increases, the atmospheric pressure decreases. Decreased atmospheric pressure leads to a decrease in the oxygen saturation in water at higher altitudes. Therefore, the rivers and lakes at high elevations have a decreased capacity to carry dissolved oxygen (DO). Although the percentage of oxygen in inspired air is constant at different altitudes, the fall in atmospheric pressure at higher altitude decreases the partial pressure of inspired oxygen and hence the driving pressure for gas exchange in the lungs. As atmospheric pressure decreases, water boils at lower temperatures. At sea level, water boils at 212 °F. With each 500-feet increase in elevation, the boiling point of water is lowered by just less than 1 °F. At 7,500 feet, for, water boils at about 198 °F.This is due to the low air pressure. Air expands as it rises, and the fewer gas molecules—including nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide—have fewer chances to bump into each other. The human body struggles in high altitudes. Decreased air pressure means that less oxygen is available for breathing. At sea level, water boils at 100 °C (212 °F). For every 152.4-metre (500 ft) increase in elevation, water's boiling point is lowered by approximately 0.5 °C. At 2,438.4 metres (8,000 ft) in elevation, water boils at just 92 °C (198 °F).For eons, the world's oceans have been sucking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and releasing it again in a steady inhale and exhale. The ocean takes up carbon dioxide through photosynthesis by plant-like organisms (phytoplankton), as well as by simple chemistry: carbon dioxide dissolves in water. The ocean's average pH is now around 8.1, which is basic (or alkaline), but as the ocean continues to absorb more CO2, the pH decreases and the ocean becomes more acidic. Cold water is better at dissolving and absorbing gasses like CO2 compared to warmer water, which is why a large amount of it gets dissolved in the ocean's chilliest waters, according to the report. When that heavy water sinks to the deep sea, large portions of that CO2 can be stored for a long time. The ocean generates 50 percent of the oxygen we need, absorbs 25 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions and captures 90 percent of the excess heat generated by these emissions. It is not just 'the lungs of the planet' but also its largest 'carbon sink' – a vital buffer against the impacts of climate change. New observations from research aircraft indicate that the Southern Ocean absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases, confirming that it is a strong carbon sink and an important buffer for the effects of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon dioxide also dissolves in seawater, where it is absorbed by seagrasses and algae. Seagrasses, which are plants adapted to live in the sea, are different from kelp and other algae in that they have roots, veins, leaves and even flowers and fruits.

Ocean habitats such as seagrasses and mangroves, along with their associated food webs, can sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at rates up to four times higher than terrestrial forests can. But a warmer, more acidic ocean does us no favors when it comes to maintaining its role as one of the biggest carbon sinks on our planet. The ocean stores 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere, and 20 times more than land plants and soil. As we burn fossil fuels and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels go up, the ocean absorbs more carbon dioxide to stay in balance. The largest reservoir of the Earth's carbon is located in the deep-ocean, with 37,000 billion tons of carbon stored, whereas approximately 65,500 billion tons are found in the globe. Carbon flows between each reservoir via the carbon cycle, which has slow and fast components.The oceans currently absorb 30-50% of the CO2 produced by the burning of fossil fuel. If they did not soak up any CO2, atmospheric CO2 levels would be much higher than the current level of 355 parts per million by volume (ppmv) - probably around 500-600 ppmv. The largest reservoir of the Earth's carbon is located in the deep-ocean, with 37,000 billion tons of carbon stored, whereas approximately 65,500 billion tons are found in the globe. Carbon flows between each reservoir via the carbon cycle, which has slow and fast components.The oceans are, by far, the largest reservoir of carbon, followed by geological reserves of fossil fuels, the terrestrial surface and the atmosphere. These are the reservoirs, or sinks, through which carbon cycles. The ocean is a giant carbon sink that absorbs carbon. Marine organisms from marsh plants to fish, from seaweed to birds, also produce carbon through living and dying. Over millions of years, dead organisms can become fossil fuels. Carbon cycles between reservoirs or sinks in the Carbon Cycle. The lithosphere stores the most carbon, some of which is found in fossil fuels. The hydrosphere is the second largest reservoir, followed by the atmosphere, and then the biosphere. Carbon dioxide is more soluble in cold water, so at high latitudes where surface cooling occurs, carbon dioxide laden water sinks to the deep ocean and becomes part of the deep ocean circulation "conveyor belt", where it stays for hundreds of years. The oceans absorb substantial amounts of carbon dioxide, and thereby consume a large portion of this greenhouse gas, which is released by human activity.

Start with: Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, by Allen Bard and Larry Faulkner. Available on Amazon.

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is taken up in both the hydrosphere, as it dissolves into the oceans and in the biosphere as it is inhaled by trees and converted photosynthetically into organic plant matter.Carbon enters the geosphere through the biosphere when dead organic matter becomes incorporated into fossil fuels like coal and organic-matter-rich oil and gas source rocks, and when shells of calcium carbonate become limestone through the process of sedimentation. The "biological pump" is the photosynthetic up take of atmospheric carbon dioxide by ocean microorganisms, resulting in long-term sequestration of carbon in the deep ocean via particle sinking, where is it removed from contact with the atmosphere for millions of years if the particles reach the bottom and are buried in. Plants constantly exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay. Cycles of matter and energy transfer in ecosystems Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important components of the carbon cycle, in which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and geosphere through chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are important parts of the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is the pathways through which carbon is recycled in the biosphere. While cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide into the environment, photosynthesis pulls carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. Burning fossil fuels, changing land use, and using limestone to make concrete all transfer significant quantities of carbon into the atmosphere. As a result, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rapidly rising; it is already greater than at any time in the last 3.6 million years. Fossil fuels consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen. When fossil fuels are combusted (burned), oxygen combines with carbon to form CO2 and with hydrogen to form water (H2O). These reactions release heat, which we use for energy. Fossil fuels are derived from the burial of photosynthetic organisms, including plants on land and plankton in the oceans. While buried, this carbon is removed from the carbon cycle for millions of years to hundreds of millions of years. Fossil fuels contain large quantities of carbon that were deposited and sequestered millions of years ago, effectively removing it from active circulation for an extended period of time.

At first blush, I would suggest acification and/or vacuum degassing. Sparging with an inert gas is also usually effective in removing active gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide. These should generelly not influence the oxidation state of Fe(II) in solution.

Though of course the ease of this depends on your amount of avalaible sample I would presume.

Cow poop emits climate-warming methane. Adding red algae may help

Adding a type of methane-inhibiting red algae directly to cow feces cut down methane emission from the poop by about 44 percent, researchers report...

No, grain and crop yield cannot be directly equated to carbon sequestration. While there may be some relation between crop productivity and carbon sequestration, they are distinct concepts with different meanings.

Plants, including crops, play a role in carbon sequestration. Through photosynthesis, plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into organic carbon, which is stored in their tissues, roots, and in the soil as organic matter. This process helps to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and offset greenhouse gas emissions.

While crop growth can contribute to carbon sequestration through the absorption of CO2 during photosynthesis, the term "carbon sequestration" is typically used in a broader context to refer to actions and strategies that deliberately enhance carbon storage in forests, soils, wetlands, and other natural or engineered systems.

In summary, crop yield refers to the amount of agricultural produce obtained from a specific area, while carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide to mitigate climate change. While crop growth can contribute to carbon sequestration to some extent, the concept of carbon sequestration encompasses a broader range of activities and mechanisms beyond just crop yields.

The emission objective in the OPF problem is to minimize the total emissions of pollutants from a power system. This is done by adding an emission penalty term to the objective function of the OPF problem. The emission penalty term is a function of the emissions of each pollutant, and it is typically set to a high value so that the optimizer will try to minimize emissions as much as possible.

The emission penalty term can be expressed as follows:

EmissionPenalty = f(NO2, CO2, ...)

where f is a function that maps the emissions of each pollutant to a single penalty value. The specific form of the function f will vary depending on the pollutants being considered and the desired level of emissions reduction.

The emission objective can be incorporated into the OPF problem as follows:

min f(NO2, CO2, ...) + Pg

A good source on how to do qualitative interviews is the textbook by Rubin & Rubin, Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data.

Dr Gaurav H Tandon thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Most supercritical cycles are Brayton cycle. Brayton cycle = gas as working fluid.

As such it uses the typical components of a conventional Brayton cycle such as Gas Turbine and Compressor.

Ismael Vargas Rodriguez

1) This is not an experimental thread, these are theoretical calculations. Therefore "variation of the solvent" is not an approach to solving the problems.

2) Having a permanent dipole moment is the selection rule for microwave absorption, not for UV-Vis. Here you need a transition dipole moment which is proportional to the term "oscillator strength" which you find in the graph. Additionally, the energies shown here are rather high and at some point everything will absorb, the electrons will just not stay in the molecule but it will get ionized.

Aquifers that are suitable for CO2 disposal typically have caprock layers made up of low permeability sedimentary rocks like shale, anhydrite, or salt. Calcite and siderite-rich caprock layers are generally not ideal, because calcite and siderite are carbonate minerals that can react with CO2. The reaction of CO2 with these minerals can dissolve and degrade the caprock, compromising its sealing properties over time.

The CO2 regulator of the seldom - used incubator may be out of calibration. Too much CO2 would turn the medium acid/yellow and affect the cytoskeleton/morphology. One example:

There is good literature in this very topic

I have seen a plantation NW of Sydney that has recently been abandoned. I don't know whether there are publicly available stats

Hey Kamaleldeen Nassar

-> Carboxen®️-1010 PLOT f

-> Carboxen®️-1010 PLOT

Also I have attached the file that will help you.

Plants take up carbon dioxide from air and give out oxygen during photosynthesis. Animals take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide during respiration. This maintains a balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The amount of carbon dioxide released by humans or animals seems to be equal to the amount used by the plants which make a perfect balance. But this balance is disturbed by burning of fuels, which add billions of tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Humans or animals release carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide released by humans or animals seems to be equal to the amount used by the plants which make a perfect balance. But this balance is disturbed by burning of fuels, which add billions of tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Humans impact the physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable water. Carbon dioxide controls the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere and thus the size of the greenhouse effect. Rising carbon dioxide concentrations are already causing the planet to heat up. Carbon dioxide molecules provide the initial greenhouse heating needed to maintain water vapor concentrations. When carbon dioxide concentrations drop, Earth cools, some water vapor falls out of the atmosphere, and the greenhouse warming caused by water vapor drops. The amount of carbon dioxide released by humans or animals seems to be equal to the amount used by the plants which make a perfect balance. But this balance is disturbed by burning of fuels, which add billions of tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere warms the planet, causing climate change. Human activities have raised the atmosphere's carbon dioxide content by 50% in less than 200 years. However, the balance is upset by burning of fuels, such as coal and oil. They add billions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. As a result, the increased volume of carbon dioxide is affecting the earth's weather and climate. The balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained in the atmosphere by the oxygen released by plants during photosynthesis and carbon dioxide released by humans, animals, and plants etc. during respiration. However, the balance among these processes is being severely disturbed by natural instabilities and, far more, by burning fossil fuels, by large-scale changes of the environment by pesticides, and by excessive release of fertilizers into the hydrological cycle.

While estimating the precise impact of widespread soil carbon stabilization is complex, studies have shown that it has the potential to offset a significant portion of global carbon dioxide emissions. By sequestering carbon in the soil, it can contribute to achieving climate change mitigation targets and help limit global temperature rise.

Try to reduce the flow in the regulator.

Dear Supriya Singh thanks for comperhensive response.It was very helpful.

For calculating the isotherm parameters, you can consider the breakthrough curve for the fixed bed column experiment by ploting the concentration of CO2 as a function of time. So, you can determine the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent material, the rate of adsorption, and the equilibrium constant too.

To determine the partial pressure of CO2, you need to know the total pressure and the mole fraction of CO2 in the gas mixture.The mole fraction of CO2 is the ratio of the number of moles of CO2 to the total number of moles of gas in the mixture. It can be calculated using the concentration of CO2 and the total pressure of the gas mixture, as follows:

mole fraction of CO2 = (concentration of CO2 / 100) * (total pressure / 1 atm)

Once you have determined the mole fraction of CO2, you can calculate the partial pressure of CO2 using the following formula:

partial pressure of CO2 = mole fraction of CO2 * total pressure

For example, if you have a gas mixture with a total pressure of 1 atm and a concentration of CO2 of 5%, you can calculate the mole fraction of CO2 as:

mole fraction of CO2 = (5 / 100) * (1 / 1) = 0.05

Then, you can calculate the partial pressure of CO2 as:

partial pressure of CO2 = 0.05 * 1 = 0.05 atm

Therefore, the partial pressure of CO2 in the gas mixture is 0.05 atm.

I hope this is helpful

Hey,

Using Brain heart infusion(BHI) broth or Standard Todd Hewitt broth can be used for culturing S.pneumoniae according to the appended article. You can try using the same for MIC. CLSI does stipulate CAMHB for broth dilution assays, though they talk about supplementing with certain conc. of Lysed horse blood(LHB). Researchers also do modify the protocol to account for growth limitations while using CAMHB. Hope this is helpful. Good luck!

Julissa Mejía.

The paper describing this effect has now been published in JROS I have attached a copy for your convenience.

All the best, Phil

Deeply appreciate you prof Chuck A Arize for the beautiful suggestion. Please can you recommend me any paper that used such an approach.

From Climate Change to Global Environmental Change. Very early on, well-advised researchers understood that environmental issues are intertwined and cannot be understood according to compartmentalized disciplinary approaches. In this respect, and as an example, this relatively old chapter spoke of “Global Environmental Change.”

Fleagle, R. G., & Fleagle, R. G. (2001). Global environmental change. Eyewitness: Evolution of the Atmospheric Sciences, 101-107.

Abstract: "During the 1970s research had advanced the frontiers of understanding for a broad array of environmental problems: climate, stratospheric ozone, air quality, the carbon cycle, water resources, biological diversity, soil properties, and still others. For the most part each was studied independently of the others using more or less unique observation systems and by separate groups of scientists. However, it was evident that environmental problems were becoming more and more interdisciplinary and that observations were needed that could specify the whole phenomenon of interest, often on a sub-global or global scale, phenomena identified under “global environmental change.”

Comments. Question: How accelerated in the scientific integration of disciplines; would it be at the level of research? Personal answer: Very little to say nothing at all despite the very timid attempts of scientific organizations with mixed success, such as those of the IPCC for instance.

Here are several potential reasons for your inconsistent biofilm formation:

Here are a few suggestions to improve the uniformity of your biofilms:

@ Santosh, I think it is possible through planting trees, halting deforestation, forest management, boosting energy efficiency, using nanonutrient as fertilizer and ramping up renewable energy.

@ Rishad, the atomic weight of Carbon is 12 and the atomic weight of Oxygen is 16 . The weight of CO2 in Kenaf is determined by the ratio of CO2 to C is 44/12 = 3.67. Therefore, to determine the weight of carbon dioxide sequestered in the Kenaf, multiply the weight of carbon in the Kenaf by 3.67.

OP-10 (Octylphenol Ethoxylates)

The United States is one of the largest emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the world. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the United States emitted 5.1 billion metric tons of energy-related CO2 in 2019. However, the current situation of CO2 insertion in the USA is not clear from your question. Could you please clarify what you mean by CO2 insertion?

Dear Suresh, I suggest that you check the 'facts'. There would have 'always' been N2O emissions, but the accelerated release of stored C sources made us focus on other contributing sources, Paul.

To determine the amount of CO2 released from burning biomass wood pellets on a lab scale, the most accurate method is to use a specialized gas analyzer known as a flue gas analyzer. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to perform this measurement:

It's important to note that this method provides a quantitative measurement of CO2 emissions specific to the combustion process. However, to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impact, it is also essential to consider other emissions such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Additionally, conducting multiple replicate experiments and averaging the results will enhance the accuracy and reliability of the CO2 emission measurement. @Charlene Scott

@ Fatima, it depends. If you properly operated and maintained then to my experience centrifuge can last 10 years or more and CO2 incubator can last 13 years or more.

The hydrologic cycle is important because it is how water reaches plants, animals and us! Besides providing people, animals and plants with water, it also moves things like nutrients, pathogens and sediment in and out of aquatic ecosystems. Carbon is in carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas that traps heat close to Earth. It helps Earth hold some of the heat it receives from the Sun so it doesn't all escape back into space. But CO2 is only good up to a point – beyond that point, Earth's temperature warms up too much.

Carbon moves from the atmosphere to plants. In the atmosphere, carbon is attached to oxygen in a gas is carbon dioxide (CO2). Through the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is pulled from the air to produce food made from carbon for plant growth. Carbon moves from plants to animals. Matter cycles within ecosystems and can be traced from organism to organism. Plants use energy from the Sun to change air and water into matter needed for growth. Animals and decomposers consume matter for their life functions, continuing the cycling of matter.

Could you not put he solid CO2 into a container and bubble the gas through the calcium hydroxide solution?

Throwing the solid CO2 into the solution may simply freeze it

If you have not already found them, I suggest the following paper, and a response to it,

Hi any luck with Aquaguard solution or an alternative to it? I am also looking for an alternative as it is hard to find one to buy.

T make them behave that way, feed them sugar and keep the light intensity low

Agriculture is a business of nature and man trying to manage it or rather controlling it on the name of science. If agriculture will be done by understanding and supporting nature's principals, I hope most of the problems solve.