Science topic
Carbon Dioxide - Science topic
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
Questions related to Carbon Dioxide
CO2 SEQUESTRATION
Laboratory-Scale Vs Field-Scale
1. To what extent, the following consequences (the adverse mobility ratio and influence of density contrast between formation brine and the injected sc-CO2) impede the efficiency and safety of CO2 storage @ field-scale?
(a) When the injected super-critical CO2results in gravity-override and viscous-fingering, which leads to enhanced CO2spreading rather than the intended displacement of formation brine;
(b) When the injected sc-CO2 gets accumulated leading to the creation of fractures in the cap-rock, and eventually causing an increased likelihood of CO2 leakage;
(c) When the injected sc-CO2generates a high residual brine saturation that eventually leads to a reduced residual trapping capacity of CO2 storage.
2. At the laboratory-scale using core-flooding, to what extent, WAG or miscible CO2-SWAG or CO2-foam injection or Direct viscosification of CO2 would be able evaluate the effectiveness on (a) pressure drop during CO2 injection; (b) residual brine saturation; (c) breakthrough time; & (d) brine production @ 1 PV injection?
3. While laboratory-scale experimental investigation allows us to understand local-scale heterogeneity (which has a significant influence on the spatial/temporal distribution and transport of CO2), the field-scale heterogeneity mostly remains characterized by layered heterogeneity (which leads to differential advection, on top of Taylor-Aris dispersion), whether, the complex interplay between capillary, viscous and gravity forces remain to be different between laboratory and field-scales?
For example, can we capture capillarity resulting from heterogeneity @ laboratory-scale?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Is the qualification required at a certain percentage? If you want to use it in an industrial setting.
Conclusion of the 2nd law of thermodynamics is that the Carnot efficiency of carbon dioxide, water vapor, liquid water, solid water... is 1-T2/T1. Do you believe it?
CO2 Sequestration
1. To what extent,
the concept of ‘impelling force’
introduced by Hubberts
would be able to provide
a useful means of
visualizing
the net forces acting on CO2?
2. If the impelling force represents
the negative of the gradient in CO2/brine potential,
will it still remain to be a vector quantity
that would precisely define
the direction
in which
CO2 would tend to migrate,
considering
capillary effects?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
When simulating the carbon dioxide reaction in water oil rock, I used a reaxff force field, but there was a warning at the beginning of the simulation. Later, due to too many warnings, I was unable to continue. May I ask where the problem lies
Since the onset of industrial times in the 18th century, human activities have raised atmospheric CO2 by 50% – meaning the amount of CO2 is now 150% of its value in 1750. This human-induced rise is greater than the natural increase observed at the end of the last ice age 20,000 years ago.
"Given the following parameters for water-gas shift reaction:
- Feed gas composition in volume %
- CO conversion percentage
- CO2 selectivity percentage
I looked at posts from 2014 through 2022 on this topic and it is all obsolete. Bacharach's fyrite analyzers have been discontinued, I don't have time or equipment for measuring minute pH changes in the incubator water, and the links are all dead. (i.e. Please do not link back to old posts.) I see many modern CO2 analyzers, but they do not look compatible with an incubator sample port. Does anyone have a 2024 updated method for measuring CO2 in an older mammalian cell culture incubator that requires regular calibration?
Photosynthesis is the key factor to remove CO2 from the atmosphere
CO2 level hike due to urban development is accelerating the pace of estuarine acidification.
I recently tried to use select permanent gases/CO2 column (CP7429) for the separation of N2, O2, CH4, CO, H2 and CO2. The column has both the molesieve and the Parabond PLOT Q column mounted in parallel to achieve this separation. Please I will like to discuss with anyone who has tried or successfully used this column for analysis. Thanks.
Protocol was not changed during sub cultures.
Cell medium and FBS are not changed
Incubator is ok too (37 degree and 5 percent CO2)
Hi all,
Has anyone here ever used a GC column that can separate the following gases?
O2, N2, CO, CO2, CH4, H2
I would appreciate any useful information
Thanks!!!!!!!!!
I would like to include an internal standard in my method for testing ethylene, CO₂, and O₂ using gas chromatography (GC). I am currently using helium (He) as the carrier gas and nitrogen (N₂) as the makeup gas, with a Porapak Q and Molecular Sieve (Molsieve) column setup. An FID detects the ethylene, and a TCD detects CO₂ and O₂. Could you please advise me on choosing an appropriate internal standard and how to approach the calibration process, including the internal standard? Additionally, I’ve read about the use of Tedlar bags for gas sampling, but I am unsure of how these bags work. Could you provide some guidance on this?
Dear educators,
It is with great appreciation that I address you. The role of educators is fundamental in the formation of individuals and in the construction of a more just and conscious society. The dedication, commitment and passion that you demonstrate daily are inspirations for many.
Understanding the carbon cycle in the oceans is essential to face the challenges of global warming.
The oceans play a vital role in the carbon cycle, absorbing approximately a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitted into the atmosphere. This process is carried out through marine photosynthesis, where phytoplankton and marine vegetation convert CO₂ into oxygen and organic carbon, which serves as food for countless species. Thus, preserving marine biodiversity is essential for the healthy functioning of this cycle.
Furthermore, ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO₂, threatens not only corals and other marine species, but also the oceans’ ability to act as a carbon sink. Therefore, research and education on the biogeochemical processes that occur in the marine environment are essential.
The Blue Amazon, with its vast marine wealth, needs to be valued and protected. The adoption of public policies aimed at protecting the oceans and promoting sustainable development practices are crucial steps to ensure that the carbon cycle continues to function efficiently.
The importance of educating and engaging society on this issue cannot be underestimated. Understanding the marine carbon cycle and its implications helps us develop more effective strategies for mitigating climate change, ensuring a healthier and more sustainable planet for all.
Captain Cintia Cardoso
Specialist in Marine Sciences
Master's student in Marine Science and Technology
Postgraduate student in Marine Biology
Physical Education - Bachelor's and Bachelor's degrees CREF 016036 G/SC
Postgraduate degree in Physical Education Teaching Methodology
CFAQ (MAC/MOM) - CFAQ (MOP/POP) - CFAQ (PEP) 2023 MB
Hi, I bought 3T3-L1 cells from ATCC and would like to differentiate them into white adipocyte-like phenotypes. I thawed the cells and cultured them in DMEM+10%BCS+1%P/S (37C, 5%CO2). The medium was freshly prepared before thawing. Starting from the third passage, however, many cells are in suspension and only a few are adhesive to the tissue culture flask. Both pictures and videos are below. Has anyone had experience with this cell line and what is wrong with my protocol? Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!
I need to calculate the correlations between excess CO and excess CO2 of my ambient measurements.
The weight percentage represents the CO2 sorption capacity and need to convert to flow rate
How does membrane selectivity impact CH4 recovery and CO2 removal efficiency in biogas upgradation?
What is the optimal membrane material and configuration for efficient CO2 removal in biogas degradation? About membrane degradation units
Within ten years IND saved 99014 cores xrossed.
Also carbon dioxide in the environment decreased 52 millions tons .
interrelations among the pH, Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Alkalinity, Hardness, Carbon dioxide?
In 2021 we tested an Alarm-Assisted Natural Ventilation system in a school located in Northern Italy.
The system was based on real time CO2 measurements and optimized UI with enhanced acoustics timely sending windows opening requests to students and teachers (a procedure also referred as Signalled Manual Airing). Our system had tunable CO2 multi-thresholds and displayed specific instructions to be followed for each different CO2 threshold level.
For instance:
1. IF CO2 > th1 = 700 ppm, students were asked to open one window for 10 min (triggering a low ACH)
2. when CO2 was still > th1 students were asked to open BOTH windows for 20 min (activating partial cross-ventilation flow from outside one window into the other one --> medium ACH)
3 when CO2 was >> th2 = 1500 ppm, students were asked to open BOTH windows + DOOR until CO2 was < th1 (activating cross-ventilation flow from both windows toward the open door to rapidly decrease the CO2 concentration ---> high ACH).
[ACH = air changes per hour]
In WINTER, after a learning period, we repeatedly achieved impressive results from students self-controlling the CO2 indoor levels: the 6h-averaged CO2 concentration was close to 1000 ppm (in a V = 135 m3 and N = 20 students+1 teacher) which correspond to an avg ACH between 5.5 and 6 h-1.
The attached graph shows this comparison: in green the experimentally measured CO2 concentration curve from assisted NV vs in red the theoretical concentration simulating MV with steady ACH = 5.5 h-1 (this curve is easily obtained solving the CO2 mass balance equation for the same contextual classroom data)
Issues to be discussed:
1) can alarm-assisted-NV achieve comparable MV performances (under specific circonstances (like a school located in a suff. "windy" region) ?
2) can hybrid systems (assisted NV combined with smaller and more cost-effective MV units) be an option to improve ventilation in schools ?
3) can alarm-assisted-NV due to his 5-8 times lower total costs be an option to improve ventilation in schools on a LARGE scale (millions of school buildings worldwide suffer of poor ventilation condition and no-budget to afford MV/HVAC systems)
PS: all data are taken from our recent Energy & Building 2024 publication
"Benefits and thermal limits of CO2-driven signaled windows opening in schools: an in-depth data-driven analysis"
Thank you in advance for your time!
I hope a constructive discussion can follow.
Alessandro
CO2 Sequestration [Over-pressure Evolution; Geo-mechanical Stability]
1. The percentage of CO2 emissions captured by CCUS technology
@ global-scale has increased from 0.04% in 2000 to 0.12% in 2020.
With only a couple of operational large-scale carbon capture and storage facilities globally so far
(ACTL-Canada: 15 million metric tons per annum;
Petrobras Santos Basin-Brazil: 11),
would it remain feasible to store around
10 Gt of CO2 per annum
in deep geological formations by 2050?
2. (a) scCO2 (with liquid-like density) still remains to be lighter than the resident brine and makes it easy to float;
(b) scCO2 behaving as a low gas-like dynamic viscosity still remains to be lower-viscous than the resident brine and makes it easy to flow.
If scCO2 could still float and flow easily with reference to the resident brine, how about its chances of escape in the long run
(following CO2 injection, which essentially generates over-pressure;
and in turn, reducing the effective stresses,
which artificially induces deformations and
brings the stress state closure to failure conditions)?
3. In reality, it is extremely difficult to arrest the leakage of CO2
from primary cap-rocks.
In a typical sedimentary basin, whether,
CO2 trapping from secondary rocks
would at some point
escape and reach groundwater aquifers
(despite maintaining fault stability)?
Practically feasible to avoid
(felt) induced seismicity
in order to have a successful deployment of
geological carbon storage?
4. Do we have a well-defined theory
for estimating the evolution of over-pressure build-up
(fluid pressure distribution) with time
for CO2-brine multi-phase fluid flow
(while considering, the compressibility of CO2)?
What exactly drives (driving mechanisms)
the evolution of over-pressure followed by CO2 injection?
How exactly to take into account the following:
(a) The buoyant effect of CO2 within the injection well?
(b) In the presence of significant buoyant effect within the injection well, how could we expect the CO2 injection rate would remain to be uniformly distributed along the entire thickness of the injection well?
(c) The fraction of injected CO2 that does not reach the bottom of the storage formation?
5. Whether the injection rate of CO2 at the early stages
should preferably be lower
in order to avoid a sharp increase in over-pressure
(i.e., to avoid encountering, relatively low values of relative permeability to CO2 as the pores start to desaturate)
that critically influences the cap-rock stability?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Professor (HAG)
IIT Madras
26-Aug-2024
Has anyone tried low temperature for antibody production in Expi293F cells other than 37 deg and 8% co2? Can someone suggest a good starting experiment for temperature, RPM AND CO2 combination?
Advanced oxidation process is usually produces carbon dioxide , is it harmful to run such setup in the lab?
I use BG11 to cultivate PCC.6803, and bubble with 3%-4% CO2.
20mM Tris-Hcl(pH8.0) were used to buffering the culture pH.
But after clutivate 2 days, when I test the pH of the culture, the pH always be around 6.5, and it's always acidic.
I guess the reason is the bubbling CO2, to make the culture acidic.
So what can I do to maintain the pH around 7.5-8?
Any suggestion would be highly appreciated.
Typical mold powder compositions(wt%) are given as
SiO2=33, CaO=20, MgO=1.5, Al2O3=6.0, Na2O=10.5, K2O=1.5, Fe2O3=2.5, MnO=0.1, Cfree=20.5, CO2=6.5, Ctotal=22.0, F=5.0.
For estimating CaF2 wt% in mold powder, should I calculate stoichiometric CaF2 based on F wt% present in mold powder.
If yes, than CaO wt% have to reduce to compensate Ca present in CaF2.
In that case, basicity of mold powder also decreases since CaO wt% will reduce.
I have been playing with optimizing a method for CO2 adsorption on porous carbons using our Micromeritics ASAP 2020 instrument, but can't seem to find a good balance between analysis time and data quality thus far. Specifically, I am wondering how to approach defining p0 for this analysis as the instrument cannot reach the true p0 value for CO2 @ 273 K, and what I should be looking at in terms of dosing increments. If anyone out there has the same instrument and is willing to share some parameters that work for them so I have somewhere to build off of, this would be much appreciated!
Thanks :)
what is the relationship b/w TCD signal(a.u) and CO2 desorbed (mmol/g) ? can we plot CO2 desorbed(mmol/g) Vs Time(min) from TPD data?
CO2 Sequestration [Thermodynamics; Super-Critical CO2; Critical Temperature; Critical Pressure]
1. When will the injected super-critical CO2 tend to approach its critical temperature (where, the properties of gaseous and liquid phase CO2 gets converged; resulting in only one phase @ critical point; and thereby becoming a homogeneous super-critical CO2 – as the heat of vaporization remains to be zero @ & beyond the critical)?
2. Can we expect the temperature of the injected super-critical CO2,
into the aquifer, to reach above the critical temperature @ any point
(where, CO2 gets modified to a solid form with sufficient pressure,
even though, CO2 cannot get translated into its liquid form with increased pressure)?
3. How would we go about modeling the space- and time-dependent nature of CO2’s physical properties, if they, keep on oscillating between gaseous-phase properties and liquid-phase properties
(for example, the density of super-critical CO2 tending to approach to that of the in-situ brine; viscosity of CO2 remaining similar to the actual CO2’s gaseous nature; while the diffusivity of CO2 keep oscillating between its respective gaseous- and liquid-states.)?
4. What is the physical significance of having an elevated thermal conductivity of super-critical CO2 – near its critical point?
5. Since, @ nearer to the critical point, CO2 is going to physically behave more like a gas, and, very less like a liquid, whether the surface tension of CO2 would tend to approach zero?
6. When could we expect the pressure of the injected super-critical CO2
to reach above its critical point, where, the relative permeability of CO2 is expected to have a very steep gradient with pressure
(associated with a high sensitivity on the density of CO2)?
7. If the solubility changes and mass transfer ratios of CO2
remain to be very critical – nearer its critical point, then,
how exactly, will we able to deduce the rate of dissolution of CO2
at the interface between top CO2 layer and
its underlying formation brine layer?
Will we be able to capture the thickness of
the newly developed interface layer
(in between top layer with CO2; and
bottom layer with initial in-situ brine)
that remains relatively heavier
than both initial CO2 gas and original in-situ brine?
Under such circumstances, would it remain feasible
to distinguish between convective dissolution and diffusive dissolution
that remains to be a complex of – not only, on the injected super-critical CO2, but also, on the nature aquifer rock properties and
aquifer’s slope and bedding inconfirmity?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Professor (HAG) IIT-Madras
04-August-2024
CO2 Sequestration
If the reservoir heterogeneity results from a geological unit having multiple layers of geological stratification (within the given depth of the reservoir) leading to a huge variation in local pore-geometry and porosity of the aquifer/reservoir, can we still approximate the pressure within the buoyant CO2 plume to remain to be nearly hydrostatic, just because we have the huge variations in permeability between permeable reservoir unit and the nearly impermeable cap-rock (at least in the absence of CO2 leakage)?
With significant CO2 leakage, whether, hydrostatic assumption remains to be too simplified?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Professor (HAG) IIT-Madras
26-July-2024
Climate Change [GHGs; CO2 Concentration]
1. Are glacial cycles are ultimately paced by astronomical forcing?
2. Role of CO2 in glacial cycles: Were the concentrations of GHGs were both increasing as well as decreasing over the last glacial cycle?
3. Whether CO2 remained to be the primary driver of the ice-ages?
4. Whether CO2 remains to be largely a consequence rather than cause of past climate change?
5. Whether climate models have also predicted the dominant contribution of GHGs (apart from ice albedo) to ice-age cooling?
6. Whether global temperature closely tracked the enhancement in CO2 concentration over the last deglaciation? CO2 did not initiate deglacial warming?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Professor (HAG) IIT Madras
27-July-2024
We want to transport water-based solutions in 200L plastic containers. The water is to be saturated with Carbon dioxide at room temperature. What is a gas barrier to minimize loss of CO2?
CO2 Sequestration [Poro-elasticity; Thermo-elasticity]
Whether oil or gas reservoirs have the ability
to resist and recover from deformations
produced by forces (elasticity),
where, there would be a linear relation
between the external forces and the corresponding deformations?
Upon CO2 sequestration, whether, the changes in the forces
would remain to be sufficiently small,
so that the response
would remain to be linear
(in case of deep saline aquifers)?
OR
Based on the behavior of elastic response
along with associated failure stresses,
which depends, to a large extent,
on CO2 accumulation and spreading,
whether,
elastic theory will not be able to describe fully,
the behavior of porous and permeable aquifer/reservoirs;
and in turn, will we always require
the concept of poro-elasticity
to take into account?
OR
Considering the coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion of CO2,
whether
thermo-elasticity would require
to be considered
following CO2 sequestration
by taking into account thermal stress and strain?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Professor (HAG) IIT Madras
27-July-2024
CO2 Sequestration
[Isoplanes; normal gradients/vectors]
How exactly to deduce a system of isoplanes; and normal gradients, vectors and traces of the planes, in the three-dimensional space, in a CO2 sequestration application, associated with a deep saline aquifer,
(A) towards predicting the behavior of CO2 and brine?
(B) towards deducing representative pathways along which CO2 would most likely to travel in 2 or 3 dimensions (with reference to the resulting gradients)?
(C) towards predicting CO2-brine contact planes/surfaces?
(D) towards deducing the orientations of the planes of constant potential energy for CO2 occurring within the 3-dimensional space of the aquifer? &
(E) towards deducing an overall movement of CO2 that finds its way into leakage pathways?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Professor (HAG) IIT-Madras
24-July-2024
CO2 sequestration [Reservoir Hydrodynamics 01]
With CO2 and brine being mobile, and in the presence of a complex coupled forces between viscous, gravity and capillarity, whether,
the resulting pressure gradient would remain oriented non-vertically?
Following CO2 injection, whether the planes of constant pressure (isopressure planes) would remain to be non-horizontal?
Despite the fluctuating levels of potential energy within the fluid body, would it still diminish in the direction of CO2 movement?
Whether CO2-brine interface would remain to be non-horizontal following CO2 injection?
If so, then, would it remain tilted in the direction of CO2 movement or potential energy decrease?
Since buoyancy is the major force acting on CO2 within a hydrodynamic deep saline aquifer, can we still expect the potential energy minima to remain located at the highest point in the aquifer?
Under hydrodynamic conditions, whether, the factors causing CO2 trapping would remain to change markedly in terms of aquifer geometry, size and location of CO2-plume pools?
Whether, compactional squeeze or tectonic uplift would lead to increasingly strong hydrodynamic forces, following CO2 injection?
In such cases, whether, CO2 would remain to be pushed farther and farther from structural trapping sites until they are totally displaced and the original CO2 trapping features would remain to be completely filled with flowing brine?
In CO2 sequestration application, in deep saline aquifers, whether, the maximum internal pressure gradient (the direction in which the rate of pressure increase remains to the greatest) would remain to be perfectly vertical – given the internal migration of CO2 and brine?
With buoyant force playing a critical role, in the early stages, whether,
all the internal forces would remain orientated vertically?
Whether the CO2-brine fluid contacts would remain to be parallel to the isopotential traces and normal to the specific force vectors?
Feasible to reorganize the probable migration paths of CO2-phase; and feasible to predict the orientation of CO2-brine interfaces,
if the levels of potential energy associated with moving formation brine are mapped?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Professor (HAG) IIT-Madras
24-July-2024
Let everyone know about the major difference between the cubic meter and normal cubic meter of biogas (M3 and NM3)
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Indian Subcontinent
1. CCS
{which removes CO2, when it is emitted
[before it enters the atmosphere; unlike direct air capture,
which removes CO2 from atmosphere]
at sources such as electric power and industrial plants and
sequesters the captured CO2 underground}
would remain to be an efficient process in an Indian scenario?
2. What is the expected fraction
(in percent; or, in terms of million metric tons of CO2 per annum)
of the CCS capacity of India’s total annual CO2 emissions by 2030?
3. Whether the CCS facilities are expected
to provide the captured CO2 to oil companies
(which may use it for EOR)?
4. How many active CCS facilities are
under construction or in development in Indian scenario
(given the fact that the cost to implement CCS technology
would exceed its value in most potential settings)?
Are we ready to afford approximately Rs 5000 per metric ton of CO2 captured, with additional costs for transporting and storing CO2?
Whether the companies that capture and store CO2
remain eligible for a tax credit per metric ton of CO2 sequestrated
in Indian scenario?
5. Whether all the CCS facilities remain associated with the following projections?
(a) The sectors that have the lowest costs for capturing CO2.
(b) The availability of good pipeline networks and storage capacity for transporting and storing CO2.
(Do we really have the investment necessary to build a CO2 transport network?)
(c) The central and state government’s regulatory decisions.
(d) The development of clean energy technologies that could affect the demand for CCS.
6. Do we have an abundant capacity to store captured CO2?
Even with the exclusion of
(a) no-go zones including biodiversity zones, economic zones, armed forces areas, reserve forests and national parks; and
(b) high population density (> 2000 people per km^2) districts,
would it remain feasible to store nearly 300 Gt
each in ‘deep saline aquifers’ (Is it a promising option?) and
‘Basalts’ (where, instead of CO2 getting trapped in pore spaces, basalt converts CO2 into stone through mineralization)?
India could potentially become a global CCS champion?
If so, then, when could we expect detailed characterization of deep saline and basaltic formations, following the stages of pre-appraisal phase and initial technical appraisal?
Would it remain easier in Indian context towards securing environmental clearance and land acquisition before venturing into infrastructure development?
Whether Indian basalt formations would remain to be associated
with the least risky of all underground CCS options,
when it is expected to cumulatively sequester
around 10 Gt of CO2 by 2050
towards meeting 2 deg C carbon budget?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Professor (HAG) IIT-Madras
18-July-2024
Good day.
I would like to insert a reaction in Aspen adsorption using user submodel.
In my project H2S and CO2 react and produce water and COS. I wrote my own code but it does not work.
CONSTRAINTS
// Flowsheet variables and equations...
Within B.Layer(1).Reaction_Gas(1).User_RX_Rate_C(1)
For i In FDEset Do
Rreac(i,1)=0.4347*EXP((-2917)/T(i))*C(i,"CO2")*C(i,"H2S");
C(i,"COS")=Rreac(i,1)^0.5;
EndFor
EndWithin
END
If you have some ideas or insights, would you kindly let me know? Thank you for your time and supports.
Kind regards,
Sara Abbasi
CO2 Flooding
[Minimum Miscibility Pressure]
1. Although, MMP pertains to the lowest-pressure in which a crude-oil and a solvent-gas (CO2) develop a dynamical miscibility,
would it remain feasible to achieve this so called ‘lowest pressure’
that remain to be ‘uniformly distributed’
throughout the reservoir (as against experimental observations)?
Whether the in-situ oil would ‘smoothly’ develop
a miscible zone with CO2 (having a relatively lower IFT)
@ reservoir conditions, upon reaching MMP?
How do we ensure @ field-scale (spatially and temporally)
(a) Whether the mass transfer pertains to a condensing drive (where, CO2 enriches the in-situ oil-phase to an extent that both become miscible)?
OR
(b) Whether the mass transfer pertains to a vaporizing drive (where, the in-situ oil-phase enriches CO2)?
OR
(c) Whether the mass transfer pertains to a coupled condensing-vaporizing drive (where, the mass transfer occurs in both the directions)?
In such cases, how could we precisely estimate MMP
(as miscibility in this case is neither developed @ leading edge nor developed @ trailing edge of the displacement, but in between condensing and vaporizing regimes)?
Also, how exactly to have a control over oil-swelling @ field-scale;
and its associated reduction in oil viscosity
resulting from the transfer of the components
from one phase to another (until reaching miscibility)?
2. At the field-scale, would it remain feasible to have
a piston-like displacement – upon reaching MMP,
although, @ laboratory-scale,
oil recovery remains may remain to be 100%
@ one pore volume of the injected CO2
(as the displacement process @ laboratory-scale can comfortably represented as a one-dimensional, two-phase and dispersion-free flow)?
3. How exactly to go about deducing the optimal displacement efficiency
of CO2-flooding @ field-scale, when the displacement pressures
remain to be greater than MMP
(where multiple-contact miscibility between the reservoir fluid and the injected CO2 takes place)?
4. Whether experimental investigations using mixing-cell (multi-contact) experiments – still remain inferior than using slim-tube experiments – towards determining MMP?
Micro slim-tube tests, more closely, reflect the field reality – despite being expensive and time-consuming along with the presence of significant physical dispersion?
OR
Mixing-cell models (with finite numerical dispersion) would suffice?
OR
Require a multi-stage contact model that takes into account a multi-stage contact process and diffusive mass transfer between CO2 and crude-oil?
OR
Empirical correlations are highly sufficient for MMP estimation?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
IIT Madras
CO2 Sequestration [CO2 Emission & Absorption]
Feasible to precisely estimate the annual production of CO2 from human activity?
What happens when it exceeds 10^14 kg?
How far the global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry
is expected to grow
from its current value of
nearly 40 billion metric tons (GtCO2)?
And, when could (year) we expect
the point of inflection?
From the current values of CO2 emissions by
Coal (16 billion tons),
Oil (12 billion tons) and
Gas (8 billion tons),
how much do we expect
to get reduced by 2030, 2040 & 2050?
From the current values of CO2-emitting sectors by
Electricity and heat production (50%);
Transport (25%); &
Manufacturing & construction industries (20%),
how much changes do we expect by 2030, 2040 & 2050?
Why were the global CO2 emissions - mainly unchanged -
between 2014 & 2016?
What happens when we fail to stabilize CO2 emissions
despite our focus on
energy conservation,
energy efficiency or fuel substitution and
alternative sources of energy
(apart from the occurrences of heat-waves & extreme-events of rainfall – which is quite a normal physical phenomena,
associated with the conventional earth’s climate change
that gets repeated over geological-cycle)?
OR
With the current world average temperature hanging around 15.031 deg C; and with world average temperature of 0.018927 deg C in 2024, and
with the weekly (in July 2024) world average temperature of 0.000627 deg C, what exactly it means, even,
if we end up exceeding 4+ deg C increase by 2100
as against the aim of Paris Agreement
to keep the rise of global temperatures to 2 deg C in this century?
With nearly 3 million hectares of forests cut down per month globally, whether, deforestation remains to be the major culprit
between the imbalance between
the emission from soil (525 billion tons of CO2 per annum) and
the absorption in the forest (485 billion tons of CO2 per annum)?
Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
Obvious, humans as a species, are unable to wean itself from fossil fuels quickly enough... to make any impact on Global Warming.
Also, countries are unwilling to shut down antiquated and useless sections of their economies, like investing in war making and standing armies, to transfer those funds to fight humanity's four greatest enemies-- Global Warming, Desertification, Meeting basic human needs, and Providing free health care and education.
The only reasonable solution, is to replant all of the desert lands with native trees, grasses and wildflowers, to cool the barren surfaces, so that the sun's heat will not get trapped by the CO2 and methane in the air.
That is what the Saudis and 24 countries are doing right now, planting 50 billion trees with their Middle East Green Initiative, which India is a member of, picture from the COP27 meeting which put that project together.
By planting back that insulating layer of local native vegetation on the barren desert soils, that will cool Global Warming immediately on that spot, whereas reducing or removing the CO2 will take decades to centuries to have the same amount of effect.
CO2 Sequestration
[Deep Saline Aquifers; Reservoir Simulation]
1. While deducing a potential CO2 storage site,
(a) how to deduce the maximum & optimal CO2 storage volumes (considering geological uncertainty) – for an aquifer – with an average aquifer porosity varying between 20 and 30%; and with an average residual brine saturation between 15 and 30%?
(b) What kind of pressure regimes – are supposed to be favorable – for an aquifer, say,
at a depth between 2 & 4 km below sea level;
with an average formation thickness varying between 50 & 200 m;
with lateral extensions spanning around 100 km each in north-south direction as well as in east-west direction?
(c) How should be the associated well access framework,
if we have a large number of abandoned and potentially leaky wells (associated with a layered formation)?
(d) How to deduce the promising geological/hydrogeological properties –
in the absence of having enough,
log and core based porosity and permeability values from exploration wells?
OR
Will there be a need to drill wells – in the proposed CO2 injection location – for data analysis and geo-modelling?
(e) What are the encouraging seal/cap-rock properties?
(f) How to ensure an optimal proximity to the power-plant (taking into account the long-term pipeline solution from the field)?
2. Feasible to have an evolving ‘conceptual model’ – considering the fact that the estimation of CO2 storage capacity in deep saline aquifers
remains to be extremely challenging
as a function of multiple (and coupled) CO2 trapping mechanisms
that remain acting @ multiple time-scales?
If so, then, evolving models on risk and capacity analysis
would remain to have - varying dominant effects -
that should be accounted for?
3. How exactly to deduce the volume of CO2 leakage
that escapes through the aquifer boundaries –
within a given time frame?
Feasible to locate, monitor and comment
on the consequences of CO2 leakage
at the early stages
(in the absence of fault/fracture zones
providing pathways for CO2 leakage)?
4. How exactly to deduce an ideal geological model
in the absence of having a complete data set
associated with CO2/brine flow?
In such cases, whether a finer, vertical grid resolution
would be of help –
towards capturing the CO2-plume,
which follows the impermeable roof of the formation –
due to gravity override?
5. What exactly dictates an appropriate boundary condition
for a given aquifer –
considering a possible CO2 leakage scenario in the near future –
given the fact that –
different choices of boundary conditions -
would significantly influence -
the time variation of pressure field and
its associated CO2-plume spread?
6. How exactly to delineate the ‘numerical diffusion’
emanating from grid refinements,
which otherwise appear to be CO2 leakage into the formations above?
Hi, I have established a bioreactor parameters mammalian cell process with the following parameters:
Setpoint Deadband PID settings
1) pH- 7.0 0.1 1.0,5.0,1.0
2) DO- 60% 1 1.0,1.0,1.0
3) Stirer- 127 0
4) PO2 cascade with oxygen at (10ml/min)
5) pH cascade with base and (acid CO2 at 10ml/min)
The issue here is still the oxygen doesn't stop at the given setpoint and reaches around 120-180 % DO.
what can I do to maintain the DO to the specific setpoint. The total volume of reactor is 250ml and WV is 100ml.
The other issue here is the stirrer speed at what rpm I should be keeping it. Can we calculate the rpm of the stirrer according to the volume of the working volume of the reactor. Tip speed was calculated as- 0.0376m/s.
please let me know if more information are needed.
What are the potential storage geological sites for captured carbon dioxide? CO2 can be stored in various geological formations, as basalt deposits and saline aquifers. How secure are these sites against environmental risks?
Hi,
I have a question about emission factors for passenger cars based on the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, in the link that I used to calculate the CO2 emission per vehicle per household for a dataset of 2016- 2017: https://efdb.apps.eea.europa.eu/?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22term%22%3A%7B%22code%22%3A%221.A.3.b.i%20Road%20transport%2C%20passenger%20cars%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22term%22%3A%7B%22Fuel%22%3A%22Petrol%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22term%22%3A%7B%22Pollutant%22%3A%22CO2%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22term%22%3A%7B%22Type%22%3A%22Tier%202%20Emission%20Factor%22%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22display_type%22%3A%22tabular%22%7D
the emission factors are like 0.398 g/km much smaller than the 118.1 gram/km in 2016 based on the: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/co2-performance-of-new-passenger
so, my average CO2 emission from private cars in the dataset is much lower than expected, suppose that the emission factor of 118.1 g/km, and an average km driven of around 13000km the CO2 is is 1,535,300 g/km and my average is about 173 g/km so this is a factor 10 different
could you please explain these two different emission factors? i mean the 0.398 g/km and the 118.1 g/km?
I used a Li-COR Flux system to measure respiration in different soil types. The question is, my data is mostly positive values but on a small scale (0 < x < 1). However, there are a couple of days where I got negative values.. VERY negative (-43, -32...). They are not outliers since I did triplicates per day.
I don't want to delete this data, I think maybe something was happening in the microbial communities those days. But the difference in scale doesn't allow me to visualize the data in scatter plots.
I was thinking about some type of standardization? But I don't want to alter the dC/dt values.
Thank you!
Dear all,
I'm looking for an alternative for a CO2 incubator with O2 regulation as these are quite expensive and I actually just need 5% O2, 5% CO2, 37°C over 3 days every 2 weeks (should fit for 6 or 12 well plates)
I came across the hypoxia incubator chamber from Stemcell which sounds quite interesting. Does anyone has experience with this chamber or has any other ideas how to avoid buying an incubator ?
The blackbody cavity contains CO2, and the blackbody radiation contains the characteristic spectrum of CO2, which does not satisfy the Planck formula.
- There is CO2 inside the blackbody cavity, and radiation enters from point A with an absorption rate of 1,meets the definition of blackbody.
- The energy density of the characteristic spectrum of CO2 inside the cavity will increase, and the outward radiation density will no longer be Smooth Planck's formula: a characteristic spectrum containing CO2.
- The emissivity is no longer equal to 1, and varies with different filling gases.
- Blackbodies with different emissivities emit heat from each other, resulting in temperature differences and the failure of the second law of thermodynamics.
- See image for details
I am seeking your advice regarding the use of a 50L photosynthesis reactor for wastewater treatment. I intend to supply pure CO2 but am uncertain about the appropriate CO2 flow rate (L/min) for the reactor. How to determine this value based on reactor volume?
If you have any references or recommendations, please provide the titles. Your guidance would be greatly appreciated!
Thank you very much!
In a beaker, take 60 mL of water from the source (under a stream), pour it into an Erlenmeyer flask, add a couple of crystals of K-Na-tartrate and 5 drops of phenolphthalein, and then titrate with a standard solution of Na2CO3 (24.09 g/L) until a purple color appears. color that must last for 3 minutes. The CO2 content (expressed in mg/L) is calculated by multiplying the number of mL of Na2CO3 consumed in the titration by a factor of 250.
Using experimental data, I am currently trying to verify the thermodynamic model I chose for my CO2 capture flowsheet. I am currently trying to compare how the model fits the data of Jou et al ( see attached files ) to confirm that the model I chose is correct for my simulation.
I have set up the MEA 30%wt (aq), stream, and the CO2 stream and I mix those two and then feed it to a flash. Then I insert the pressure from the experimental data and the CO2 loading value to the streams and flash conditions, run the sim, and go to the distillate and find the CO2 partial pressure by dividing the moles of CO2 in the dist with total moles and multiplying by the total pressure value. This seemed to be going smoothly until I reached the data point with a 210kPa pressure, 36,1 Pco2, and a 0.609 CO2 loading value.
(the data set I am working on is in Table 2, for a 40C temperature). When I inserted the pressure values and the feed flow of CO2 to achieve the given loading value ( more on that later ) and ran the simulation, there was no flow in the distillate stream. I suspect because the gas phase is too little because of the low loading value and completely dissolved in the liquid. (?) But this doesn't seem right since Aspen Plus has a template (also attached) that uses the same thermodynamic model (almost) as I do but has managed to provide a really good correlation between the model and the experimental data through the whole range of CO2 loading values (0-1,2).
So, if anyone has made such graphs using Aspen, please let me know how you did it and if you have found a more efficient way of doing so, maybe using a regression tool or something because as you might have understood, the process stated above is pretty time-consuming.
Aspen Version is V12.
I also attached the Excel and Aspen files.
PP resin and PE resin is petroleum base from fossil we have to use in making our FIBC products, I am thinking of end of use, returned to landfill, by mixing particular master batch into our product in which, upon landfill, it will be perform similar to Biodegradable resin making better soil for trees. CO2 , H20 or Methane fully released because the trees will use CO2 n H2O as its Food. Methane is for energy recovery. From the best of my knowledges some particular fermented microbial or enzyme may doing this workable, but is there any one mix to our product to fulfill the purpose, or dilute them upon landfill. At least min 90% proportion decompose, but totally will be perfect.
Millets contain high amount of carbohydrates like other cereals. So, can we consider it as cereals?It also reduce green house gas emission by converting more carbon dioxide into oxygen.
A methanol production process combines tri-reforming of methane (TRM) with water electrolysis to utilize CO₂. The TRM reactor uses a Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst, and the methanol synthesis reactor uses a Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The goal is to achieve a methanol production rate of 2095 tons per day, with a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 3000 h⁻¹ in the TRM reactor. Calculating the required catalyst quantities involves considering the reaction conditions and catalyst efficiencies.
The gases from watter spitting process and I'm trying to measure the H2 by GC. Could anyone tell me what is the best temperature to do that using column porapak q?
Hi! I am in the process of expanding HPMECST1.6R cell line. I already subcultured them twice but I need to expand them more. The problem is that due to power outage the humidified incubators are going to be out of power for two hours. I was wondering if the cells could survive and recover at room temperature and different CO2 conditions, inside the humidified incubator for a few hours?
I read that room temperature would not be an issue for 2 hours. CO2 could probably alter the ph, so I thought I could change the medium right after these two hours.
1 ton charcoal fixes 3,7 t CO2. The global charcoal production is 54 mio tons, in which 200 mio t CO2 are fixed. 200 times the currently produced charcoal will fix the entire CO2 emitted globally per year!!! CO2 emission about 30 bln t per year: means this will be fixed in 10 bln t charcoal.
The entire annually CO2 can be fixed in a volume 2,7 km * 2,7 km*2,7 km and could be dumped in e.g. open pit mining sites where the coal was exploited (give it back).
Rapid growing biomass may be used. Charcoal production cost may be assumed the in the order of 200$ per ton, results in an annual investment of 2000 bln $ globally. THIS IS THE SAME AS WHAT ARE MILITARY WEAPON EXPENDITURES.
This is possible...in principle!
Please tell me where I am wrong in my rough brainstorming.
CO2 Sequestration
[CO2 leakage rate]
1. When, reported leakage rates from natural CO2 stores
range between a few tonnes
to several hundred thousand tonnes per annum, whether,
the high rates of reported leakage
are all necessarily from tectonically and/or
volcanically active regions only?
Are they no more representative of in-situ geological conditions?
2. Also, whether the intermittent or seasonal-dependent leakage flux,
from the measured flow amounts @ localized gas vents
on a heterogeneous fault zone
would really help in
upscaling measurements
from individual point source leaks
to the entire length of the fault zone?
3. In the case of unpredicted and rapid plume elongation
associated with subsurface CO2 storage,
possibly, resulting from
uncertainty in fluid thermos-physical properties,
poorly imaged topography,
or
centimeter-to-meter scale heterogeneities,
how about the probability of
CO2 migrating beyond the boundaries of the storage complex
for a confined site, particularly, at the start of the operations?
In such cases, how to secure data
on the extent and transmissivity of the connected aquifer and
the presence of any natural gas
(even, if we have data on porosity, permeability contrast, aquifer topology, overall
permeability, injection rate, the length of well over which injection occurs, well orientation
and fluid salinity)?
4. How exactly to address the CO2 leakages
that might start to occur over geological times
(say, after 100 years)?
Or
What happens, when a CO2 plume
reaches an area
in which there is a connected pathway with high permeability,
through the entire thickness of the cap-rock
so that the CO2 leakage occurs on human time-scales?
5. Do we really have a control over the CO2 leakages
caused by increased fluid pressure on critically stressed fractures?
Electrochemistry is a pathway to convert CO2 into valuable products such as CO. However, a potential side product in the cathode is H2. I wonder if it is possible to tune the composition of the catalyst in the cathode to produce syngas with a ratio H2/CO=2. Some research has been devoted to this topic using either gaseous CO2 or bicarbonate as CO2 source. However, can this technology be developed to be used at industrial scale?
In our cell culture lab, the incubator has a problem with making CO2, and all our cells are in there. Do you have any idea to make CO2 in the incubator or any idea about protecting our cells while we fix our incubator.
Dear all,
today I started my Velp Respirosoft system for the first time and everything is new for me. I want to analyze pig manure for BMP. I am wondering is everything well set because I am a bit worried of high pressure in bottles, especially to leave the system without the control during the night. How the system works? I know that KOH (or NaOH) neutralizes CO2, but what happens with methane? This is a closed system (anaerobic) and there is no way for methane to go out (leave) of the system and it accumulates in the bottle...
Please, if anyone works with this system, help :)
I have noticed massive media evaporation (>50% volume) from culture dishes after 72-96hr inside a Memmert ICO50 hypoxic incubator (Temp: 37C, humidity: 86%, CO2: 5%, O2: 1%). I've confirmed the temperature and humidity indicators are accurate. Evaporation is only a problem with culture dishes and not capped filter flasks. I think the issue stems from the wall-mounted fan (rather than ceiling-mounted) causing increased air flow through the dishes. The speed of the fan cannot be controlled. I've tried placing the dishes on aluminum foil to avoid up-draft coming through perforations in the shelf, which seemed to improve but not solve the problem. The dishes cannot be parafilmed as they need to equilibrate with the hypoxic air. Any suggestions?
Dear ResearchGate Community,
My research focuses on photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to valuable liquid products like methanol, ethanol, formic acid. I need guidance and expertise in analysing these liquid products using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). Specifically, I am seeking assistance in optimizing the GC-FID method for accurate quantification and identification of various compounds produced through CO2 photocatalysis. Any insights, protocols, or recommendations regarding sample preparation, column selection, detection parameters, and data interpretation would be greatly appreciated. Thank you in advance for your support.
Rahul Sinha
