Carbon Capture - Science topic

CO2 emissions are rising globally in a nearly monotonic way. The only significant changes in emission rates have been associated with global economic downturns, with no evidence that they will peak any time soon. While everyone should support the development of rational renewables, they have not and probably cannot substantially replace fossil fuels in many industries. Carbon capture is essential to the success of any realistic climate mitigation technology. Also, the term carbon capture is nearly universal, but what it really means is carbon dioxide capture (separation of CO2 from other gases, most commonly in fossil energy exhaust streams). Storage is isolating this carbon in some location where it does not reenter the atmosphere either by converting it to useful, non-volatile products or by sequestering it in geologic storage locations such as sealed, underground aquifers. The current emission rates of CO2 exceed the sum of non-fuel use of carbon by very large margins, so while CO2 conversion to products in rational ways has many advantages, it is hard to see how such activities could contribute at the same level as sequestration.

Full disclosure here that we have developed a much cheaper and energy efficient process (Cryogenic Carbon Capture(TM)), though this response is not specific to that or any other technology.

@Rudiger The key difference between carbon capture and storage and carbon sequestration is that carbon capture and storage involve capturing, transporting, and storing carbon dioxide, while carbon sequestration only involves storing carbon dioxide for a longer period of time.

Shahin Kharaji Thanks. I will look in to that and post my results shortly.

it is depend on the flow rate of flue gases and CO2 concentration,

Can you try this link

I don't know.

This group (ttps://rccs.hw.ac.uk/) is working in Heriot-Watt University related CCUS.

Technically yes but economically no

Dear Guilherme, Yes it is! But you need intelligent engineering and detailed productivity evaluations. Under certain constellations, it is the most productive technology. See https://chromatographyshop.com/instruments-tools/pic-solution-sfc-sfe-systems/

Mr. Saripalli,

CO2 has a critical temperature of ~304K and a critical pressure of 73.8 bar. Henry components are those which are supercritical. Your absorber conditions seem a little concerning to me.

Please look at the slides I've attached for a presentation I gave at AIChE. These might help you to understand the Murphree efficiency problem. many process simulators allow you to do what you're doing. The results are demonstrably wrong.

Why not make it easier by fixing the CO2 capture rate as design specification (for example 90%- for most of the industrial cases). Then fix the solvent (MEA) flowrate which is the lean amine. Stripper pressure might play a role in the reboiler size along with the heat exchange between lean/rich amine. We cannot determine the height of the column using aspen plus or aspen hysys unless we have HETP. Usually, the most important parameter to be optimized would be the reboiler heat duty/unit CO2 absorbed.

I agree with Junior Lorenzo Llanes

Question intéressante

Prendre des échantillons de tous types d'arbres

@Dariusz Prokopowicz can you explain what you mean by specific products made of energy fossil fuels and the processes of energy production from fossil fuels.

I think you should try to highlight the main drivers for CCS. On the cost side, you should evaluate the cost of the facility, plus the operating costs (mainly energy consumption, but also maintenance, etc.). On the revenue side, if you are focusing on CCS and non CCU, I think the only revenue you can consider is the potential revenue from carbon pricing schemes. You may find several review papers on those topics, but I think you need to consider sensitivity analyses giving the strong uncertainties that still exist for the future deployment of CCS in different markets worldwide.

Dear Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi thank you for your reply. May I ask how did you deal with the equilibrium equations since Aspen Dynamics do not support them.

Rakesh Subramanian Srirangarayan DGGE is a fingerprint technique to evaluate microbial structure, which can result in measures of diversity. In order to have a indirect idea of genes related to carbon stocks you could search for primers related to carbon cycling and then quantify the number of copies from those genes (via qPCR, for example). Another way to indirect evaluate that, is to excise the bands, perform cloning and sequence to see the relationship between then and C cycling. You can also perform NGS sequencing (e.g meta genomics) with further search for genes related to carbon cycling. A third approach could be the GeoChip technology (developed by Professor Zhou, University of Oklahoma, which will give you an idea about carbon and other cycles, through hybridisation.

Hai,

Carbon dioxide capture allows separation of CO2 from gas streams, allowing it to for post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) as it has lower regeneration energy and include post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture, and oxygen fuel or .Several methods, if not all, have been of interest to process intensification .. This is the thinking behind the oxygen approach, where instead of air, the power plant is fed approaches in use today requireclean-up of the NOx and SO2 prior to CO2

Best Wishes..

of course they can capture CO2 as they do photosynthesis. However I assume that their impact is rather small, even if we consider it on a global basis. I never saw any attempts to calculate or at least estimate this.....

The solution is simply to use the battery in the front of the car, where the air inlets are directly in front of him, when driving the car will ensure that these air openings cooling your battery 100 per cent, and if this is difficult, you can put a tube from the front of the car to the location of the battery :).

In all cases the use of heat radiators can reduce the temperature of the battery

I think you will need to undertake market research in two phases - exploratory phase to determine the variables that drive the selection, purchase and application for fertilizers (elements that define the value of a product) and the conclusive phase to identify the relationships between these variables and their relative importance for your fertilizer distributor and consumer. You will need to select respondents of two profiles - the retailers or business you intend to sell to (the push agents) and the consumers (the pull agents) whose demand you need to satisfy.

The results of this market research will help you validate your assumptions (whatever your hypothesis) and even help you to evolve your marketing strategy for the new improvised fertilizer product.

If you ask me about my opinion I’ll say all of them right

Thank you for your contributions.

Of course, scientists are capable of making materials that can get rid of global warming like Ionic liquids in carbon capture

Ionic liquid have been proposed as a absorbent in carbon capture. They have different advantages compared to traditional sorbents, such as existing amines. 1-Butyl-3-Methydazolase Hexafluorphosphate is an example of a sorbent of carbon dioxide.

Nima Hajinajaf thank you so much for the answer. It s a clear explanation

Dear All,

Thank you so much for your helps. Your suggestions made a good case for my researches, but still there is no definite reason for this behavior of KOH and NaOH on activated carbons.

There is a wide range of possibilities. To find the final answer further researches and studies are required.

I believe it can be an interesting research subject, for pore size distribution is an important factor to produce effective adsorbent materials.

Wish you best of luck in your researches,

Sahand

Dear sir,

find herewith the link for your need.

Dear, have a look at these pdf attachment of manual for non destructive method.

Good luck

Thank you so much Dr. Ahmad!

Carbon 'capture' is related to specific leaf area, light capture, nitrogen partitioning, stomatal conductance (which affects diffusion of CO2 from the atmosphere to the leaf interior), etc. Carbon 'content' is determined, as Alastair mentioned, by burning the leaf and weighing the ash

Please have a look at enclosed PDFs...

So how much of the energy produced by combustion process which yields the CO2 will have to be committed to sequestering it? And are you sure the process is sustainable in that it isn't producing anything except sequestered CO2 and isn't consuming anything that the process itself can't generate? I can't think of anything available on the scale required that could be used to sequester any significant amount of CO2 from the air.

The only process I can think of relies on cracking solar nitrogen fixation - you use that to generate ammonia and then form ammonium carbonate. But that's hard. Incidentally it might also help to increase the pH of the oceans.

Carbon capture has made no significant commercial market entry in either the developed or the developing countries to date. However, if we are to mitigate climate change, it will need to do so in both. The most promising technology of which I am aware is at www.sesinnovation.com. 

Dr Binoy, Internationally INBAR should have information as this only main agency for specific purpose. For Indian scenario you can see Forest statistics of ICFRE , Dehradun publication, FSI for area and MoEF. But to predict for future economics the demand and supply data will be required from industries or Forest corporations. 

Dear Ahmed

Can you pls be more specific? What do you mean by demanded algae?  

Dear Reza,

GI project should be older than 1952, as you can see in the attached papers.

Dear Vincent,

You may go through the following document/weblink for easy understanding of the method of carbon sequestration measurement. 

Measuring Carbon Sequestration in Schoolyard Trees and Global Sustainability of Carbon Stores. Weblink: wupcenter.mtu.edu/education/energy_education/2009/C-Sequestration... · PDF file

Two best opportunities for carbon sequestration are afforestation with tree  plants on wastelands or degraded lands and  establishing permanent grasses(grass lands) on waste or degraded lands .Possibly in these two cases one can compute and claim carbon credits.Small farmers can form groups or consortium to establish trees or grasses and claim carbon credits.Though conservation agriculture can also help to sequester some  amount of carbon depending on crop- soil-climate situations but accounting  for and claiming carbon credits may be difficult on smallholdings.

In the recent past, erosion control was the only issue that drove the planting of perennial herbaceous plants and bunch grasses in California, to produce a permanent ground cover that does not need summer irrigation to survive.  

Whereas the old method of managing the rows between the vines was to plant an exotic annual ground cover to stop winter rain erosion, then till it in summer. However, that summer tilling in steep hilly areas could cause erosion problems in early winter, before the exotic annual seedlings had a chance to get established. 

It has only been in the last ten years, that California has been looking at agricultural processes to sequester carbon, in our vineyards and other farm lands, and you can read many articles if you Google, "California vineyard ground cover carbon sequestration"

I apologize for getting off the topic of your question in my original answers, and hope that all of our future answers will be able to help you with your question about vineyards in France.

Divide the weight of carbon dioxide sequestered in the tree by the age of the tree.

Another way to estimate the amount of CO2 sequestered by a tree in a year is to estimate the amount sequestered in a hectare per year, and divide that amount by the number of trees per hectare. Scanning around on the Internet, it seems that the number of trees per hectare (in agroforestry and/or industrial plantations)

ranges from under 500 to over 2,000

Hi.

You can use the following formula to perform a quick estimation of the CO2 balance.

Carbon balance = Carbon sequestered - Carbon emitted.

You can quickly estimate the amount of carbon sequestered by multiplying the amount of biomass produced by the carbon contained in the biomass and by 44/12. Use the following formula:

Carbon sequestered = Biomass produced * Carbon content * 44/12

The value of 44/12 is taken from stoichiometry (C + O2 --> CO2, 12 grams of C requires 44 grams of CO2). I understand that the average carbon content of the biomass is about 50% w/w on a dry basis.

The amount of carbon emitted is harder to estimate. You must specify wether or not you want to include the land use change emissions. You can estimate those emissions with the model developed in the attached excel file. Also, you must include the emissions derived from the use of the fossil fuels in the farm, and finally the emissions derived from the  crop residues. Check the information by the IPCC.

Notice that you must have information regarding the biomass yield, the carbon content of the biomass, and the inputs required for the biomass production.

I would recomend a lot of papers that can be found in International journal of greenhouse gas control. There are many studies for different types of amines. Most data u will found for monoethanolamine (MEA), while other are less investigated. Two things u must keep in mind. First, primary amines react fast but can have only 0.5 loading capacity (mol of CO2 per mol of amine). They require high energy for regeneration. On the other hand, ternery amines react much slower but have loading capacity of 1. They require less energy for regeneration but reaction is much slower. New research are showing that if u combine primary and ternery amines, u can have both positive effects of all amine groups. Other important thing is that that if u want to completly regenerate sorbent u need a lot of energy to return pure sorbent. On the other hand if u regenerate only small amount of sorbent for instance around 0,3. with increase of mass percent of amine amount of water is increased, thus more energy is used instead of sorbent regeneration, for evaporation of water. So optimum values for MEA are around 20 to 25 mas.%.

see this papers...

Dear Antonio Salituro,

Find the links below for your purpose.

Regards.

this paper might be of interest

other species but it gives you a good idea how it works

Hi Subrata, Please also see the publications emerging from the SWAMP program: http://www1.cifor.org/swamp/publications.html

Lots of work on blue carbon around the world, including trainings, protocol developments, publications, etc. 

Working with gasses can be quite complex and usually requires special equipment. The easiest way would be to use something that competes with methane binding. For example, in heme proteins you might measure the competition between O2 and CO, which can be measured spectroscopically and using solutions that are saturated with O2 and CO. None of the methods I can think of off the top of my head are high-throughput as such though when dealing with gasses - mostly because of outgassing from the solvent.

Maybe something using NMR? Deuterated methane would probably overlap with protein peaks so you could perhaps use protein peaks to measure the ratio of bound and unbound enzyme when mixing two buffers, one of which is saturated with methane, and then sealing the NMR tube.

It seems to me that the generation of the intercalation compound include the modication of the graphite structure. If it is so, how the intercalation compounds are created should also be considered.

Porteresia sp is called a pioneer species because it often acts as the first species to establish on a deltaic plain. As a consequence, it stabilizes and further enhances the process of sedimentation, thereby raising the deltaic plains.

You can find the full description of non-combined carbon contents analysis especially for TiCx in the book: Samsonov GV (1962) Analiz tugoplavkikh soedinenii (The analysis of refractory compounds). Metallurgizdat, Moscow (in Russian), pp. 146-147. If you need it I can e-mail it to you in the form of .djvu-file.

Methanotrophic bacteria would be the best to do that

Do you use HPTGA or not?

An excellent comparison of methods on "correlation/inferring from measured radial stem growth between/on height growth" is given in: Kariuki, m. (2002): Height estimation in complete stem analysis using annual radial growth measurements. Forestry (UK) 75: 63-74. It includes references to Carmeans, Lenharts, Newberry and Fabbio et al. methods. Have fun reading!

Many thanks for your prompt response. Excuse a Physical Oceanographers ignorance - but how well is the ratio preserved on glacial-interglacial timescales?

I'd guess a good test of the idea put forward in our GRL paper would be to look at ratios in cores at the shelf break and see if they change as the shelves flood, and so test the idea that carbon export to the ocean increases as region subject to seasonal stratification grows.

Reza, its not clear all the objectives and parameters around your activity, you may need compression, refrigeration, and pumps to accomplish the task. Compression to get a significant portion of the increase in gas density, then refrigeration to complete the job of liquification, and pumping to make the final transition from above-ground to below-ground storage... Operating a compressor with the potential to get in to the liquid phase may be very problematic so depending on what density (phase) is required for storage, refrigeration could be a possible option.

Generally, MOF materials are not suitable for CO2 capturing from flue gas by using TSA. As others mentioned above, MOF science is still infant and is limited to laboratory-scale not industrial scale. there is no supplier (except sigma-Aldrich) that can provide MOF in large scale. most of the MOF's are not stable in water, therefore they are not suitable for CO2 capturing from flue gas which contains between 5-15% H2O. Heat of adsorption of CO2 is also another critical parameter for industrial usage of the adsorbent. Usually, MOFs show their extraordinary capacity of adsorption at higher pressures which is not suitable for low pressure flue gas feed. The cost of the linkers are extremely expensive. however, I hope in near future, we can find a solution how to scale upping the MOFs production in water media instead of expensive and toxic solvents like DMF.

Thanks Everyone for very useful input

Here I would to bring your intention toward very high resolution WorldView-2 (8 spectral bands and 0.5m spatial resolution) data for biomass and ultimately carbon stock using selected field data collection, linking with satellite data.

The only way to measure what is sequestered by plants is measure the biomass of the plants. This can be done through estimating allometric relationships between something that is easily measured non-destructively (basal diameter of stem, etc.) and the biomass of the plant. You will need to destructively sample a few plants along a range of masses to do this. You can measure photosynthesis with and IRGA but this not sequestration, only net photosynthesis. Likewise, measuring net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE, aka net carbon balance of the ecosystem) is possible using eddy co-variance techniques BUT this includes soil decomposition, not just plant sequestration. I hope this helps, feel free to ask more if needed.

The entropy problem is solved by capturing the CO2 directly at the outlet of centralized CO2 emitters (e.g. power plants). Apparently, this would take 14-40% more energy per kWh produced. (see paper)

Especially for atmospheric carbon capture, you would need an energy source that does not itself cause CO2 emissions, such as solar. Instead of storing the carbon, it seems smarter to me to use it as a feedstock for synthesis / fuel production, using renewable energy. This would also increase the economic value of the CO2, because I think economic cost of carbon capture may be even more critical than energetic cost ...