Cancer Treatment - Science topic

Dear Kaushik Shandilya , I appreciate your advice. They are literate and detailed, but I would like to make an important note about your phrase "Smaller nanoparticles may have more surface area available for interactions". It was necessary to write "Small nanoparticles with a larger specific area (m2/g) have a larger surface for interaction." After all, small nanoparticles have a small surface.

Best regards,

Yuri

Cerium dioxide (CeO2), also known as ceria, is a nanomaterial that has shown potential for use in cancer treatment due to its unique properties. Here are some of the reasons why CeO2 is being investigated for use in cancer treatment:

Overall, CeO2 nanoparticles show promise for use in cancer treatment due to their unique properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, biocompatibility, drug delivery, and imaging capabilities. However, more research is needed to fully understand their potential and to develop safe and effective treatments.

Hi,

Here are a few references:

Albogami S, Alnefaie A. Role of Amygdalin in Blocking DNA Replication in Breast Cancer In Vitro. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2021;22(12):1612-1627. doi: 10.2174/1389201022666210203123803

Cecarini V, Selmi S, Cuccioloni M, Gong C, Bonfili L, Zheng Y, Cortese M, Angeletti M, Kilani S, Eleuteri AM. Targeting Proteolysis with Cyanogenic Glycoside Amygdalin Induces Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules. 2022 Nov 5;27(21):7591. doi: 10.3390/molecules27217591

Lee HM, Moon A. Amygdalin Regulates Apoptosis and Adhesion in Hs578T Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2016 Jan;24(1):62-6. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.172

Christodoulou P, Boutsikos P, Neophytou CM, Kyriakou TC, Christodoulou MI, Papageorgis P, Stephanou A, Patrikios I. Amygdalin as a chemoprotective agent in co-treatment with cisplatin. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Sep 20;13:1013692. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1013692

Dear Maria!

I have an optimistic approach to the issues you raised. Today, more effective (up to 97%) and less expensive technologies (10 times) than CAR T-cells have appeared on the market. The human body itself suggests in which direction to go - not to destroy atypical cells and the whole body with chemotherapy, but to help it by eliminating the immune deficiency - the cause of cancer. We are on the verge of a new alternative concept - controlled correction of immunity in vivo. Strong immunity is able to eliminate cancer - this is axiom that does not need to be proven.

Best regards,

professor Andrei Ostanin

ECG: inverted T waves, poor R wave progression, wide QRS complex, any degree of heart block, LVH by voltage criteria, deep Q waves or QS waves.

I am not particularly well versed on this specific topic but since your question has not been answered over the past few days, let me try add my considerations:

I know the term 'non-inferiority' as describing a type of trial and don't recall seeing it in the context of indirect comparison. (There is some literature on indirect comparison in a setting of non-inferiority trials but that is something else.)

Therefore I wonder: Would it be possible for you to address your research question working with the established methods and terminology of indirect comparison?

If not, would you please explain why not, and what your research question is and how that question relates to possibly influencing clinical practice and the health of cancer patients?

Do you want to refer to procedure B on the basis of success or failure or whatever outcome?

If you administrated your nanoparticles locally (intrtumor injection) , I think you needn't design the specificities or targeted strategies of your drug delivery. Because from tumor biology perspectives, the aggressive cancer cells are always infiltrating into surrounding microenvironment with some physical or immune barriers. Therefore, even if you treated the cancer cells by monoantibodies, you can't kill the tumor totally.

However, if your delivery strategies are intravenous injection, tageted therapy is the most important principle that you must take into considerations. So, in this context, my suggestions are that what kind of tumor you are goning to treat decides what antibodies you are attaching. As is known to all, breast cancer has less than three kinds: ER+, HER2+, and trible negative (luminal). I suggest you could widen your antibody choices for HER2+ breast cancers. Do the nanoparticles have a good ability to load Antibodies? What's the relationship between your breast cancer cells with your mesoporous NPs, drugs, and Antibodies? ...

It is possible to treat metastatic cancer depending upon right molecular mechanism and right selection of small molecular drugs that target NF-kB that promote inflammation with proinflammatory cytokines.

My reference

Case Report A Case Report of Chemotherapy with Thalidomide, Celecoxib and Gemcitabine in the Treatment of Patients with Brain Metastases from Lung Cancer

Please check this useful link.

Hi Elham,

You should definitely change the medium before starting your MTT assay. The majority of comercial culture media uses fenol red as pH indicator, so when your medium turns yellow ot means that you have a low pH or that your medium is acidic and is probably due to the metabolites that are released by the cells while growing, this low pH can affect your cells and the results of your assay. Usually the optimum pH for your cell culture is around 7.4 and you'll see it when your medium is bright red, to know more about how to regulate pH to have optimum culture conditions you could check this Cell Culture Media: Review (//dx.doi.org/10.13070/mm.en.3.175)

To avoid this in the future I will recommend changing the media every 2 or 3 days.

That being said, since the same has happened to me i would like to know if you find a way to determine the impacts that the low pH could have on your cells?

Thank you all for your great answers.

Thanks !

The answers provided by Dr. Engelmann and Dr. Karel are correct and essentially summarizes the situation.

I would like to add the following points.

1) Oscillating magnetic field (at RF) will generate eddy current heating in tissue materials. The amount of heating and the related temperature elevation depends on several factors. But the major external factors are field amplitude, frequency and tissue size (over which integration is performed to calculate volumetric heating). There is a physiological limit on the product of field amplitude and frequency, which is known as Brezovich's limit (see the details provided by Dr. Engelmann). Depending on actual condition, like tissue size, exposure time, the product of field amplitude and frequency can be optimized to reduce undesired tissue heating.

2) However, this heating is common to healthy and cancer tissue (without considering depth variation) and administration of magnetic nanoparticles in tumor location will cause additional heating due to relaxation and/ or hysteresis losses, which is called magnetic fluid hyperthermia. Details of this process is a separate research topic and there are large no. of literature available.

3) In general, a heating in the range of 42 deg. C is considered to be adequate for causing metabolic damage in cancerous cells. However, the actual temperature and the duration over which temperature needs to be maintained over 42 deg. C varies with size, shape, location and type of tumor (and also on chemical aspects, ph range, leaky vasculature around tumor and oxygen availability, etc.).

4) The damage to healthy cells will definitely occur, if they are exposed to higher temperature for a considerable duration and designing target specific magnetic nanoparticles capable of delivering high localized heating is an open research problem.

5) However, it must be noted that cancerous cells are reported to be more susceptible to temperature increase. In this aspect necrosis and apoptosis needs to be understood.

Also the treatment efficiency of chemo or radio-therapy has been reported to enhance, when the cancerous cells are exposed to higher temperature (42 deg. C).

In summary: Yes RF magnetic field heats up healthy tissues. But the temperature rise can be controlled by varying field amplitude and frequency. Use of magnetic nano particle in cancer locations is for generating heat at a much higher rate than the eddy current heating of the tissues. Minimizing thermal dose to healthy tissues is a question of research.

And hyperthermia does not avoid chemo or radio-therapy. There are several studies on multi-modal hyperthermia (hyperthermia + photo dynamic or hyperthermia + chemo therapy), hyperthermia + drug delivery and hyperthermia + brachytherapy or radiotherapy as concomitant treatment protocol.

Be sure to check out GDSC database. To my knowledge, it is one of the biggest (if not the biggest) database of cancer cell lines and anticancer drugs available.

There is a IC50 value reported for 5-F in HT-144. However you will have to dive into the references to have a good idea of how the value was estimated and if it fits your conditions. As a reference compared to other cell lines or treatments it is still quite useful.

This link should take you directly to where you could find the IC50 for 5-f in that cell line.

Chamani Shiranthika , have a look at these articles related to drug resistance during chemotherapy.

Please tell me what your algorithm would do with a patient 88 y.o. with an obstructive colon cancer? Would you say that surgery is the only option? Or your programme would exclude surgery because of age?

How will your program determine quality of life?

Can you make an algorithm for quality of life?

Good day,

Equipment of Histopathology and Cytology lab depends from volume of biopsies which is planning to be, the clinical departments etc. I can give you some advises about Histopathology equipment, in my country Histopathology and Cytology are different departments.

Best regards,

Dmitry

Gamal Abdul Hamid Luis Rodrigo Wolfgang Doerr , check this out:

Alessandro Magrì et al. High-dose vitamin C enhances cancer immunotherapy, Science Translational Medicine (2020)

Dear Andrew

you can use stomach feeding tube two times daily. The concentration of antibiotics may be 15-20 mg/kg body weight for at least 3 days

The commonest side effects are

Nausea, Vomiting: Steps: 1. Eat small frequent meals. 2. Strong fragrance cooking may be avoided. Ondensetron and Apripitane are very effective & useful drugs

Lower immunity/ Low WBC count: 1. Take adequate rest, dont exert! 2. GMCSF/ GCSF are useful to bring back wbc count in normal limits.

Constipation: 1. Drink adequate water. 2. Have good amount of fibres / add esabgul. 3. Cremafin syrup.

Diarrhoea: 1. Avoid uncooked food. Have fresh, home cooked food. 2. Hydration, slat replacement and occasional use of antibiotics may be required. 3. Severe case with septicaemia; admission in hospital with IV fluid and salt replacement and IV antibiotics are often needed. Blood culture may help.

Hair Loss: Cooling of scalp may help. result are not predictable. Tolerance is also a big issue.

Repeated IV punctures/ Pain/ thrombosis of peripheral veins: Chemo Port insertion is great help!

Depression: Good counselling and prior information usually helps. Good friends and strong family support helps greatly. Meditation and light Yoga is also useful. Sometimes meeting cancer survivor helps to restore confidence.

Dr. Tarang Patel. Consultant Breast & Cancer Surgeon. CIMS Hospital, Ahmedabad, India

clinical trail for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer

Historically, the foundations of cancer treatment were surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. In the last decades targeted chemotherapy like imatinib and many others provided the opportunity to target cancer cells on specific molecular changes seen primarily in those cells. Over the past few years, the immunotherapy offers the possibility of taking advantage from patient's immune system. Basically in the CAR-T cell therapy, the T-cell of the patient are gentically engineered to produce new receptor allowing the T cells to recognize a specific protein, or antigen, on tumor cells. To date, CAR T-cell therapies were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for the treatment of cacute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and advanced lymphomas.

Dear Mary E. Money

Check this

It's possible. Depends on the type of cell. Usually, an increase in MHC II is related to activation status of that cell. MHC I, however, it really depends on what your baseline is.

Although remember that MHC expression is only the 1st signal... and if you want to prove increased potential for T cell activation, you need to show co-stimulatory molecule upregulation too and cytokine production.

However, MHC expression doesn't necessary mean that there is an increase in antigen presentation of the antigen of interest.

So... you have to define your hypothesis and test accordingly.

Please have a look at this useful RG link.

Please go through the following RG links.

A high survival rate cultivate hope among patients with specific disease like cancer. If you tell a person that the five year survival is 90%, his hope of being one of the 90 who survived will be high and justifiable. If someone knows that the survival of lung cancer is very low, in most instances they will surrender to their fate

@M.R.Mozafari Thank you for the answer sir.

Role of laetrile (also known as vitamin B17) in cancer treatment has not been yet scientifically proven. Please go through the following RG links.

Please take a look at this useful RG link.

I think the following link will be helpful

Best Regards Sikandar Khan

Yes, miRNAs could be most promising and ideal biomarker for a range of disease conditions and developmental processes.

Today, most of available biomarker specially being used in clinical practice are either enzyme or radio-immuno based techniques. Few major limitations of these biomarkers are Non-disease condition fluctuation in their level, sensitivity issue, genetic level variation among population, non-availability of enzyme isoforms etc.

In this scenario, there is need of biomarkers which highly specific, sensitive, accurate and advance in nature.

So, for sure, miRNAs will be promsing biomarkers in near future

Good

Hi Assem:

Three technique problems may bias your data:

1) dead cells will bias the frequency of cell cycle phase; it seems you included dead cells into pre-G1 phase;

2) Data analysis is problematic in PI staining for cell cycle phases, had to gating even there is some program.

3) Drug treatment may change the structure of chromosome, change the efficacy of PI staining.

DAPI+Hoechst staining can solve most uncertainty; look chromosome of your drug treated cells under microscope can give you some clue as well.

After these validation, your drug may arrest cells in G2 phase.

Regards

Shiqiu

Following.

Radiation therapy slows the progression of cancer by killing cancer cells. Please take a look at the following RG links and a PDF attachment for more details.

Yes

Please have a look at these useful links.

War against cancers will continue just as long as the war against human poverty will never end. I think war against cancers is part of nature motivation for humans to increase their knowledge about themselves as a vast collection of tiny biosystems.

Hello Sarah. I think writing is another instrument for use in clinical intervention. I use it sometimes when I thing it could be useful. First, is the best way to have the personal history, the writing obligates someone to make an historical line of his/her life, and elaborate this history for a differente person. Second, it could be a good way to express adversive episodes or unpleasant events, producing extinction over emotional responses related with those events. And third-place, it could be a self-recording method for daily life of social and private interactions that the clinician could't see other way.

You would need to know how the zombie gene works to inhibit/prevent cancer.

check this :

Dear Moritz, I am in New Zealand and working on the same issue. Maybe we can talk more for knowledge exchange. I will be happy to have discussion with you on this issue to solve the problem. hosseinetemadi39@yahoo.com

Best,

At present we need to learn how to identify them to know their genomic characteristics and to study their phenotypic evolution over time. To do this we must also make a concomitant leap in knowledge to answer the following question: what are the metabolic/functional bases that induce the numerous phenotypic changes they are facing? This is just to start with, but there is a serious limitation. To obtain this information multidisciplinary and well skilled groups in cellular and quantitative biology (systems biology, omics sciences, interactomics, and so on) are needed. Without this organization it is almost impossible to develop projects that give reliable and interesting results.

I am not a doctor, but I have spoken with countless individuals who have survived cancer through natural means (diet, colonics and supplements) to boost their immune systems and detoxify their bodies. I have had a natural health store for more than twenty-five years and have read many books and articles as well as heard testimonials on this process.

What is ironic is that now the "breakthrough" method of cancer treatment that is touted by the medical establishment is the use of the individual's own immune system. Of course they say that the immune system must be "enhanced" by their drugs in order to work. They call it CAR-T cell therapy and they will provide it for one-half million dollars with the disclaimer that the boosted immune system might attack other organs. (TIME Mag. 12/25/2017).

Here's an idea - let people keep their one-half million dollars and use a small portion of it to buy organic vegetables and supplements, and maybe pay a practitioner to monitor their progress. Their naturally tuned-up immune systems will love all of their organs rather than attack them.

How gullible do we have to be to believe that we should pay the medical community one-half million dollars to use our own system that is in place naturally?

Positivity (positive attitude) leads to the hope of improving the disease and in my opinion it really accelerate the speed of recovery from a disease.

For curing cancer pranayam (breathing practices) and meditation are really beneficial.

Cancer has been around since the dinosaurs and, being caused by haywire genes, the risk is hardwired into all of us. The longer we live, the more likely something might go wrong, in any number of ways. For cancer is a living thing – ever-evolving to survive.

Decision making regarding therpeutic strategies in cancer patients is complicated. How you can identify the mutations, how much you rely on the results, heterogeneity of tumoral cells, cost benefit of the treatment, insurance coverage, patient cooperation and many other factors.

Ultrasound can be used not only in the examination, but also in the therapy, especially in the therapy of cancer, which has got effect in the treatment. Sonodynamic therapy is an experimental cancer therapy which uses ultrasound to enhance the cytotoxic effects of drugs known as sonosensitizers.

Given the “autophagy-addiction” of tumor cells, the glutamine concentration in the tumor microenvironment greatly influences on the activity of autophagy-inducing signal pathways. It is notable to keep in mind the function of sestrin2 (leucine sensor molecule) for the regulation of mTOR signal pathway (Oncotarget. 2017 Oct 4;8(52):90132-90143, Cell Death Dis. 2017 Jun 1;8(6):e2842, Science. 2016 Jan 1;351(6268):43-8.)

Autophagic cell death with JNK signal activation is expected to exhibit the anti-tumor effect, which is explained in details in the review manuscript entitled“Therapeutic strategies of drug repositioning targeting autophagy to induce cancer cell death: from pathophysiology to treatment.”(Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 2017;10:67) For instance, a recent study described the chemical screening of 680 neurochemical compounds using patient-derived glioblastoma neural stem cells (GNS) and the subsequent identification of dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) antagonists as selective inhibitors of GNS growth and inducers of normal neural stem cell differentiation and LC-3 puncta formation.

It has been argued that Nanomedicine (regarding cancer immunotherapy) is the future of cancer therapy.

Please see "nanomedicine projects" on www.researchgate.net.

Dennis

Dennis Mazur

I agree with Dr Luis Rodrigo that early detection is the best approach however new drugs are entering the scene Lenvatinib has a better progress free survival and higher response rate than sorafenib and we are waiting the results of nivolumab versus sorafenib

The new trends include to achieve an early diagnosis, to find more molecular signs related in HCC and to improve their therapies

Interesting question and looking forward to read answers

A totally agree with Dr. Tomas Koltai. We also perform synergistic experiments of several different classes of compounds, such as Hsp90 inhibitors or pH modulators combined with well known anticancer drugs. If compound itself is not relatively very toxic and it could enhance the activity of anticancer drugs, it is generally considered as a rational way to improve the treatment, and sometimes it could help to prevent from resistance to chemotherapy.

We are not going to see the end of classical chemotherapy drugs any time soon.

Newer methods like direct targeting of proteins implicated in cancer, does not mean that usual chemotherapeutics are outdated.

Probably we shall see the old drugs used along with direct targeting and immunological targeting.

A deeper knowledge of chemoresistance may improve in the next future the outcome of classical treatments.

Better bioavailability will also be an important factor in order to deliver better results.

Dear Parnaz Merikhin!

A new problem has emerged with the ever-increasing number of breast cancer survivors. While early screening and advances in treatment have allowed these patients to overcome their cancer, these treatments often have adverse cardiovascular side effects that can produce abnormal cardiovascular function. Chemotherapeutic and radiation therapy have both been linked to cardiotoxicity; these therapeutics can cause a loss of cardiac muscle and deterioration of vascular structure that can eventually lead to heart failure (HF). This cardiomyocyte toxicity can leave the breast cancer survivor with a probable diagnosis of dilated or restrictive cardiomyopathy (DCM or RCM). While current HF standard of care can alleviate symptoms, other than heart transplantation, there is no therapy that replaces cardiac myocytes that are killed during cancer therapies. There is a need to develop novel therapeutics that can either prevent or reverse the cardiac injury caused by cancer therapeutics. These new therapeutics should promote the regeneration of lost or deteriorating myocardium. Over the last several decades, the therapeutic potential of cell-based therapy has been investigated for HF patients. In this review, we discuss the progress of pre-clinical and clinical stem cell research for the diseased heart and discuss the possibility of utilizing these novel therapies to combat cardiotoxicity observed in breast cancer survivors.

To make thinks more clear I added also an article.

Sincerely yours!

Dr. Bratko Filipič

Email: Bratko.Filipic@gmail.com

Dear Nandi,

Practically, to assay the superoxide radicals generated in cells is a difficult task because of its short half-life. H2O2 levels is a standard measurement of oxidative stress. Definitely you can go for CM-H2DCFDA as a broad range oxidative stress marker. Particularly for H2O2 measurement you can use Amplex® Red.

With best wishes,

Deb

Hello

The cancer cells, and how they grow, remain unpredictable and in some cases mysterious. Even after seemingly effective treatments, crafty cancer cells are able to hide out in some patients and resurface. Yes there are many successful treatments today that didn't exist just a couple decades ago, but "cure for cancer" remains elusive for many reasons such as type of cancer the patient has, the stage of the cancer, the extent to which it has metastasized, and the aggressiveness of the cancer. In addition, the patient's age, general health status, and the effectiveness of the treatment being pursued are also important factors . also , it is important to note there are no two patients or cancers are exactly alike

Dear Santosh,

If u would like to optimize ur formulation, the best method is mixture design n using mathematical models...

prevention: 1/ smoking cessation, 2/ treatment of  hepatitis due to C  virus  3/ avoid alcohol

Dear Radhika

Most Important genes in Miss Match Repair in normal cells is: MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and MSH3 for repair base changed in normal cells.

some time we can use from macro molecule that can cohesion to DNA in cancer cells, and inhibit amplifications, gene expression and DNA replication as cancer treatment. 

Good luck

Amin

All proteins available at the site may respond to photo-thermal reaction according to their lability to photo reactions based on the chemical group present. You need to model/simulate the experiment with selected protein. The chaperone worker proteins are also a potential participant.

Dear Rajput,

I would like to add from other cancer modality called photodynamic therapy or PDT which also support the mechanism of action as explained by Dr, Grandi. Briefly, in PDT the energy transfer  involves two pathways: Type I (radicals and reactive oxygen species) and Type II (singlet oxygen) these cascade eventually yield cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in a biological environment these toxic species can interact with cellular constituents causing biochemical disruption to the cell and trigger both apoptotic and necrotic for cancer cells. For more details here is useful source for you (Photodynamic therapy for cancer, Nature Reviews Cancer 3, 380-387 (May 2003)

Best,

Raheka

I think the article "A n Introduction to Reactive Oxygen Species" by Paul Held, Laboratory Manager, Applications Dept., BioTek Instruments, Inc., may help you to get the answer of your question.

The link of this article is as follows:

Fibrous adenomas are often described as "invasive" by the surgeon simply because they are difficult to remove from the cavernous sinus, carotid wall or optic nerve. As such many postoperative scans of fibrous adenomas show residual tumor in these areas, whereas most secretory adenomas are friable and allow complete resection.

Histopathology is a more objective measure of invasiveness. DA treatment does indeed predict some fibrosis.

Dear Héctor Osorio-Vega ,

In my opinion, chitosan tends to have lot of batch variations (species to species, same species caught at different locations and at different seasons, processing methods etc) which is one of the limiting factors to be used for precise applications such as cancer targeting.

Another issue is that, as far as I know, chitosan is not approved by FDA for internal applications (although its approved for use as bandages and hemostatic applications).

Furthermore, there are people who might develop allergic responses to chitin/chitosan based products, which further reduces the interest.

Although there are these many practical issues to overcome, I worked in lab, where they have developed lot of chitosan/chitosan nanoparticle (also chemically modified chitosans) based anti-cancer drug delivery systems (but mostly nanoparticles), which are effective atleast at the level of animal studies.

But I have seen few labs, using chitosan injectable hydrogels for anti-cancer treatments..  

Good luck.

With great pride and honor, we would like to invite you to participate in “14th World Cancer Convention” which is going to be held during November 21-23, 2016 at Dubai, UAE.

 For details please visit here:  http://cancer.global-summit.com/middleeast/

you can directly contact on: middleeastoncologists@insightconferences.com

Tamoxifen citrate show improved cancer cellular uptake with a reduced side effects when formulated in niosomes. This information is stated in the published article of me and colleges

Dear Kushal,

Lead time bias occurs when you evaluate the effect of a screening programme and the outcome measure is survival time. Consider two persons with same etiological disease and same progression with respect to time and same severity and same time of death, but one (A) is in the population with screening programme and the other (B) is in the population without screening programme. There is potential for A to be detected earlier (during DPCP - Detectable pre-clinical phase) than B (after clinical signs and symptoms). Thus you happen to overestimate the survival for A just because A happened to be in the population with screening and therefore detected early not because A survived longer than B.   

Immortal time bias occurs when there is gap between the two timings; one, time of start of follow-up, and two, time of  administration of drug distinguishing the two groups. 

The situation you have described has the potential for immortal time bias.

THUS, THERE IS CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY IN LEAD TIME BIAS AND IMMORTAL BIAS, HOWEVER, THE TWO HAVE DIFFERENCE IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH THEY OCCUR, ALSO IN THE WAY TWO ARE DEALT WITH.

From NIH

Your question is by far too broad.

In case of ... the attached articles could maybe of interest ...

Best regards

Robert