CPR - Science topic

Hi Wycliffe Tumwesigye here is a script to download data from CMIP6 or CMIP5 using Python that can be useful for you:

"""

! pip install esgf-pyclient==0.3.0

!pip install requests-cache==0.4.1

from pyesgf.search import SearchConnection

import os

import requests_cache

requests_cache.core.CachedSession

#from pyesgf.search import SearchConnection

#import os

#import pandas as pd

import requests

from tqdm import tqdm

import xarray as xr

#import requests_cache

requests_cache.core.CachedSession

lista_modelos= ['ACCESS-CM2','ACCESS-ESM1-5','AWI-CM-1-1-MR','BCC-CSM2-MR',

'CAMS-CSM1-0','CAS-ESM2-0','CMCC-CM2-SR5','CMCC-ESM2','CanESM5',

'EC-Earth3','EC-Earth3-Veg','EC-Earth3-Veg-LR','FGOALS-f3-L',

'GFDL-ESM4','IITM-ESM','INM-CM4-8','INM-CM5-0','IPSL-CM6A-LR',

'KACE-1-0-G','MIROC6','MPI-ESM1-2-HR','MPI-ESM1-2-LR','MRI-ESM2-0',

'NESM3']

conn = SearchConnection('https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/esg-search', distrib=True)

ctx = conn.new_context(project='CMIP6',

experiment_id=['historical'],

realm=['atmos'],

variable='uas',

frequency='mon',

source_type=['AOGCM'],

variant_label='r1i1p1f1',

source_id= lista_modelos

)

ctx.hit_count

ctx.facet_counts['source_id'].keys()

# Obtain urls lists

lista_urls=[]

for i in range(len(ctx.search())):

try:

result = ctx.search()[i]

print(result.dataset_id,'..............ok')

lista_urls.append(result)

except:

pass

print('-------------------------------')

print('Lista finales')

lista_urls

# Download the first model for example

tr=[x for x in lista_urls if lista_modelos[0] in x.dataset_id]

files = tr[0].file_context().search()

lista=[]

for i in range(len(files)):

lista.append(files[i].opendap_url)

print(lista)

ds = xr.open_mfdataset([x for x in lista], chunks={'time': 120}, combine='nested', concat_dim='time')

ds_mei=ds.where((ds.lon>=-90+360) & (ds.lon<=-60+360) &(ds.lat>=6) & (ds.lat<=25),drop=True)

ds_mei=ds_mei.sel(bnds=1)

# Plot example

data = ds_mei.uas[0,:,:]

print(type(data))

data.plot.contourf(levels=35,cmap='jet',add_colorbar=True, x='lon',y='lat');

# Write the netcdf to a route

ds_mei.to_netcdf('uas_'+lista_modelos[0]+'_Historical.nc',format='NETCDF3_64BIT', mode='w')

"""

I hope it helps

Best regards!

As far as granite-hosted final waste disposals are concerned, current requirements are a long-term safety of approx.. 1 million years which is reasoned by the half-life period of plutonium isotopes and the granite´s apical part being located at a depth a greater than 300 m under ground with a good sealing capacity of the non-granitic roof rocks above.

The granite is the natural source rock of uranium (background appr. 4 ppm U) with hot granites reaching a level of 20 ppm U. Moreover, a lot of U-vein-types and low-grade large tonnage deposits (e.g., Namibia) are hosted by magmatic rocks of the granite suite.

I studied for more than 6 years mainly the Variscan U deposits in Europe which formed around 300 Ma ago, and underwent supergene alteration during a period of time of less than 60 Ma. During that time strong fracturing on a regional scale was overprinting the country rock around, its wall rocks and the granite themselves which display a characteristic joint pattern. There were also mantle plumes sparking basic and alkaline volcanic rocks in the period of time younger than 60 Ma. Neither the structural, nor the temperature events have affected the U-bearing granites and their U deposits. This can be proved by a meticulous U/Pb age dating, paleogeographic and terrain analyses during the recent past including the study of the U/Pb equilibrium (< 0.8 Ma).

On the other hand, there are also self-sealing capacities to be observed in the granites caused by nontronite (smectite group clay mineral) and kaolinite-group phyllosilicates) which developed along with post-granitic hydrothermal processes and per descensum supergene alteration. The immigration of meteoric and hypogene fluids is hampered despite of the strong fracturing to be observed especially in shallow granites.

By and large, where mother nature has accumulated and preserved uranium for more than 300 Ma , human beings should not try and create by hair-splitting arguments a dangerous setting which does not exist. There is no doubt that radon and radiation is harmful to men but taking into account the three important issues: Time, distance and thickness may minimize the risk of causing radiation-induced diseases.

HGD

I suggest you plot the same things that they have plotted. For instance, plot your graphs against frequency in GHz rather than wavelength in nm.

Also plot the same thin on the vertical scale, such as reflection coefficient or absorption rather than the real part of Reflectance-Transmittance-Absorbance, which I don't understand.

Their plot is either the magnitude or magnitude squared (power) more likely, I think.

I think Dr Jasia Bashir may help you with this problem. You may contact her through the below-mentioned link.

Good Luck

In normal heartbeats, the stroke volume (the amount of volume that the heart pumps in each beat) can be calculated by echocardiography. If echocardiography can be performed during CPR, stroke volume can be calculated. However, since the compressions applied to the chest during CPR may not be equal, there may be errors in the calculation. Another challenge is the difficulty of performing echocardiography while performing CPR. If it is a very necessary situation, a few beats can be calculated and averaged. Kind regards...

Normal kalp atımlarında ekokardiyografi ile stroke volüm (kalbin her atımındaki pompaladığı volüm miktarı) hesaplanabilir. CPR esnasında ekokardiyolgrafi yapılabilirse stroke volüm hesaplabailir. Fakat kişilerin yaptığı CPR sırasında göğüse uygulanan kompresyonlar eşit olmayabileceği için hesaplanmasında yanlışlıklar olabilir. Diğer bir zorluk CPR yapılırken ekokardiyografi yapmanın zorluğudur. Çok gerekli bir durum ise bir kaç atım hesaplanıp ortalamaları alınabilir. Saygılarımla...

Current guidelines recommend giving the maximum feasible inspired oxygen during CPR based on the premise that restoring depleted oxygen levels and correcting tissue hypoxia improves survival.

Yet to be developed

Hello,

The software Meteonorm (https://meteonorm.com/en/) allows to obtain future weather data on the basis of the IPCC Scenarios.

The ERC and AHA guidelines recommend teaching CPR using CPR feedback devices. In my opinion, the simplest device is CPRMeter 2. Relatively cheap and at the same time very nice in terms of science and research.

Good Samaritan Laws affirm that: Anyone who renders aid or rescue services in good faith as the result of an emergency that was not caused by such person, in actions that are not willful or gross negligence, are granted immunity from legal action for any mistakes or actions that lead to further injury or death

The error occurs due to the difference in cell size. If your layers are in ASCI format, open it with notepad and check the followings -

ncols

nrows

xllcorner

yllcorner

cellsize

In all layers, all these parameters should be the same, if different you can clip again.

Sailesh

Hi Arjun,

There is no right or wrong GCM perditions as long as you are forecasting the future. Different GCMs will predict different results and this model uncertainty need to be addressed and/or reduced in future forecasting.

V. Daksiya

Poor ...

Dear Mario,

RCP-Rapid crack propagation (RCP) is a phenomenon in which a long fast-moving brittle crack can propagate in a material body. Cracking of glass plates and frozen lakes is an example of RCP. RCP can also occur in pipes. Cast iron pipes and plastic pipes under certain conditions may also experience this phenomenon. Cracks are thought to initiate at internal defects on an impact of impulse event and can travel long distances quickly. RCP occurs in pressurized systems with enough stored energy to drive cracks faster than energy is released. Cracks tend to have a smooth fracture surface. RCP is affected by temperature, energy driving force, material, pipe size and processing efforts.

Unstable crack occur at load control, when the maximum load is reached, i.e. as soon as the preceding stable growth tends to occur under constant load.

(a) RCP can occur at fatigue striation load and material can get failed. There are fluctuations of stress. Maximum load is not required. There is no constant load. it can be instant fail.

Unstable crack growth occurs when the maximum load is reached, i.e. as soon as the preceding stable growth tends to occur under constant load.

(b) RCP occurs in pressurized systems with enough stored energy to drive cracks faster than energy is released.

For unstable crack, the stress-strain energy released, together with the energy supplied from the outer load goes to kinetic energy and to what is required by the dissipative region at the crack edge to sustain crack growth.

(c) RCP is smooth surface while unstable depicts brittle surface.

(d) RCP or Stable- Onset of stable crack growth (RCP) occurs at point S and fracture occurs at point F.

Unstable- During unstable crack growth, the stiff machine cannot supply the energy needed for dissipation in the crack edge region, and therefore all this energy is supplied by energy release from the stress-strain field in the specimen.

(e) RCP- RCP can be characterized by high crack speed, smooth surface with large plastic deformation, wavy propagation of the crack along the extrusion direction. It can be described by LEFM parameters, dynamic fracture resistance and dynamic fracture toughness. RCP is most common in plastic pipe as the majority of field failures in piping are attributable to slow crack growth (SCG) fractures or rapid crack growth. Shape is almost uniform. The crack edge generally accelerates to a very high velocity, often several hundred meters per second, and sometimes to a few thousand meters per second. The energy required for conversion from a static to a dynamic state of the structure is provided by stress-

Unstable- Shape of a small crack is generally non‐uniform growth. In addition, the deceleration and subsequent acceleration of crack growth corresponds to the transition from unstable to stable crack growth. Strain energy release from the body, sometimes assisted by energy supply from the loading device.

Ashish

I agree with Nikola Bradic

Hello,

1)floquet port, fpr periodic structure

2)digital port excitation for single unit

links:

Thanks,

Frequent mock exercise improves familiarity with equipment, medicines, maneuvers, consequences; develop synchronicity and synergy.

For plankton biodiversity analysis, Shannon -Weaver index is the most popular index. You can measure it by using software like: R Srtatistix, Past etc.

Like you, I already identified plankton at genus level also find difficulties to do some statistical analysis. You can get technical help about using software from seniors or supervisor.

Thank you @Anne Marie ....I am going through the NASA NEX-GDDP... It looks promising

Sure? For lay-people...?

Are asking strictly on the Physio device or others (such as the Zoll model)?

GCMs don't provide an accurate description of the local climate. To overcome this discrepancy, downscaling is applied to produce local-scale climate predictions based on corresponding GCM scenarios.

Downscaling can be done either dynamically or statistically.

Dynamic downscaling is computationally intensive as it makes use of the lateral boundary conditions alongwith with regional-scale forcings to produce Regional Climate Models (RCMs) from a GCM.

Statistical Downscaling is a 2-step process consisting of: 1) the development of statistical relationships between the local climate variables and large-scale predictors, and 2) the application of such relationships to large-scale output.

For more info, you may refer to:

This is simply mechanics, without mystery. Where people record sense perception and experience after dying, before being brought back, it is probably just that period before neuron death rapidly floods the brain.

HI Tammy In attached file, you can find HOT algorithm. Hope that will help Nikola

According to research, it seems that mechanical compression device is the same as human... But we have to know that:

1° it compares mechanical with highly trained human team using at least 2 people. Do we always have high performing teams in reality?

2° manual compression are done in good conditions were there is for example enough space to move around the patient,...

3° the studies DO NOT compare rcp while moving fro example to the cath lab or to ecmo. And that makes a lot of a difference.

In our HEMS base rcp protocol, we use a mechanical device. First we start manually and we place the device as soon as possible (usually after 8-10 min). Good training in placing the device allow to reduce drastically the waste of time and is mandatory. Than we have 2 more free hands.In our experience the device is really helpful and much better then manual when we decide to MOVE while doing the rcp to avoid loosing time to reach the cath lab or the ecmo team. It is not possible to deliver good manual compression in a moving ambulance and even more in a helicopter. So, we believe, this is where it makes a difference.

allergic reaction occur, so check the antibodies

study the patient's history if any other injury have same problem

Epinephrine is less effective in the setting of metabolic acidosis.  The blood value may not reflect intracellular values due to poor perfusion, but it is the only guide available. pH less than 7.00 correlates with poor outcome and may be used to guide further efforts. Central venous blood may be easier to obtain during CPR but provides a less-accurate assessment. 

Sorry do you mean subcarinal? 

Could this patient have had embolism and the culprit being cerebral rather than cardiopulmonary? The fact of good blood gases and no tamponade suggests this.

it would be interesting what the autopsy would reveal.

Thank you very much Vedran Markotić

No, I´m not. sorry.

I would not do external massage, but open chest / clamp descending thoracic aorta/ open pericardium while ET intubation is being done. Others would argue REBOA is warranted because of dismal prognosis.

Thanks for Kevin and Jolanta. I will run a SDS-PAGE.

Exact Body Mechanics is necessary. My instructor told me that even some doctors don't know how to perform CPR correctly.

Please visit the link

Frank,

I hope this email finds you well.

As to your query, the use of ETCO2 level has been used to quantify the quality of resuscitation efforts in cardiac arrest patients in a couple of Emergency Medical Services that I consult for. It has been suggested in several studies that a decline in ETCO2 is an indicative of the need to swap the personnel providing compressions during CPR. Likewise, the Return of Spontaneous Circulation, or ROSC as it is known in the United States, results in a rapid rise in ETCO2, in the same patients. This is irrespective of the use of a Lucas. This characteristic rise has replaced pulse controls for identifying ROSC in resuscitation algorithms.

As to the specifics of your question, the medical history of your "some" cases would need to be known in order to provide a thorough answer to it. Some of the details should include the time between loss of spontaneous pulse to initiation of CPR, time to intubation, previous cardiac or pulmonary issues or any metabolic history that would influence a patients ability to exchange gases at the cellular level.

"Depth, Rate of Chest Compressions During CPR Impact Survival in Cardiac Arrest" -  Febbraio 6, 2015

DALLAS, Tex -- February 6, 2015 -- The depth of chest compressions and the rate at which they were applied make a significant impact on survival and recovery of patients, according to 2 studies published in Circulation and Critical Care Medicine.

Contrary to popular belief, the studies showed that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) compressions deeper than 5.5 cm resulted in decreased survival, possibly because of collateral damage to other internal organs.

Previously, investigations and guidelines indicated that deeper compressions were better. The American Heart Association's (AHA) 2010 CPR guidelines recommend compressing the chest at least 5 cm without providing any upper limit.

“Most people do not recognise that it takes quite a bit of thrust to compress the chest 2 inches,” said Ahamed Idris, MD, by UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. “About 60 pounds [27 kg] of pressure are required to reach this depth, but in some cases a burly fireman or well-intended volunteer can go way past that amount, which can harm the patient.”

The researchers also found that the rate at which chest compression was applied was most important. Compression rates of 100 to 120 per minute were optimal for survival when other factors were considered.

“Survival depends on the quality of the CPR,” said Dr. Idris. “Both the depth of chest compressions and the rate at which they are applied can have important results for patients in the first moments of cardiac arrest.”

About half of responders are giving chest compressions too fast, with about a third above 120 compressions per minute, and 20% above 140 per minute, said Dr. Idris.

The researchers will continue to oversee innovative clinical trials to test the early delivery of interventions for serious trauma and cardiac arrest as part of a federally funded consortium aimed at advancing prehospital emergency care.

The Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) has enrolled tens of thousands of patients to test prehospital interventions to improve outcomes in severely ill or injured patients before they are transported to a hospital.

Thank you. One last question: how many were there it total for adults? 

If they need analgesia, they don't need CPR; if they need CPR, they don't need analgesia.

Hi Roger, I very much agree with Alexander. Before I even got involved in CPR research, in my own CPR teaching I would actually train my students (back in the day of 9-hour courses) to really take the carotid pulse. I would do this by verifying their pulse count on another student against my own (simultaneously). This was very time consuming, and I was convinced of two things, it was very difficult, and despite the concerns about loss of peripheral pulse (e.g., radial) due to shock, the carotid was still a bad choice due to high rate of false negative, and I figured in case of pulselessness, most likely false positive due to feeling one's own pulse. As an EMT, I did find radial pulse much easier in conscious patients. So, I was not at all surprised as a researcher when studies by Dick and colleagues in Germany showed that carotid pulse was unreliable to point of uselessness. They never tested an alternative pulse, as far as I recall. So, at least in lay CPR, the pulse check is omitted once apnea has been confirmed. In traditional CPR, rescue breaths are attempted, which serves as another check, that you have a relatively lifeless victim. Of course, in continuous compression CPR, increasingly advocated for laypersons, sometimes for the wrong reasons, you do go right for compressions after determining apnea, which is a bit more extreme, but a largely useless check of the carotid pulse isn't going to help so much. I have watched videotaped performances of hundreds of laypersons doing skill tests immediately after CPR training, and the opening sequence, even if done well (as done relatively more often after our video) takes a lot of time from unresponsiveness check to first compression and really long when done badly. What I might do personally is probably a little different from AHA or ILCOR standards, but I would not take a carotid pulse on anyone including myself--it's stupid, but I did not say I wouldn't check a pulse. You can find a bunch of CPR papers and letters to the editor back a few pages on my profile. Also, if you look at the editorial "Pump and Blow Isn't Hit or Miss" on the first page of my profile, I reference an important editorial by Douglas Chamberlain and Mary Fran Hazinski about CPR training, not about the pulse check, but about CPR education, that you might find interesting. Bob

There was a recent NEJM article that found found more positive outcomes was associated with family members being present in the room......http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1203366

Sorry could you be more specific in your question? You mean as a predictor of neurological recovery or what factor is important in converting a FV?

Whilst I would agree with some of the above points I would caution the feeling that the probe can be stuck on the chest to answer some key questions. To answer those key questions, the sonographer must be skilled so that they are quick (images in less that 10secs, or during compresions, knwledgeable so that they do not misinterpet a dilated RV asa PE and miss the inferior akinesis, suggesting that the dilated RV with poor function is an RV infarct.