Science topic
Brain - Science topic
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Publications related to Brain (10,000)
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Emotion regulation flexibility (ERF) has the function of enabling individuals to adapt to social
environments, and a lack of ERF is an important risk for the onset and development of mood disorders such
as anxiety and depression. It has been suggested that low task-switching is a critical factor in the lack of
ERF, but task-switching cannot benefit...
Mouth and health go hand in hand. After all, the mouth is the entrance gate to our body. Food enters through there and our teeth are the instruments to chew this food so that the food components we need can also be effectively released. There is a need for a healthy mouth, to keep a healthy body!
After all, infections in the mouth have an enormous...
Artificial Intelligence services for medical applications in Neuroradiology - observation of current level of technology development and functionality description on several examples of specialised neuroradiology AI-services, focused on processing of CT and MRI scans of Human Brain.
Mouth and health go hand in hand. After all, the mouth is the entrance gate to our body. Food enters through there and our teeth are the instruments to chew this food so that the food components we need can also be effectively released. There is a need for a healthy mouth, to keep a healthy body!
After all, infections in the mouth have an enormous...
Background
The vast majority of genes in the genome are multi-exonic, and are alternatively spliced during transcription, resulting in multiple isoforms for each gene. For some genes, different mRNA isoforms may have differential expression levels or be involved in different pathways. Bulk tissue RNA-seq, as a widely used technology for transcripto...
Background
Neuroimaging studies have documented brain structural changes in schizophrenia at different stages of the illness, including clinical high-risk (cHR), genetic high-risk (gHR), first-episode schizophrenia (FES), and chronic schizophrenia (ChS). There is growing awareness that neuropathological processes associated with a disease fail to m...
When nodes in excitable system are stimulated, the system tends to form traveling waves or self-organized spiral waves, such as electrical signals in the heart and the spread of epidemics. Networks composed of these nodes can be influenced by higher-order interactions. We utilized the FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) model for nodes to construct a three-layer...
This work successfully elucidates the process of mass transport to brain tissues in a mathematical framework by considering two concepts of porosity and tortuosity in terms of both integer-order and fractional-order models. Henceforth, the analytical solutions to the mass transport model are also obtained to find the response functions by means of...
Scientific discovery in connectomics relies on network null models. The prominence of network features is conventionally evaluated against null distributions estimated using randomized networks. Modern imaging technologies provide an increasingly rich array of biologically meaningful edge weights. Despite the prevalence of weighted graph analysis i...
This paper sets forward a novel theory of temporal binding, a mechanism that integrates the temporal properties of sensory features into coherent perceptual experiences. Specifying a theory of temporal binding remains a widespread problem. The popular ‘brain time theory’ suggests that the temporal content of perceptual experiences is determined by...
Every industry in the modern era is struggling to gain competitiveness and the main mantra for that is to be efficient in as many areas as you can. Using technology to complement the brain power of human beings is a great combination to gain competitiveness. In other words, human intelligence along with artificial intelligence can enhance the effic...
Atherosclerosis can cause severe damage to the heart, brain, and other vital organs [...]
Aging in the elderly has an impact on reducing cognitive function, which has implications for dementia. Physical activity carried out by the elderly affects cognitive function, one of which is brain exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of brain exercises on dementia in the elderly. This research uses a literature s...
Stimularea magnetică transcraniană (TMS din englezescul "transcranial magnetic stimulation") este o metodă neinvazivă de stimulare și modulare a sistemului nervos central folosind o bobină generatoare de câmpuri magnetice oscilante administrate pulsat (care induc micro-curenți electrici cerebrali), bobină ce se poziționează în diverse zone ale scal...
I present a new argument that we are much more likely to be living in a computer simulation than in the ground-level of reality. (Similar arguments can be marshalled for the view that we are more likely to be Boltzmann brains than ordinary people, but I focus on the case of simulations.) I explain how this argument overcomes some objections to Bost...
The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the ophthalmological findings on brain scans. This paper will present uncommon findings that must be noticed during interpreting radiology scans. The eye balls or orbits generally, are in the blind spot during reading a brain scan. The prevalence of these findings is low among all patients, but still se...
The early childhood years are often referred to as the "critical years" due to the rapid brain development and profound learning that occurs during this period. During this stage, a child's brain forms connections at an extraordinary rate, influenced by their environment, relationships, and experiences. Understanding the science behind early childh...
After an introduction to the general topics of neurolaw, this chapter will focus in particular on the concept of criminal responsibility. We will see that not the concept of causation, but knowledge and conscious control are central to this. This corresponds to a notion of minimal rationality of people. These criteria are then applied to the free w...
Neural networks are a group of neurons stacked together in multiple layers to mimic the biological neurons in a human brain. Neural networks have been trained using the backpropagation algorithm based on gradient descent strategy for several decades. Several variants have been developed to improve the backpropagation algorithm. The loss function fo...
The pineal gland is like the sun in the brain. Consciousness, awareness, and self-awareness are not possible without the activity of the pineal gland. Also, self-awareness in sleep is dependent on the pineal gland and the water level of the brain and the cells of the body.
Age limits play an important role in various areas of law. In this chapter, we look at the psychological, biological and neuroscientific research on puberty, adolescence and adulthood. According to new proposals, adolescence extends from the age of ten to 24. While various studies suggest that cognitive development has reached adult level by the ag...
PET analysis is conventionally performed as a two-stage process of quantification followed by analysis. We recently introduced SiMBA (Simultaneous Multifactor Bayesian Analysis), a hierarchical model that performs quantification and analysis for all brain regions of all individuals at once, and in so doing improves both the accuracy of parameter es...
To infer intent, brain–computer interfaces must extract features that accurately estimate neural activity. However, the degradation of signal quality over time hinders the use of feature-engineering techniques to recover functional information. By using neural data recorded from electrode arrays implanted in the cortices of three human participants...
INTRODUCTION
We investigated the hypothesis that tau burden in the locus coeruleus (LC) correlates with tau accumulation in cortical regions according to the Braak stages and examined whether the relationships differed according to cortical amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition.
METHODS
One hundred and seventy well‐characterized participants from an ongoin...
The International Journal of Molecular Sciences retracts the article “Thymoquinone and Curcumin Defeat Aging-Associated Oxidative Alterations Induced by D-Galactose in Rats’ Brain and Heart” [...]
Humans can perform exquisite sensorimotor skills, both individually and in teams, from athletes performing rhythmic gymnastics to everyday tasks like carrying a cup of coffee. The "predictive brain" framework suggests that mastering these tasks relies on predictive mechanisms, raising the question of how we deploy such predictions for real-time con...
Streptococcus suis is the most frequent etiology of zoonotic bacterial meningitis, potentially initiating an outbreak. Acute bacterial meningitis caused by S. suis has various manifestations, often accompanied by sepsis with multiple organ involvement. This study aimed to evaluate the pattern of S. suis outgrowth in the brain, which is associated w...
In this study we investigated the neural processing of auditory stimuli of varying complexity: a non-linguistic (pure tone), a simple linguistic (phoneme) and a complex linguistic (word) stimulus. We recorded brain activity of 30 healthy, right-handed participants using magnetoencephalography (MEG), and compared the resulting evoked fields (ERFs) i...
This paper aims at the analysis of narrative pace of Elif Shafak's 10 Minutes and 38 Seconds in this Strange World through Genatte's narratological theory of time. In a narrative pace fundamental dichotomies by Genette are 'story time' and 'discourse time'. Moreover, this paper also provides insights into the process of time shifts in the novel. Th...
The brain integrates activity across networks of interconnected neurons to generate behavioral outputs. Several physiological and imaging-based approaches have been previously used to monitor responses of individual neurons. While these techniques can identify cellular responses greater than the neuron’s action potential threshold, less is known ab...
Undergraduate Sensation and Perception courses vary widely in how they are taught, and typical laboratory assignments may be inaccessible for many instructors due to constraints in budgets, time, and space. This study addresses the potential absence of laboratory resources by integrating novel vision and art assignments into an intermediate-level S...
While cognitive flexibility challenges are frequently reported in autistic individuals, inconsistencies in the findings prompt further investigation into the factors influencing this flexibility. We suggest that unique aspects of the predictive brain in autistic individuals might contribute to these challenges, potentially varying by sex. Our study...
Generative Pre-Trained Transformers (GPTs) are hyped to revolutionize robotics. Here we question their utility. GPTs for autonomous robotics demand enormous and costly compute, excessive training times and (often) offboard wireless control. We contrast GPT state of the art with how tiny insect brains have achieved robust autonomy with none of these...
Neuromorphic computing, drawing inspiration from the brain, stands out for its high energy efficiency in executing complex tasks. Memristive device-based neuromorphic computing has demonstrated ultrahigh efficiency. While there are numerous review papers in this field, the majority concentrate on the device level, bypassing the connections among th...
The complexity of the brain organization and the unique architecture of neurons have motivated neuroscientists to stay at the forefront of cellular microscopy and rapidly take advantage of technical developments in this field. Among these developments, super-resolution microscopy has transformed our understanding of neurobiology by allowing us to i...
Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) allow for investigating the functional involvement of specific brain areas in mental arithmetic. In this study, we employed for the first time high-definition (HD)-tDCS, which offers enhanced spatial precision, to explore the functional roles of...
Purpose
Effects of clinical radiotherapy are often studied between or after irradiations. The current study’s aim was to monitor an immediate irradiation response in cerebral water and hemodynamics in patients treated with whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) and to assess the response’s individuality.
Methods
We used functional near-infrared spectrosc...
As our understanding of the brain continues to advance, so too does the demand for sophisticated tools that can model, simulate, and interpret the intricate data generated by contemporary neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques [...]
Deep brain stimulation [DBS] is an effective treatment for many brain disorders, has a favourable adverse effect profile, and can be particularly effective for individuals with treatment resistant symptoms. DBS is, however, inaccessible for most individuals, is extremely expensive, and is not considered suitable for children and adolescents. For th...
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 5 (NBIA5) is a distinctive type of NBIA phenotype that is caused by mutations in the WDR45 gene. This disorder is inherited in an X-linked manner. Here, we report three Iranian cases affected with this condition. Whole-exome sequencing revealed the following pathogenic variants within WDR45 gene in the...
Bilateral medial medullary infarct with Heart like appearance in MRI brain
The endorsement of conspiracy theories may be increased by subjectively perceived stress. Yet, it is not known whether this correlation is caused by the effects of the acute stress reaction on the brain or other psychological, social, or methodological factors. The effect of an experimentally induced acute stress reaction on conspiracy thinking was...
Gliomas are tumors that grow in the brain and or spinal cord, with different growth speed, and there is no age limit to these tumors. The are prevalent in both children and adults’ populations. Neurosurgery especially advanced techniques in modern medicine is the key for better outcomes. This paper examines the use and efficacy of 5-Aminolevulinic...
Not all aspects of the disease can be reduced to facts verifiable by the most exact scientific methods. If we exclude the contribution of human experience and understanding of the context from the acceptable knowledge we have about diseases, we limit ourselves to a very narrow framework. Today, a new discipline of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is bei...
Synaptic plasticity dynamically shapes the connectivity of neural systems and is key to learning processes in the brain. To what extent the mechanisms of plasticity can be exploited to drive a neural network and make it perform some kind of computational task remains unclear. This question, relevant in a bioengineering context, can be formulated as...
Task knowledge is encoded hierarchically such that complex tasks are composed of simpler tasks. This compositional organization also supports generalization to facilitate learning of related but novel complex tasks. To study how the brain implements composition and generalization in hierarchical task learning, we trained human participants on two c...
In the intricate journey of human development, the womb emerges not merely as a waiting room, but as one of the best places to lay the foundation for the growth of the human brain and human. Pregnancy, far from being solely a period of preparing for childbirth, unfolds as a golden opportunity to shape the next generation in profound ways.
Optical brain imaging technologies are promising due to their relatively high temporal resolution, portability and cost-effectiveness. However, the highly scattering nature of near-infrared light in human tissue makes it challenging to collect photons emerging from more than 4 cm below the scalp, or with source-detector separation larger than sever...
Human braingraphs or connectomes are widely studied in the last decade to understand the structural and functional properties of our brain. In the last several years our research group has computed and deposited thousands of human braingraphs to the braingraph.org site, by applying public structural (diffusion) MRI data from young and healthy subje...
RNA extraction from frozen brain using Qiagen's RNeasy Lipid Tissue Mini kit.
Several large longitudinal studies have found that blood biomarkers are able to efficiently detect Aβ and tau pathology and estimate the degree of neurodegeneration. When combined, blood AD biomarkers can reliably and effectively predict brain pathology in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and clinical progression to AD dementia and distin...
The
Delicate Balance of Brain Cholesterol- Implications for Developmental & Epileptic Encephalopathies (DEEs)
We aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the system epilepsy concept and adapt its principles to major epilepsy syndromes. We present our views on epileptogenesis: NREM sleep and especially sleep homeostatic plasticity are essential contributors of the epileptic transformation, upgrading and derailing normal brain networks. We follow the commo...
“Patterns of Brain Dominance Prevailing among Tenth Grade Students
in public Schools in Palestine “
Mohammad Abdul-Kareem AL-Qasim ,
Abdelnaser A. Qadumi
Abstract:
This study aimed at identifying the pattern of brain dominance prevailing among tenth grade students in public schools in Palestine. It utilized the descriptive approach, and its sampl...
In this article, brief information is first provided about the perceptual limitations of the auditory system and the human brain regarding sound and music. Then, the similarities between sounds used in music and language are briefly discussed. These preliminary topics pave the way for the main discussion, which involves providing comprehensive and...
Background
Opioid-based medications are powerful analgesics commonly prescribed for pain management, but they are also highly addictive. The over-prescription of opioids analgesics has triggered current opioid crisis, which now has expanded to heroin and illicit synthetic opioids like fentanyl and its analogues. The side effects of fentanyl abuse h...
Children's brain is able to track the linguistic structures in continuous speech. When there was no prior knowledge, we found that children also automatically detected and tracked the statistical structures in auditory tone steam as reflected by neural entrainment, but their ability was immature.
Assessing the level of consciousness someone is in, is not a trivial question and physicians have to rely on behavioural evaluations instead of quantifiable metrics. Many studies have empirically investigated measures related to the complexity elicited after the brain is stimulated to quantify and assess the level of consciousness across different...
Machine Learning is a technique through which computer learns by using the data provided from the user and getting experience from it and then using that experience to predict new things on its own. Machine learning has revolutionized the field of healthcare in recent years, and one area where it has found extensive application is in medical websit...
People need to often switch attention between external and internal sources of information, i.e., external and internal attention, respectively. There has been a recent surge of research interest in this type of attentional flexibility, which revealed that it is characterized by an asymmetrical cost, being larger for switching toward internal than...
Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) in children is associated with various structural and functional abnormalities in the brain. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays a crucial role in detecting these changes
This review aims to summarize the prevalence and degree of structural changes detected by MRI in GHD patients and compare these findings with sh...
This study sets out to answer one major question: Who thinks better, non-native speakers of English or ChatGPT?, providing evidence from processing and interpreting center-embedding English constructions that human brain surpasses ChatGPT, and that ChatGPT cannot be regarded as a theory of language. Fifteen non-native speakers of English were recru...
![Figure 8 Ratio of ASD [21]](publication/386276769/figure/fig3/AS:11431281294103048@1732986704932/Ratio-of-ASD-21_Q320.jpg)
Autism is a lifetime neurodevelopmental condition. It is identified by difference in behavior, social interaction, communication, special interests and sensory processing. These differences can present people on the autism spectrum with challenges in how they interact with their surroundings. Autism is a complicated condition which affects speech,...
High-dimensional vectors have been proposed as a neural method for representing information in the brain using Vector Symbolic Algebras (VSAs). While previous work has explored decoding and cleaning up these vectors under the noise that arises during computation, existing methods are limited. Cleanup methods are essential for robust computation wit...
Because of its neurotropic properties and involvement in the emergence of mental and behavioral disorders, toxoplasmosis is a serious public health concern. The significant neurological condition known as Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes the brain's neurons to die irreversibly and the amount of beta-amyloid plaque to decrease. This article aimed to...
Background Current models on functional neurological disorders (FND) propose a multifactorial origin. Recent studies identified potential biological vulnerability factors such as a reduced limbic volume or an altered stress response. These findings highlight the need to investigate a potential genetic contribution to the biological vulnerability to...
