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Brain Anatomy - Science topic
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Publications related to Brain Anatomy (2,980)
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Significant culture and ethnic diversity play an important role in shaping brain structure and function. Many attempts have been undertaken to connect ethnic variations with brain function, which, however, fluctuates over time and is costly, limiting its utility to identify consistent brain markers as well as its application to a broad population....
The goal of this work was to develop a deep network for whole-head segmentation, including clinical MRIs with abnormal anatomy, and compile the first public benchmark dataset for this purpose. We collected 91 MRIs with volumetric segmentation labels for a diverse set of human subjects (4 normal, 32 traumatic brain injuries, and 57 strokes). These c...
Primary cause of dementia in older persons is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neurodegenerative alterations impact the brain in Alzheimer's disease. When diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, neurologists must manually review brain scans and perform cognitive evaluations in order to accurately identify the illness’s symptoms and trajectory. It has been discove...
In this paper, we introduce holiAtlas, a holistic, multimodal and high-resolution human brain atlas. This atlas covers different levels of details of the human brain anatomy, from the organ to the substructure level, using a new dense labelled protocol generated from the fusion of multiple local protocols at different scales. This atlas has been co...
To achieve a better understanding of the evolution of the large brain in humans, a comparative analysis of species differences in the brains of extant primate species is crucial, as it allows direct comparisons of the brains. We developed a method to achieve anatomically precise region-to-region homologous brain transformations across species using...
The intricate structural and functional architecture of the brain enables a wide range of cognitive processes ranging from perception and action to higher order abstract thinking. Despite important progress, the relationship between the brain’s structural and functional properties is not yet fully established. In particular, the way the brain’s ana...
Brain anatomy plays a key role in complex behaviors and mental disorders that are sexually divergent. While our understanding of the sex differences in the brain anatomy remains relatively limited, particularly of the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms that contribute to these differences. We performed the largest study of sex differences...
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a targeted manipulation of brain circuitry to treat neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Optimal DBS lead placement is essential for treatment efficacy. Current targeting practice is based on preoperative and intraoperative brain imaging, intraoperative electrophysiology, and stimulation mapping. Electrophys...
For studies of the evolution of vertebrate brain anatomy and potentially associated behaviours, reconstructions of digital brain endocasts from computed tomography scans have revolutionized our capacity to collect neuroanatomical data. However, measurements from digital endocasts must be validated as reflecting actual brain anatomy, which is diffic...
While the cerebellum’s role in orchestrating motor execution and routines is well established, its functional role in supporting cognition is less clear. Previous studies claim that motricity and cognition are mapped in different areas of the cerebellar cortex, with an anterior/posterior dichotomy. However, most of the studies supporting this claim...
Background
Intraoperative ultrasound is becoming a common tool in neurosurgery. However, effective simulation methods are limited. Current, commercial, and homemade phantoms lack replication of anatomical correctness and texture complexity of brain and tumour tissue in ultrasound images.
Methods
We utilise ex-vivo brain tissue, as opposed to synth...
Background
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology is complex and not completely known. Emerging new biomarkers that evaluate synaptic function (VILIP‐1, neurogranin), co‐pathology (alpha‐synuclein), and neurodegeneration (NFL) are potential candidates to be incorporated into the early AD diagnosis. To better understand the relevance of these biom...
Background
Recent advances in optical clearing and light sheet imaging have opened an exciting new avenue for brain‐wide, cellular resolution immunostaining at the forefront of a dimensional shift from 2D to 3D histology. When looking for read‐outs of genetic or pharmacological manipulations that affect the entire brain, traditional 2D immunohistoc...
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology is complex and not completely known. Emerging new biomarkers that evaluate synaptic function (VILIP‐1, neurogranin), co‐pathology (alpha‐synuclein), and neurodegeneration (NFL) are potential candidates to be incorporated into the early AD diagnosis. To better understand the relevance of these biom...
Background
Postmortem MRI allows brain anatomy to be examined at high‐resolution linking pathology with morphometric measurements. However, automated methods for analyzing postmortem MRI are not well developed. We present a deep learning‐based framework for automated segmentation of cortical mantle, subcortical structures (caudate, putamen, globus...
Background
Postmortem MRI allows brain anatomy to be examined at high‐resolution linking pathology with morphometric measurements. However, automated methods for analyzing postmortem MRI are not well developed. We present a deep learning‐based framework for automated segmentation of cortical mantle, subcortical structures (caudate, putamen, globus...
Background
To look deep inside tissues, traditional histological methods cut specimens into thin slices. Providing access to the intricate anatomy of intact organs, tissue clearing offers neuroscientists unbiased and complete views of brain anatomy and function. One area where these methods have particular utility is in the development of CNS thera...
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe congenital heart disease associated with microcephaly and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Here we show that the Ohia HLHS mouse model, with mutations in Sap130, a chromatin modifier, and Pcdha9, a cell adhesion protein, also exhibits microcephaly associated with mitotic block and increased apopto...
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises alterations in brain anatomy and physiology that ultimately affect information processing and behavior. In most cases, autism is considered idiopathic, involving alterations in numerous genes whose functions are not extensively documented. We evaluated the C58/J mouse strain as an idiopathic model of ASD, em...
Background
The human brain is a complex inter‐wired system that emerges spontaneous functional fluctuations. In spite of tremendous success in the experimental neuroscience field, a system‐level understanding of how brain anatomy supports various neural activities remains elusive.
Method
Capitalizing on the unprecedented amount of neuroimaging dat...
Atypical face processing is commonly reported in autism. Its neural correlates have been explored extensively across single neuroimaging modalities within key regions of the face processing network, such as the fusiform gyrus (FFG). Nonetheless, it is poorly understood how variation in brain anatomy and function jointly impacts face processing and...
Detecting brain tumours is challenging due to the complex brain anatomy and wide range of tumour sizes, shapes, and locations. A crucial stage in diagnosing and treating brain tumours is automatically segmenting the tumour area from brain MRI. It involves the precise delineation of tumour boundaries within MRI scans, which helps to understand the t...
Neuroimaging has significantly advanced our understanding of brain structure and function in both healthy and diseased states. However, due to the brain's complexity, a comprehensive approach involving multiple imaging techniques is necessary. This review provides an overview of the integration of various imaging modalities in neurology, particular...
The article discusses assumptions about brain structure based on the example of a passage from 14th century medical treatise De iudiciis urine by Thomas of Wroclaw. Medieval scientists used to explain functions of the brain relying on humoral theory and uroscopy. They divided the brain into four vessels containing four elements: blood, phlegm, bile...
Introduction
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different formaldehyde concentrations (5%, 8%, and 10%) on the Klingler dissection technique, specifically in the context of high-altitude (3400 m above sea level) bovine brain preparation.
Methods
Forty bovine brains were prepared using various Klingler methods and were distinguished by fo...
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures that can cause a wide range of symptoms. Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) is a diagnostic procedure where multiple electrodes are stereotactically implanted within predefined brain regions to identify the seizure onset zone, which needs to be surgically removed or disconnec...
As the global human population rapidly ages and diseases of aging become more prevalent, preclinical models of age-related neurodegenerative disorders are increasingly important for identifying early diagnostic biomarkers, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment responsiveness. Rhesus macaques are an ideal species for studies on ne...
The brain is the human control center, which gives humans the ability to think, move, breathe, and so on. Education is one way to hone brain abilities, the result of various brain performances such as rational, emotional and spiritual intelligence. So far the existing studies only discuss the results of brain work (intelligence) in Islamic educatio...
At present there is no comprehensive overview of the long-term development of the clinical picture, disease-associated impairments and neurobiological correlates of anxiety disorders as well as what influence certain risk factors and treatment have on the prognosis.
This article presents findings regarding disorder-specific symptoms and disorder-as...
Introduction
A majority of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in correctional centers report prior experience of traumatic brain injury (TBI) from assault. TBI education in settings outside correctional centers, such as health settings, is shown to help people living with TBI implement strategies for symptom management. The aim of this stu...
Nissl histology underpins our understanding of brain anatomy and architecture. Despite its importance, no high-resolution datasets are currently available in the literature for 14-day-old rats. To remedy this issue and demonstrate the utility of such a dataset, we have acquired over 2000 high-resolution images (0.346 μm per pixel) from eight juveni...
Anatomical education is transitioning from the time‐honored cadaveric dissection to a blend of learner‐centered and technology‐enhanced learning approaches. In view of the increased use of various technologies for teaching and learning human anatomy, the aim of this study is to explore students' acceptance of four learning technologies using the te...
Disentangling the evolution mysteries of the human brain has always been an imperative endeavor in neuroscience. Although many previous comparative studies revealed genetic, brain structural and connectivity distinctness between human and other nonhuman primates, the brain evolutional mechanism is still largely unclear. Here, we proposed to embed t...
Immersive technologies, such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), are increasingly utilized in educational contexts, particularly for enhancing intrinsic motivation and facilitating complex learning tasks. However, their impact on learning outcomes remains inconsistent, partly due to interactions between intrinsic motivation and cogn...
Global warming is a major threat to reptiles because temperature strongly affects their development. High incubation temperatures reduce hatchling body size and physiological performance; however, its effects on brain development and learning abilities are less well understood. In particular, it remains unclear if the effects of elevated temperatur...
The human brain undergoes major developmental changes during pregnancy. Three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound images allow for the opportunity to investigate typical prenatal brain development on a large scale. Transabdominal ultrasound can be challenging due to the small fetal brain and its movement, as well as multiple sweeps that may not yield high‐...
For studies of the evolution of vertebrate brain anatomy and potentially associated behaviours, reconstructions of digital brain endocasts from computed tomography scans have revolutionised our capacity to collect neuroanatomical data. However, measurements from digital endocasts must be validated as reflecting actual brain anatomy, which is diffic...
Brain morphology understanding is essential for radiologists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons. Historically, anatomical learning of brain relied on ex vivo specimens. Modern in vivo brain CT and MRI provide spatial, three-dimensional imaging capabilities crucial to help diagnose diseases, plan surgeries, and monitor treatment progress. Despite the...
Background
Neurosurgical training requires a deep understanding of brain anatomy, especially white matter fiber pathways, to enhance surgical precision. Traditional dissection techniques, such as Klingler’s white matter dissection, are essential, but newer methods can provide additional clarity. This study explores the application of a fluorescent-...
Twenty five specimens of tissue brain at age 1-28 days after birth, were used, put in 10% formalin for fixation , then excised from the skull, for twenty hour . Samples of 0.5 cm3 thickness from frontal ,parietal ,temporal and occipital lobes are put in the fixative formalin ten percentage and then obtained for histological technique and finally st...
Introduction: More precise subtyping within dementia syndromes leads to better prediction of pathology, supporting individualized, disease-specific treatments. Notably, studies highlight that identification of the right-temporal or semantic behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (sbvFTD) subtype relies in part on measuring emotion recognition a...
This editorial assesses the advancements in neuronavigation enhanced repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depressive disorder and schizophrenia treatment. Conventional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation faces challenges due to the intricacies of brain anatomy and patient variability. Neuronavigation offers innovative solutions...
Structural covariance in brain anatomy is thought to reflect inter-regional sharing of developmental influences - although this hypothesis has proved hard to causally test. Here, we use neuroimaging in humans and mice to study sex-differences in anatomical covariance - asking if regions that have developed shared sex differences in volume across sp...
Background
Sex differences in human brain anatomy have been well-documented, though remain significantly underexplored during early development. The neonatal period is a critical stage for brain development and can provide key insights into the role that prenatal and early postnatal factors play in shaping sex differences in the brain.
Methods
Her...
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been widely applied in the neuroimaging field to discover genetic variants associated with brain-related traits. So far, almost all GWASs conducted in neuroimaging genetics are performed on univariate quantitative features summarized from brain images. On the other hand, powerful deep learning technologi...
Representation learning has become increasingly important, especially as powerful models have shifted towards learning latent representations before fine-tuning for downstream tasks. This approach is particularly valuable in leveraging the structural information within brain anatomy. However, a common limitation of recent models developed for MRIs...
Slight and hidden hearing loss in children have been linked to cognitive and social difficulties, and yet the neurobiological mechanisms behind these issues remain poorly understood. Most animal models focus on severe hearing loss, leaving the effects of hidden or slight hearing loss largely unexplored. To uncover the neural mechanisms connecting s...
Cerebral contusion, a form of traumatic brain injury (TBI), is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric populations. These injuries result from blunt trauma that causes bruising of the brain tissue, often leading to swelling, hemorrhage, and necrosis. Due to their developing brain anatomy and physiology, children present unique c...
Introduction: Intraoperative ultrasound is becoming a common tool in neurosurgery. However, effective simulation methods are limited. Current, commercial, and homemade phantoms lack replication of anatomical correctness and texture complexity of brain and tumour tissue in ultrasound images.
Materials and Methods: We utilise ex-vivo brain tissue, as...
The scarcity of annotated medical images is a major bottleneck in developing learning models for medical image analysis. Hence, recent studies have focused on pretrained models with fewer annotation requirements that can be fine-tuned for various downstream tasks. However, existing approaches are mainly 3D adaptions of 2D approaches ill-suited for...
Introduction: Decompressive craniectomy, introduced by Kocher in 1901, reduces intracranial pressure by removing part of the skull. It is used in severe neurological conditions such as brain injury and stroke, allowing the swollen brain to expand, thereby reducing mortality and improving function. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the location o...
Significance
Diffuse optical modalities such as broadband near-infrared spectroscopy (bNIRS) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) represent a promising alternative for low-cost, non-invasive, and fast monitoring of living tissue. Particularly, the possibility of extracting the molecular composition of the tissue from the optical spectra deems the spectr...
Recent efforts to chart human brain growth across the lifespan using large-scale MRI data have provided reference standards for human brain development. However, similar models for nonhuman primate (NHP) growth are lacking. The rhesus macaque, a widely used NHP in translational neuroscience due to its similarities in brain anatomy, phylogenetics, c...
Large biobanks have dramatically advanced our understanding of genetic influences on human brain anatomy. However, most studies have combined rather than compared male and female participants. Here we screen for sex differences in the common genetic architecture of over 1000 neuroanatomical phenotypes in the UK Biobank and establish a general conco...
Stroke has a special place in clinical neurology as the brain is the center of the nervous system. They require immediate treatment as the time burden can dramatically worsen their development. The distinction of stroke it is done in the form of damage. 80-88% are ischemic strokes and 12-20% are hemorrhagic strokes. The clinical manifestations of c...
Spider orb-web building is a captivating, rare example of animal construction, whose neural underpinnings remain undiscovered. An essential step in understanding the basis of this behavior is a foundational mapping of the spider’s neuroanatomy, which has thus far been primarily studied using non-web building species. We created a three-dimensional...
The evolution of whole-body endothermy occurred independently in dinosaurs and mammals and was associated with some of the most significant neurocog-nitive shifts in life's history. These included a 20-fold increase in neurons and the evolution of new brain structures, supporting similar functions in both line-ages. We propose the endothermic brain...
Development of attentional skills and inhibitory control rely on maturational changes in the brain across childhood and youth. However, both brain anatomy and different components of attention and inhibition show notable individual variation. Research on ADHD and inhibitory training and control have shown that variations in the thickness and surfac...
Digital reconstruction of the intricate 3D morphology of individual neurons from microscopic images is a crucial challenge in both individual laboratories and large-scale projects focusing on cell types and brain anatomy. This task often fails in both conventional manual reconstruction and state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI)-based automat...
Sensory integration is the province of the parietal lobe. The non-dominant hemisphere is responsible for both body sides, while the dominant hemisphere is responsible for the contralateral hemi-body. Furthermore, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) participates in a network involved in spatial orientation, attention, and spatial and episodic memor...
Different social environments play a important role in shaping brain structure and function. Many attempts have been undertaken to connect environmental variations with brain function, which, however, fluctuates over time and is costly, limiting its utility to identify consistent brain markers as well as its application to a broad population. In co...
Today, visualization of 3D medical images is an essential tool for medical education. Web-based 3D tools for the teaching-learning process have turned out to be an efficient alternative to conventional systems. In this work, we aim the modeling process and 3D web-based interactive visualization of the human brain using 3D web technologies and an im...
Recent efforts to chart human brain growth across the lifespan using large-scale MRI data have provided reference standards for human brain development. However, similar models for nonhuman primate (NHP) growth are lacking. The rhesus macaque, a widely used NHP in translational neuroscience due to its similarities in brain anatomy, phylogenetics, c...
Numerous seemingly promising cerebroprotectants previously validated in rodents almost all have failed in stroke clinical trials. The failure of clinical translation strikes an essential need to employ more ideal animal models in stroke research. Compared with the most commonly used rodent models of stroke, non-human primates (NHPs) are far more co...
According to World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that approximately 50 million people have Epilepsy worldwide. 10 million people are effected in India by Epilepsy hardly very few come out with the disorder and undertake proper treatment rest risk their life without recognition of disease. Epilepsy is a chronic disease of the brain whic...
The septum pellucidum is an important thin, membranous structure in the brain that separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles, essential for maintaining brain anatomy and function. Here, we describe a case of a 38-year-old male with a 20-year history of seizures, occurring approximately three to four times annually and lasting 30 minute...
The book discusses the image processing basics, and its segmentation techniques using MR images with a detailed overview of brain anatomy from a functional point of view. Moreover, the establishment of tumour boards across the region was discussed from the MDT platform