Brain - Science topic

The human brain represents a complex structure that includes psychological, neurological, metacognitive, socio-emotional, and many other levels. These layers are displayed through a multidimensional mystery called consciousness. According to psycholinguistics, meaning is the main unit of consciousness. In your perspective, what are the key elements of consciousness?

I am manually counting neurons in specific brain regions with bright-field stainings and I was wondering if anyone has a way to automate this? I am using the software Aperio ImageScope now, but am open to other suggestions! Thanks in advance!

Hello, I am trying to study synapses and try to stain synaptophysin and synapsin on postmoterm rat brain tissue. But so far have completely no siangls under confocal (I am expecting to see punctas).

Rat brain tissue is kept in 4% paraformaldehyde for over 3 years.

My protocols invoves 10% serum for preblock and 1% serum for antibody incubation. PH7.4 PBS buffer washes between steps and 1 night first andtibody and 1 night second. Dilution factor range from 1:200-500 for primary and 1:200 for secondary. I tried antibodies from Milipore and Fisher as how other paper used them.

I also tried staining PV for positive control and I see perfect singals (so the tissue should be fine).

Do you have any suggestions where the problem should be? or any suggestions of change s in antibodies use or protocol changes?

Hello! I am attempting to slice a P5 ferret brain, and I am facing a lot of issues with tissue tearing (see attached video). I have tried every troubleshooting piece of advice that I have seen, and have consistently gotten the same result. I've been adjusting the CT between -20 and -16, and the OT around -17 to -11. I have adjusted the angle to ensure it it is slicing straight, replaced the blade multiple times, and even replaced the anti-roll glass to no avail. The tissue was fixed in PFA for 24 hours, and left in a sucrose solution for a few days until sinking. The few times that I have gotten a slice that I attempted to mount on a slide, a large hole would appear in the tissue as it was exposed to the warmth.

I recognize that this may be an issue in the preservation. I have read a few tips about properly drying the brain before placing in OCT, which was not done on this sample. Much appreciated!

I am looking for a free, user-friendly online tool or app to color or highlight brain regions such as the SMA, M1, insula, CB, PMv. Most tools I’ve found offer complex 3D MRI-style models, which are too advanced for my MSc lectures. I need something that provides simplified sketches or diagrams suitable for basic illustrative purposes in an educational setting. Ideally with networking features. Any recommendations for a straightforward tool?

Many thanks!

I am a fifth-year medical student preparing to begin my clerkship soon. I am reaching out to inquire about potential research collaboration opportunities in the fields of neurosurgery, neurology, and neuroscience.

I have gained valuable experience working on various research projects throughout my studies and I am eager to further develop my skills and contribute to meaningful research in these areas. While I have not yet had the opportunity to publish my work, I am committed to advancing my knowledge the expertise in the field.

If you are aware of any ongoing projects or opportunities for collaboration, I would greatly appreciate your guidance or any connections you could provide. I am enthusiastic about the possibility of contributing to impactful research and learning from experienced professionals in the field.

How do the brain’s objective, physical processes - such as neural activity and biochemical reactions - give rise to the deeply subjective and personal experiences we call consciousness? In other words, how does the brain, as a physical system, create or transform these electrical and chemical signals into subjective phenomena like thoughts, emotions, and sensations?

Hi, I'm trying to record brain microvasculature endothelial cells isolated from adult rat brains, maintained in culture, and recorded during passages 3 to 5. The cells are dissociated with trypsin or TrypLE Express and recorded within approximately 3 hours after dissociation. However, I'm having trouble achieving a proper seal. Does anyone know if this is feasible with cultured cells? All the papers I've read used freshly isolated cells.

Nuclear extraction from brain organoids.

However, in the case of brain organoids, a very large amount of debris is produced, and the nuclei and debris seem to be mixed together. Is it possible to suppress the debris by some treatment before or after nucleus extraction?

What criteria are used to select patients for awake

craniotomy?

What do you know about color memory?

There is no red color in this image..

Your brain fills in the red color.

The image is made entirely of light blue, black, and white.

Zoom in on the image and you'll see..

warning! another predatory conference now. This below conference (longdom) has answered my question on where in Toronto it takes place. After contacting the Holiday Inn Toronto, the hotel states - Hello Stefan, I confirmed with our Sales and Catering Team, and we do not have anything in our calendar for a conference or group under the name you provided.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

From Longdom , (who is also on Beallslist) see atch picture 5010 Dear Respected Professional, Hope you are doing well Greetings from Psychology Conference...!! On behalf of the organizing committee, as per your eminence and honor I am delighted to invite you to our upcoming conference on 8th International Conference on Psychology, Neurology, and Neuroscience. • Theme: "Brain and Behaviour: Navigating the Neuropsychological Landscape" • Dates: May 22-23, 2025 • Location: Toronto, Canada • Website: https://www.longdom.com/psychology

توضيح اللاقة بين العقل و الإدراك

Hi everyone, I have got a vial of HBEC-5i (Human Brain Endothelial Cells) for studies on blood brain barrier. The company delivered it frozen at passage 18. I have some questions about this;

1. Is starting experiments at passage 18 considered late for this cell line? If not, how long can we keep safely passaging this vial?

2. Will there be any differences from cell morphology & behaviour, compared to early passages?

3. Are there places in UK that we can get HBEC cells at a lower passage than this?

4. Is it better to use hCMEC/D3 cell line instead of HBEC-5i in a scenario like this?

Hi everyone! Could you recommend a online MRI data repository with human brain samples available in DICOM or NIFTI format? Thanks in advance!

How does the brain process and store sensori stimuli, and how can these stimuli be recalled as memories? Isn't it obvious that the perception organ at hand (eyes, ears, nose) must obligatory be part of memory recalls?

(PDF) How the Brain Processes and Stores Sensory Stimuli, and How These Stimuli Can Be Recalled as Memories: The Gramophone Model as a Feedback Loop (researchgate.net)

""This article introduces a new paradigm for sensory perception, comparing the brain's processing of sensory stimuli to the operation of a gramophone. Just as the needle of a gramophone creates grooves in a record and later uses the same medium to replay sound, this model proposes that recording and reconstruction of sensory stimuli are not separate processes but occur simultaneously as part of an integrated feedback loop. Rather than storing sensory stimuli independently and recalling them later, the brain sends neural signals back to the senses in real-time to reconstruct perceptions, memories, and imaginations. This model challenges traditional neuroscientific theories by suggesting that the brain must engage the senses themselves to reconstruct vivid sensory experiences. From an ecological perspective, maintaining separate autonomous systems for smell, sound, and vision would be inefficient. Therefore, this model offers a more plausible explanation for how sensory processing works in an integrated and efficient way. This article explores the physiological basis for this feedback mechanism, compares it with existing theories like predictive coding and re-entrant processing, and outlines experimental approaches to validate this model.""

Hello Research Gate Community,

Wondering if anyone has had issues migrating from the RNAscope Multiplex Fluorescent Assay V1 to the V2 version for mouse brain tissue?

We had the V1 kit working perfectly and were hybridizing 3 different probes easily in both adult and P3 mouse brain tissue. This was using all of the standard conditions outlined in their V1 manual (fresh frozen brain tissue, 15' fixation on slides with cold 4% PFA, 30 minute RT digestion with Protease IV). Great signal, low background, etc.

Sadly when we exhausted the last of our V1 kits and were forced to migrate to V2, everything stopped working. Issue one was that the new pretreatment conditions including the H2O2 step destroyed our postnatal tissues. We fixed this by switching to a 30' RT digestion with Protease III (adult tissues were fine with same time in Protease IV). After we solved this issue, we next found that we were not able to get any signal from either our validated probe set (that worked great with the V1 kit) or the positive control probes. After dropping the post-fix time to 15' with cold 4% PFA, we finally got some signal with the 3-PLEX positive control probes, but only with the UBC, which isn't really a fair target given how highly it's expressed. To make matters worse, when we attempt to develop all 3 channels of the 3-PLEX positive control, we get nothing AND lose the UBC signal.

Quite frustrated at this point as we are close to wrapping something up and need to get this to work. Biotechnique technical support has not been all that helpful and claimed this was and "RNA degradation problem" on our end. Given that we prepared fresh brain samples just for this experiment using the same preservation and storage conditions (snap freeze in OCT, cut 10 uM cryotome sections, slides on dry ice until they are stored at -80C before post-fix, etc.), I can't imagine this is the issue.

If anyone has experienced this and overcome it, or has an optimized protocol for adult and postnatal brain tissue for the V2 kit, I would greatly appreciate your assistance.

My lab received some mice heads that have been (and still are) in PFA for more than 2 years. What do I have to do to be able to extract the brains? And is it possible to freeze this tissue and use it for immunochemistry stainings?

Hi, I soaked my FFPE blocks in ice water for 3+ hours and now I see the tissue has swolen. Is there something I can do to reverse that? There is not a lot of tissue left on the blocks, so I fell I will lose the samples if I try to section it as it is.

Please advise!

I am writing with a query about the primary role of photoreceptor cells in the process of seeing. It is my understanding that photoreceptor cells convert light into electrical signals which are transferred to the brain which processes the image of the original  object being viewed. My query is – apart from the difference in voltage what are the other characteristics of the electrical signals which enable the brain to process images of different objects differently. Specifically, since it is not ruled out that different electrical signals into which photoreceptor cells convert light may have the same voltage, what are the other characteristics of these electrical signals which enable the brain to interpret them differently ? 

For example, light falls on a wooden box, gets reflected from the box, enters my eyes, photoreceptors in the retina of my eye convert this optical signal into electrical signal and I visualize the box. Now another time light comes from a chair and I visualize a chair. In what sense is the electrical signal due to this box is different than the electrical signal due to the chair? In the electrical signal, how is the information of box/chair is retained?

hi all !

I use vibratom to make 100um slices (whole brain). the brain stays for a night in PFA solution and then in PBS, both in 4 Celsius. after putting it on a slide with mounting (i use fluoroshield with DAPI from sigma) and cover slip, the slices perfectly matching the atlas (visually). but the day after, (mostly) the lateral ventricles looks way bigger and don't match the atlas.

would like to hear your tips :) thank you !

Although it may seem like a straightforward task, several labs have struggled to find a reliable vendor for freezing stage microtomes. Has anyone recently sourced one from a supplier, excluding eBay or second-hand options?

The aim here is to use freezing stage microtome to cut brain sections.

Thanks a lot!

Hi!

I would like to know if there's any difference in quality between the IHC of 2% paraformaldehyde-fixed brain when sectioned in the microtome or cryostat.... Can anyone help me with this question?

Thanks!

I want to immunolabel and clear some rat brain samples, therefore I decided to use the iDISCO protocol.

Since the samples after this procedure become very fragile and the samples I want to analyse are only small parts of the brain, I was thinking to embed them in agarose gel.

I'm not really sure how to do it, dough so I have some questions.

1) should I embed the samples in agarose at the very beginning and then proceed with all the dehydration-rehydration-immunostaining-final dehydration steps after embedding?

2) in that case, does the agarose affect antibody penetration into the sample or the clearing efficacy?

3) what type of agarose should I use? Low melting or not? And what temperature should I wait for the agarose to reach before immersing the sample?

Do you have some suggestion on how to do it properly?

Thank you a lot.

What is the importance of preoperative counseling

and patient preparation for awake craniotomy?

Brain and body mass together are positively correlated with lifespan (Hofman 1993). The duration of neural development is one of the best predictors of brain size, and conception is the best zero-point to mark the start of development, namely, the point at which sperm and egg fuse forming a single-cell organism followed by exponential mitosis (Finlay 2019b). The formation of complex molecules in biology can occur spontaneously, thereby leading to the creation of sophisticated organisms (Liu et al. 2019). Following each documented extinction of species (and there have been at least five since ~ 400 million years ago) there is a rapid degradation of biology, especially of complex life that depends on a resilient food chain dependent on simpler organisms. Following the most recent extinction 65 million years ago (i.e., the Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction, Alverez et al. 1979), the dinosaurs (which were large-bodied but small-brained) were obliterated making room for new mammalian species that evolved into animals having the following characteristics: an extended longevity to enable the formation of large bodies accompanied by large brains (e.g., the killer whale, the human, the elephant, the gorilla, and so on) during which time learning to adapt to environmental disruptions was paramount (Hebb 1949). Yet even with the newest complexity, there is no guarantee that if the current species go extinct that the replacement species will possess a comparable level of sophistication, since the evolution of complexity is based on a protracted fitness (Dawkins 1976). We may soon find out if our complexity is sufficient to right all the wrongs that we have inflicted on ourselves and others (Chomsky 2023; Ellsberg 2023; Hansen et al. 1981). Pessimistically, the entomologist Edward O. Wilson has predicted that once we reach a population of ten billion—we are now at eight—expect humankind to turn on itself much like an over-extended ant colony (Wilson 2012). Our children may get to test his prediction, if those at the helm continue to assume that humans operate outside of evolution.

I need to Postfix mice brains. I slice the brains using microtome at 40 microns. These are Postnatal days 7, 11, 14, and 21. I am using half the brain for other analysis, so I need to fresh freeze it while the other half is fixed.

What should be the best protocol to follow?

What are the relative and absolute contraindications

for awake craniotomy?

What are the primary indications for performing an

awake craniotomy?

What role does intraoperative brain mapping play in

awake craniotomy?

How does awake craniotomy help in preserving

neurological function during tumor resection?

Hi all,

I have a question regarding something odd I'm seeing with DAPI on tissue. I'm trying to isolate the issue to prevent it in the future.

I have sagittal brain sections on slides. For some background on preparation, these were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, then switched to 30% sucrose until they sunk. Unfortunately, these were then embedded in OCT instead of paraffin per supervisor request (we usually just do FFPE in my company's department), so they were cryosectioned and mounted directly onto slides. I stained for my two markers, used an autofluorescence quencher at the recommended time, and added one drop of Fluoromount-G with DAPI (that hardens) onto each piece of tissue. I slowly coverslipped to prevent bubbles and verified the mounting medium spread over each piece of tissue.

After I imaged, I noticed DAPI is strong around the outside of the tissue but gets weaker in the middle area. I was thinking it could be an issue with the imaging because we use an automatic scanner (Axioscan), but I've also noticed something like this happen on brain tissues (not spinal cord, liver, or heart tissues, though) when I image on our Olympus confocal's widefield setting.

Has anyone had this issue before or any suggestions on where to go from here? I ordered a new mounting media just in case it happens to be that, but I don't think it's the mounting media since it's been fine with other tissues.

Thank you!

Can a Root Canal Affect Your Brain?

I´ve been unable to find specific information about this neurotrophin in the CNS of rabbits exclusively.

There is extensive info in mice, fish and rats, but in brain´s rabbit is hard to find. Please help.

What is the best way to freeze the rat brain - liquid nitrogen, Dry ice , isopentane - after isolation for later protein investigation by Elisa?

I have found an EEG where only alpha waves are present. Beta waves are not found in active patients. What interpretations ?

Hi all,

I was wondering if people here have any recommendations on ELISA kits they've used and validated to quantify cfos protein levels in a biological sample.

Ideally using brain, but if it worked in your hands for brain, cells or plasma, please let me know what kit brand you used. I used one from AFG and was not very happy with the results.

Thanks

Mario

I'm looking to immunostain some brain tissue collected previously. The animal was *not* perfused prior to tissue collection.

Will the presence of blood interfere with all staining methods (HRP-conjugated, fluorescent, etc)? Or can quenching endogenous peroxidase activity / fluorescence allow for accurate staining?

I struggle with neurology as producing genuine insights into human mental health, apart from those areas of possible degradation. Senility, affects on memory, brain damage, or areas where thinking-feelings affect interaction.

While the brain cannot be isolated but can be seen only in relation to the external world the investigation into the brain outside of these factors cannot possibly be justified.

Justifications are sought.

Due to the decrease in sugar levels in the brain, many symptoms ranging from loss of consciousness to coma may occur. In addition, increased sugar levels in the brain also cause damage.

How to control the sugar level in the brain?

Is there a practical way to do this?

How do we measure?

What are the implications of artificial intelligence on the levels of thinking in the human brain, and will the human brain be able to match the levels of machine thinking of AI tools?

Conventional AI makes use of neural networks which are mostly realized in normal microprocessors, such as used in PC computers, that is on von Neumann architecture. It could be said that, in most implementations, AI is actually just an algorithm that is being executed on a normal digital computer.

But we know that the human brain does not operate upon digital (logic) circuits. If it did, doing math calculations would be one of the easiest human activities and we know it is in fact one of the hardest. Instead, brain works using and counting neuronal pulses, with each neuron having functions like: counting up or down, comparing two numbers, resetting the counter, generating an output pulse, etc.

Stochastic (aka random-pulse) computer, uses time-wise random pulses, much alike those found in human brain. In the past decade it has been shown that it can be VERY efficiently implemented into digital hardware, using only a few gates per mathematical operation, allowing for more functionality to be packed in a limited supply of hardware. It also possesses a high immunity to hardware failure and noise, much higher than digital computers for the same task. Finally, it operates without a clock: all computations are data driven, so at any moment it produces an optimum output given the input data.

Stochastic computing is a very promissing venue for AI, but hasn't yet been fully exploited. So the question for this discussion is: could it be implemented for improvement of robotics and AI in general and how?

Starting literature:

A. Alaghi et al. "The Promise and Challenge of Stochastic Computing,"  DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2017.2778107

M. Stipčević, "Biomimetic random pulse computation or why Humans play basketball better than Robots?" DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8080594

I want to survive in this world without much use of my brain or thinking.

How do I still survive in this world without using my brain?

Many protocols for obtaining acute brain slices for electrophysiology involve cutting the brain in an ice-cold solution, then transferring the brain slices into a solution pre-warmed to near-physiological temperatures (up to 37 °C) for, e.g., 30 minutes, and then storing them at room temperature during the experiment. What is the purpose of the 30-minute warming step?

I've read that it kills unhealthy cells when using hyperosmolar sucrose-based solutions, but this step is also included when using isoosmolar solutions, including the standard recording ACSF.

Can you stay away from this type of food? Do genes play a role in addiction to sweet foods?

Unluckily, just similar to an expensive car, your brain can be damaged if you ingest anything other than premium fuel.

whenever I take cryostat sections of rat brain, many holes are distorting the normal morphology(image attached). what may be the reason?

protocol which we follow:

* Perfuse the brain in PBS and then store in 4% PFA overnight (4 deg).

*Transfer and keep the brain in 15% sucrose until it sinks(4 deg).

*Transfer and keep the brain in 30% sucrose until it sinks(4 deg).

*Take out the brain and wipe the excess sucrose using tissue paper, and keep it in cryostat set to -20 °c.

*Embed the tissue using OCT media on a metal chuck by covering the tissue layer by layer inside the cryostat.

*Start sectioning.

Elderly patients may develop strokes associated with high blood pressure. Small strokes may result in cognitive dysfunction, confusion, memory lapses and onset of dementia.

less frequently and less understood is delirium that may occur secondary to a drug reaction, or sleep deprivation in the hospital. Delirium is usually viewed as an acute state of confusion with hallucinations that usually resolves by stopping the causative medication or sending the patient into a less stressful rehabilitative environment.

During delirium, Can inflammation occur in the brain in susceptible patients resulting in significant brain damage that might resemble a stroke.

Is the MRI pattern of a stroke or delirium the same or uniquely different?

Recently, after I submitted my article, the reviewer mentioned that "in the brain, the ratio of neurons to glial cells is 1:1", but I also checked the relevant literature, and there is also a statement that shows that neurons: glial cells = 1:10. Is there any professional who can provide me with more reliable data from the literature?

Can anybody recommend a good antibody for immunohistochemistry in perfused rat brain against VMAT2? we have been using for years the old Chemicon Ab 1767, now not sold any more. Anybody can recommend one that works nicely on their hands?

Migraine related with complex brain cell neurogenic inflammation. any available neuro or brain cell line for migraine study

Hello, could anyone help me with the protocol of deparaffinization, rehydration, and antigen retrieval for human brain tissue?

Dear all,

I would like to kindly ask for any recommendations on how to extract pure RNA from honeybee brains. After snap-freezing whole bees in liquid nitrogen, I have been smashing the whole head in 250 μL of Trizol with a probe and then proceeding with a homogenizer. Next, I centrifuge for 10 minutes at 12,000 g to pellet the heads and transfer the Trizol suspension to a new tube, and proceed with the standard protocol. In my case, the upper aqueous phase is always slightly pink/brown after phase separation, and both the 260/280 and 260/230 ratios are far from 2.0. How can I improve my protocol to get more pure results?

Thank you so much in advance!

Dear Researcher. I am working on brain signal processing,

I used sLORETA analysis for EEG brain source localization. How to explain statistical analysis threshold & extremeP.txt file content in sLORETA? Which one of the threshold and p value should I report for determine Significance? In the top row shows t=3.67 (p=0.05), but in the bottom row (Exceedence proportion tests:) in t=3.67 (p=0.001). Please help me which one should I report?

t(0.01) t(0.05) t(0.10) ExtremeP

One-Tailed (A>B): 4.496 3.671 3.344 0.00640

One-Tailed (A<B): -4.516 -3.738 -3.344 0.94500

Two-Tailed (A<>B): 4.781 4.056 3.697 0.01260

-------------------

Exceedence proportion tests:

Thrsh(1Tailed>0) Prob(1Tailed>0) Thrsh(1Tailed<0) Prob(1Tailed<0) Thrsh(2Tailed) Prob(2Tailed)

0.470576 0.005000 -0.095868 0.979800 0.470576 0.010800

0.941151 0.000600 -0.191736 0.976000 0.941151 0.002600

1.411727 0.000600 -0.287604 0.972000 1.411727 0.001400

1.882303 0.000600 -0.383472 0.967200 1.882303 0.001000

2.352878 0.000600 -0.479341 0.961800 2.352878 0.001000

2.823454 0.001200 -0.575209 0.956400 2.823454 0.002000

3.294030 0.001400 -0.671077 0.953000 3.294030 0.002400

3.764605 0.002000 -0.766945 0.949600 3.764605 0.003800

4.235181 0.005000 -0.862813 0.943400 4.235181 0.011000

4.705757 0.006200 -0.958681 0.945000 4.705757 0.012400

Hello! I am currently running a western blot using human AD tissue samples. I prepared these samples over a year and a half ago. I am having trouble standardizing these proteins with Beta Actin. I have ruled out other parameters that could be causing the problem. Therefore, I am wondering if my tissue samples are no longer reliable. In addition to this, I noticed that when i thaw my samples, there is a good amount of precipitation. I just vortex and spin down to mix the samples thoroughly.

For my results, I keep seeing bands stuck in the wells and multiple faded bands. Of course when I first ran these proteins, the beta actin signal was clean and neat.

If someone could please elaborate on what could be causing this. In addition, I would appreciate if you could provide how long samples last and if there is a way to troubleshoot this.

Thank you!

P.S. Samples have been stored in -20 C fridge.

Hi

I use patch clamp technique to do my PhD project. To prepare slides of brain samples, I treat them for one hour at 32 degrees Celsius in the cutting solution, and then I treat them for half an hour at room temperature. But I don't know, sometimes the quality of the tissue is not suitable and most of the neurons are depolarized. Can you guide me?

Consider that you are watching a comedy film for the first time, you watched it completely having laugh so many times. Now, you watched it for the 2nd time, and this time you didn't laugh much and you watched it for the 3rd time and you didn't laugh at all; the humor became repetitive for you. Now say, you are watching a reaction video on YouTube for a particular comedy scene in that movie. And while watching the reaction, you find it comedy and you laugh on the same humor that was repetitive for you when you were watching it alone. We often does thing that are so much influence by others that we don't even realize it's happening. We tend to follow people's reaction, when present in a group of people. You laughed at the reaction video because there were people who were watching the film for the first time and they laughed and based on their reaction you Brain senses it and to prevent you from being "left-out" in the group, your Brain sends a signal to make you laugh, even it is NOT funny for you but still you laugh. From the Brain's perspective, say, you sitting with some people surrounded you and they are laughing out loud; no matter how hard you try you will eventually end up laughing along with them. Your brain will be like: "People are laughing, what's wrong with this guy, he ain't laughing" So your Brain ends up making you laugh. We, people, does so many things often, that are being influenced by the people around us, and we don't even know it's happening, as it happens "sub-consciously" and yet we feel like that we are in the control of ourselves. We have to realize, that we are not in the control of our body, it's the Mind and the Mind is not completely ours. Mind is something beyond any human can ever comprehend. THE ART OF LAUGHING.

Dear friends, I want to work on brain endurance exercise and I need help with this. This topic caught my attention. How can I use this to direct medical students to sports?

A new disease is beginning to appear in humans, which is now being remembered as AI.

There are many questions about this disease, but the important point is to control our mind and body with our own hands.

Hello,

I am generating brain organoids. Some media require vitamin B27 +A, but we currently have vitamin B27 minus A vitamin. How bad will it be if we use B27 minus A instead of B27 + vitamin A? We also have retinoic acid. Would it be appropriate if B27 minus A were added (and how much)?

I did IHC using fluorescent labeled secondary antibodies to detect astrocytes with GFAP marker. My sample was fixed frozen mouse brain tissue streatum region. I saw fluorescence in my sample treated without the primary antibody. I noticed that this fluorescence was exactly overlapped the DAPI staining. I used alexafluor488 secondary antibody and mounting media with DAPI. I attached the picture with my staining. My secondary antibodies were at a 1:1000 dilution.

Brain Teaser: I have developed a simple arithmetic problem for a fun. I am sure that after attempting this simple arithmetic problem you will feel some think not right with your brain.

Disclaimer: This Just for fun it is not intended for any medical claim or disrespect anyone. Generative AI tools are highly encouraged to use in solving this type of problem.

Let us consider following sequence.

6, 7,8,10,…

We start with any random number, say the first value in the sequence 6, and increment by one.

Our second value is seven.

For the third value, we incremented the previous value by one, therefore the third value is 8. We ensure that each new number in the sequence is not created by adding or subtracting previous numbers or groups of numbers in the given sequence. Have fun if you are able to get first 10 values, please respond in the comment 😂 😁

Hello,

It is certain that with artificial intelligence things (good or bad) will move forward. But, I fear that the right hemisphere of the human brain (responsible for creativity) will be put on “technical unemployment”, or even, it will be forced to “retire”.

It's my point of view.

Hi,

I have to do GFP immunohistochemistry on a rodent brain tissue at 400um thickness, I have a protocol that works quite well for 40um thick sections which involves overnight incubation at room temperature. Can anyone advice if this is suitable for a 400um thick sections or does this need to be adjusted?

Many thanks,

I am working on a multiplex immunoflurescence brain tissue slides

I am preparing a book discussing the neurological and bio-psychological differences in brain structures that are different in males and females and how that impacts on behavior.

Are we genetically influenced or is it more a function of nurture (set up by genetics and hormonal interjections)? I would apprieiate any current information/research in this area.

Cheers

Morris W. Shanahan

morris.shanahan@gmail.com

I'm planning an experiment where I can access intracellular cytokines in a specific subregion of the brain in mice. However, this brain region is quite small, maybe 50,000 cells per animal. I know I will need to pool mice but how many would I need to pool? Can I use 500,000 cells? Pooling more than 10 mice wouldn't be feasible.

Thank you!

Hi.

I’ve been unsuccessfully trying to isolate DNA from neurons extracted from adult mouse brains for further downstream analysis.

First I’ve tried sorting neuronal nuclei (Approx. 10⁵ NeuN+ nuclei/sample) (protocol by Nott et al Nat Protoc 2021), followed by DNA isolation and qPCR analysis. However, my PTHrP levels were always undetectable.

Then I moved to commercial kits, and bought the adult neuron isolation kit from Miltenyi. As I read, one would expect approx. 10⁵ isolated neurons per adult brain. I did the whole trinity from Miltenyi: 1. Adult Brain Dissociation Kit, 2. Myelin Removal Beads II, 3. Adult Neuron Isolation Kit. However, again after following the protocols, and immediately isolating the DNA (Nucleospin tissue from MN) I did qPCR (sybr green) and again I did not detect PTHrP in my samples!

I’ve preformed DNA isolation for high yield and concentration in a final 60ul elution volume. Following DNA isolation, the samples were stored at +4C, and the qPCR was done the next morning.

In my control samples from other tissue, I can detect PTHrP which means the qPCR protocol and primers are working fine.

I would be grateful for any help!

Best,

Hello everyone,

To examine oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis parameters in the brain tissue of a Parkinson's model rat, should i select specific regions in the brain or can i use total brain tissue homogenate?

I'm open to any kind of advice.

Thank you in advanve.

For this reason, awake craniotomies are carried out when surgeons are working on expressive brain regions. such as the motor cortex, language areas, etc.

I was wondering if is possible to mimic the optogenetic method to selectively activate inhibitory or excitatory neurons in a given brain region.