Blood - Science topic

Para abordar esta eterna cuestión, hay que empezar diciendo que esto no se trata de una cuestión universal, pues existen tantas mujeres como gustos diversos.

No obstante, es cierto que tenemos una tendencia general a sentir atracción por hombres con una cierta apariencia problemática o más coloquialmente entendido por "malotes", esto se puede explicar desde diversos puntos:

1.El impacto del cine: Las mujeres hemos crecido con unos ideales románticos marcados en el mundo del cine, esto va desde que éramos pequeñas hasta ahora. De pequeñas, en el mundo Disney siempre se nos mostraba que las princesas tenían que ser prudentes ,no ruidosas, cargar con el peso de la familia, y ser soñadoras, pero estos sueños nunca consiguieron ser cumplidos sin la ayuda de el príncipe, que por contrario a la princesa, representaba una figura dominante, valiente, protector y líder. Esto es un patrón que se repite en todas las películas de princesas.

Quizás sea este un motivo por el cual ese mensaje de que las mujeres no tenemos que sacar carácter porque es al hombre al que le corresponde esa función ,haya calado en nosotras tanto como para que a día de hoy lo llevemos a la práctica en nuestras relaciones romántico afectivas.

Pero lejos de quedarse en un tema perteneciente a la infancia y sus ideales románticos, hemos seguido creciendo en nuestra adolescencia con películas que nos vuelven a mostrar la figura del hombre desde un lado protector, pero esta vez desde un punto más extremo y comúnmente denominado como los malotes. Existen cantidad de ejemplos como H en a tres metros sobre el cielo, Guille de los serrano, Gorka de física o química ,Nate de Euphoria, Danny Zuko de Grease, y un largo etcétera de personajes masculinos que han marcado distintas generaciones. Todos estos personajes han hecho tanto que los hombres los tienen de referentes y apliquen sus conductas en la vida real ,como que las mujeres busquemos ese tipo de relaciones y romantizemos prácticas que en ningún caso son ejemplo de cómo tratar a alguien.

2.Complejo de salvadora: No es ningún secreto la cantidad de mujeres que existen con este complejo, el cual empezaremos definiendo de una manera más técnica: El complejo de salvadora es la tendencia exagerada al sacrificio y la ayuda a los demás a costa incluso de nuestro propio bienestar. Esta definición llevada a la práctica nos quiere decir que las mujeres lejos de huir ante el mal comportamiento de un hombre, con conductas ya sean agresivas, mentiras o celos compulsivos, tendemos a pensar que somos capaces de cambiarlos y hacerlos mejor persona, agarrándonos a los más mínimos avances o mejoras, recordando los escasos momentos buenos y justificando sus comportamientos con su pasado y presente, ya sea una dura infancia o una mala situación familiar actual.

3.Atracción por lo prohibido: Es una realidad que el peligro y lo prohibido llama la atención, quizás es provocado por la curiosidad que nos genera lo desconocido y el morbo que nos produce saber que no es lo correcto. Es igual en ese momento de inicio y descubrimiento cuando entramos en esa vorágine sin saber lo que tiempo después nos espera y una vez dentro tal vez no tengamos las herramientas suficientes como tanto para detectar el peligro de la situación como una vez detectado, tener la fuerza para salir de ese bucle.

4.Sentimiento de adrenalina: El testimonio de muchísimas mujeres al salir de una relación complicada con el prototipo de "malote", se repite, y es que tienden a seguir buscando ese prototipo en sus siguientes parejas de forma completamente inconsciente, pues al haber estado sometidas a conductas agresivas ,su cuerpo ha desarrollado como mecanismo de defensa un sistema de alerta que les hace estar en tensión, tensión que confunden con adrenalina al dejar esa relación, asociando la ausencia de ésta como un síntoma de aburrimiento, esto se ve reflejado cuando las mujeres dicen "Esque es muy bueno, tan bueno que me aburro".

Y estos han sido mis motivos por los cuales yo pienso que las mujeres tendemos a buscar hombres malos, una mezcla de razones que van desde mi propia experiencia siendo mujer y rodeándome de ellas ,hasta pruebas que se basan más en la historia o nuestra sociedad, sustentado por la psicología y respaldado por fuentes como:

Rocha, M. (2022, febrero 1). Chicos malos: ¿por qué las mujeres se sienten atraídas por personajes como Nate de ‘Euphoria’? Glamur. https://www.glamour.mx/articulos/chicos-malos-por-que-nos-gustan-como-nate-de-euphoria

Congost, S. (2024, enero 19). Por qué siempre te gustan los chicos “malos” y qué hacer con ellos, según una psicóloga experta en relaciones de pareja. LL. https://www.elle.com/es/living/pareja-sexo/a46450805/por-que-solo-me-gustan-los-chicos-malos-que-hacer/

Villatoro, A. (2024, marzo 5). ¿Por qué atrae lo prohibido en el amor? Martha Debayle. https://www.marthadebayle.com/especialistas/mario-guerra/por-que-atrae-lo-prohibido-en-el-amor/

Did you collect the blood samples from the healthy donors, and you collect the plasma from the PRBCs blood units?

What is the main purpose from the research? do you want to study the storage lesions? What about the preservative solutions?

EDTA chelates cell membrane ionized Ca++ leading to shrinkage of RBCs and may lead to influx of water molecules that may give an altered results on Osmotic fragility test.

looking like erythrocytes

The second question is easier, and the answer seems to be no

As for simultaneous extraction of RNA and DNA from blood, I am not aware of any convincing kits/protocols

(eg

)

and especially there is no comparison/standardization of any sort. If you can, isolate RNA/DNA separately; if not, can look at the Qiagen Allprep kits and experiment with blood or isolate total nucleic acid and treat w RNAse/DNAse.

I'm looking for the exact same thing. Did you manage to gain access?

Hello Dharmesh,

In case you are using some high throughput techniques like FACS RT-PCR two doses are enough as the sample/data has to be proceeded immediately, however in case you wants to have high concentration of antibody against the respective Ag than monthly immunization is recommended, the concept is same as booster doses.

Chiming in (years after the initial convo lol) since I used SepMate extensively in my lab days and now work for STEMCELL, and we get this question all the time.

Officially, SepMate is only designed to work with whole blood and bone marrow, because the vials require a minimum packed volume of red blood cells in the pellet to keep the MNCs from getting trapped below the plastic insert. Leukapheresed blood has many fewer RBCs than whole blood, so the RBC pellet is too small.

However, unofficially, many labs do use SepMate with leukopaks, and compensate for the low RBC count by adding an extra 3 mLs of Lymphoprep/Ficoll to a 50 mL SepMate vial to keep the MNCs above the insert. You will have more mixing of the cells and density media this way, so pour on the diluted leukopak contents more slowly than you normally would. You can still spin for 10min at 1200g with brake on per the protocol. Obviously test it with your own setup (STEMCELL gives free SepMate samples) but, yes, it is a possibility.

Hope that helps any future researchers googling this question!

Yes, it is possible to extract total RNA from PAXgene blood RNA tubes using the PAXgene blood RNA kit. The PAXgene blood RNA kit is specifically designed for extracting RNA from blood samples that have been collected and stored in PAXgene blood collection tubes.

To extract total RNA from a portion of the blood sample collected in a PAXgene blood RNA tube, you will need to follow the manufacturer's instructions for using the PAXgene blood RNA kit. This typically involves the following steps:

It is worth noting that the specific procedures and reagents used in the PAXgene blood RNA kit may vary depending on the specific kit that you are using. Therefore,

Hi Klaudia,

My name is Sneha Balani and I am the Product Manager for Immune Cell Culture Products at STEMCELL Technologies.

I recommend using the ImmunoCult DC Culture Kit for differentiating DCs from Monocytes after isolation with EasySep. We have optimized our product to consistently provide good results while saving our customers the time of sourcing and testing individual cytokines. You can find the full protocol here: https://cdn.stemcell.com/media/files/brochure/BR27017-Dendritic_Cell_Research.pdf

I hope this helps! If you have any more questions, feel free to contact our product support specialists at techsupport@stemcell.com.

Kind regards,

Sneha Balani

Hello Mehar Khalil

You should try to do the following.

You need to dilute the blood with equal amount of PBS. Then mix the blood and PBS gently. When erythrocytes in whole blood are aggregated, some mononuclear cells are trapped in the clumps and therefore sediment with the erythrocytes. This tendency to trap mononuclear cells is reduced when you dilute blood with PBS.

Add 14 ml histopaque at the bottom of a 50 ml tube without touching the side of the tube. Gently overlay the Histopaque with the diluted blood (20ml). Allow the diluted blood to flow down the side of the tube and pool on top of the density gradient media surface without breaking surface plane. Centrifuge at room temperature at 760 x g for 30 min with the brakes off since the deceleration can disrupt the density gradient.

Best.

Hello Jorge Luis Tejeda Salazar

You should culture leukocytes in RPMI media containing 10% FBS instead of DMEM as leukocytes will grow well in RPMI media. Leukocytes do not readily proliferate without stimulus. To induce proliferation, mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may be added to the culture medium at a concentration of 1-5 µg/mL.

I use PHA which is widely used for the purpose of mitotic stimulation of human lymphocytes. Additionally, you may add IL-2 at a final concentration of 100 IU/ml. The cells express high affinity receptor for IL-2 and proliferate in response to this cytokine.

Best.

Blood is the most common clinical sample when it comes to bacteriology because in the case of septicemic disease can used for culturing and isolation of causative agent also serum can be separated from blood can be used for rapid diagnosis which give suggestive diagnosis .....etc

Monozygotic twins will have the same blood type, with a few very rare exceptions.

Fresh frozen plasma to store in approved freezers at less than -30°C. It is thawed just before use (a process which takes up to 30 minutes) and once thawed, must be infused within 24 hours if kept at 4°C (or 4 hours if kept at room temperature)

Hi,

What about plant (leaf) material?

In the US and a few other countries, plasma or serum urea concentration is expressed as the amount of urea nitrogen. Although plasma or serum is used for the analysis, the test is still, somewhat confusingly, commonly referred to as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and the unit of BUN concentration is mg/dL.

Hello Amy Holt,

Could you find a company that provided you with the blood ?

No.

Please see the following RG links.

I need an answer for mine as well:

You can use fluorochrome-conjugated mAbs. First dye the sample with anti-CD45, anti-CD3, anti-Vd1 and anti-Vd2. I propose to use the Miltenyi, and use a MACSQuant® Tyto® cytometer. Second, you run the sample by positively selecting the Vd1 cells and obtain the Vd1 T lymphocytes in the positive well with sufficient purity, then you recover the sample from the negative fraction and run it again in another cartridge and positively select the Vd2 T cells. in this way you obtain the two populations of interest in a viable and quite simple way.

@tharaka liyange I determined the titer of ABO IgM and IgG anti-A and anti-B antibodies using saline tube method. When I used hemolyzed samples, the titers were usually higher than 64 and when I used unhemolyzed samples, the titers were lower. I suggest that you should preferably use unhemolyzed samples. However, if you are using ELISA to determine titer levels, I hope it won't pose a problem. And the method will be effective.

Dear Wei Li,

In addition to above suggestion:

1. Please use a density gradient separation medium with low endotoxin levels (such as Ficoll-Paque PLUS; density 1.077 g/mL) to separate PBMCs.

2. If feasible, use Qiagen's RNeasy Kit to isolate RNA from cells of your interest.

Hopefully, you will get the desired concentration of RNA with excellent 260/280 ratio.

Best wishes - Pradyumna

Dear Benjamin Tschumi

If you have drawn the sample in the sodium-heparin tube then you need not to add further Na. Sodium in the tube is enough to stop coagulation.

Even if the coagulation will occur it will occur in 30-40 minutes. Check with control sample and then think of adding more Na to the tube.

Hope this is helpful.

Good luck.

Hi Lauren,

I would not use a defibrinated blood for a coagulation testing at all. Adding fibrinogen would not be useful, because firstly you might not now what was its original fibrinogen concentration to make it up. Even if you do, you may not be able to do the same for other coagulation factors, because during the coagulation cascade, other factors are consumed as well, such as factors II, V, VIII, X, XI, and XII. So, a defibrinated blood is really a poor sample for coagulation studies. I hope this helps.

I can't help but point out severely wrong opinions in relevant posts. 1. RBC is also functional thus has RNAs of its own. 2. Trizol of course can be and has long been used to preserve RNA after the isolation of WBC. 3. And THERE ARE circulating long RNAs (mostly encapsulated in vesicles) and small RNAs (mostly AGO2 combined) in serum/plasma.

I have to correct such misinformation. Evidence is all over PubMed.

Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is safe and effective.

First thing i would like to comment on it that you may change the clone of CD20, check CD19 as well if they are even few?

Secondary, The absence B cells might be the drug effect (Like: Rituximab or any alternative/traditional medicine).

As it turns out, I built a goniometer for roll-off angles for our lab from very cheap source materials. You start with a protractor with an adjustable arm, such as this one:

Glue (cyanoacrylate glue is good) it to a sheet of acrylic (1/8 is good) so you can mount it easily on a wall or whatever.

Then, cut a piece of sheet acrylic that is a little shorter than the arm and wide enough to hold your samples. I think ours is like 3"x2" or so. If it's too big it'll be hard to use. Glue it to the retracting arm of the protractor, being careful not to get glue on the joint or other side of the arm.

Now, get some double-sided tape to mount your samples and keep them flat. Dispense whatever droplet size of fluid you like onto the substrate, and tilt the arm+stage until the droplet rolls off. You may need a range of pipettes to run your testing:

That ought to do it; it works well enough for our lab and we develop/QC hydrophobic coatings day in and out.

Good luck!

Eric

Hemoglobin is the red pigment in blood that is capable of transporting oxygen Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants and certain organisms that is capable of trapping the energy of the sun to enhance the process of photosynthesis.

https://brainly.in/question/319746

Is there any simple device, as simple as oxymeter, to monitor co2 level in human body?

Erythrocytes are fragile and will undergo hemolysis if frozen and thawed, as you demonstrated. If you need to freeze your samples to process them at a later time, you should let the blot clot in a glass tube, the collect and keep the supernatant (serum) frozen until needed. Now I don't know what you want to do with the blood, nor whether massive contamination with hemoglobin will impair your results. But it would be probably better to start the whole experiment once again (sorry for the mice).

Thank you Gürhan for the references

we faced the same issue and with COVID it's frustrating. As far as I know, you can only buy these reagents from them cause you have to put the Lot no. in the machine.

ok mam can you suggest any research article related to erythrocytes and trypan blue exclusion assays?

David did an excellent job with deep-frozen whole blood when we shipped the entire patient's cohort in one batch for analysis. The results have been recently published

📷Original Article

C. D’Angelo D. Goldeck G. Pawelec L. Gaspari A. Di Iorio R. PaganelliFirst published: 22 May 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14360Citations: 1

Red plasma would indicate haemolysis. Proceeding of such sample would not be wise as results could be compromised.

The environment that's supposed to be made more alkaline is only the endosomal compartment, not the entire cell or body. Naturally, endosomes slowly become more acidic, on their way to becoming lysosomes. Many viruses sense this acidification, and use it as a trigger to fire their endosome escape functions and enter the cytoplasm. If this fails, the virus will likely be destroyed once the lysosomes become mature and loaded with protease & RNAse.

To prevent endosome acidification, a traditional chemical buffering system is likely not the correct mechanism. This would more likely be achieved by a specific phamacological mechanism, like interrupting membrane integrity or inhibiting a proton transporter. I have seen remarkably little work on this, and all of it only in cell culture.

Cambridge Bioscience are the distributors of CASY ton in the UK.

Dear Giovanni Ferrari ,

I have the same interest and this technical issue( No equipment) except portable centrifuge. I am planning to draw venous blood from healthy participants. What have you done to get the ideal processing for microRNA stability?

Actually I have a portable centrifuge and I am going to fractionate the plasma and store it at 5 C for a maximum of 5 hrs then transfer fractions to -80.

Thank you Dr Habib.

I work in a private facility in Nigeria and most of our surgical patients present for implant / joint /spine surgeries. We do postpone cases for non urgent / non emergent procedures with HbA1c > 8%, even when preop RBS is <200mg%. This is to reduce SSI and other postop morbidity and mortality rates. Other centres accept HbA1c between 8-9%.

Thank you all!

please this link will help

Gamal B. Abdelaziz , at this stage I think yes, thank you. I will discuss with my colleague who has an experimental machine about further details and maybe new questions will appear.

Hi Babamale, I only worked with human neutrophils so I cannot answer for mouse bone marrow. I used the same buffer for neutrophil whole cell lyses and ran on western blot without any issues.

Sperm is typically prevented from exposure to blood - because even a male's own sperm is seen by their immune system as "foreign", leading to the formation of anti-sperm antibodies. This can be a problem in clinical situations such as after testicular trauma, leading to infertility.

As such, I dont think sperm delivery into the bloodstream is practical and although I dont have any specific data on it, I believe the survival of sperm in the blood stream would not be very long. The article you have linked to seems to be suggesting the utility of a sperm delivery system for anti-tumour therapy into the female genital tract (in the lumen, not via the bloodstream) to treat malignancies like endometrial cancer. I couldnt access the full text, so not sure how rigiriusly they have tested this - certainly sounds like an interesting idea!

I agree with Steve Hawkins that phenol chloroform is excellent and also proteinaseK followed by salting out with ethanol precipitation worked well on many thousands of samples in my lab over many years

it may help

Best!

Oxy-Hemoglobin typically has peaks at 541 and 576 nm. Because these peaks are still present in the spectra you showed, your sample likely still has some amount of unreacted hemoglobin which will impact your results. Typically this lack of complete reaction is caused by 2 factors:

Determining whether a patient has a microbial infection is a common clinical challenge. Sepsis is a case in point where clinical signs may be confused with causes other than infection, such as trauma. In this issue of EBioMedicine, Cartwright et al. describe a rapid blood test to discriminate between patients with microbial infections and those with sterile trauma . This is a ground-breaking and much-needed development.

Cartwright M. A broad-spectrum infection diagnostic that detects pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in whole blood. EBioMedicine. 2016 ( http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352396416302584) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

The DIFCO and BBL Manual is an excellent resource for a huge variety of microbiological culture media, and it is available free online here: https://www.trios.cz/wp-content/uploads/sites/149/2016/08/DIFCO-A-BBL-MANUAL-2.pdf

Could you perhaps share your experience with S9.6 antibody? I am considering to apply it for my research.

Fluoride-citrate is better than fluoride-oxalate

The best way is design and write a project with your hypothesis and concrete objectives, and present it to a medical department in a hospital in order to find out if they could be interested in your research. In the case they are interested, you could suggest them a collaboration to perform the study and share the results in the future papers.

If you buy 1 vial of 10 million cells from a supplier, you can recover up to 8 million cells depending on your thawing protocol. Although not recommended, you could try to refreeze them but you need to put at least 4 million cells/vial to have a decent recovery the next time around. Trying to culture PBMCs so you have a substantial yield is also not a good idea as it might affect your experimental objectives/setup (like Andrei S. Babenka mentioned).

Try obtaining a leukopak/whole blood and then isolate PBMCs yourself. Leukopaks can give you >1000 million PBMCs. You could freeze 100s of vials (@10 million/vial) and use them at your pace. The only drawback is that all these cells would be from a single donor. If you would rather have multiple donors, get whole blood samples and a 50-100 mL draw should last you a while (average 1 million cells from 1 mL of whole blood). Many life science suppliers sell these and these options are more cost effective than buying pre-processed PBMCs (unless you are looking for specific PBMC types). PBMC isolation is pretty easy and you can find protocols online.

If you only need a few cells here and there and want to save a few hundred dollars, there is an alternative option. Many University associated laboratories that work with human PBMCs have IRB approvals in place to collect blood from healthy human donors. You could ask if they would share samples with you.

Hello, similar topic well discussed here.

Good luck!

Using filter paper you can resuspended in PBS buffer samples of dried blood to extract DNA

Regarding exosomes using serum or plasma both is ok. Because we didn't find any significant differences between both of them.

Hi Sam vijay kumar .J

I am using following protocol for a long time. It is really useful.

Add this buffer onto your blood sample. ( You can use 20 ml for 1-2 ml blood sample.)

Shake at RT for a while (4 min is enough) and centrifuge for 10 min at 3000 rpm.

Discard supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 10 ml of this buffer. Shake. Centrifuge. (same parameters). Discard supernatant.

2. Then you can lyse your cells

Prepare a buffer containing

Then, you will be able to extract your DNA.

Best,

Elmas

Yes we have to follow the normal standard procedure for blood collection, consent, storage Use and discard following ethical code and approval.

agree with@ Steingrimur Stefansson

regards

The term "Artificial blood" is a misnomers and can't be prepared in laboratory. There is a limitation of stem cells culture in vitro and component in whole blood is much more complex.

Surely the new technologies for the treatment of water for dialysis and the sterility of the system have drastically reduced the episodes of fever on dialysis. The use of the jugular vein for the insertion of central venous catheters, the use of tunneled catheters and the nursing techniques of aseptic line connection contributed to the drastic decrease of sepsis .Each dialysis center pursues its own strategy with ad hoc protocols. The use of high-or low-concentration citrate for the final filling of central venous catheters. The use of chlorhexidine instead of Betadine for the disinfection of the skin also for the insertion of the fistula needles. All strategies that require lengthy discussions, but above all a widespread conviction of the staff all: doctors and nurses.

Dear Dr. Ali F Almehemdi

Blood types help us to fight diseases and tell us what major disease epidemics a given population suffered in its recent history, (e.g. in the last thousand years). For example, most native Americans belong to group O. It is believed that this is due to a syphilis epidemic and that the O type were better at fighting off the disease. Group A and B make people more resistant to cholera, while AB confers the most resistance. O offers virtually no immunity against cholera. B confers weaker protection against plague. This is probably why B is more common in North-East Europe, which was virtually unaffected by the Black Death during the Middle Ages.

A-type carriers are the most likely to survive plague, but suffer from a higher rate of heart disease, because their blood is more likely to clot. They are also at increased risk of contracting smallpox and developing cancer of the esophagus, pancreas, and stomach. Type O, contrarily to A, is slightly protective against cardiovascular problems. It also boosts resistance against tuberculosis, but increases the risk of venous thromboembolism and developing duodenal and peptic ulcers. It also attracts more mosquitoes (through which malaria is transmitted). A recent study revealed that people with type O blood are less likely to get pancreatic cancer, but also stomach, breast, ovarian and cervical cancer.

The ABO blood group system isn't the only antigen system found in humans. There are about 30 human blood type systems: Rhesus, Kell, Diego, Duffy, Kidd, and so on. Each have a role in immunity. Some are found only in some specific populations and completely absent elsewhere. This is the case of Diego antigens, found only (at low frequency) among Mongolic people and Amerindians.

yes Hamster Rodent is most idial

There are a variety of reasons that a given drug administration route is taken, among which are:

There are other factors too--often a drug can be given in multiple forms, and then it can come down to cost or patient comfort (for example, someone may prefer a daily pill to going in for an injection daily). The other factor in how a drug is commercialized is the form in which it was tested in animals. You will have a harder time getting a pill approved if all your in vivo tests are with tail vein injections, for example. But if your in vivo experiments involved an ingested oral dose, getting a pill approved is easier.

I think (and I'm sure, for practicing it) that doing an IHC on a blood smear is not a good idea. Because the red blood cell is full of endogenous peroxidases and other parasitic enzymes that are very difficult to remove with H2O2 for example. The IFI would be more judicious. For fixation, the use of cold acetone on cells stuck by centrifugation is very useful because it allows the use of all antibodies capable of labeling a cell surface, intracytoplasmic or intranuclear. To label lymphocytes in IHC it is therefore preferable to work on purified lymphocytes on ficoll gradient. But beware of the residual GRs;

Thank you Shen-An. I am in the process of educating myself, reading published literature. Tedious, but necessary!

They are less affected as they have a "mitochondrial source" of NADPH (from malic enzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase activities) which RBC have not.

In the end, is there a good protocol for obtain leukocytes from frozen blood? I know that I can obtain the DNA, but is it possible to obtain leukocytes for WB experiments?

It is not necessary to use EDTA in such experiments. Just coat the pipette tip with heparin solution before blood collecting, it will be enough.

Good luck!

this link is useful

https://academic.oup.com/ajcp/article-pdf/.../ajcpath111-0387.pdf

regards

Any standard flowcytometer instrument use for humans should do it. Sysmex, advia, coulter is most common. Take tke samples to your local hospital and talk eith the lab. See https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2ceb/bbf8230a08b64b2e4a345a628642e4eaaabe.pdf

Nelson Somogyi analyses all reducing sugars; so you should first make sure that glucose is the only sugar likely to be present in your tissues. Not for example another monosaccharide such as galactose, or any reducing oligomers (maltose etc)

Any change in blood matrix might fold F12 into F12a or prekallikrein into kallikrein. Kallikrein directly activates prothrombin to thrombin, a potent platelet activator. TAT might be formed but TAT is a poor marker for in vivo thrombin generation, here amidolytic thrombin activity (thrombin entrapped in alpha2-macroglobulin) is much better because TAT levels "jump", i.e. there might be sudden unexplainable increases or decreases, amidolytic thrombin activity does not "jump".

does anyone have this protocol?

Dear Chang, phenylhydrazine(PHZ) is better to induce anaemia under research.

A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogate) is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood. The main categories of 'oxygen-carrying' blood substitutes being pursued are hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers (PFBOC).