Biotechnology - Science topic

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That is true. Science provides the foundation, but it is up to humanity to take the next step forward.

Dear Sina Jamalzadegan ,

Generative AI offers transformative applications in biotechnology, addressing critical challenges while advancing the field. In drug discovery, AI accelerates de novo molecular design by leveraging algorithms to identify novel pharmacophores, predict ligand-receptor interactions, and optimize pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, significantly reducing the timelines and costs associated with preclinical development. It facilitates precision medicine by generating therapies tailored to individual genomic and proteomic profiles while enabling in silico drug repurposing through high-throughput virtual screening. In protein engineering, generative models predict tertiary and quaternary protein structures and elucidate conformational dynamics, enabling the design of therapeutic biologics with enhanced binding affinities and reduced immunogenicity. In synthetic biology, AI-driven sequence optimization enhances CRISPR-Cas9 targeting specificity and metabolic pathway engineering for efficient biosynthesis of bioactive compounds, biopolymers, and therapeutic peptides. Clinical applications include generating synthetic datasets for training radiological and histopathological AI models, simulating patient phenotypes to optimize clinical trial stratification, and enhancing medical imaging modalities through resolution amplification and artifact reduction. These capabilities address pervasive challenges such as sparse datasets, complexity in biomolecular networks, and exorbitant R&D costs. Generative AI also enables multi-omics integration, synthesizing insights from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, fostering a holistic systems biology approach.

For instance, optimization in drug design can be expressed as E = B.A (efficacy = binding affinity × bioavailability), where binding affinity (B) reflects the molecular interaction strength between a ligand and its target, and bioavailability (A) quantifies the proportion of the drug reaching systemic circulation. This succinctly captures how generative AI aids in balancing critical pharmacological parameters to design therapeutics with maximal clinical efficacy. By automating and streamlining these processes, generative AI mitigates the translational gap, promotes global health equity, and fosters interdisciplinary synergies across computational biology, cheminformatics, and biomedical sciences, establishing itself as a cornerstone for innovation in modern biotechnology.

Albino Wins Yes you can attend online. You can find further details visiting the conference page (https://tohi.edu.tm/en/conference2024.php) or in the attached document

There are so many reviews and articles regarding your issue, please go through, as the problem you have mentioned is not a new attempt

Different labs use different wavelengths to measure, usually from 590-650. They all work fine so it doesn't really matter so long as you consistently use the same. Traditionally 600nm has been used but not by everyone, I think because it matches the old color filters of Klett meters that used to be used.

When you get to optical densities above 1, the amount of light being scattered vastly exceeds the amount passing through, so the accuracy of the measurement goes way down. As the other responders said, the solution is to dilute your culture and take your reading so that it is below 1.

Biotechnology is transforming the textile industry by introducing sustainable, innovative, and high-performance materials and processes. Here's how biotechnology is being applied in textiles:

### 1. **Biodegradable and Sustainable Materials**

- **Bio-based fibers**: Biotechnology enables the production of fibers from renewable resources, such as **bio-based polymers** like **polylactic acid (PLA)**, derived from corn starch or sugarcane. These materials offer biodegradable alternatives to petroleum-based synthetics like polyester.

- **Bacterial cellulose**: Bacteria like *Acetobacter xylinum* produce cellulose fibers that can be used in creating eco-friendly and biodegradable textiles.

- **Fungal-based fabrics**: Innovations like **mycelium leather** (made from fungal structures) provide an alternative to animal leather, reducing the environmental footprint of leather production.

### 2. **Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)**

- **Enhanced fiber crops**: Genetic engineering of crops like **cotton** has led to the development of **pest-resistant** and **herbicide-tolerant** varieties, reducing the need for chemical inputs and increasing yield.

- **Silk from genetically modified organisms**: Scientists have developed **spider silk proteins** by inserting spider genes into organisms like **yeast**, bacteria, or even goats. This bioengineered silk is stronger and more flexible, opening new possibilities for textiles with exceptional strength and durability.

### 3. **Biological Textile Dyes**

- **Enzymatic dyeing**: Biotechnology allows for the use of **enzymes** in dyeing processes, reducing the need for harmful chemicals and water. This leads to more eco-friendly and energy-efficient textile production.

- **Natural dyes from microorganisms**: Researchers are using **microorganisms** like algae or bacteria to produce natural pigments, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes.

### 4. **Biodegradable Coatings and Treatments**

- Biotechnology enables the creation of **biodegradable coatings** for textiles, providing features such as **waterproofing**, **anti-microbial** properties, or **UV resistance** without relying on harmful chemicals.

### 5. **Enzymatic Processing**

- Enzymes are used to replace harsh chemicals in processes like **desizing**, **scouring**, and **bleaching** of textiles. This results in lower energy use, less water consumption, and reduced environmental pollution.

- **Stone washing of denim**: Traditionally done using pumice stones, stone washing can now be performed using **enzymes** like **cellulases**, making the process more sustainable and less abrasive to the fabric.

### 6. **Smart and Functional Textiles**

- Biotechnology is being used to develop **smart fabrics** that can respond to stimuli like **temperature**, **moisture**, or **light**. For example, fabrics can be engineered with **bio-sensors** to monitor health conditions or **self-cleaning properties** using embedded microorganisms.

### 7. **Waste Reduction and Recycling**

- **Microbial degradation** of textile waste: Biotechnology offers solutions for breaking down textile waste, especially synthetic materials, using **microorganisms** to recycle or degrade plastics like polyester.

- **Waste-to-fiber technology**: Biotechnology allows for the conversion of **agricultural waste** (e.g., pineapple leaves, banana fibers) into textile fibers, promoting a circular economy.

In summary, biotechnology is revolutionizing the textile industry by promoting sustainability, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing the functionality of textiles through innovative bio-based materials, processes, and smart textile solutions.

If the observed heterozygosity is lower than expected, we could anticipate a degree of inbreeding and genetic drift. If the difference is significant, we can assume an isolate-breaking effect (mixing of two previously isolated populations). However, small population size, non-random mating, selection, and mutation may also decrease the expected heterozygosity.

This is depended on researchers in this field

Thank you for the suggestion Ma'am. I will try this approach.

Biotechnology and medical research combine biology, technology, and medicine to develop new treatments and improve health. They encompass areas like genetic engineering, drug development, and regenerative medicine. These fields aim to understand diseases, create innovative therapies, and advance healthcare through scientific discovery and technological innovation.

Well, creating a semi-permeable transcription bubble can be challenging in the context of the structural stability of DNA as it tends to reanneal to its double-stranded form. Next is the concern of replication, which involves the fact that semi-permanent unwinding can potentially hinder the replication machinery from proceeding with DNA replication. Lastly, to maintain the transcription bubble to its semi-permanent unwound state, RNA polymerase is required to be halted in its activity at the transcription site, which could, in turn, lead to instability and interference in the replication of the plasmid. Considering these aspects, I believe three probable yet theoretical strategies can be adopted in this regard. First is genetically engineering a modified RNA polymerase, which can maintain the plasmid DNA at its single-stranded state by getting associated at a precise plasmid location without hindering the transcription process. Second is implementing genetically engineered single-strand binding (SSB) proteins, which can keep the plasmid DNA at its unwound state without interfering with RNA synthesis. Lastly, chemical molecules such as intercalating agents are introduced, which can develop proximal unwinding by being inserted at the nitrogenous base pairs of plasmid DNA; Molecules that are enhancers or activators of helicases; Hydrogen bond destabilizers like Di-Methyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), Urea or Formamide which can perform denaturation of double-stranded DNA; Cross-linking agents like Psoralens which forms covalent cross-linkages between single-stranded DNA molecules and DNA or RNA polymerases; Ligands which associate with single-stranded DNA such as Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) and nucleic analogs which stabilizes the single-stranded structures of DNA; Alkylating agents such as Nitrogen and Sulfur derivatives of Mustard gas, Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS), Methyl Methanesulfonate (MMS), N-Nitrosoureas and Temozolomide. Nevertheless, besides being hypothetical, all these strategies have cons of their own.

Dear Colleague,

I hope this message finds you well. The stability and half-life of guide RNA (gRNA) are critical factors in the efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing systems. Here is a detailed and logical explanation regarding the average half-life of gRNA not bound to Cas9.

Average Half-Life of Unbound gRNA

Practical Implications for CRISPR/Cas9 Experiments

Conclusion

The average half-life of unmodified gRNA not bound to Cas9 can range from 30 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the specific cellular conditions. Chemical modifications can significantly enhance the stability of gRNA, extending its half-life to several hours or more. Understanding these factors is crucial for optimizing CRISPR/Cas9 experiments and ensuring efficient genome editing outcomes.

Should you have any further questions or require additional assistance, please feel free to reach out.

In a Crispr/Cas system, what is the average half life of a guide RNA (gRNA) not bound to Cas9?

Hayır bilmiyorum

Thanks for your query, I might be helping you if you are interested, please contact with me in my e-mail address.

Philip G Penketh thanks for sharing your belief and experience. Duplication of each cell in our body could be something similar to bacterial division. But the product might be similar to an identical clone. Then again I think that would not be the same "person" even when exposed to the same events in life.

Cheers to Life..

Hey there! I understand your challenge with marking the C4 complement factor in Western Blotting. Here are a few suggestions that might help:

Focus on keywords like "AI in computational biology," "machine learning in lab experiments," "AI-driven clinical trials," "computational methods in molecular studies," "AI in cell culture," and "AI animal models." Utilize databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and IEEE Xplore for comprehensive literature searches.

In general, and in most cases, it is very unlikely to obtain a patent in just 23 days.

The main difference is that while absorption involves the mass transfer of particles into another material (one substance absorbing another), adsorption takes place with the adhesion of particles onto the surface of a substance. absorption is the process in which a fluid dissolves by a liquid or a solid. In the case of Adsorption, the atoms, ions, or molecules from a substance adhere to a surface of the adsorbent

The age of a bacterial culture can greatly affect DNA isolation. Younger cultures, which are typically in the exponential growth phase, tend to yield better results because the cells are actively dividing and less likely to have degraded DNA. In contrast, older cultures may have more dead cells and debris, leading to lower quality DNA and potential contamination. Additionally, cells in older cultures might be harder to lyse due to changes in cell wall structure, and the presence of extracellular nucleases can degrade the DNA further. Therefore, it's usually best to use younger bacterial cultures for DNA isolation to ensure you get the highest quality and quantity of DNA.

Dear participants of the seminar! Let me also say a big thank you for your participation! These two days of the seminar were full of theoretical knowledge, valuable practical experience and advice, and bright thought-provoking questions! It was a fruitful seminar, indeed! Thank you very much! See you next year in May! Greetings from Prague! Sincerely, Filipp.

There are a few instances of legal cases related to biotechnology in Turkey:

If you need my opinion of your paper, I am ready to to it

The production of secondary metabolites in microorganisms is governed by various genetic mechanisms, including regulatory networks, biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), and environmental signals. Here's an overview of these mechanisms and how they are exploited in biotechnological applications:

1. Regulatory Networks: Microorganisms regulate the expression of secondary metabolite genes in response to environmental cues via complex regulatory networks involving transcription factors, activators, and repressors.

2. Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (BGCs): Secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes are often organized in BGCs, facilitating their coordinated expression and regulation.

3. Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT): HGT allows microorganisms to acquire new BGCs, leading to the diversification of secondary metabolite profiles and adaptation to different environments.

4. Epigenetic Regulation: Epigenetic modifications influence secondary metabolite production by altering the accessibility of chromatin and modulating gene expression within BGCs.

Biotechnological Applications:

· Metabolic Engineering: Genetic manipulation of regulatory networks and biosynthetic pathways enhances specific secondary metabolite production or generates novel compounds with desired properties.

· Strain Improvement: Microbial strains with improved secondary metabolite production capabilities are developed through mutagenesis, selection, and screening methods, leading to increased productivity and product quality.

· Synthetic Biology: De novo design and construction of biosynthetic pathways enable the production of novel secondary metabolites or optimization of existing pathways for pharmaceutical, agricultural, and industrial applications.

The connection between biotechnology and deep tech highlights a future where the integration of complex scientific research, innovation, and advanced engineering is essential to driving societal progress and addressing global challenges. Biotechnology, as a segment of deep tech, encompasses a broad range of applications, from healthcare and agriculture to environmental conservation and beyond. Given its expansive impact, several future challenges and research directions are poised to shape the landscape of deep biotechnology:

1. As biotechnological innovations push the boundaries of what's possible, ethical and regulatory frameworks will need to evolve. This includes issues related to genetic engineering, data privacy in genomics, and the equitable distribution of groundbreaking treatments.

2. The convergence of biotechnology with other deep tech areas like AI, quantum computing, and nanotechnology necessitates a seamless integration of multidisciplinary expertise. Bridging these disciplines poses both a collaborative opportunity and a logistical challenge.

3 Many biotechnological innovations face scalability challenges. Transitioning from a successful laboratory proof-of-concept to widespread commercial and clinical application is non-trivial. Additionally, ensuring these innovations are accessible and affordable to those who need them most remains a significant hurdle.

4. Deep biotech ventures often require substantial upfront investment with a long-term horizon for returns. Balancing the need for rigorous scientific research with investor expectations for timely returns is a delicate endeavor.

5. The complexity of biological systems presents ongoing technical challenges. This includes issues like the delivery mechanisms for gene editing tools, overcoming antibiotic resistance, and creating sustainable bio-based materials.

Future Research Directions:

The development and commercialization of biotechnological innovations, influenced by the deep tech ecosystem, require a collaborative effort among governments, academia, venture capital, and industry. The lessons learned from rapid vaccine development during the COVID-19 pandemic underscore the potential of this ecosystem to address pressing global challenges.

As biotechnology continues to evolve within the deep tech framework, its role in shaping a sustainable and health-focused future becomes increasingly significant.

Hello, the consortium of microorganisms, mainly the filamentous fungi isolated from biodegradation polymeric materials have high biodegradation activity.

India has a rich history of traditional foods and medicines. A new Biotechnology journal with new innovations is commendable

Certainly! Here are some well-regarded reference books that delve into CRISPR gene editing technology, offering insights from the basics to advanced applications:

1. "CRISPR-Cas: A Laboratory Manual"

Edited by Jennifer Doudna, Prashant Mali, and Samuel Sternberg

2. "A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution"

By Jennifer Doudna and Samuel Sternberg

3. "The CRISPR Generation: The Story of the World’s First Gene-Edited Babies"

By Kiran Musunuru

4. "Genome Editing: The Next Step in Gene Therapy"

Edited by Toni Cathomen, Matthew Hirsch, and Matthew Porteus

5. "CRISPR: Methods and Protocols"

Edited by Magnus Lundgren, Emmanuelle Charpentier, Peter C. Fineran

These books range from technical manuals to more narrative accounts of CRISPR technology's development and implications. Depending on your interest—be it the technicalities of gene editing, the story of CRISPR's discovery, or the ethical and societal impacts—you'll find valuable information in these references.

l Check out this protocol list; it might provide additional insights for resolving the issue.

For whatever its worth, I have attached my updated CV below for those interested in giving me a chance.

Thank you so much sir.

Thank you for the accurate and interesting views. I'm actually wondering the considerations one would make, when he/she chooses a target gene and vector design. More specifically the genetic consideration in replacing or adding a gene into mammalian cell types.

Yes, I am interested to work with you.

Hello esteemed colleagues and academics,

I am thrilled to share some excellent news with you: our book proposal titled "Biotechnological Applications for Soil and Water Improvement and Conservation" has been accepted by the publisher, Bentham Science Publishers. We are now in the phase of seeking collaborators who wish to contribute to this exciting project. In the case of non-native English speakers, a language proficiency certificate is required.

The book will cover a wide range of topics related to environmental biotechnology, with each chapter offering unique perspectives and in-depth insights into these fields. Here are the proposed topics for the chapters:

Table of contents of the book “Biotechnological Applications for Soil and Water Improvement and Conservation”

1.- Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Perspectives.

2.- Soil: Composition, Functions, and Current Challenges.

3.- Beneficial Soil Microorganisms: Mycorrhizae, Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria, and Other Natural Allies.

4.- Biotechnology and Soil Remediation: Techniques and Microorganisms for the Recovery of Contaminated Soils.

5.- Biofertilizers and Biopesticides: Sustainable Alternatives for Agriculture.

Author: Dr. Olivia Pérez, Dr. Rafael, Dr. Yesica, Dr. Karen

6.- Biotechnological Management of Saline and Arid Soils.

7.- Water: Cycle, Importance, and Challenges in Conservation.

8.- Biological Treatment of Wastewater: Use of Microorganisms for Purification.

9.- Bioremediation of Contaminated Waters: Strategies and Success Cases.

10.- Conservation and Reuse of Water in Agriculture: Biotechnological Techniques for Efficient Use.

11.- Microalgae and Biotechnology: Water Purification and Biomass Production.

Author: Dr. Yuri Cordoba

12.- Biosensors for Contaminant Detection: Innovative Tools for Water Monitoring.

13.- Bioengineering Techniques for Soil Erosion Prevention.

Biofilms and Their Application in Water Conservation.

14.- Nanobiotechnology in Water Purification and Treatment.

15.- Edaphology and Biotechnology: Study and Improvement of Soil at the Molecular Level.

16.- Biological Desalination: Biotechnological Alternatives for Freshwater Extraction.

17.- Biotechnology and Precision Agriculture: Efficient Use of Soil and Water.

18.- Ethical and Social Challenges of Environmental Biotechnology.

19.- Towards a Sustainable Future: Integrating Biotechnology into

20.- Conservation Policies and Practices.

21.- Utilizing Omics Tools for Studying Soil Microorganisms in Diverse Environments

Author: Dr. Israel Valencia Quiroz

22.- Omics Technologies: Unraveling Microbial Complexities in Extreme Soil Environments

Author: Dr. Israel Valencia Quiroz

If any of these topics resonate with your interests and expertise, I invite you to join us as authors or co-authors. Additionally, I encourage you to consider including collaborators from other institutions, both nationally and internationally, to enrich our work with diverse perspectives and knowledge.

I have prepared a document on Google Drive where you can indicate your interest in a specific chapter, along with your name, affiliation, and H-index of your publications. This document will also serve to organize collaboration and coordinate writing efforts.

Here is the link to the document: https://docs.google.com/document/d/15ws1RnU4LZzzGAgcCmZxljY24wRqt9SGy59h_khBE-Q/edit?usp=sharing

I appreciate your interest and enthusiasm in contributing to this project. If you have any questions or require more information, please do not hesitate to contact me.

I look forward to your responses and the opportunity to work together on this initiative.

Warm regards,

Dr. Israel Valencia Quiroz

Laboratory of Phytochemistry, UBIPRO, FES Iztacala, UNAM.

I am honored to participate with you in research. Please kindly explain the ideas and plan.

with all my respect.

Contact me

Prolonged inflammatory conditions such as aging or alcoholic liver disease not only impact the liver but also affect the bone marrow. The use of autologous MSCs for regeneration in such diseases may not be efficacious, as suggested by findings in (PMID: 35295591)

There are multiple ways:

1. Using plant materials

2. Using microbes

3. Using greener solvents etc.

Plz check my profile and find papers for understanding

Those are very broad topics. Is this for an entire course or just your lab? Who will be supervising them (you or other colleagues with different areas of expertise)? What are the research themes being carried out in the labs which will be hosting these students?

The most useful negative control has both primers but water instead of dna template. This should always fail to amplify but when it starts to produce a pcr product of the same size as your expected pcr product then it has detected contamination in a reagent or the environment and that will be a problem because all of your samples will probably have contamination as well

What's about the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by ferrite? As the concentration of H2O2 drops, the delignification process is slowing down. Check the paper "Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on fine particle ferrites and cobaltites".

One of the simplest lignin derived products that can be made in a lab is vanillin, which is the main flavor component of vanilla. Vanillin can be obtained from lignin by various biotechnological routes, such as enzymatic oxidation, microbial fermentation, or bioelectrochemical systems. For example, one possible method is to use a fungal enzyme called laccase to oxidize lignin and produce vanillin and other aromatic compounds1. Another possible method is to use a bacterium called Pseudomonas putida to convert lignin-derived compounds into vanillin and other value-added products. A third possible method is to use a microbial fuel cell to degrade lignin and generate vanillin and electricity simultaneously. These methods are more environmentally friendly and cost-effective than the conventional chemical methods of vanillin production from lignin.

@all Fisheries Biotechnology professionals have a range of career options both in India and abroad. Here are some potential career paths:

Abroad:

In India:

The field of fisheries biotechnology is dynamic, and professionals can find opportunities in research, management, policy, and entrepreneurship. Staying updated on the latest advancements in biotechnology and fisheries sciences will be beneficial for career growth in this field.

Yes i can help you.....

Just nucleotide complementary rule - Chargaff's rule.

Biodesalination is a promising sustainable practice, using lower energy consumption and resulting in less environmental impact. However, it is still in the research phase and has yet to be implemented on a large scale. Some challenges must be addressed before it can be considered a viable solution to global water scarcity. For example, biodesalination is slower than traditional desalination methods, and biodesalination costs are currently higher than other methods.

While biodesalination has the potential to be a viable solution to global water scarcity in the future, more research and development are needed to make it more efficient and cost-effective. Other methods, such as renewable-powered desalination, are also being explored as potential solutions.

See:

Can desalination be a sustainable solution to the water crisis? | World Economic Forum (weforum.org)

Gabriella Samuel that was the initial last date of submission which got extended now. If interested in contribution then message me.

Dear Farah, I am struggling with the same issue.. Could you please tell what worked for the isolation of your Fosmid DNA?

Hello Florentine Doudaine

Yes, medicine and biotechnology have had its impact on natural selection, but it continues in the form of microevolution which is nothing but minor changes in gene frequencies. We would not be expecting a major adaptive shift because of environmental stability. For instance, disease epidemics have the potential to bypass all forms of buffering capability that protects man from environmental stress and are likely to continue to exert selective pressure on modern man in the future. Diseases are environmental stressors that can easily break through all forms of technological defenses of the human genome.

No matter how far we may reach in our search for advanced technology (either in medicine or biotechnology, etc.,), we will still face natural selective pressures in the future though the relative importance of natural selection in shaping our own species might be weak at present.

Best.

Hi Dr., I like your question, and I would love to answer and support you on your research, but I would appreciate it if you could click RECOMMEND for my 6 research papers under my AUTHORSHIP below is my short answer to your question. Click the RECOMMEND word under each of my research papers and follow me. In return for your kind support, I provide you with the answer to your question :

There are several effective methodologies researchers use to study resistance in mite species. From a biotechnological perspective, genome sequencing and transcriptomics can provide valuable insights.

Comparing genomic and expression profiles of susceptible vs resistant mite populations exposed to different pesticides/acaricides pinpoints genetic factors involved in tolerance. Sequencing also helps design diagnostic assays for detecting resistant alleles in field samples.

Researchers also employ biochemical and molecular biology techniques. One approach involves exposing mite enzymes in vitro to varying pesticide concentrations. Comparing inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) between susceptible and resistant mite samples identifies potential target-site mutations reducing binding affinity.

Another method analyzes the activity of detoxification enzymes like cytochrome P450s, esterases and glutathione-S-transferases. Higher activity in resistant mites indicates their role in metabolizing or sequestering xenobiotics. Linking specific genes to elevated enzyme levels further elucidates resistance mechanisms.

Transgenic methods complement these studies. Expressing candidate resistance genes from mites in model organisms like yeast validates whether they alone can recapitulate the resistant phenotype. RNA interference experiments knocking down gene expression in resistant mite colonies also supports identified targets.

Integrating different "omics" datasets with protein/enzyme work and transgenic functional validation provides a robust understanding of resistance strategies employed by mites against various control interventions.

Since there is no thesis writing universally in undergraduate level probably it must have meant long essay type project writing !

Focus on your own PhD and writing it as articles in HI journals. Do not let anyone have access to your data :)

In FAS i.e., fatty acid synthesis the chemical reaction is, Malonyl CoA+ Acyl-carrier protein↔ CoA+Malonyl-[acyl carrier protein]. In fact, there are two substrates for the enzyme concerned. Concerned enzyme is a transferase. The enzyme very often called as S-malonyltransferase may be termed as FabD, i.e., Acyl-carrier-protein- S- malonyltransferase.

My Dear you apply for Canada visa and jobs along with resume.i can say that you can get there higher education with scholarship as you are scholar.

Very happy for your valuable open letter.i do not know in your united Arab Emirates citizenship.

Ok proceed.

Environmental biotechnology is biotechnology that is used to understand and apply to the environment. It may also imply that one attempts to control biological processes for profit. Environmental biotechnology is defined as "the development, use, and regulation of biological systems for remediation of contaminated environments (land, air, and water), and for environment-friendly processes (green manufacturing technologies and sustainable development)."

if you want United States, you can contact UCLA privately.

Un haplotipo en genética es una combinación de alelos de diferentes loci de un cromosoma que son transmitidos juntos. Un haplotipo puede ser un locus, varios loci, o un cromosoma entero dependiendo del número de eventos de recombinación que han ocurrido entre un conjunto dado de loci. Si tu haplotipo es un locus lugar que ocupa un gen y sabes el lugar o la banda, porque la amplificaste entonces debe limpiar y secuenciar esa banda, así tendrás tu haplotipo y tu secuencia de nucleotidos. Luego los informaticos tienen programas especiales que dan la posición.

Los microorganismos no halófilos capaces de crecer tanto en ausencia como en presencia de sal son llamados halotolerantes; los halotolerantes que son capaces de crecer aproximadamente al 15% (w/v) de NaCl (2,5 M) son considerados halotolerantes extremos. Los microorganismos que requieren sal para su crecimiento son llamados halófilos. De acuerdo a la definición de Kushner (30), es posible distinguir entre halófilos débiles, como lo son la mayoría de los organismos marinos, considerando que el agua de mar contiene cerca del 3% (w/v) de NaCl; halófilos moderados, cuyo crecimiento óptimo se encuentra en un rango del 3 al 15% (w/v) de sal, y halófilos extremos, que presentan un crecimiento óptimo al 25% (w/v) de NaCl (44).

Por otro lado debes aislar el ADN de ambas cepas y amplificar genes de resistencia a salinidad, a través de PCR convencional o Real Time. Estos genes ya determinados por otros autores cuyas secuencia a veces la publican.

Non-halophilic microorganisms capable of growing both in the absence and in the presence of salt are called halotolerant; halotolerants that are capable of growing in approximately 15% (w/v) NaCl (2.5 M) are considered extreme halotolerants. Microorganisms that require salt for their growth are called halophiles. According to Kushner's definition (30), it is possible to distinguish between weak halophiles, as most marine organisms are, considering that seawater contains about 3% (w/v) of NaCl; moderate halophiles, whose optimum growth is found in a range of 3 to 15% (w/v) of salt, and extreme halophiles, which show optimal growth at 25% (w/v) of NaCl (44).

On the other hand, you must isolate the DNA of both strains and amplify genes for resistance to salinity, through conventional or Real Time PCR. These genes already determined by other authors whose sequence is sometimes published.

Plant breeding and biotechnology offer promising strategies for developing crop varieties with desirable traits such as pest and disease resistance, drought tolerance, and higher yield. Here are some examples of how plant breeding and biotechnology can be used for crop improvement:

Plant breeding and selection may help to produce new verities of crops more adopted to climate change, these links may help you understand the topic:

More videos on breeding:

Breeding - repeatability of traits https://youtu.be/soxbOHf-mM0

How to calculate narrow sense heribtability: https://youtu.be/OkP7_xDuiig

What is selective coefficient and relative fitness: https://youtu.be/XeEx5Feeiq0

How to calculate hybrid vigor: https://youtu.be/yQVwSy1pFjQ

The identification and isolation of microorganisms that can degrade plastic or oil from a sample involves several steps. Here is a general approach to achieve this:

1. Sample preparation: Take a sample from the environment where you suspect the presence of degrading microorganisms. You can use sampling tools such as a sterile spatula, a sterile pipette, or a sterile cotton swab to do this. It is important to work under sterile conditions to avoid cross-contamination. 2. Enrichment: Once the sample is prepared, you can culture it in a suitable medium containing nutrients for the microorganisms. The choice of medium depends on the type of microorganism to be isolated. For example, you can use oil or hydrocarbon-enriched medium to isolate hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria.

3. Incubation: Cultures must be incubated at the optimum temperature so that the growth of the microorganisms is isolated. Incubation times can vary depending on the type of microorganism and the medium used.

4. Identification: Once you have obtained a pure culture of microorganisms, you can proceed to identify them. Identification methods may include microscopic observation, Gram stain, PCR, DNA sequencing, mass spectrometry, etc. 5. Degradability test: You can perform degradability tests to determine if the identified microorganisms are able to degrade plastics or oils. These tests may include tests on microbial growth in the presence of plastics or oils, tests for the production of degradation enzymes or chemical analyzes to detect the degradation of the substance.

It is important to note that the identification and isolation of degrading microorganisms can be a complex process and success depends on many factors, including sample quality and choice of medium.

The use of genetic engineering and biotechnology in agriculture has the potential to significantly impact crop production and food security. Some of the potential benefits of genetic engineering and biotechnology include:

However, the use of genetic engineering and biotechnology in agriculture is not without its controversies and potential risks. Some concerns include:

Overall, the use of genetic engineering and biotechnology in agriculture has the potential to significantly impact crop production and food security. However, it is important to carefully evaluate and manage the potential risks and benefits associated with these technologies to ensure that they are used in a responsible and sustainable manner.

Hi Sabina. According to the 1983 paper that described the preparation of NE from Hela cell, transcription looks good in 0.42 M NaCl. So the high salt buffer condition, 420 mM is adopted in most cases. Here is the paper Good luck!