Bioremediation - Science topic

Have a look at this useful RG link.

Biosorption mechanisms depend on the type of bacteria strain. It requires the standardization of the media during your studies. For comparative studies, it can be a minimal salt medium and a nutrient-rich medium like LB.

Dear Megan Shoemaker ,

There are several methods that can be used to separate mycelium from soil, depending on the specific goals of your project and the resources available to you. Some common methods include:

It's worth noting that some of these methods may not be effective depending on the type of soil and mycelium you're working with, so it's a good idea to try out a few different methods and see which one works best for your specific project.

Dear Kamyar Amirhosseini, there are various reviews on this topic. First insights are encouraging. Please have a look at the following sample documents. My Regards

Bioremediation as a method of remediating polluted environment has many notable advantages compared to other methods of remediation, the foremost being its eco-friendly features, which include minimal site disruption, permanent waste removal, and elimination of long-term liability.

Currently, microbes are used to clean up pollution treatment in processes known as 'bioremediation'. Bioremediation uses micro-organisms to reduce pollution through the biological degradation of pollutants into non-toxic substances.

https://doi.org/http://doi: 10.11648/j.sjac.20210904.12

Here, we describe a protocol used to detect Chlorpyrifos residues in soil

Thank you .. am interested.

You can do it by adapting bacterial culture to a high concentration of metals by serial acclimatization. and I can suggest you to induce mutation in your strain, using a UV lamp. this process is called"induced mutagenesis" it's easy and generally used for random selection of mutants. in your case, it's a positive selection of high-concentration heavy metals resistant mutants. good luck.

Microbes can be used in bioremediation of environmental pollutants as they exhibit a vast nutritional capacity. The eradication, degradation, detoxification and immobilization of various physical and chemical wastes can be done by bioremediation involving microorganisms. The degradation and transformation of pollutants (hydrocarbons, oil, heavy metal, pesticides, dye’s) is carried out enzymatically. The rate of degradation is determined by two factors; biotic and abiotic. Methods such as biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, biopiles and bioattenuation are common worldwide and as per their specificities have advantages and disadvantages as well.

(PDF) Microbial Bioremediation. (researchgate.net)

In addition to @ J. C. Tarafdar ,

Many pollutants in their degradation process are not mineralized easily and immediately; but may pass through stages of degradation steps involving the production of several intermediate metabolites. For a microbe to fit into a microbial consortium for the remediation of a given pollutant, such organism must possess necessary enzyme repertoire capable of degrading one or more of the intermediate metabolites of the pollutant.

Also, biostimulation, biosparging, bioventing, etc may also improve the bioaccessibility of pollutants to the available microbial consortium.

Je pense qu'il faut utiliser un autre milieu que le czapex que tu as utilisé. Il y a plusieurs types de milieu pouvant servir à faire pousser les white Root fungi ,les champignons de la pourriture blanche comme les lentins etc'.et avoir des bons résultats.

Use above link to purchase the crude oil

Although Haruna Yahaya Ismail has interpreted and answered the question very well with his expertise/experience, the question in itself does not make sense.

Biswajit Debnath Thank you so much! The chapter has everything I need.

It depends upon what kind of oil is target for biodegradation for example, some species of Aspergillus are known to degrade the Aliphatic hydrocarbons and Penicillium and Fusarium are applied for aromatic hydrocarbons. Some Aspergillus species are also known for bioremediation of Aromatic hydrocarbons.

There are lot of literatures present regarding this issue. some of them that can help are-

Ezekoye, C. C., Chikere, C. B., & Okpokwasili, G. C. (2018). Fungal diversity associated with crude oil-impacted soil undergoing in-situ bioremediation. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 10, 148-152.

Quintella, C. M., Mata, A. M., & Lima, L. C. (2019). Overview of bioremediation with technology assessment and emphasis on fungal bioremediation of oil contaminated soils. Journal of environmental management, 241, 156-166.

Imam, A., Suman, S. K., Ghosh, D., & Kanaujia, P. K. (2019). Analytical approaches used in monitoring the bioremediation of hydrocarbons in petroleum-contaminated soil and sludge. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 118, 50-64.

The process is called reductive dechlorination. You can find many references if you look using this term, also cometabolism is suitable key word. It is commonly applied in many countries

Our company treated more than 450,000 tons of contaminated soil ex-situ during last seven years. Our common practice is to perform monitoring of technological parameters in given time periods (3 to 8 weeks). According to the results of moisture determination, we calculate the amount of water needed to be added to reach optimum technological water content in treated soil.

Regards

Vit

Bioaccumulation is one of the strategies adopted by lower and higher organisms during the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. Some circumstances in some organisms might lead to the formation of a highly toxic substance with the involvement of biochemical pathways, at that time we cannot consider as a remedial process.

Apium nodiflorum (L.) is a hydrophytic plant forming dense submerged populations occurring along streams and rivers of Europe. I have experimented this plant for the adsorption of heavy metals Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn from aqueous solutions and I observed that this plant sustains a satisfactory adsorption efficiency and removal capacity for these metals. Since this plant has the ability to grow at high rates in a wide range of environmental conditions, it can be used to wastewater treatment from high (toxic) concentrations of metal ions.



Please have a look at

or

It could help.

Regards.

Vit

Dear Kumar,

There are so many aspects of sampling and preservation. For that, the scope and extent of the metal analysis need to identify.

1. If you need to identify Dissolved Analytes metals by AAS, you can use centrifugation at 5000 rpm 15 min, and then filter the supernatant by 0.2 um membrane filter. Then acidify with conc HNO3 (to pH <2), and you can store. But, even 0.2 um filtration also can contain Bacterial endotoxins and immediate analysis would be preferred.

2. If you need to identify bacterial attached recoverable metal fraction with available fraction, you can acidify first and then follow the previous step.

3. If you need a total metal content, you can follow the Microwave-assisted digestion with HNO3 and follow the filtration. digested sample can be store after the filtration bit longer time.

See the following materials for further knowledge, EPA 200.7

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_200-7_rev_4-4_1994.pdf

Section 8. SAMPLE COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND STORAGE.

Thank you.

The best way is to assume a short reach of the channel where you can assume factors constant. You can also consider putting a kind of a wear on the channel to enable you measure discharge in that small reach.

Plz see the below paper

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02369-0_6

Maurice Ekpenyong, thank you very much, professor. Useful hinds.

There is no doubt in the matter that bioremediation is a pollution free method with least cost.

Some developing countries are gradually adopting modern biotechnology which has enhanced the development of climate-smart crops, as well as enhanced phytoremediation of polluted environments. Developing countries especially in Africa have several indigenous biomass producing plants and hyperaccumulators which are yet be identified and harnessed. Genes involved in heavy metal tolerance such as metallothioneins needed for metal hyper-tolerance, phytochelatins required for improved HMs tolerance and sequestration in vacuoles, and glutathione can be introduced into plants used for phytoremediation for enhanced accumulation and detoxification. Genetic engineering could also be used to enhance metal transporters, to obtain overexpression of such metal transporter genes which subsequently increases the abilities of hyperaccumulator plants to sequester such metals from the environment at a faster rate. However for this to be possible in the developing world, they will need to embark on capacity building to have experienced researchers who can utilize the technology and also identify indigenous plants within the region with phytoremediation abilities. and invest in the technology transfer while taking necessary biosafety measures to ensure no harm is done to the environment.

Bioremediation is a multistage process. Mostly one bacterial strain cannot effectively degrad a chemical contaminant to non hazardous forms. Different strains can help in transformation of the contaminant as different forms of it's degraded products thereby achieve a complete biodegradation. Furthermore different microbial interaction (like co-metabolism) also play a crucial role in effective biodegradation. Therefore, the selection of different strains of microbes for the consortium is very important.

My findings is not just limited to SMS, fish wastes etc, palm oil mill effluent has been used effectively for bioremediation studies because of the consortium of microbes capable of degrading spilled oils on soils as energy sources...so much more

@Dr Asemoloye Michael

My mistake!!!!!......I probably did not notice the "E-waste" dump site referenced in your question.

Dear Loren,

Here is your answer for determination of physical or chemical sorption from Temkin isotherm.

From Temkin isotherm, you got the value of two constants i.e. Temkin isotherm equilibrium binding constant (L/g) (= A) and Constant related to heat of sorption (J/mol) (= B). After getting heat of sorption value, you have to convert it kcal/mol from J/mol. If heat of sorption value is less than 1.0 kcal/mol, then physical adsorption is occurs. And its value 20-50 kcal/mol, then chemical adsorption is occurs. If heat of sorption value is in-between (1 - 20 kcal/mol), than both physical and chemical adsorptions are involved in the adsorption.

I think this answer may be helpful to your research.

With Regards,

Dr. Himanshu Patel

I actually had to look it up, because I know that bacteria normally don't like copper but this has been checked on Agar plates.

Looking around a few articles, it looks like your concentration is quite high.

Ma et al. [1] used a concentration of ~0.015 M (1,000 mg per L) and regarded it as very high.

But generally should not be a problem with solidifying. I would try to make a simpler medium like LB, as R2A uses a very low concentration of Agar, or supplement to ~10% agar and see if that works.

And it could always be a foolish problem like: missed calculation, bad ingredients etc. Try making it again with fresh reagents.

Good luck!

[1] Ma, Y., Rajkumar, M., & Freitas, H. (2009). Inoculation of plant growth promoting bacterium Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain Ax10 for the improvement of copper phytoextraction by Brassica juncea. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(2), 831-837.‏

A common practice is to evaluate autochtonous microbial consortia and determine theire bioremediation capacity. Many times it is more efficient to improve conditions for autochtonous bacteria than perform bioaugmentation.

According to my experience (we treated over 2 million tons of contaminated soil and sludges from the year 1993 in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the Netherland, Sweden, Germany) only 10 % sites need bioaugmentation.

Best regards

Vit

I think your editor will naturally do this job for you after submission.. You can get emails of authors from related published journals and suggest them as potential reviewers during dubmission

We use a variety of soil treatment methods, especially bioremediation treatment of deserted soils, which are contaminated with oil and oil products, and positive results are obtained. It is important to choose plant species that are suitable for soil-climatic conditions

Sikder Nahidul Islam Rabbi is right it could be inhibition. It could also be that the method of lysing the cells is shearing the DNA or not strong enough to break the cell wall. You can try different methods of lysing. You could try and send it off to a company for the DNA extraction and see if they can do it.

How are you measuring the quantity of DNA?

Matthew B Paddock has stated very clearly and rightly. In addition to his answer I would like to add few more points.

If bio-remediation is mediated by bio-degradation, then it is more likely be enzyme mediated which is either mediated by bacterial secretion or by direct application. You can find a similar work associated with this type remediation you can go through one of my research works "Construction of potential bacterial consortia for efficient hydrocarbon degradation".

Another kind of bio-remediation could be assisted with bio-absorption. In this case the remediation is more likely to be mediated by chemical interaction between the absorbent and the pollutant and most of the is independent to any enzymatic reaction. For reference of this kind of bio-remediation you can also another work of mine entitled as " Fruit waste management by pigment production and utilization of residual as bioadsorbent".

Thank you,

Maurice Ekpenyong I have already read this paper. I am looking for very specific and expert opinion on my question. This paper doesn't address my question at all.

If redox potential would be 100 mV, it is rather questionable if any dissolved oxygen would be present in water. For Biodegradation of MTBE much more important is presence of dissolved oxygen (aerobic conditions) in the environment than redox potential value.

Try google to find more information on MTBE biodegradation. There is planty of information there.

Good Luck

Vit

We have done this in our lab and what we found is the best way is to wait for the agar to cool to a temperature you can handle safely with gloves on, quickly spike in the HgCl2 and move fast for pouring your plates.

Doing this in a regular fume hood is advisable if you can manage to have a bunsen burner in there to keep the flame, although a biosafety cabinet is also okay if it maintains your sterile field. One thing to keep in mind is you should not UV the cabinet with plates inside of it as Hg is sensitive to UV light and will volatilize.

As for disposal, it depends on what you're plating. In Canada, we work in a level 1 which means no pathogens, as such we prioritize disposing of the Hg in a solid waste container. If the microbes you are working with are pathogenic, it is more likely they will prioritize you get rid of the biohazardous material first by bleaching, then disposing into Hg solid waste.

As for sterilizing the HgCl2 I would not recommend filter sterilizing with a syringe or vacuum setup because Hg has a high affinity for many filtration membranes (particularly those made with PES).

What we have done is autoclave and filter sterilize ultra filtered water (0.2 µm pore size) and then created a stock from HgCl2 acidified with HNO3. Something to keep in mind is it is highly unlikely something grows in this type of stock because 1) the Hg concentration is high 2) the HNO3 drops the pH to ~2 or 3 and 3) there are no nutrients to support rapid growth. If you store this stock in the fridge in the dark there is even less of a reason to suspect you will contaminate. I would argue you're more likely to contaminate while pouring plates than anything else.

You want to make sure your stock is at the concentration is should no matter how you handle it as the microbes will not be exposed to the full concentration of Hg amended to plates given that most of it will be below the surface of the plate. If they are aerobes, they will not dig or grow into the agar anyway. So double check your total Hg concentration before moving on. Best practice for Hg dictates that you have a principal stock conserved with HNO3 from which you prepare a fresh working solution daily.

For some more information on it please see my papers where I discuss my Hg stock handling methods:

I hope this helps, good luck.

Daniel Gregoire

No Cactaceae have not the reputation to hyperaccumulate heavy metals.

Regards

Useful links:

1.

2. Bioremediation of Petrochemical Hydrocarbons (BTEX) – Review

3. https://www.nap.edu/read/2131/chapter/4

Minimal media contains the minimum possible nutrients for colonial growth, generally, without the presence of amino acids. This media are often used to grow "wild-type" microorganisms, also, can be used as selective media for or against recombinants or exconjugants.

Typically, Minimal media contains: Water, carbon source, and various salts, to provide essential elements such as magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

But, supplementary minimal media contains a single selected agent, usually an amino acid or a sugar, which allows for the culturing of specific lines of auxotrophic recombinants.

It more complex then rate perse. When algae (or any living organism) assimilate nutrients they convert simple, small molecules (here NH3 and PO4) to large complex molecules (proteins, nucleic acids etc), and finally to new cells. The absorption on the alginate is a much simpler process. Furthermore, given the above the alginate (or any other absorbing material) will reach saturation much faster as there is no conversion. Thus the rate of alginate (absorption) + micro-algae (assimilation) will be much faster.

And two small correction:

(i) Photosynthesis of micro-algae does not assimilate NO3 or PO4 directly. It provide the cells with a carbon source. The oxygen produced by the water splitting in the photosynthetic could result in oxidation of NO3 to nitrate though.

(ii) The process does no have to go "absorption in alginate --> assimilation". Depending how you make them the alginate beads can be pretty pours.

This medium lacks nitrogen source, so it depend on the nutritional requirements and N sources is one of them?

Kiara Nicole De La Cruz Rodriguez You may try sterile PTFE filter.

The samples were analysed by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) (U.S. EPA method 8270E SW-846). I will look at all the recommended articles and choose an alternative method for analysis. I will be back to give a feedback. Thanks

Greetings!

You have a wide scope of opportunities around the globe. I had come across some labs in Germany,

*DLR-Germany (You can apply for DAAD-overseas fellowship)

*European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) research centers (You can opt funding option from EMBL schemes)

I would suggest you to consider USA and France for short term internship programs since they have more funding options and has active research in the topics you are interested in. I shall be glad to give you further details.

Cheers!

Manobala

Growth, and negative effets of trace elements thereon, can be assessed in different ways. In the "heavy metal" literature, root elongation in vitro has often been used; fresh or dry mass as well; of course mass determination is destructive. There are a lot of methods based on measurements of physiological processes (photosynthetic rate, etc.). It all depends on your objectives.

Most important: do never forget that "toxicity of a metal" or "tolerance to a metal" is always relative; you need to include in your design a control material (genotype or species), to which your own study material will be compared.

The question has no this or that as the best approach. Each is unique. e main difference between bioremediation and phytoremediation is that the bioremediation is the use of living organisms either to degrade, detoxify, transform, immobilize or stabilize environmental contaminants whereas the phytoremediation is the use of plants removal of contaminants. The use of either depends totally on the purpose and suitability

Dear Suraj Negi, kindly drop your email Id here, so that we can send to you formal invitation and other required details.

Thankyou.

Following............

Hi Omotola Fashola

I agree with much of this thread. In our lab we generally used defined medium that emulated the freshwater, marine and soil environments that we were attempting to isolate microbes from as much as possible. The level of organic carbon, trace nutrients and electron acceptors available will all play an important role in which microbes you attempt to isolate. I agree with Kshitij Dhameliya that it will also depend on what metal you are interested in. For example, my experience with mercury revealed that different mercury resistance are tied to the redox environments that microbes inhabit. Dedicated detox strategies are generally found in aerobic bacteria, whereas non-specific tolerance strategies are found in anaerobic bacteria (see my reviews on the subject here:

I also agree with Miguel Uyaguari for using plates as it can be a little more feasible to manage but I found doing isolations on the benchtop in liquid culture can be just as effective and offers more control. It can also shorten your timelines because not all strains like growing on a plate.

I think moving to a defined medium and using concentrations gradients for your metals or metal mixtures of interest is the best idea. My issue with LB is the following: although it is very easy to make this is a medium that has largely been tested on mesophilic enteric bacteria that does not represent the environments you're likely working in. There are a large number of recipes out there for isolating metal resistant bacteria, try looking up something for the strain Cupriavidus metallireducens which is super-resistant to a variety of metals. What you could do to perhaps ease some of your experimental difficulties is amend some defined medium recipes with trace amounts of yeast extract to ensure you're supplying enough trace nutrients and complex carbon sources that may be required for other members of the microbial community to thrive. Sometimes, metal resistant bacteria depend on metabolic hand offs within the community to really thrive.

All of this to say: rich medium is not representative, try and create a more defined medium so you can better target the metals and microbes of interest. This may take longer but will ultimately make for a stronger experimental design. If anyone in this thread cares to discuss things further, please let me know!

In addition to Grzegorz's answer, I would also 'spike' a sample and calculate the %Recovery.

Dear Aarthy,

Based on my chemistry knowledge, Potassium dichromate VI (K2Cr2O7) is an oxidizing agent that oxidizes in aqueous solution to produce potassium cation (K+) and chromium anion (Cr2O72−). It has Molar mass of 294.185 g/mol

From your question, 50mg/ml (i.e. 0.05g in 1 ml) is equivalent to 50g/litre

As such, the Molar conc. of your preparation = 50/294.185 = 0.170 M

For 1L preparation, measure 50g of Potassium dichromate VI and dissolve in 1000ml of distilled water.

For other preparation you can use this formula (M1/M2=V1/V2). Where M1 (50g) and V1 (1000ml) is the mass and volume of known; M2 (mass of unknown) and V2 (volume of your preparation)

e.g. For 100ml preparation, measure 5g and dissolve in 100ml of distilled water

Finally for 50ml preparation, measure 2.5g of Potassium dichromate VI and dissolve in 50ml of distilled water.

Hope it helps. Best regards

Yes, it is possible. When fungus grow on different media or different environment exposure, their morphology could be change because of different substrate, environment parameters and medium condition.

Thank you for the suggestion!

Vincent Onyekachukwu Onyeche I suppose the reason that you cannot find any mention about the use of white rott-fungi for remediation of crude oil spill, it means remediation in liquid medium is, that white-rott fungi were intended for degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons at first, not for degradation of other components of crude oil like n-alkanes, BTEX and many more (I mean remediation in the field). There is more reasons for that. Because water solubility of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water is very very small, the biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons dissolved in water was not intended. Liquid media for degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (and other components of crude oil) were used in laboratory research only.

Best regards

Vit

oh, if this project deadline what about if you need to do a cooperation ?

It is now possible to isolate a specific region of a genome, to produce a virtually unlimited numbers of copies of it, and determine the sequence of its nucleotides overnight.. please refer to " isolation, cloning, and seqencing DNA" in Molecular biology of the cell. 4th. edition. ( ncbi.nim.nih.gov

If not native to your area, it may be considered invasive and nuisance if released. It sounds like you have a well controlled system, and probably if floating, most of the roots are not attached to bottom, so mixing increases the exposure and uptake as suggested.

These are routine agrochemicals. Just step a little further in some village and get these from there agricultre stores.

Many thanks to you Dr Sara Sayed

The answer is no. BET theory will get you nowhere. My understanding of phytoremediation of metals in soils is something like this: Plants (or in this case fungi) produce ligands that are excreted to the soil during the night, when the plants are respiring. These ligands chelate the metals (mostly divalent) so that they are water soluble. During the day (when plants pump water, the metals are taken up with the water. For mushrooms, the questions are: do they produce and excrete ligands?; when do they do this (is water ever returned to the soil?; and are these ligands similar to those excreted by plants? Regarding BET theory: yes, root surface area is an important property, but this alone does not tell you anything about the physicochemical process (complexation) or transport mechanism (water flow).

Dear Me Essam E K Ahmed :

Please describe your request more precisely and thoroughly.

A wide variety of bacteria have been identified which are able to biodegrade hydrocarbons in both terrestrial and aqueous environments. The capability of the strains depends on several factors, such as concentration of pollutants, operating conditions, and population of the microorganisms. It is highly recommended to use indigenous microorganisms for remediation of the contaminated environment since they have been able to survive in the presence of pollutant. For instance, we used indigenous Pseudomonas aeruginusa and Bacillus subtilis, and we observed a very promising results in TPH removal. In addition, Trichosporon sp. and Penicillium citrinum, and Pseudomonas aeruginusa have shown that they are able to remove hydrocarbons in highly saline environment.

Dear Gerd

Good point and very interesting.

Here to a nicely name product " Paris Green" was used! This was in early parts of last century and even later, sprayed on Tobacco farms in the pristine Ovens mountain Valley of NE Victorian, Australia. It had the highest breast cancer rate in the country in days gone by, known also for other cancer littered through faming communities, including prostate cancers.

When it comes to toxicities one needs to distinguish between toxic and carcinogenic, or both combined risks. There are no measured standards of safety for arsenic species or combinations, and in effect the safest level of arsenic is zero. There is actually no safe level of arsenic and there have even been studies showing 1 ppb As increase in drinking water has measurable intestinal cancer associated.

What is apparent though from Medical Geology studies within mining communities with regards to prostate cancer for example an increase of arsenic as measured in toe nails is discernable. But when these nails show a combination of selenium and Nickel the prostate cancer risk from this arsenic is ameliorated.

Others working in Bangladesh anecdotally have mentioned diet to, for instance low foliate and B vitamin levels were a risk factor, presumably from repair mechanisms. 1/3 of our folate is produced by bacteria in the gut. Arsenic changes this microflora. Foliate of course is a component in DNA synthesis and purine, methyl and ribose arsenates are know, so this may have a bearing on abrogating their impacts, though unknown as yet how. These diets can also abrogate other metal toxicities., such as lead.

In any case workers close to these systems should consider such ameliorating factors of arsenic toxicities and carcinogenesis. On aspect selenium in combination with foods rather than inorganic supplementation may be more useful.

Dear Ram Proshad,

Please go through the attached resources.

Good luck!

Thanks to all of U.

Transcription factor-based biosensors are used to identify producer strains, a critical bottleneck in cell factory engineering. Here, we address two challenges with this methodology: transplantation of heterologous transcriptional regulators into new hosts to generate functional biosensors and biosensing of the extracellular product concentration that accurately reflects the effective cell factory production capacity. We describe the effects of different translation initiation rates on the dynamic range of a p-coumaric acid biosensor based on the Bacillus subtilis transcriptional repressor PadR by varying its ribosomal binding site. Furthermore, we demonstrate the functionality of this p-coumaric acid biosensor in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum. Finally, we encapsulate yeast p-coumaric acid-producing cells with E. coli-biosensing cells in picoliter droplets and, in a microfluidic device, rapidly sort droplets containing yeast cells producing high amounts of extracellular p-coumaric acid using the fluorescent E. coli biosensor signal. As additional biosensors become available, such approaches will find broad applications for screening of an extracellular product.

Dhivani Garg:

concerning BIOREMEDIATION of wastewater: BIOREMEDIATION means elimination of pollutants from soil, groundwater, wastewater, air using microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae,.....). But when we are talking about wastewater treatment, we are talking about "BIOLOGICAL METHODS" commonly. It means to use BIOREMEDIATION for wastewater treatment is generally correct.

Biological methods which could be used for wastewater treatment classified according to electron donor givem by Rami is OK. But we can use also further biological methods like nitrification, denitrification, anaerobic biological treatment, activated sludge (aerobic treatment) and many more. It would be easier to answer your question when you specify, for what purspose you want apply bioremediation. Your question is to general.

Best regards

Vit

Dear Ms. Kaleigh,

Congratulation on narrowing down your topic of research.

If it is within your 'league' then you can also study the microfloral and microfaunal diversity within retort cells of peat mosses such as Sphagnum, to shed light on the resident floral and faunal composition in various phytogeographic regions and also their contribution to the enrichment of ambient soil or soil microflora and fauna.

In any case I wish you success in all your endeavours.

Sincerely,

Dr. Abhishek Mukherjee

if You want to remove organic micro pollutants from sludge, aerobic treatment is usually successfull. this can be composting, reed bed treatment or aerobic post treatment of digestor sludge.

you have (381-4.28) * 0.05 = 376.72 * .05 = 18.836 mg that has been fixed

compared to 7 g of biomass = 18.836 / 7 = 2.69 mg of metal / g of biomass

could be:

On effects caused by disturbances and contamination On strategies and technologies for prediction, prevention, and protection Research, strategies and technologies for identification and characterisation On strategies and technologies for treatment, remediation and reuse Strategies for risk assessment and management Research on and the implementation of quality standards International regulation and legislation.

Because it is a strain widely characterized and used in the laboratory. What I recommend is that you review the genotype in detail in case you are making modifications in the genomes that could generate incompatibility of the strains and check if the strain has an active, modified or inactive Restriction-Modification System, since that will help you to increase the conjugation rate.