Science topics: Biology
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Biology - Science topic

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Is energy flow through an ecosystem circular andflow of energy in an ecosystem in biology?
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Energy flow in an ecosystem is always unidirectional in nature because most of energy is released at the trophic level in the form of heat and performing metabolic activities. Hence 10% is transferred from one trophic level to another. This makes unidirectional flow of energy. Primary producers use energy from the sun to produce their own food in the form of glucose, and then primary producers are eaten by primary consumers who are in turn eaten by secondary consumers, and so on, so that energy flows from one trophic level, or level of the food chain, to the next.
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What is a flow of energy in biology and what is the first step in energy flow through an ecosystem?
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Energy flow is the flow of energy through living things within an ecosystem. All living organisms can be organized into producers and consumers, and those producers and consumers can further be organized into a food chain. Each of the levels within the food chain is a trophic level. The Sun is the major source of energy for organisms and the ecosystems of which they are a part. Producers such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use the energy from sunlight to make organic matter from carbon dioxide and water. This establishes the beginning of energy flow through almost all food webs.
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What is 10% law in biology and what are the stages of energy flow?
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The 10 percent law, 90% of captured energy is lost as heat in the previous level and only 10% is available for the next level. At each trophic level, about 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level whereas the rest is utilized for metabolic activities and lost as heat in the environment. The stages of energy transfer within an ecosystem are producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.
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This question is dedicated only to sharing important research of OTHER RESEARCHERS (not our own) about complex systems, self-organization, emergence, self-repair, self-assembly, and other exiting phenomena observed in Complex Systems.
Please keep in own mind that each research has to promote complex systems and help others to understand them in the context of any scientific filed. We can educate each other in this way.
Experiments, simulations, and theoretical results are equally important.
Links to videos and animations will help everyone to understand the given phenomenon under study quickly and efficiently.
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Viscoelastic microfluidics: progress and challenges.
Zhou, J. and Papautsky, I.
Microsyst Nanoeng 6, 113 (2020).
Abstract:
The manipulation of cells and particles suspended in viscoelastic fluids in microchannels has drawn increasing attention, in part due to the ability for single-stream three-dimensional focusing in simple channel geometries. Improvement in the understanding of non-Newtonian effects on particle dynamics has led to expanding exploration of focusing and sorting particles and cells using viscoelastic microfluidics. Multiple factors, such as the driving forces arising from fluid elasticity and inertia, the effect of fluid rheology, the physical properties of particles and cells, and channel geometry, actively interact and compete together to govern the intricate migration behavior of particles and cells in microchannels. Here, we review the viscoelastic fluid physics and the hydrodynamic forces in such flows and identify three pairs of competing forces/effects that collectively govern viscoelastic migration. We discuss migration dynamics, focusing positions, numerical simulations, and recent progress in viscoelastic microfluidic applications as well as the remaining challenges. Finally, we hope that an improved understanding of viscoelastic flows in microfluidics can lead to increased sophistication of microfluidic platforms in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research.
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Without proper understanding of viscoelastic liquids, which are omnipresent in all biology, our biological description of living systems remain incomplete.
Without proper understanding of viscoelastic liquids, which are omnipresent in all biology, our biological description of living systems remain incomplete.
Just one example. Flowing of blood through micro-vessels utilizes viscoelastic properties of this liquid. Advances in this ar4 can help us to understand better the very mechanisms of blood clotting, organ infractions, and many other health issues.
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I am looking for wonderful young scientists for doctoral candidates and postdoctoral researchers. My lab is located at College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China. International students with excellent grades and good performance during their study period in China have the opportunity to apply for the scholarships. Additionally, CDUT provides scholarship for international students. Please refer to https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/x4J6cy8YWvveKjqjiTZVLg for more details.
Candidates with acdemic background in biology are prefered.
Please contact us at huangjin18@cdut.edu.cn
Where is the best place to post this recruitment announcement?
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I think LinkedIn would be the best place.
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A human is an ability to eat, to walk, to memorize, to think, to rightly express your moods. Then he goes to work as electrician, musician, physicicist, physician, etc. All these human  activity is generated by human society, government.
WHERE IS A PURE MAN? Do we think about ourselves (our memory, thinking, why do we live, why do we do such action, etc) frequently? NOT AT ALL! We immersed in highly complicated "whirlpool" оf self-preservation of ourselves, our children, our parents, our relatives, our MONEYS, etc. Our self-preservation is  so complicated that we have no time to think on other subjects. So we are ants, we get commands and we just execute it. That is essence if our life - we do what we do not understand but we are in hurry to make it on time! All it is a comedy.
Besides Shakespeare`s phrase "all the world is a theater" I say all the world is comedy.
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yes. if you can construct and deliver a subjective well-formed question accurately to a test subject, and then measure eye movements for the "appropriate" timespan, a number could be generated.
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what is difference between living and non living ?life and death?#molecular concept
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Some years back I have expressed my views regarding life which I submit herewith for your information .''Our life is a gift of our creator & our entry to our MOTHER EARTH is a fruit of biological reason but which our arrival as human beings we all have with us the resulting fruits of our action of previous lives for which we are to make our entity on this earth.
Where we talk regarding the life living for the time join with the life how one should think regarding the life as non living .
This is my personal opinion
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Characterizing a GPCR-ligand interaction is critical to understanding the biology of the receptor. As GDP/GTP exchange is one of the earliest events that follows ligand binding, monitoring GTP binding can measure GPCR activation or inhibition. Assaying more downstream events in GPCR signaling is often not as quantitative or stoichiometric, may not distinguish full agonists from partial ones, and can require expensive reagents. Moreover, increased GTP binding to Gα proteins is an almost-universal event following GPCR activation, meaning that measuring GTP binding is a broadly applicable assay for monitoring the activity of most GPCRs. Measuring GTP binding is a simple and rapid approach to monitor GPCR signaling in cells overexpressing the receptor of interest or in native tissue. The present protocol details a functional GTP-binding assay using an archetypal GPCR, the µ-opioid receptor (MOR1), to quantitatively determine the activity of an agonist and antagonist on GPCR signaling.
But we are facing some logistical issues acquiring the ([35S]GTPγS), and due to shortage of time we need to measure the GPCR signaling without the radio-labeled ([35S]GTPγS).
Could you please help me out and suggest some alternate approach?
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There are several alternative methods available to measure G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling without relying on radio-labeled GTP binding. These methods provide valuable insights into GPCR activation and downstream signaling events. Here are some commonly used techniques:
1. Fluorescent GTP Analogs: Fluorescently labeled GTP analogs, such as mant-GTP or Bodipy-GTP, can be used to monitor GTP binding to G proteins. These analogs emit fluorescence upon binding to G proteins, allowing for real-time detection of GPCR activation. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques can also be employed to measure GTP binding indirectly.
2. Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET): BRET is a proximity-based assay that measures protein-protein interactions. In the context of GPCR signaling, BRET can be used to detect interactions between GPCRs and downstream signaling molecules, such as G proteins or β-arrestins. This technique provides insights into GPCR activation and downstream signaling events.
3. Calcium Imaging: GPCR activation often leads to intracellular calcium mobilization. Calcium imaging techniques, such as fluorescence microscopy using calcium-sensitive dyes (e.g., Fluo-4), can be employed to measure changes in intracellular calcium levels upon GPCR activation. These measurements provide information about GPCR signaling and downstream calcium-dependent processes.
4. Phosphorylation Assays: GPCR activation often triggers phosphorylation events mediated by protein kinases. Phosphorylation assays, such as western blotting or immunofluorescence using phospho-specific antibodies, can be utilized to detect and quantify GPCR-induced phosphorylation of downstream signaling proteins. This approach provides insights into GPCR signaling pathway activation.
5. cAMP Assays: GPCRs can activate intracellular signaling pathways, such as the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. cAMP assays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or fluorescence-based assays using cAMP-sensitive dyes, can be employed to measure changes in cAMP levels upon GPCR activation. These measurements provide information about GPCR signaling and downstream cAMP-dependent processes.
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Hybridization is a technique used in plant breeding to create new plant varieties by crossing two genetically different parent plants. This process involves transferring pollen from the male reproductive organs of one plant, called the pollen donor or male parent, to the female reproductive organs of another plant, called the female parent. The resulting hybrid plants inherit desirable traits from both parents, such as improved yield, disease resistance, or enhanced quality.
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The concept of hybridization in plant breeding involves crossing two genetically distinct parent plants to create offspring with desirable traits. It is a controlled breeding technique that combines the genetic material of different plants to produce new varieties with improved characteristics.
In hybridization, the male reproductive organs of one plant, called the pollen donor or male parent, are used to fertilize the female reproductive organs of another plant, known as the female parent. The process can be accomplished through natural pollination, assisted pollination, or even by manual manipulation of the reproductive organs.
The resulting offspring, known as hybrids, inherit a combination of genetic traits from both parents. This often leads to offspring with enhanced qualities such as increased yield, improved disease resistance, better adaptation to specific environments, altered flowering time, or enhanced nutritional value. By carefully selecting and crossing parent plants with desirable traits, plant breeders can create hybrid varieties that outperform their parents and meet the specific needs of farmers, consumers, or industries.
Hybridization is commonly used in various crops, including grains, vegetables, fruits, flowers, and ornamental plants. Hybrid varieties are typically designated with an "F1" label, indicating the first generation resulting from the cross between the two distinct parental lines. These F1 hybrids often exhibit a phenomenon called hybrid vigor or heterosis, where they display superior growth, yield, or other beneficial traits compared to either of the parent plants.
Hybridization plays a crucial role in modern plant breeding programs as it allows breeders to efficiently introduce and combine desirable traits from diverse genetic backgrounds. This technique has significantly contributed to the development of high-performing, disease-resistant, and commercially successful plant varieties.
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In your opinion, could a civilisation built within the framework of full sustainability with the surrounding biosphere emerge on certain colonised exoplanets millions of light years distant? built within the framework of the full realisation of the objectives of balanced development, within the framework of a sustainable, pro-environmental, green closed-circuit economy, in which the process of global warming would not have occurred, no global climate catastrophe would have occurred in a relatively short period of time, i.e. within just a few centuries of the emergence of the first technological and industrial revolutions in civilisation, if such revolutions had occurred? Would it be possible for a civilisation to emerge on an exoplanet in this way that would not destroy the climate and biosphere of the exoplanet?
On the other hand, over a much longer period of time, what could the continuation of the evolution of the homo sapiens species look like over the next thousands and millions of years on colonised exoplanets millions of light years away?
In your opinion, how could the evolution of homo sapiens continue over the next thousands and millions of years if the Earth's civilisation survived for at least another 100 years and man succeeded in colonising exoplanets? What do you think the evolution of homo sapiens would have looked like over the next thousands and millions of years if Earth's civilisation had survived for at least another 100 years and man had managed to build spaceships that would have enabled the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to Planet Earth, millions of light years away?
For example, if man succeeded in building spaceships which would allow the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to the Earth, distant by millions of light years, and after colonising at least several hundred exoplanets, after a period of at least several thousand years man would survive on some of these exoplanets and build certain civilisations which would be significantly different from the one we know. After a period of at least several thousand years, it would turn out that only on every hundredth or every thousandth exoplanet would a new civilisation be built and a new human race already evolved, which would survive specific natural cataclysms and/or climatic and other catastrophes resulting from human activity. A large number of colonised exoplanets similar to the Earth, but nevertheless significantly different from each other, e.g. in terms of the composition of elements on the equivalent Mendeleyev tables, the structure of key organic compounds, the composition of the biosphere, the climate, etc., would correspond, for example, to different islands on the planet Earth, on which different species of flora and fauna arose in a process of Darwinian evolution lasting millions of years. In the context of such considerations, the following question arises: What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive for many thousands of years to come on a small number of colonised exoplanets similar to the planet Earth, distant by millions of light years? What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive many thousands of consecutive years, i.e. would develop in a fully balanced way with the surrounding nature functioning on a specific exoplanet similar to the planet Earth and would avoid the negative scenario that awaits the planet Earth in the 21st century, namely would avoid degradation of the biosphere occurring on the exoplanet, would avoid global warming and climate catastrophe? In my opinion, it would probably have been human beings who would have built a civilisation on the basis of sustainability with the surrounding nature, and intelligent people, as a result of the evolutionary process operating in a slightly different than earthly environment on distant exoplanets, would not have developed negative characteristics such as e.g. Greed, egoism, thoughtless exploitation of the planet's resources within the framework of a selfish robbery economy, ignorance of the relationship between man and the natural environment surrounding man, ignorance of the negative development of civilisation causing great damage to the surrounding biosphere and climate, i.e. features which have decided that the development of civilisation and the technological progress which has taken place on planet Earth in the 21st century has not protected man, the biosphere and the planet's climate from destruction.
For example, if man succeeded in building spaceships which would allow the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to the Earth, distant by millions of light years, and after colonising at least several hundred exoplanets, after a period of at least several thousand years man would survive on some of these exoplanets and build certain civilisations which would be significantly different from the one we know. After a period of at least several thousand years, it would turn out that only on every hundredth or every thousandth exoplanet would a new civilisation be built and a new human race already evolved, which would survive specific natural cataclysms and/or climatic and other catastrophes resulting from human activity. A large number of colonised exoplanets similar to the Earth, but nevertheless significantly different from each other, e.g. in terms of the composition of elements on the equivalent Mendeleyev tables, the structure of key organic compounds, the composition of the biosphere, the climate, etc., would correspond, for example, to different islands on the planet Earth, on which different species of flora and fauna arose in a process of Darwinian evolution lasting millions of years. In the context of such considerations, the following question arises: What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive for many thousands of years to come on a small number of colonised exoplanets similar to the planet Earth, distant by millions of light years? What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive many thousands of consecutive years, i.e. would develop in a fully balanced way with the surrounding nature functioning on a specific exoplanet similar to the planet Earth and would avoid the negative scenario that awaits the planet Earth in the 21st century, namely would avoid degradation of the biosphere occurring on the exoplanet, would avoid global warming and climate catastrophe? In my opinion, it would probably have been human beings who would have built a civilisation on the basis of sustainability with the surrounding nature, and intelligent people, as a result of the evolutionary process operating in a slightly different than earthly environment on distant exoplanets, would not have developed negative characteristics such as e.g. Greed, egoism, thoughtless exploitation of the planet's resources within the framework of a selfish robbery economy, ignorance of the relationship between man and the natural environment surrounding man, ignorance of the negative development of civilisation causing great damage to the surrounding biosphere and climate, i.e. features which have decided that the development of civilisation and the technological progress which has taken place on planet Earth in the 21st century has not protected man, the biosphere and the planet's climate from destruction. Of course, in this issue, considerations around the following further question arise: On these other, distant but also similar to the planet Earth, would man develop civilisation in a similar way as it has done on the planet Earth and also a process of global warming and climate catastrophe would occur, i.e. on these other exoplanets the appearance of man could be compared to the appearance of a virus in a certain balanced environment, which would seriously disrupt this state of sustainability and lead to a catastrophe of the exoplanet's biosphere? Such comparisons have been used more than once in popular science literature and in films of the science fiction genre, including, for example, part 1 of the 'Matrix' trilogy directed by the Wachowski brothers. However, we are not able to answer the latter question fully unequivocally, because we do not know the geological, climatic, natural environments, the biochemical composition and organic compounds forming the biosphere of the exoplanet, the composition and structure of the elements forming the dominant minerals on the planet, etc. of those other many hundreds, thousands or perhaps more exoplanets similar to the planet Earth. Thus, we do not know these presumably different in many respects biotic and abiotic environments of exoplanets and therefore do not know how these other environments would have shaped the development of other civilisations that may have been man-made on distant exoplanets. Alternatively, we can describe a hypothetical situation that could exist on some human-colonised exoplanets by defining the aforementioned conditions existing on an exoplanet of other animate and inanimate nature that could determine the development of human civilisation taking place in harmony with the surrounding nature and climate, i.e. within the framework of full sustainability, i.e. also in a way that we currently define on planet Earth as fully pursuing the goals of sustainable development and conducted within the framework of a sustainable, pro-environmental, green circular economy. Until we know more about these other abiotic and biotic environments found on many exoplanets and whether other, different forms of life exist on many other exoplanets, the answer to the above questions can only end at the stage of conjecture and theoretical considerations.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
What, in your opinion, could the continuation of the evolution of the species homo sapiens look like in the period of the next thousands and millions of years, if the Earth's civilization survived for min. What do you think the evolution of homo sapiens would look like over the next thousands and millions of years, if the Earth's civilisation survived for at least another 100 years and man managed to build spaceships that would enable the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to the Earth, millions of light years away?
On the other hand, over a much longer period of time, what could the continuation of the evolution of the homo sapiens species look like over the next thousands and millions of years on colonised exoplanets millions of light years distant?
In your opinion, on certain colonised exoplanets millions of light years distant, would it be possible, under certain, different, biotic and abiotic conditions found on certain exoplanets, to have a civilisation built within the framework of full sustainability with the surrounding biosphere, built within the framework of full realisation of the goals of sustainable development, within the framework of a sustainable, pro-environmental, green closed-circuit economy, in which the process of global warming would not occur, no global climate catastrophe would occur within a relatively short period of time, i.e. within just a few centuries of the emergence of the first technological and industrial revolutions in civilisation, if such revolutions had occurred? Would it be possible for a civilisation to emerge on an exoplanet in this way that would not destroy the climate and biosphere of the exoplanet?
What could the continuation of the development of civilisation on colonised exoplanets millions of light years away look like?
What do you think?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to the discussion of scientific issues and not the ready-made answers generated in ChatGPT, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
Warm regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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What is the motivation for traveling to other worlds? Is it because of all the unprincipled consumption of resources and destruction of its vital system?! If the answer is yes, then the immature human will do the same with any vital ecology! If his journey is not for the reason mentioned, it must be due to the increase in the population of the earth and the need to expand the habitat by adding new habitats.
In this case, with full maturity, humans will settle new habitats such as the earth.
It is difficult to estimate when mankind will reach a high-level civilization for the development of its habitat, considering the complicated social, political situation and the current process of destroying the earth's ecology!
These are happy dreams that have many buts and ifs for their realization!
It is necessary for the leaders of the world to really share all the people of the earth, consisting of all existing civilizations, in the result of their progress! Hunger, poverty, exploitation, war, dictatorship, terrorism, prostitution, enmity with nature, profiteering of governments and many other anomalies of the current civilization of the earth, will not allow us to even think about these trips soon!
In any case, these planets exist outside the solar system and certainly many of them have the conditions to accept human life!
In terms of technology, sooner or later, man will master the techniques and knowledge of distant space travel, and he will travel to these spheres and spread the table of other life there! If the unstable balance of the current civilization does not cause it to collapse so that everything starts anew!
Has this not happened before? And human civilization has not reached the point of leap many times and then started again due to a catastrophic event! ?
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Animations are known to be a fast and very efficient way of dissemination of knowledge, insights, and understanding of complex systems. Through the animations, quite complicated research can be easily shared among all scientific disciplines.
While starting with complex systems descriptions of Dynamic Recrystallization in metals about almost 30 years ago, it had become very obvious almost instantly that animations carry with themselves a huge expressive power.
This recently led to development of the GoL-N24 open-source Python software that enables to create animations effortlessly. The user just defines the input parameters and the rest is done automatically. Share your software too.
This question is dedicated to all such animations and open-source-source software, which are producing them, in the area of complex systems.
Everyone is welcomed to share their own research in the form of animations with the relevant description.
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This observation of the second-order emergents occurring spontaneously from almost every randomly generated initial conditions is one of the key observations of emergent, self-organizing system, which is giving very reliable emergent output in the form of unexpected convergence towards a predefined shape and function.
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I am in the process of making a monograph on the involvement of viral infections in neuro degenerative diseases. In particular I am looking to access this paper: DOI: 10.3233/JAD-220287
I don't know if this platform is for this kind of thing and would even appreciate being pointed in the right direction.
Thank you.
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Also, please give the full citation (author, title, publication, date, journal volume, and page) to your reference librarian. Good luck!
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In regards to biodiversity (general) and monitoring.
If geographical regions are significant, feel free to mention.
Thank you
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Hello all; Science Magazine (28 Apr 2023) contains a series of papers that directly address this topic. Ruben's comment is specifically relevant. Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers
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Hello everyone,
I am running a qPCR assay. I chose gradient temperature option for each of my primer to get the best conditions the amplification happens (without heterodimers- NA in negative controls). However, I have seen that my housekeeping gene and one of my target gene have different annealing temperature. Can I run another qPCR set-up just for this gene by choosing gradient temperature option ? For instance; my gene in question in a row with 54C and housekeeping gene in a row with 60C. I think as far as the machine reads the signals at the same time, it won't pose a problem but I just want to make sure.
Many thanks,
Tuba
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Bertrand Cornu Can Kiessling Audrys G. Pauža Mohamed Khashan Dino Santos Matias Thank u all. After many trials I have decided to use single temperature. I have to admit that still qPCR experiment is not so objective to me (changes according to conditions very easily). However, since everyone use the same method, and what matters is to compare the mrna level for the same protein, I guess it is fine.
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How many grams of K2Cr2O7 to dissolve it in 1 liter Distilled water to obtain 50 ppm of Chromium? to become aqueous solution, Is there a specific equation to apply? Thanks
Ali
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You`re Welcome, dear Friend.
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What if we never knew that plant has life. What would be the difference with and without this discovery of plants as living entity in Philosophy. What may Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose conclude about chatbot.
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Plants can be destructive too. For example, an invasive plant species may be introduced by seeds in bird droppings with the result that a waterway may become choked off. Or an invasive plant may force out a native species that provided better protection against erosion. Such possibilities could have deleterious effects on local ecosystems.
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Happy for insights.
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No, Elaeis guineensis is an angiospermic plant belonging to Arecaceae family.
Thanks!
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I am looking for collaborators to conduct a broad field study of acceptance and rejection of evolution in biology majors that is comparative across regions of the United States and abroad. Please respond if you might be interested. Instrumentation is already prepared/validated and reliability tested.
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What type of work out can be done
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(Botany)
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You should aim for the best possible journal, not simply one that is free and publishes quick :)
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What is the difference between C3 and C4 photosynthesis?
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Have a look at this useful RG link.
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The phrase in the Title line imitates Karl Popper’s All Life is Problem Solving.
Since thermodynamics plays a role in life processes, it was surprising that searching “All life is thermodynamics” on Google on August 16, 2022 gave no results.
Don’t organisms seek to optimize and preserve the entropy of their internal energy distribution? And to optimize their use of energy and outcomes based on energy inputs? Aren’t survival and procreation ways of preserving previous products of energy use?
Is there justification for the statement, All life is thermodynamics? Or is the statement too simple to convey any insight?
Schrodinger in What is Life referred to thermodynamics, statistical mechanics; chapter 6 is Order, Disorder and Entropy. And more recently there is: J. Chem. Phys. 139, 121923 (2013); doi: 10.1063/1.4818538 Statistical physics of self-replication by Jeremy England.
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Just one random emerent simulation that shows emerence of the second level emergence---emerents are brathing emerents---using modified 'Game of Life' cellular automaton, it was simulated by the open-source Python software GoL-N24.
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What is the difference between pre-harvest and post-harvest factors affecting crop quality?
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Climatic factors, particularly temperature and light intensity greatly influence the uptake and metabolism of mineral nutrients by plants and accumulation of carbohydrates, which might affect post-harvest physiology and vase life of cut flowers. Pre-harvest technology involves the methods and techniques used to manage crops and prepare them for harvest, while post-harvest technology involves the methods and techniques used to preserve, store, and process crops after they have been harvested. The main pre-harvest factors influencing quality are related to environmental factors, such as light, temperature, rainfall, soil, and cultural practices, including the use of suitable cultivars, fertilization, irrigation, pruning, spraying, etc. The pre-harvest factors influencing postharvest quality are frequency of irrigation, use of fertilizers, pest control, growth regulators, climatic conditions like wet and windy weather, and natural climates such as hailing, high wind velocity, heavy rainfall, and tree conditions. In general, post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables are influence by many factors. These factors include losses due to physical, physiological, mechanical and hygienic conditions. Fruits and vegetables are mainly characterized by high level metabolic activities and known to posse's short shelf life. After harvest, fruits and vegetables need to be handled with care to maintain freshness, nutrient content, taste and quality. Fruits and vegetables are highly perishable, and so poor after harvest handling can result in losses. Post harvest handling is the stage of crop production immediately following harvest, including cooling, cleaning, sorting and packing. The instant a crop is removed from the ground, or separated from its parent plant, it begins to deteriorate. Activities like pruning, irrigation, fertilizer application, plant stressor, etc. are performed at the time or before harvest to mitigate post-harvest losses. This production practice is critical in developing optimal quality and disease control and prevents nutritional deficiencies.
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Hello dear biologists and biotechnologists,
you should understand my question and my thinking.
What do you think of the excessive involvement of other disciplines (especially mathematics) in publications in the field of biology, is this not a danger for our dear discipline: biology and biotechnology? . How could we explain that there are in certain cases, potentially, more publications in fields of biology, made by mathematicians than by biologists? Do mathematicians no longer manage to publish in mathematical fields that they turn to biology? I'm afraid that before long, real publications by biologists will be very rare. Save our discipline against opportunism.
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Yes, dear Sofiane Benyamina , there do also exist fashions in science !
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What are chelate micronutrients?
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It refers to inorganic nutrients that are enclosed by an organic molecule. A chelate is a specific kind of chemical compound that is more easily dissolved and absorbed than other types of molecules and chemical compounds.
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Irrational numbers are uncomputable with probability one. In that sense, numerical, they do not belong to nature. Animals cannot calculate it, nor humans, nor machines.
But algebra can deal with irrational numbers. Algebra deals with unknowns and indeterminates, exactly.
This would mean that a simple bee or fish can do algebra? No, this means, given the simple expression of their brains, that a higher entity is able to command them to do algebra. The same for humans and machines. We must be able also to do quantum computing, and beyond, also that way.
Thus, no one (animals, humans, extraterrestrials in the NASA search, and machines) is limited by their expressions, and all obey a higher entity, commanding through a network from the top down -- which entity we call God, and Jesus called Father.
This means that God holds all the dice. That also means that we can learn by mimicking nature. Even a wasp can teach us the medicinal properties of a passion fruit flower to lower aggression. Animals, no surprise, can self-medicate, knowing no biology or chemistry.
There is, then, no “personal” sense of algebra. It just is a combination of arithmetic operations.There is no “algebra in my sense” -- there is only one sense, the one mathematical sense that has made sense physically, for ages. I do not feel free to change it, and did not.
But we can reveal new facets of it. In that, we have already revealed several exact algebraic expressions for irrational numbers. Of course, the task is not even enumerable, but it is worth compiling, for the weary traveler. Any suggestions are welcome.
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@Ed Gerck
Irrational numbers are uncomputable with probability one
================================================= ===
My deepest apologies, but I have read your Answer dated December 14, 2022 in the FLT thread https://www.researchgate.net/post/Are-there-other-pieces-of-information-about-Victory-Road-to - FLT#view=641367549777ccc70c026256/234 .
There was a link to your own thread given by you. This thread gives your erroneous statement from the very beginning, namely: "Irrational numbers are uncomputable with probability one".
Please agree, Dear Professor Ed G., that any irrational number is calculated with 100% accuracy with a probability of 1 for any number of orders p-1, if you write down p orders. Thus, if you write for the root of 2 one order before point and three orders after point, you will have sqrt(2)=1.414..., i.e., you can consider that you have written 4 orders. At the same time, the accuracy of 100% with a probability of 1 is provided for 3 orders, i.e. 1.41, etc., for any number of orders...
Speaking of some kind of all orders "full notation" , as you would like to see it, it's not possible for such a representation of irrational numbers.
If you point out my mistake to me, I will be grateful.
Greetings,
SPK
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Hi frds,
which animals on the planet are net-zero on negative entropies?
Is it a necesssity for survival to socialize negative entropies? Does it need some sort of animal group code to overcome animal behavior?
Cherish your feedback.
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Dear Thomas,
yes, the brain's internal energy arises from the quantum statistical washout at a higher scale. My proposal is that negentropic entanglement binds the information (intrinsic) into a structure that is labile or dynamic originating at the molecular to the whole brain and reflecting a consciousness code that is decoded by EM dipoles in brains.
This algorithm can be reproduced in machines.
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Hallo Sceintists,
Am new in Master of Biology and in my Practicum Lab I was asked to reverse the sequance that give to me in the scripts, why should I do that ? how can one tell if he is using forward or backword sence ?
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Reversing the sequence that was given to you in the script may be necessary for certain analyses or experiments in biology. The sequence refers to the order of nucleotides (A, C, G, and T) in a DNA or RNA molecule.
In molecular biology, the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule is typically read from the 5' end to the 3' end. This is referred to as the "forward" direction. However, in certain cases, it may be necessary to analyze the complementary strand, which is read in the opposite direction, referred to as the "reverse" direction.
For example, if you are designing PCR primers to amplify a specific region of DNA, you may need to analyze the complementary strand in order to identify potential primer binding sites. In this case, you would need to reverse the sequence in order to work with the complementary strand.
To determine whether you are using the forward or reverse sense, you should look at the orientation of the sequence. If the sequence is presented in the 5' to 3' direction, it is in the forward sense. If the sequence is presented in the 3' to 5' direction, it is in the reverse sense.
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Why and how is this kind of long-term potentiation (LTP) possible?
Is LTP even needed for all sorts of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation?
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Longer version:
Long-term potentiation (LTP which is necessary for synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation) needs repeats and reinforcement of the engrams to be triggered.
However, apparently everybody automatically "absorbs" a lot of information immediately and also permanently, even without needing any extra effort (at least any conscious effort), which seems to be needed for LTP to happen. Everyone seems to have this ability, although it is even stronger in those with better memories.
People simply "learn" many things once; and many of those learned items remain there for a pretty long duration, and in many cases even for the rest of their lives. This seems to happen without any repeats, at least without any apparent or conscious efforts to remember or re-remember those memories. This is the case for a lot of semantic information (especially the information of interest or importance to the person) as well as a large portion of the contents of episodic memory.
Why and how is this kind of LTP possible?
Perhaps attention plays a major role here, e.g., being interesting and important automatically triggers LTP without a further need for repeats.
But such effortless long-term memorization happens also in the case of a lot of semantic information or autobiographical events that are not inherently interesting or significant to the person.
Is LTP even needed for all sorts of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation?
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Jerry Waese thanks a lot for your nice software and the image. I will try to play with it and understand what is what.
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I'm in the last year of undergraduation and I want to do research and publish paper on HIF Signalling in Fin or limb regeneration. I don't know how to take a start and I'm unable to find the methods and protocol to use. Can anyone guide me?
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Here are the general steps to conduct research on HIF signaling in fin or limb regeneration in the field of Development and Regeneration Biology:
1) Literature review: Conduct a comprehensive review of the existing literature on HIF signaling and its role in fin or limb regeneration. Identify key research questions, knowledge gaps, and potential areas for further investigation.
2) Study design: Develop a study design that addresses the research questions and hypotheses. This may involve designing experiments to manipulate HIF signaling, such as using genetic or pharmacological approaches.
3) Animal model: Select an appropriate animal model for the study, such as zebrafish or axolotl, which are commonly used for studying fin or limb regeneration.
4) Sample collection: Collect samples from the animal model at various time points after injury or manipulation of HIF signaling. These samples may include fins or limbs, as well as blood or tissue samples for analysis of HIF signaling pathways.
5) Data collection: Collect data on various parameters of regeneration, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis. This may involve imaging techniques, such as confocal microscopy or X-ray imaging.
6) Data analysis: Analyze the data using appropriate statistical methods and software tools. This may involve comparing the regeneration outcomes between control and experimental groups, as well as identifying correlations between HIF signaling and regeneration outcomes.
7) Interpretation and conclusions: Interpret the results of the study in the context of the existing literature and draw conclusions about the role of HIF signaling in fin or limb regeneration. Identify areas for future research and potential applications of the findings.
8) Communication and dissemination: Communicate the findings of the study to the scientific community through publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at conferences. This may also involve communicating the findings to the general public through outreach activities and media engagement.
Note: The above steps are general guidelines and may vary depending on the specific research question and experimental design.
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What is this curious non-updatable mega memory? Does it have any scientific terms?
What are its causes and mechanisms?
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Explanation:
I have had the honor of witnessing very rare people who have some strange forms of mega memory: They effortlessly, automatically, and immediately memorize many difficult things such as phone numbers or their difficult and comprehensive books, etc. And they retain those easily captured memories for a very very long time (a couple of decades at least), without any smallest effort or reinforcement. Not to mention that they record or remember almost everything else (semantic or episodic) quite easily, and also with a lot of details. Furthermore, they are very very accurate in recalling those items. For example, they can serve as pretty reliable living phone books; or for example, they are extremely awesome at medicine, etc.
But when I am talking about "strange", I don't mean their super-human ability to easily capture such vast amounts of information for such long durations and recall them accurately.
Their super-human ability is of course strange. But the even stranger part of their memory is that once it is captured, it cannot be updated or revised easily. For example, if they misunderstand something the first time, it will take perhaps 10 or 20 attempts over days or weeks for their colleagues to remind them of the mistake and ask them to correct their misunderstanding.
It is like that once their memory is formed the very first time, it is set in stone. It is absorbed very efficiently and strongly, and at the same time, not much prone to future updates.
What is this curious non-updatable mega memory? Does it have any scientific terms?
What are its causes and mechanisms?
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Jerry Waese to Larry Carlson:
Larry Carlson memory content can be stronger in so many ways but the memory engram is never any stronger than any other memory engram except in terms of accessibility of it.
i.e. how many different things lead to the reflex activation of the engram.
Greater access is afforded by the extent of interconnection with other engram patterns, while greater clarity is afforded by the extent of difference or uniqueness to other engrams.
I may have 500 "master engrams" that are instrumental in my most salient reflexes as I sit before the laptop screen in my bath. AND I may have 500 similarly instrumental salient reflex perturbing engrams that govern driving while seated in my car.
In the first case, what I am typing may have or may not have any effect on where I go, or what others think. In the second case my own life and others lives depend on what those reflexes do while driving.
The many conditions that lead to me hitting the brakes make that set of braking engrams (maybe 20/500 "master braking engrams" (i.e. administrative controlling engrams that cascade into multiple body articulation and movement engrams)) more accessible than the left turn engrams (maybe 100/500 deal with left turn considerations)
Fortunately I spend more time typing (not always in the bath) than driving.
The relation to intelligence and thermodynamics is a different story, but if we make it the same story it probably will not matter if I get clean (in the bath), communicate well (at RG) or drive into a wall.
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As is well known, Continuous models are richer , more powerful and above all, more intuitive , easy to understand and extendable. So let us say, we are trying to find a biomarker for a disease \ trait. Instead of just looking at absence / presence or frequencies, could one try to establish continuous trackers / markers that positively or negatively correlate with the propensity to contract the disease , such as concentration levels of a chosen set of biomolecules ?? Possibly, this may involve some kind of preliminary pathway analysis. Could one also look at morphological parameters (fractal / scaling dimension of tumors etc ??) ??
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Difference equations can be useful for modeling discrete events in biological systems, such as the discrete stages of a cell cycle or the discrete events of a neural network firing. However, they may not be ideal for modeling continuous processes, such as the dynamics of a chemical reaction or the movement of a fluid through a network of vessels. In these cases, continuous models, such as differential equations or agent-based models, may provide a more accurate representation of the underlying biology.
One limitation of difference equations is that they assume that the changes in a system occur in discrete steps, and do not account for small changes that occur continuously over time. Additionally, they may not be able to capture the effects of small perturbations in the system, which can have a significant impact on the overall behaviour of the system.
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Hello I am a nuclear master student, so my main focus is physics. I want to pursue a career in research, my main domain will be dosimetry and radioprotection. I want to study the irradiation of cells but this also implies a lot of biology.
How a physicist can approach this interdisciplinary subject for a PhD?
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Hello Claudia,
My name is Fernando and I work as a medical physicist in a Hospital. I made my thesis about radiobiology. The thesis was about statistical concepts like Tumour Control Probability or Normal Tissue Complication Probability...,
I am just an example how you can do your PhD in this subject. You can start visiting a Hospital with a radiotherapy department in Bucharest, there you can find people like me, they can inform you.
Good Luck and go for it.
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Suppose we conveniently extended the standard concept of cellular automaton to include
graphs and state-spaces Q of any cardinality and that the transition function F belonged to a certain adequate notion of "(hyper)computable function". We call this a hyper-cellular automaton HCA.
Consider the postulate: the universe can be described by a HCA with transition function F.
We cannot escape the problem of the initial condition Q_0. In the Wolfram Classification random initial conditions are considered. Hence the expediency for some topology or measure on Q.
Q will include for instance the usual sheaves (principle bundles and connections) considered in the standard model. It will also include other aspects to account for quantum gravity, consciousness, emergent biological complexity, etc.
It is an empirical fact that this HCA must be WC4 "complex patterns of localised structures" in the Wolfram Classification.
A major problem is the goal of reverse engineering F is that we do not have evolutions for other initial conditions at our disposal neither for the universe nor for subsystems of the universe. For physics at least a lot of locality and invariance hypotheses come in to play to justify the universality of experimental conclusions. The chemistry we observe on earth must also be that of the most distant star.
For biology the situation is drastically different. My question is: how can biology go beyond being a merely descriptive science as contrasted with fundamental physics ?
Biology seems to be mainly a "reverse engineering" affair. But it is also important
to have detailed, mathematically precise models - perhaps using HCAs - that can be used to test hypotheses and perform simulations.
Molecular biology suggests a new paradigm for software-hardware, a fluid mobile computer with essentially interconnected parts. A key characteristic is that information operations are tied to material and energetic constraints.
Also we must focus on ecosystems (the analogue of the cell ? ) rather than individual species. What about the idea of a "natural internet" (via horizontal gene transfer, etc.) ?
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Dear Duan Xian Xiang,
Your words "The law of biology can be described by "program", but this "program" is not a computer program, computer program is only one of it, "program" or "calculation" includes psychological program, economic activity program, political activity program, gene program of organism, etc." are consistent with my review paper where are explained examples and methodologies used in biology and medicine to describe, simulate, and predict the behavior of biological systems.
The book you mentioned sounds interesting, but I do not know it.
According to my understanding, emergents and their mutual interactions are the best current methodological description of biological and many physical phenomena observed. In many cases, there exists no alternative to such descriptions, as demonstrated on medical applications in my review.
The review describing the basic principles of complex systems descriptions in biology:
"Complex Systems and Their Use in Medicine: Concepts, Methods and Bio-Medical Applications"
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Bio-sensor development demands a variety of fields in cooperation. However, this breakthrough would not result in the case of doing research with a single attitude. I am calling researchers from biology or biochemistry, genetics, or related science to come into the discussion. Let me know if somebody has any knowledge in this field.
#Bio-sensors #Biochemistry #Genetics
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More information of how to use receptor for biosensor application!
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Hi All, I am working with A549 cell line and trying to culture spheroids using low attachment 96 well plates. So far I have attempted some different seeding densities from 2000 to 10,000 cells and can either form very large spheroids (700-900um), which are more compact and have a spherical defined shape, or alternatively smaller spheroids (still fairly big though around 500um) are less compact and not completely spherical. However for my experiment where I wish to add drug compounds (2D IC50 approx 1uM) I am not observing significant size/morphology change on the larger spheroids despite at least a 10uM concentration for 1 week. I am thinking possibly I can try to treat smaller spheroids for a more obvious visual change. Does anyone know how i might successfully make small compact spheroids (less than 500um) which are reproducible with this cell line? Thanks in advance for any help someone may be able to provide.
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Of course, time is a significant factor for spheroids' size and viability of cells, due to when you seed the cells to the generation of spheroids after the cells are in the proliferative stage. More time (days) can lead to the big size of spheroids, in addition, the cells located in the core zone are suffered from nutrients, oxygen, and ...
I suggest you set up the best time to achieve reliable results too
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Please spread the word: Folding at Home (https://foldingathome.org/) is an extremely powerful supercomputer composed of thousands of home computers around the world. It tries to simulate protein folding to Fight diseases. We can increase its power even further by simply running its small program on our computers and donating the spare (already unused and wasted) capacity of our computers to their supercomputation.
After all, a great part of our work (which is surfing the web, writing texts and stuff, communicating, etc.) never needs more than a tiny percent of the huge capacity of our modern CPUs and GPUs. So it would be very helpful if we could donate the rest of their capacity [that is currently going to waste] to such "distributed supercomputer" projects and help find cures for diseases.
The program runs at a very low priority in the background and uses some of the capacity of our computers. By default, it is set to use the least amount of EXCESS (already wasted) computational power. It is very easy to use. But if someone is interested in tweaking it, it can be configured too via both simple and advanced modes. For example, the program can be set to run only when the computer is idle (as the default mode) or even while working. It can be configured to work intensively or very mildly (as the default mode). The CPU or GPU can each be disabled or set to work only when the operating system is idle, independent of the other.
Please spread the word; for example, start by sharing this very post with your contacts.
Also give them feedback and suggestions to improve their software. Or directly contribute to their project.
Folding at Home's Forum: https://foldingforum.org/index.php
Folding at Home's GitHub: https://github.com/FoldingAtHome
Additionally, see other distributed supercomputers used for fighting disease:
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Vahid Rakhshan I will definitely spread the word about this amazing initiative. It's great to know that we can contribute to such a noble cause by simply utilizing our excess computer power. Thank you for bringing this opportunity to my attention. Let's join hands in making a difference in the fight against diseases.
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I am on the hunt for the following paper that I cannot seem to access online:
Jensen and Jensen 1969. On the Breeding Biology of African Cuckoos. Ostrich 40: 163-181.
Would anyone that has access to this paper be willing to send me a digital copy?
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Thank you for the offer, Petr! Someone was able to send me a digital version.
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We have a Flask that contains broth, and we want to inoculate it with Bacteria inoculum, Can we simply take a touch by the loop or by micropipette?
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Kseniya Kondrasheva Nikhita Madhav Chambhare Thank you very much, The Goal is Pyocyanin production, we tried 1:100 and yes by micropipette because the loop carry small volume
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In most contexts, the terms alternative medicine, complementary medicine, integrative medicine, holistic medicine, natural medicine, and unconventional medicine are almost synonymous.
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Yes. Naturopathy and phytopharmacology, for example, make great sense, especially as balancing treatments and therapies.
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is there a specific ratio to follow during the addition?
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Add Chloroform to a total of 50% total volume and vortex vigorously for a min or half. Let the sample settle for 10 minutes
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Greeting,
When I tried to remotely accessed the scopus database by login into my institution id, it kept bring me back to the scopus preview. I tried cleaning the cache, reinstall the browser, using other internet and etc. But, none of it is working. As you can see in the image. It kept appeared in scopus preview.
Please help..
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To reach the Scopus document search module, you should use academic IPs. If your institute has been listed in the Scopus database, you have permission to search documents in Scopus. It is not free of charge, and your university should pay its share to Scopus to provide this service for its academic researchers.
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I was offered, like I believe many others, to publish in this relatively new open journal
It that not seem to be a predator journal, but I cannot decide if its a good place to publish
Thanks
Yosi Scolnik
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I am not sure whether Peter Donkor talks about the journal asked here. I presume the questions is about yet another initiative of Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/journals/2/academia_biology Do realize that Academia.edu started a journal before called “Academia Letters” and stopped this initiative already within less than two years. Have a look at https://www.academia.edu/journals/1/academia_letters/submission_faq where they state, “Academia Letters is no longer publishing articles and has stopped accepting submissions.”. See also here on RG: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_Academia_Letters_a_Recommendable_option_for_publishing_orphan_papers
The new title “Academia Biology” will start in 2023 to charge an APC which will be a staggering 2000 USD for a basically non-indexed journal published by a ‘publisher’ with no experience and reputation in publishing. Their misleadingly remark about the impact factor suggests that they will have an impact factor in 2025 which is theoretically correct but highly unlikely to happen with this ‘organization’ behind it.
Personally, I would avoid this one.
Best regards.
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I am a field biologist and especially work with birds and need a good GPS for my field work. If you could recommend one economical one and one intermediately priced one, that would be great. Thanks in advance!
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Thanks Ruben, I'll take that into consideration.
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Hello All... I am trying to install Gromacs on windows using conda i have attempted to run "conda install -c bioconda gromacs_py" but it's not working. Any recommendations shall be highly appreciated.
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Ryan Gourlie Sir, I am working with Windows OS and the mentioned one is for Linux and mac. I have also tried this but it's not working. I am working in an environment in conda and I want to install it there. Is there any way I can import it from Cygwin to conda environment or from user apps to conda env?
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It is extremely hard to get on board of international science (by that I mean enter an abroad university, and visit international conferences) when you are from a developing country and at the start of a research career. You need an impressive CV to get funding, so I wonder if someone can share information about contests for undergraduates or/and Master students of Life Science.
From my side, there is International Student Tournament (https://www.facebook.com/intscitour/), iGEM (https://igem.org/) ... and that`s basically it.
Thank you
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ICHAMS – a scientific meeting founded and completely run by our students in the Royal College of Surgeons University. Do I sound proud of them? By golly, I am!
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Hi, I am a 1st-semester biology student. i would like to know the opinion of you, that your field of study is biology and how do you think ethics relates to the decisions you make day-to-day.
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Vadim S. Gorshkov
This depends also a lot on our degree of free choice, but I do principally agree to your statement ! As I was never interested in greater intellectual puzzles, my choice was limited by the personal preference for practical problem-solving methods (’human action’) and the study of scientific methodology applications ( ‚real range of our methods‘ ).
———-—
Economics is a living thing—and to live implies both imperfection and change. There is joint action, but no joint thinking. There is only tradition which preserves thoughts and communicates them to others as a stimulus to their thinking. Human action is purposeful behavior. Science does not give us absolute and final certainty. It only gives us assurance within the limits of our mental abilities and the prevailing state of scientific thought.
Ludwig von Mises, Human Action: A Treatise On Economics
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best regard
Sorry for the inconvenience, I'm Johana, a biology student at the Francisco Jose de Caldas-Colombia district university, I have a job for which I need to contact a researcher and I found your articles very interesting. For this reason, I was motivated to write to you to request A help in front of work, our subject is bioethics and I would like to ask you some questions that you can answer briefly.
How does ethics influence biology?
What happens in situations where ethics is worth more than
knowledge?
Thank you for your attention and if possible please answer the questions, thank you very much
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Best regards, sorry for the inconvenience, as I asked in my previous publication, this time I need another answer from another biologist or biology in order to complete my investigation and have different points of view. Thanks for your attention
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Biosocial studies encompass a set of approaches constituted by the space of knowledge generated by the interaction between biology and sociology. This space takes us back to the beginnings of social studies where biology and social sciences walked side by side. At present, these studies are being revitalised. For this reason, we want to contribute at Societies to strengthening this discipline and its research. When we conceive of biosocial research, we automatically think of medicine. However, the relationship between genetics and society, epigenetics, social evolution, the environment and the social, etc. can also be present in this field of study. In short, biosocial study is a diverse and plural set of approaches of great interest and relevance for today's world. In this Topic, we want to bring together the best international biosocial research. For this reason, we hope to feature the work of social scientists interested and concerned with the environment, health, diseases, biology, disability, old age, climate and energies in their relation to society. All these approaches also need a broad methodological perspective, so the issue is open to theoretical and empirical (quantitative and qualitative) work. We believe that studies of a conceptual nature with future hypotheses would also be of great interest. This issue aims to advance biosocial studies from a broad and diversified approach. Biosocial study helps us to better understand the surrounding reality. This is apparnt is we consider, for a moment, the numerous studies on SARS-CoV-2, or the possibilities that the social sciences offer to biomedicine or the science of care. On the other hand, we would like this issue to help biologists understand that the social sciences can help and complement their research. All in all, this is an exciting and thought-provoking Topic.
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Hello Juan; All of conservation science is biosocial. Our interactions with the natural world have proven to be pretty damaging and fixing the problems is often a social solution. Social scientists and conservation advocates have a critical, cooperative role to play is helping get us out of our present dilemmas. Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers
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Which software is best for making high-quality graphs? Origin or Excel? Thank you
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origin
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If we take a description of the solar system in terms of Newton's equations then the solutions are time-reversible.
But many phenomena in nature are observed to be non-reversible, "dissipative", hence not having time-reversible solutions. For instance, a glass falling off the table and breaking.
The big question is: can the second law of thermodynamics be deduced from the fundamental differential equations of physics ?
Or more generally are there differential equations whose solutions are mostly entropy-increasing ?
On the other hand can we find (a system of) differential equations whose solutions are generally entropy-decreasing ? Or in which entropy-decreasing phenomena occur in relatively frequent bursts ? Differential equations which would have solutions in which the pieces spontaneously assemble into the glass on the table ?
Contemporary physics is essentially incomplete (cf. the need for dark matter, dark energy, extra dimensions, etc.). Perhaps in the complete picture entropy is actually strictly conserved. The entropy-increasing forces/fields are counterbalanced by (at present unknown) entropy-decreasing ones, in which entropy-decreasing phenomena occur in relatively frequent bursts.
Then it is this entropy-decreasing aspect of nature that is the main cause of life, the cause of the relatively frequent bursts of increased self-organisation and complexity (which would then be further modulated (or "selected") by the constraints of the environment and the ecosystem).
Perhaps the "collapse of the wave-function" could be approached thermodynamically as well ?
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Thank you for your feedback on my discussion topic. I agree, such phenomena are possible, just statistically extremely rare.
Also I should point out that I was assuming strict determinism only for the sake mathematical simplicity.
The present format does not allow me to be more precise about the ideas presented above. Later on I plan to write a more concrete and rigorous presentation of these ideas terms of cellular automata and dynamical systems.
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Hello Scholars,
I am an undergraduate at the University of Cross River State, Nigeria currently pursuing a microbiology program. For familiarity and enhanced understanding of the course, I wish to seek recommendations on the virtual/simulation laboratory software that would be very helpful to me and my colleagues. With my interest in research too, I will be pleased if a research simulator is recommended to help widen my understanding of Microbiological research.
Your recommendations would go a long way to significantly contribute to my academic career as well as my colleagues.
Thank you
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Thermofisher Scientific has a virtual lab training option on cell culture. You can check here: https://www.thermofisher.com/bd/en/home/global/forms/cell-culture-basics.html
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In our diagnostic lab, we extract pure viral RNA (Qiagen viral RNA extraction kit).
Therefore, no 28S and 18S rRNA can be traced in agarose gel for total RNA integrity assesment. However, very small bands appear on gel (as seen in picture), are those 5S rRNA or other small RNA moleculea? If so, may they be correlated to total RNA integrity?
Is there any other way to asses the pure viral RNA integrity (besides Bioanalyzer)?
Thanks
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You can use primers that amplify products of different lengths. In low-integrity samples you then observe an increased shift between Ct values of shorter and of longer products. I used this to get a hold of RNA integrity of laser-microdissected samples where the amount of RNA was not sufficient to see peaks in electropherograms ("Bioanalyzer") and not to mention bands in agarose gels. As I used oligo-dT priming in the RT, I amplified equally sized products that were located at different distances from the poly-A tail. If you use randompriming, it should work also with the amplification of products of different lengths.
You will need a standard of known good quality to compare against. If nothing else works, you can make a synthetic standard by mixing purified PCR products (in equimolar ratios). But take care of cross-contaminations (prepare/purify the standard in a different lab, ideally in a differn building!).
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I found a species of Coniopterygidae preying on eggs and nymphs of Aleurothrixus floccosus in a lemon tree. I have followed its biology and have pictures of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. With my thanks in advance, any help is welcome.
Luis
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Hola Dr. Luis.
Logró identificar la especie de Coniopterygidae?
podría compartir información y fotos de las larvas, pupas y adulto.
Muchas gracias de antemano, saludos desde Guatemala
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Which potential insect extinctions cause irreversible tipping points?
Cherish your insights.
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The most significant extinction for ecosystems is insect pollinators, as well as groups of coprophages and necrophages. But any other species of insect will have an impact on the ecosystem when it disappears. For many species, participation in ecosystem trophism has not yet been clarified.
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I have noticed while reading different publications that some have used collagen to coat slide/chamber surface in fluid-flow cell experiments, while others used fibronectin. Does coating rely on the type of cells that I am going to use? Example: collagen coating for bone cells, fibronectin coating for endothelial cells?
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This is going to be cell type dependent mostly, but one consideration is that a fibronectin, being extremely sticky, will attach to collagen type I (i.e. 10% serum fibronectin is about 30 ug/ml). So unless you are blocking the surface with heat-denatured 1% BSA it likely will still be a fibronectin coating. Usually 1-10 ug/ml fibronectin is ample, but 100 ug/ml of collagen type I is needed. Also collagen solutions are pH sensitive and will self polymerize. If using a collagen coating add cold (4C) PBS and coat for 4 hours at 4C to stop the polymerization from occurring. Fibronectin is best coated at 37C for 1 hour diluted in PBS (it can precipitate at 4C).
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Hi everyone, I was wondering about the possibilities of performing numerical taxonomy with SPSS software. I would be very thankful to recieve advice!! For now I have been reading about hierarchical clustering, principal component and discriminant function analysis... Help!!
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you can do it by xlstst to make a hierarchical clustering
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I am writing a review article in biotechnology and as you know graphic images are so important in these papers. I would appreciate it if you suggest the best options. Thank you
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for creating graphic images I recommend you biorender.com you have on this website all the templates also they are for free, you can register and start creating your first graphic abstract and images. in many articles and reviews, all the graphics are made via this website.
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It requires about 5.3 kcal/mol (or 8 kBT) of energy to break one phoshodiester bond of DNA. How do these enzymes cut the DNA only by using thermal energy and not ATP? I am only considering the ATP-independent restriction enzymes (Type II). How do these enzymes manage to generate the necessary energy? I couldn't find the exact mechanism with energetics of restriction enzymes cleaving DNA. Please provide me any relevant references.
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No, the standard free energy of hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond in DNA is -5.3 kcal/mol. It requires energy to forge a phosphodiester bond, while to break one requires only enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier, which is lowered by enzymatic- , acid- or base catalysis. Under physiological conditions, hydrolysis is further facilitated by the high water concentration.
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Hi
The link given below is the journal list for no APC.
(Link built by Jeysson Sánchez-Suárez)
Can anyone include more Scopus journals in Genomics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Microbiology, and Biology as a whole with no APC?
Thanks in advance.
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Adjust your question by adding the proper link https://www.researchgate.net/post/Scientific_Journals_with_Open_Access_and_no_APC_free_charges_for_authors and give the proper credits to Jeysson Sánchez-Suárez who built up the list.
Best regards.
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Human activities have greatly changed the natural environment since the Industrial Revolution. Have migratory birds changed their migration routes? Why can migratory birds do this?
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Hello everyone,
I'm an undergrad biology student from Denmark, and i work on a project with D. melanogaster. We're having a problem we can't figure out, and therefore i've created this account, hoping some of you have had the same experience with the CAFE and knows the reason.
We're feeding D. melanogaster with the Capillary Feeder Assay (CAFE) with 5 μL capillary tubes. Our problem is that after we've been feeding the flies for 24 hours or so, an air pocket starts to form in the bottom of the capillary tubes (green arrow, see attached picture), therefore making the liquid food inaccessible to the flies. The liquid food should "fall down" after the flies drinks from the capillary tubes, but instead this air pocket forms. This happens to at least 9/10 capillary tubes. The red ring (see attached picture) is how the capillary tubes should look like with liquid food and no air pocket in the bottom.
We're feeding them with 5 % sucrose and tap water in both 20 and 23 degrees Celsius.
Capillary tubes are 23 mm long and made of glass. Unknown inner or outer diameter. The capillary tubes we use: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/DK/en/product/sigma/p1799
I hope the problem is clear and that i've provided all the necessary information
Christian
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Christian; Well, I'm baffled. Adding fluid at the top will probably form a bubble, but try it and see what happens. Jim Des Lauriers
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Hi, everyone i hope you are doing well.
I need some insight, as i am going to start my PhD in 2023.
I am little lost about the research as i have been not in touch with the latest growing reseach.
I did my MS research on "Endophytic Pseudomonas mediated activity against phytopathogenic fungi".
I was thinking about doing the PhD research on the similar topic but as i read literature, there have been alot of research on this topic already.
I want to ask,
1. Can i change my research field in Phd, even i have experience in different field in MS.
2. What biology field is more in scope now a days?
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Thank you for your kind response.
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What is the level of biodiversity loss of the planet's natural ecosystems as a result of the progressive process of climate change?
During the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic in 2020, there was a recession of the economy, the level of consumption, the scale of international transport of products, international tourism, car use, fuel and energy consumption, etc. declined.
There was then an opportunity to accelerate the processes of pro-environmental transformation of the economy, including the pro-environmental transformation of the transport sector, energy, construction, etc.
Unfortunately, this opportunity was not seized. As a consequence of these omissions, the subsequent economic and energy crises will be deeper than if the necessary transformation of the energy sector, which is being implemented through the development of renewable and emission-free energy sources, had been carried out in the past.
As a result, the global warming process continues to accelerate and progress faster than even the earlier IPCC reports published a few years ago and earlier.
One of the negative consequences of the continuing process of global warming is the loss of biodiversity of natural ecosystems.
I would therefore like to ask the following question:
Is there research on the extent of the loss of biodiversity of natural ecosystems on a global scale as a result of the progressive process of global warming?
Is there data on the state of biodiversity loss in natural ecosystems as a result of the progressive process of global warming, as a result of civilisation's emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases since the beginning of the first industrial revolution?
What is the scale of the loss of biodiversity of natural ecosystems, fauna and flora as a result of the progressive process of global warming?
What is the past and projected scale of loss of biodiversity of the biosphere as a result of the progressive process of global warming?
What is the level of biodiversity loss of the planet's natural ecosystems as a result of the progressive process of climate change?
What do you think?
What is your opinion on the subject?
What do you think about this issue?
Please reply,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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In Australia, we have lost around 50-60% of the population of most larger marsupials due to habitat clearing and clearfell forestry. The 2019 drought and mega-bushfires (and some other intensive fires in the previous decade or so) which in part were fuelled by climate change have further reduced populations of many marsupials by around half again. Some 20-25% of some species remain. In the case of the koala I have seen estimates of only 140,000 remaining in the wild. These are all preliminary and longer term data may show some bounce-back or some further declines (as recently record flooding also fueled in part by climate change has also impacted many of the areas impacted by the major drought and unprecedented bushfires.
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Currently, in Japan, physics, chemistry, biology, and geology are taught independently in science education context. So I would like to know, has any country developed a curriculum that emphasizes the relationship or overlaps between these four fields? I know that similar movement is occurring under the name of "STEM integration." But how about the case of physics, chemistry, biology, and geology? (Or I should say "PCBG integration") I would appreciate it if you could let me know anything.
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At the secondary level, the courses are integrated with each other. Mathematics exercises are related to chemistry, physics, biology, engineering, environment, and space sciences. We adopt the methodology of lesson research in education.
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Olen R.Brown & David A.Hullender published a paper in Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology journal in August 2022 with the name ( Neo-Darwinism must Mutate to survive ) : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079610722000347
the writers doubt macroevolution or the ability of known mechanisms of evolution to explain macroevolution as they say :
The central focus of this perspective is to provide evidence to document that selection based on survival of the fittest is insufficient for other than microevolution. Realistic probability calculations based on probabilities associated with microevolution are presented. However, macroevolution (required for all speciation events and the complexifications appearing in the Cambrian explosion) are shown to be probabilistically highly implausible (on the order of 10−50) when based on selection by survival of the fittest. We conclude that macroevolution via survival of the fittest is not salvageable by arguments for random genetic drift and other proposed mechanisms.
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Hello Boudjema; Your last reply to Mr. Dsugutov is perfect! The Grants' research is the clearest demonstration of the phenomenon available to a nonspecialist audience. Well done! Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers
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Forests are the biodiversity wealth of natural ecosystems and a key factor in the wealth of the planet's biosphere. However, this natural wealth is rapidly being eroded by human civilisational activities. The scale of forest fires has been increasing in recent years. The increasing scale of forest fires is a result of the ongoing process of global warming. In some regions of the world, forests are also being burned in order to acquire more land for the cultivation of agricultural crops, which is usually carried out under predatory and unsustainable farming practices. It is well known that forests are one of the key factors in reducing the rate of increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, an important factor in slowing down the greenhouse effect and consequently also in slowing down global warming. It is therefore essential to increase the scale of forest fire protection.
The following questions are therefore becoming increasingly topical:
How to protect forests from fires?
What is your opinion on this subject?
What do you think about this topic?
Please reply,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Regards,
Dariusz
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Dear Colleagues and Friends from the Research Gate portal,
Thanks for the answers given. From the answers above, it is clear that there are various ways and methods to protect forests from fires. Some of them are already in use but need to be scaled up, such as educating the public about the importance of the role of forests for the survival of most of the planet's biodiversity, the role of forests in limiting the scale and effects of the progressive process of global warming and therefore also in terms of human survival on the planet over the next at least several decades. On the other hand, some of these methods need to be further improved and also scaled up. These include, for example, creating new species of trees and shrubs that will be more resistant to abiotic (e.g. climate warming) and biotic (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic diseases) environmental factors. In addition to this, improving forest planning and management techniques by replacing disease- and fire-prone forest monocultures with multi-species, biodiverse forests, rich in natural forest ecosystems. Forest harvesting techniques are also among the methods that need to be further improved and developed. Well, instead of full felling, full deforestation in a specific area of the forest, which leads to rapid sterilisation and reduction of soil moisture, it is necessary (if at all) to cut only some, selected, individual trees in areas where the forest was planted without devastating the surrounding biosphere, without destroying the rest of the biodiverse natural forest ecosystem. It is also necessary to improve forest fire extinguishing techniques, creation of reservoirs for extinguishing water from rainfall, creation of systems limiting the rapid spread of a forest fire (clearing belts devoid of dry undergrowth, etc.), limiting the scale of draining of areas adjacent to forests, improving the system for detecting low levels of moisture of litter and undergrowth, improving systems for noticing micro-fires in order to increase the efficiency of action and shorten the time of fire development and its extinguishing by fire brigades. To this end, the new information technologies of ICT, the Internet and Industry 4.0 and satellite analytics should be used, as well as rapid transmission of information and informing specific public services and citizens as quickly as possible. In view of the ever-increasing scale of forest fires, which are increasingly caused by the progressive process of global warming and by their deliberate burning by humans, the problem is still very serious. In my country from January to July 2022, the number of forest fires increased compared to previous years and was already the same as in the whole of 2021. By 25.7.2022, there were already more forest fires in Poland than in the whole of last year 2021. In addition, an unusually high number of hot days have already been recorded. The scale of forest fires occurring in different regions of the world has once again intensified in recent months. In recent months, there have been forest fires in many countries in Europe, North America and on other continents. In some countries, record-breaking forest fires are still developing. Firefighters from various countries are involved in extinguishing them as part of international assistance. The problem is serious. The level of seriousness of this problem will increase in the years to come if mankind does not stop the increasingly rapid process of global warming. In addition, in the context of the above problem, it is particularly important to significantly increase the scale of afforestation in wasteland and post-industrial areas, areas degraded by civilisation. It is urgently necessary to bring about the prevalence of afforestation processes over deforestation on a global scale and to stop the deforestation of natural, biodiverse forest ecosystems. Why should we wait until the end of this decade to do so, as agreed at the UN-ET Climate Conference COP26. After all, what we do now in terms of a pro-environmental transformation of the economy on an individual, one-year scale translates into a potential slowdown in the progressive process of global warming on a multi-year scale. In some countries, the issue of the need to urgently and swiftly carry out a pro-environmental transformation of the economy is still downplayed and ignored in the political and business spheres. This is also the case in the country in which I operate. The issue of the key determinants of carrying out a pro-environmental transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess to a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth and closed loop economy, in which the issue of the development of aforestation programmes and the protection of the planet's biosphere and climate is one of the essential elements, is described in my articles posted on my profile of this RG portal. Links to these articles can be found on the homepage of my RG profile. I invite you to collaborate, to set up joint international research projects in this important issue for the future of humanity, the biosphere and the planetary climate. I also invite you to continue discussions on the important issue of improving techniques, instruments and systems for forest fire protection.
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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Globally, deforestation processes continue to outpace aforestation processes.It is well known that forests are one of the key influences on the climate, on the stability and sustainability of the climate, the maintenance of a humid microclimate, local water management, the state of biodiversity in regions.
Forests are also one of the key factors in reducing the amount of CO2 entering the atmosphere. At the UN climate summit COP26, it was agreed that by the end of this decade, i.e. by the end of 2030, national and global forest deforestation processes should be completed and forest afforestation processes should be accelerated. The restoration of forest ecosystems should be carried out in accordance with the principles of ecology of specific environmental formations of forest ecosystems consisting of replacing monocultures of tree crops with biodiverse restored, tree-rich forest ecosystem formations adequate to the specific local environment, geological and climatic setting.
But why do we have to wait so many more years for this? Why have such decisions not been taken earlier?
Why do the processes of afforestation not already prevail over deforestation?
Why are forests still being cut down when we know how important they are for slowing down the progressive process of global warming?
What needs to be done so that aforestation processes already prevail over deforestation?
How can afforestation processes be implemented quickly and effectively?
How can afforestation processes in civilisationally degraded areas be carried out quickly and efficiently?
How can afforestation be carried out with a high level of biodiversity in restored natural forest ecosystems?
What do you think about it?
What is your opinion on this topic?
Please reply,
I invite everyone to the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Kind regards,
Dariusz
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Choose to plant trees as part of your life.
I think we have choices about what we focus on as a culture. While none of us has the power to decide that, we can decide for ourselves and those around us what activities we engage in. We decide to promote reading and learning or not. We decide to promote diversity and freedom, or the censorship and oppression of those around us. We create our culture via many small decisions.
Likewise, we can decide to make planting trees part of out culture or not. And not just one day a year when we plant a tree,... that means not much.
How can afforestation be increased? - Quora
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A patient with desminopathy survived Covid-19 six months ago without pneumonia, but with a temporary loss of smell and taste. After Covid-19, we note an accelerated progression of desminopathy, penetration accelerates, new muscles are quickly involved in the pathological process, muscle mass decreases, and heart function worsens. Perhaps the infection or its consequences are somehow connected with the mechanism of progression of desminopathy?
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A patient with desminopathy (mutation Thr341Pro DES in a heterozygous state) with the progression of the disease has a decrease in taste and smell, immunosuppression, and an increase in IgA in the blood.
Oddly enough, but all this is characteristic of infections, including viral ones. For example, it is known that if the hepatitis C virus is not treated, then death will occur in 20 years.
In the identified case of late onset desminopathy, muscle weakness manifests itself at the age of 30, and death occurs 20 years after the onset of the disease.
Could the desmin mutation in myofibrillar myopathy be caused by an infection?
Perhaps the infection contributes to the progression of desminopathy?
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A patient with desminopathy survived Covid-19 six months ago without pneumonia, but with a temporary loss of smell and taste. After Covid-19, we note an accelerated progression of desminopathy, penetration accelerates, new muscles are quickly involved in the pathological process, muscle mass decreases, and heart function worsens. Perhaps the infection or its consequences are somehow connected with the mechanism of progression of desminopathy?