Biology - Science topic

Ziaedin Shafiei

I'm not sure I see the problem here, at least from theory standpoint.

I mean:

-there are random mutations

-most of them are harmful, though significant part is not immediately lethal, just moderately reduce evolutionary fitness

If so, you should observe some mutations within population - as they already appeared but may need generations to be eliminated when their carriers have only slightly reduced fitness.

My inclination is yes, each individual has alternate selves throughout alternate timelines thus, each individual(all alternate selves) become one in the afterlife.

Isolating DNA is pretty simple but I'm not sure it will be sufficiently interesting for you. It certainly is small but is only going to look like a piece of string.

You can find viruses out in nature nearly everywhere. The density of viruses in seawater for example (or lake water) is about 10e6 / ml. however there is so much other crud that it may be hard to figure out what you are looking at. Possibly if you were to filter sea water through a small pore filter (such as 0.22micron filter) then you might have water highly enriched for virus particles. But you won't really know what you are looking at unless you are lucky enough to see something that looks like a typical tailed virus.

@ Chris Fruh How do The Hypothesis Fit Together??

Each of these hypotheses, while distinct, can be seen as a different perspective on the same underlying mystery: the nature of the universe and humanity's place within it. Vedic astrology, with its focus on cosmic connections and human destiny, might act as a bridge between the metaphysical and the empirical, resonating with elements of all these frameworks. Hope the input helps. Regards--IJAZ

Regards

Dear Sina Jamalzadegan ,

Generative AI offers transformative applications in biotechnology, addressing critical challenges while advancing the field. In drug discovery, AI accelerates de novo molecular design by leveraging algorithms to identify novel pharmacophores, predict ligand-receptor interactions, and optimize pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, significantly reducing the timelines and costs associated with preclinical development. It facilitates precision medicine by generating therapies tailored to individual genomic and proteomic profiles while enabling in silico drug repurposing through high-throughput virtual screening. In protein engineering, generative models predict tertiary and quaternary protein structures and elucidate conformational dynamics, enabling the design of therapeutic biologics with enhanced binding affinities and reduced immunogenicity. In synthetic biology, AI-driven sequence optimization enhances CRISPR-Cas9 targeting specificity and metabolic pathway engineering for efficient biosynthesis of bioactive compounds, biopolymers, and therapeutic peptides. Clinical applications include generating synthetic datasets for training radiological and histopathological AI models, simulating patient phenotypes to optimize clinical trial stratification, and enhancing medical imaging modalities through resolution amplification and artifact reduction. These capabilities address pervasive challenges such as sparse datasets, complexity in biomolecular networks, and exorbitant R&D costs. Generative AI also enables multi-omics integration, synthesizing insights from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, fostering a holistic systems biology approach.

For instance, optimization in drug design can be expressed as E = B.A (efficacy = binding affinity × bioavailability), where binding affinity (B) reflects the molecular interaction strength between a ligand and its target, and bioavailability (A) quantifies the proportion of the drug reaching systemic circulation. This succinctly captures how generative AI aids in balancing critical pharmacological parameters to design therapeutics with maximal clinical efficacy. By automating and streamlining these processes, generative AI mitigates the translational gap, promotes global health equity, and fosters interdisciplinary synergies across computational biology, cheminformatics, and biomedical sciences, establishing itself as a cornerstone for innovation in modern biotechnology.

Can I ask Same question but in another way

Michael J. Benedik It is not as easy as it seems. I am following Barbara's profile, but I am unable to send her messages.

A seminal article is:

Szathmáry, E., Smith, J. The major evolutionary transitions. Nature 374, 227–232 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1038/374227a0 USD 39.95

with ideas explicated in their book:

John Maynard Smith and Eörs Szathmáry (1995) The Origins of Life: From the Birth of Life to the Origin of Language

Hello Satu; There is one overarching requirement. First, we must reduce human reproductive rate to something below 1.2 children per mother. If we don't do that, nothing else we do will ultimately matter. Our numbers MUST stop growing. Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers

* Si quieres medir simplemente la preferencia por ciertas flores sin considerar el tiempo, el número de visitas podría ser suficiente.

Title Page - Title of the report - Author(s) - Date ### Table of Contents - List of sections and page numbers ### 1. Introduction - Brief overview of bananas as a crop. - Importance of bananas in global and local economies. - Overview of post-harvest technology and its significance. ### 2. Post-Harvest Biology of Bananas - **Physiology**: - Ripening process and stages of banana development (green, ripe, overripe). - Ethylene production and its role in ripening. - Respiration rates and how they change during ripening. - **Microbial activity**: - Types of microorganisms that affect bananas post-harvest. - Effects of microbial spoilage on banana quality and safety. ### 3. Factors Affecting Deterioration - **Environmental Factors**: - Temperature: Optimal storage conditions for bananas (ideally 12-14°C). - Humidity: Importance of maintaining high humidity to prevent moisture loss. - Light: Effects of light exposure on ripening and spoilage. - **Biological Factors**: - Pest infestations and disease susceptibility (e.g., fungal diseases). - Natural senescence of bananas. - **Mechanical Factors**: - Damage during harvesting, handling, and transportation. - Effects of bruising and physical injuries on shelf life. ### 4. Strategies to Curb Deterioration - **Pre-Harvest Management**: - Optimal harvesting techniques to minimize damage. - Use of proper agricultural practices to reduce pest and disease prevalence. - **Post-Harvest Handling**: - Best practices in sorting, grading, and packing to reduce physical damage. - Use of controlled atmospheres or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) to slow down ripening. - **Storage Techniques**: - Recommendations for temperature and humidity control during storage. - Use of ripening chambers and ethylene management. - **Transportation Methods**: - Proper methods for transporting bananas to minimize bruising. - Use of insulated containers and temperature-controlled vehicles. ### 5. Processing of New Products to Reduce Post-Harvest Losses - **Product Development**: - Innovative uses for overripe bananas (e.g., banana flour, banana chips, purees). - The process of converting surplus bananas into value-added products. - **Preservation Techniques**: - Methods such as drying, freezing, and fermentation to enhance shelf life. - Use of preservatives and packaging technology to maintain quality. ### 6. Case Studies - Provide examples of successful post-harvest technologies and practices in banana production from different countries. - Highlight any research findings or innovations that have significantly reduced post-harvest losses. ### 7. Conclusion - Summarize the importance of post-harvest technology in extending the shelf life of bananas and reducing losses. - Call to action for adopting better practices in the industry. ### 8. References - Include a list of all sources cited in the report, formatted according to a chosen citation style (APA, MLA, etc.). ### Tips for Writing - **Use visuals**: Include diagrams, charts, and images to illustrate key points and make the report engaging. - **Data and statistics**: Incorporate relevant data on banana production, post-harvest losses, and market potential for processed products. - **Be concise**: Write clearly and concisely, avoiding jargon unless necessary, and explain any technical terms used. ### Additional Resources - You can refer to research articles, books, and publications from agricultural and food science institutions for more detailed information on post-harvest technology related to bananas.

The notion of a unified world underpinned by industrial primacy while sidelining commercial interests poses profound questions about the future of global cooperation, the balance of power, and the potential for conflict in an increasingly multipolar world. The outcomes of these dynamics could reshape international relations and influence economic models for decades to come.

The transition from the U.S.-Soviet rivalry to what you're describing as the "era of the Warring States" reflects a complex geopolitical landscape characterized by fragmented power dynamics and the rise of emerging economies. In this new world order, traditional superpower rivalries have given way to a multipolar framework where various nations pursue their own interests, often leading to competition and conflict.

In this context, the concept of a country prioritizing industrial development while suppressing commercial interests can be interpreted through the lens of nationalism and state-driven economic models.

Nations that prioritize heavy industrialization and seek to centralize control over their economies may aim for self-sufficiency and greater global influence. These countries might invest heavily in technology, infrastructure, and human capital, viewing industrial prowess as a means to enhance their international standing and attract global partnerships.

This approach might involve limiting foreign competition, protecting domestic industries, and implementing policies that favor state-owned enterprises or public-private partnerships. By doing so, these nations could aim to create a strong internal market that fosters economic growth and innovation.

As countries pursue industrialization aggressively, the potential for conflict increases. Nations might compete for resources, markets, and influence, leading to tension and rivalry. This competition can manifest in trade wars, military conflicts, or ideological clashes.

In this scenario, countries like China or India could be viewed as potential unifiers in a fragmented global landscape. Their large populations, growing economic clout, and strategic initiatives (like China's Belt and Road Initiative) reflect attempts to assert influence over global trade routes and bolster their geopolitical interests.

The rapid advancement of technology can serve as both a catalyst for industrialization and a factor that disrupts traditional commerce. Innovations in automation, artificial intelligence, and manufacturing processes may allow nations to achieve unprecedented levels of productivity, potentially reshaping global supply chains and economic relationships.

Science is making anti-aging progress. But do we want to live forever?

(https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/05/science-is-making-anti-aging-progress-but-do-we-want-to-live-forever/)

Scientists reprogram T cells to slow down and reverse aging

(https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/t-cells-reprogrammed-to-slow-down-and-reverse-aging)

The Future Of Anti-Aging: Emerging Technologies And Trends ** ( Apr 12, 2024 )

Category : ANTI AGEING TREATMENTS

(https://www.dermaalluraclinic.com/blog-detail.php?edit=12)

hello Rayan El-Kholdi，

In my experience The number of cells that can be combined with the column is limited, about 1×10*8 cells can be combined with a column, so when your target cell number exceeds this number, you need to add new columns, CD3 and CD14 cells in the PBMC itself accounts for a lot, so it is recommended that you increase the number of columns according to the number of cells。The proportion of CD3 positive cells and CD14 positive cells in 400M PBMC is far more than 50%, that is 200M, so you may need to add more columns to improve the ability to capture cells

Q-omics is an easy starting point to learn cancer omics data mining without computational skills.

Here are some reliable sources for open-source fisheries data:

1. OpenFisheries:

Website: https://www.openfisheries.org/

Description: This platform consolidates global fisheries datasets through an open web platform, providing access to data through a REST API and R package. It offers economic analysis, global landings data, and an open-source lab for collaboration.  

2. Global Fishing Watch:

Website: https://globalfishingwatch.org/

Description: This organization provides access to satellite data on fishing activity, including vessel tracking, port activity, and fishing gear usage. Their datasets are downloadable and can be used for research, analysis, and advocacy.  

3. Data.World:

Website: https://globalfishingwatch.org/datasets-and-code/

Description: This platform hosts a variety of fisheries datasets contributed by individuals and organizations. You can search for specific datasets, collaborate with others, and query within and across datasets.  

4. NOAA Fisheries Open Science:

Website: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/science-data/open-science-noaa-fisheries

Description: This initiative supports open science practices within NOAA Fisheries, providing access to various fisheries datasets and tools. Explore their resources to find relevant data for your research.  

5. Ecological Archives:

Website: http://www.esapubs.org/

Description: This repository houses peer-reviewed datasets related to ecology, including fisheries data. You can find data papers that provide detailed information about the datasets and their associated metadata.

6. Dryad:

Website: https://datadryad.org/

Description: This open-source platform for research data curation and publication offers a repository for fisheries datasets. You can find and access datasets with associated metadata and citations.

7. World Ocean Database:

Website: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-database

Description: This database, produced by NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, contains a variety of oceanographic data, including information on fisheries and marine ecosystems.

I see that there are responses questioning whether reincarnation actually occurs, scientific studies, as best can be conducted, indicates that it does exist. Far too many people are able to accurately report details of an existence that they should not have knowledge of via any known physical means, sometimes details that take extensive research in restricted files to verify.

The second issue seems to be that people assume that there is just one understanding of reincarnation while in fact there are at least 4 different and widely separated cultures that generally accept it. One in India/SE Asia, one in Africa, one in the Northern portions of North America and historically one in Greece and other parts of Europe. Of these, only the India/SE Asia variety suggests that a human may reincarnate as anything other than a human. All the other cultures insist that reincarnation is always within the human species.

Digestive system regression in sea cucumbers and other invertebrates can occur due to 1. Food scarcity 2. Temperature fluctuations 3. Dormancy/hibernation 4. Reproductive cycles 5. Molting 6. Desiccation 7. Disease/parasites 8. Stress/injury 9. Aging/senescence Sea cucumber-specific reasons: 1. Dietary changes 2. Burrowing behavior 3. Regeneration/autotomy Seasonal changes can trigger regression to conserve energy, reduce metabolic rate, and adapt to changing environments. Investigate: Gut morphology/histology Enzyme activity Gene expression Hormonal regulation

why not to try to contact Denis Barabé

see https://irbv.umontreal.ca/le-personnel/denis-barabe/

Automating biological functions such as childbirth with AI is a highly complex and ethically sensitive area. While AI can significantly enhance and assist in many aspects of healthcare, full automation of biological functions, especially something as intricate and personal as childbirth, presents numerous challenges and limitations. Here's a breakdown of how AI can be involved, and the specifics of its application:

1. Monitoring and Diagnosis

2. Assisting in Decision-Making

3. Automation of Procedures

4. AI in Healthcare Management

5. Ethical and Practical Considerations

Current State and Future Potential

Summary

AI can enhance and support various aspects of childbirth and prenatal care, such as monitoring, decision-making, and procedure assistance. However, the full automation of childbirth involves complex physiological, ethical, and human factors that cannot currently be fully addressed by AI alone. AI’s role is to complement and support human expertise rather than replace it.

Because of some autosomal dominant & others can be autosomal recessive

String Theory is widely regarded as still untestable and is also alleged by some to face issues of mathematical consistency.

Still steadily declining forest area, deforestation prevailing over aforestation, predatory cutting of entire stands, cutting down old-growth forests, creating pseudo-forest monocultures serving mainly or exclusively for the production of wood raw material, etc., are key factors in the rapid decline of the biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems, including the extinction of many species of flora and fauna. In addition, deforestation processes also negatively affect the climate and amplify the progressive processes of global warming, soil aridity, etc. It is extremely strange that in the era of the 21st century, widespread knowledge of the civilizational sources and consequences of the progressive process of global warming, deforestation and/or predatory pseudo-management of forests is still carried out in many countries of the world. It is essential to urgently reverse these negative processes.

In the following article, I have included the results of the research conducted on the connection of the issue of sustainable development, the genesis and meaning of the Sustainable Development Goals, the essence of sustainable development in the context of social, normative, economic, environmental, climatic, as well as human rights aspects, etc. The research also addressed the issue of key determinants of human existential security as an element of the concept of sustainable development.

HUMAN SECURITY AS AN ELEMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

The key issues of this issue and why the above issue is important is what I wrote in the following publication:

What do you think about this?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Edward O. Wilson's prediction about humanity reaching a tipping point as the global population approaches ten billion Edward J Tehovnik is a thought-provoking reflection on human behavior and societal dynamics. His comparison to an over-extended ant colony suggests that we may face significant stress as resources become scarcer and competition for them intensifies.

Wilson's assertion that those in power often overlook the fundamental principles of evolution implies that human societies may be prone to conflict if they fail to adapt to changing circumstances. The mention of “turning on itself” hints at potential social unrest, political instability, or even environmental degradation as a result of overpopulation.

The challenge of managing our resources sustainably and promoting social cohesion will be crucial as we continue to grow. If humanity doesn't account for the evolutionary forces that shape our interactions and structures, we risk undermining our own future.

As our population grows, it becomes increasingly vital for leaders, policymakers, and citizens to embrace an understanding of these dynamics, prioritizing cooperation, conservation, and innovative thinking to ensure we avoid the pitfalls of overextension. Whether the children of today will witness such a scenario remains to be seen, but the need for proactive measures is clear.

_____________________

Evolutionary pressures Edward J Tehovnik may play a significant role. In environments where cognitive abilities provide substantial survival advantages—through better foraging, social interaction, or tool use—there may be a selection for species to evolve larger brains, which consequently requires longer lifespans for optimal brain maturation and function.

In summary, the correlation between brain and body mass and lifespan reflects a complex interplay of developmental dynamics, metabolic rates, ecological pressures, and evolutionary adaptations. Studying these relationships further can provide insights into the biological and evolutionary mechanisms shaping the life history strategies of various species.

Epigenetics refers to the study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence. This field has garnered significant attention for its potential to influence aging, combat diseases, and mitigate unwanted side effects of genetic engineering.

Aging is associated with various epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, which can lead to altered gene expression and contribute to age-related diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. By targeting these epigenetic modifications, researchers believe it may be possible to reverse or slow down the aging process. For instance, interventions that modify epigenetic markers could potentially restore youthful gene expression patterns, thereby improving cellular function and longevity.

Epigenetic therapies hold promise for treating a range of diseases. By understanding the specific epigenetic alterations associated with conditions like cancer, researchers can develop targeted therapies that either activate or repress certain genes without changing the genetic code itself. This approach could lead to more effective treatments with fewer side effects compared to traditional genetic engineering methods, which often involve irreversible changes to the genomeOne of the significant concerns with genetic engineering is the potential for unintended consequences, such as off-target effects or the activation of harmful genes. Epigenetic modifications can provide a more flexible approach to gene regulation, allowing for temporary changes that can be reversed if necessary.

This flexibility could help in fine-tuning therapeutic interventions, reducing the risk of adverse effects associated with permanent genetic alterations.

Thank you for your answers but your replies don't really meet the topic whether there are distinct effects of what different research teams consider as:

- magnetic upward and downward fields (relative to gravity) effects,

- or only magnetic field direction (regardless of spatial orientation),

- or magnetic north and south polarities (by the way, note that many papers in English use reversed namings of the North and South poles of magnets!).

To help understand this discussion, here are examples of papers mentioning this side of the issue (whether positive or no effect):

- Life on Magnet: Long-Term Exposure of Moderate Static Magnetic Fields on the Lifespan and Healthspan of Mice

- Hematological parameters’ changes in mice subchronically exposed to static magnetic fields of different orientations

- Effect of pre-sowing treatment with permanent magnetic field on germination and growth of chilli

- Effects of Cholinergic Receptor Activation and Magnetic Fields on Motor Behavior in Ischemic Gerbils

- Magneto-mechanical stimulation modulates osteocyte fate via the ECM-integrin-CSK axis

- Homogeneous static magnetic field of different orientation induces biological changes in subacutely exposed mice

- Comparative effect of positive and negative static magnetic fields on heart rate and blood pressure in healthy adults

Thanks for your patience!

“Which epistemology do you associate with biology? Why?”

- epistemology absolutely directly is associated with biology, since all points/steps in the utmost fundamental result in epistemology – “Scientific method” , see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method

“…An iterative,[43] pragmatic[12] scheme of the four points above is sometimes offered as a guideline for proceeding:[47]

The iterative cycle inherent in this step-by-step method goes from point 3 to 6 and back to 3 again. ……”

- all/every living being, even bacteria, use and perform in their lives at their behavior.

Cheers

Silvia Pérez As someone who dabbles in general biogeography I cannot comment on the phylogenetic tree, but I looked up Pennington et al 2021 for the distribution of the genus as then known. Looks quite interesting, and one species - Ruagea glabra - has an almost identical range to the ghost moth species Druceiella metellus. It will be interesting to know to what extent your distributional data has changed from 2021. Hope you can avoid the center of origin-chance dispersal nonsense. Pennington et al were a bit unsettled as to the sister genus - either S AM Guarea or Catratea - latter apparently sister to the S Pacific Dysoxylum. Would be interested to see a better image of your phylogeny along with the distributional maps of each species if you want any further feedback. Can email me at calabar.john@gmail.com

Correct. All birds are dinosaurs (specifically, avian dinosaurs), but not all dinosaurs are birds. Pterodactyls are not dinosaurs; they are flying reptiles from the same era.

Zhao Zixian Hi Zhao! I sent you a message. I would love to work with you to integrate more AI tools that you need!

In my view, the most accurate and practical theories in any scientific field, particularly gerontology, are heavily influenced by temporal, spatial, and cultural contexts. It is challenging to propose a definitive theory on gerontology, as the perspectives and experiences of elderly individuals vary across different decades.”

Abstract

Deep-seafloor organisms consume oxygen, which can be measured by in situ benthic chamber experiments. Here we report such experiments at the polymetallic nodule-covered abyssal seafloor in the Pacific Ocean in which oxygen increased over two days to more than three times the background concentration, which from ex situ incubations we attribute to the polymetallic nodules. Given high voltage potentials (up to 0.95 V) on nodule surfaces, we hypothesize that seawater electrolysis may contribute to this dark oxygen production.

Fundamentalmente: Muriéndose. Solo envejece lo vivo, aunque vivas muy sanamente. Lo no vivo no envejece, solo cambia.

Envejecer es inevitable a corto o a largo plazo.

Looking forward to seeing this all progress

MAYBE.

As a researcher it is better to find the essence and prophecy of own genes

Dear Sagar Nanaso Salunkhe, thank you very much for your detailed answers!

I agree with you

Here ist a method I have been using since 2012 with high school students of physics. This method was, for example, praised by zoologist Richard Dawkins in memory of one of his teachers at University.

Let your students write short essays (200 to 400 words is fine) on a narrowly defined topics. Give them a few technical terms you expect them to use. Ask them to produce arguments for and against certain propositions. This will encourage them to think about more fundamental principles. For example: "Give evidence for and against group selection. Draw a personal conclusion".

It usually takes me about 5 to 10 minutes to read each essay. I do not fully correct it but only indicate where students lack depth or make false statements, aksing them to correct them.

After a few such tasks, I definitely observe a strong increase in the students' proficiency to produce meaningful and coherent texts. This is definetely one step beyond mere rote learning. It's worth a try.

Philip G Penketh thanks for sharing your belief and experience. Duplication of each cell in our body could be something similar to bacterial division. But the product might be similar to an identical clone. Then again I think that would not be the same "person" even when exposed to the same events in life.

Cheers to Life..

We are not clad fish but clad apes. Though the Deep Ones are known among the lost tribes, who are worshipping the elder gods. For further reference, read up on the works of Abdul Alhazred.

You use a Mann-Whitney test since the data do not have a normal distribution :)

To statistically compare Shannon-Wiener index values between two years:

By following these steps, you can effectively compare Shannon-Wiener index values between two different years in a statistically rigorous manner.

That's a great question and definitely a valid concern of protecting IP!

Here's how data is handled:

- The manuscript is sent to our backend and deleted from our database within 72 hours of generating your report.

- In creating the review the only external service used is the OpenAI API, and they've explicitly stated "data sent to the OpenAI API will not be used to train or improve OpenAI models" [reference here](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models/how-we-use-your-data#:~:text=As%20of%20March%201%2C%202023%2C%20data%20sent%20to%20the%20OpenAI%20API%20will%20not%20be%20used%20to%20train%20or%20improve%20OpenAI%20models)

It won't save the data longer than it needs to and will never be used to train a model.

an interactive instructional methodology involving technology provided that learning resources and facilities are very much equipped between learners and students

The concept of fine tuning suggests that each being gets one life in the material realm followed by an eternal afterlife. This view posits that life on Earth is intricately balanced and designed to support a singular physical existence, after which individuals transition to an eternal spiritual existence or afterlife.

To statistically compare Shannon index values (a measure of diversity) between two years, you can use several methods depending on the data's nature and distribution. Here's a step-by-step guide:

1. Prepare Your Data

Ensure you have the Shannon index values for the two years. Your data might look something like this:

Year Shannon_Index

2022 2.3

2022 2.5

2022 2.1

2023 2.7

2023 2.8

2023 2.6

2. Check Normality

Determine if the Shannon index values follow a normal distribution. This can be done using tests such as the Shapiro-Wilk test.

3. Choose a Statistical Test

Based on the normality of the data, choose an appropriate test:

If data is normally distributed:

Use an independent t-test if the variances between the groups are equal (you can check for this using Levene's test).

Use Welch's t-test if the variances are not equal.

If data is not normally distributed:

Use a non-parametric test such as the Mann-Whitney U test (also known as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test).

4. Perform the Test

I don't have an answer, but this is a very impressive question!!!!!

These three areas are quite different, although they can touch on related ideas in some ways. Here's a breakdown:

There might be some connections:

Overall, information theory is a mathematical framework, concrete concepts are specific ideas, and critical rationalism is a way of approaching knowledge. They are all valuable tools in different areas.

By the laws of statistics, no crime, it is allowed.

Done, participated ! Good video Khalid M. Saqr

Reminded me to:

I. Bentov human evolution.

Hola Doctor!!!

Agradezco la atención prestada, es interesante su comentario.

What counts as a bird? If feathers are a sine qua non, then it's not inconceivable that some early featherless flying critters evolved into feathered flying critters, in which case their birdhood evolved after the capacity for flight. Note that I said "some". The evolution of birds might have taken several paths with different sequences from a common nonbird ancestor.

The main difference is that while absorption involves the mass transfer of particles into another material (one substance absorbing another), adsorption takes place with the adhesion of particles onto the surface of a substance. absorption is the process in which a fluid dissolves by a liquid or a solid. In the case of Adsorption, the atoms, ions, or molecules from a substance adhere to a surface of the adsorbent

Muhammad Ulmar is right about this question.

you're right, maybe one day there will be nobody in front of the screen

IA...loss of humanity

fred