Biology - Science topic

Energy flow in an ecosystem is always unidirectional in nature because most of energy is released at the trophic level in the form of heat and performing metabolic activities. Hence 10% is transferred from one trophic level to another. This makes unidirectional flow of energy. Primary producers use energy from the sun to produce their own food in the form of glucose, and then primary producers are eaten by primary consumers who are in turn eaten by secondary consumers, and so on, so that energy flows from one trophic level, or level of the food chain, to the next.

Energy flow is the flow of energy through living things within an ecosystem. All living organisms can be organized into producers and consumers, and those producers and consumers can further be organized into a food chain. Each of the levels within the food chain is a trophic level. The Sun is the major source of energy for organisms and the ecosystems of which they are a part. Producers such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use the energy from sunlight to make organic matter from carbon dioxide and water. This establishes the beginning of energy flow through almost all food webs.

The 10 percent law, 90% of captured energy is lost as heat in the previous level and only 10% is available for the next level. At each trophic level, about 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level whereas the rest is utilized for metabolic activities and lost as heat in the environment. The stages of energy transfer within an ecosystem are producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.

Viscoelastic microfluidics: progress and challenges.

Zhou, J. and Papautsky, I.

Microsyst Nanoeng 6, 113 (2020).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-020-00218-x

Abstract:

The manipulation of cells and particles suspended in viscoelastic fluids in microchannels has drawn increasing attention, in part due to the ability for single-stream three-dimensional focusing in simple channel geometries. Improvement in the understanding of non-Newtonian effects on particle dynamics has led to expanding exploration of focusing and sorting particles and cells using viscoelastic microfluidics. Multiple factors, such as the driving forces arising from fluid elasticity and inertia, the effect of fluid rheology, the physical properties of particles and cells, and channel geometry, actively interact and compete together to govern the intricate migration behavior of particles and cells in microchannels. Here, we review the viscoelastic fluid physics and the hydrodynamic forces in such flows and identify three pairs of competing forces/effects that collectively govern viscoelastic migration. We discuss migration dynamics, focusing positions, numerical simulations, and recent progress in viscoelastic microfluidic applications as well as the remaining challenges. Finally, we hope that an improved understanding of viscoelastic flows in microfluidics can lead to increased sophistication of microfluidic platforms in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research.

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Without proper understanding of viscoelastic liquids, which are omnipresent in all biology, our biological description of living systems remain incomplete.

Without proper understanding of viscoelastic liquids, which are omnipresent in all biology, our biological description of living systems remain incomplete.

Just one example. Flowing of blood through micro-vessels utilizes viscoelastic properties of this liquid. Advances in this ar4 can help us to understand better the very mechanisms of blood clotting, organ infractions, and many other health issues.

I think LinkedIn would be the best place.

yes. if you can construct and deliver a subjective well-formed question accurately to a test subject, and then measure eye movements for the "appropriate" timespan, a number could be generated.

Some years back I have expressed my views regarding life which I submit herewith for your information .''Our life is a gift of our creator & our entry to our MOTHER EARTH is a fruit of biological reason but which our arrival as human beings we all have with us the resulting fruits of our action of previous lives for which we are to make our entity on this earth.

Where we talk regarding the life living for the time join with the life how one should think regarding the life as non living .

This is my personal opinion

There are several alternative methods available to measure G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling without relying on radio-labeled GTP binding. These methods provide valuable insights into GPCR activation and downstream signaling events. Here are some commonly used techniques:

1. Fluorescent GTP Analogs: Fluorescently labeled GTP analogs, such as mant-GTP or Bodipy-GTP, can be used to monitor GTP binding to G proteins. These analogs emit fluorescence upon binding to G proteins, allowing for real-time detection of GPCR activation. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques can also be employed to measure GTP binding indirectly.

2. Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET): BRET is a proximity-based assay that measures protein-protein interactions. In the context of GPCR signaling, BRET can be used to detect interactions between GPCRs and downstream signaling molecules, such as G proteins or β-arrestins. This technique provides insights into GPCR activation and downstream signaling events.

3. Calcium Imaging: GPCR activation often leads to intracellular calcium mobilization. Calcium imaging techniques, such as fluorescence microscopy using calcium-sensitive dyes (e.g., Fluo-4), can be employed to measure changes in intracellular calcium levels upon GPCR activation. These measurements provide information about GPCR signaling and downstream calcium-dependent processes.

4. Phosphorylation Assays: GPCR activation often triggers phosphorylation events mediated by protein kinases. Phosphorylation assays, such as western blotting or immunofluorescence using phospho-specific antibodies, can be utilized to detect and quantify GPCR-induced phosphorylation of downstream signaling proteins. This approach provides insights into GPCR signaling pathway activation.

5. cAMP Assays: GPCRs can activate intracellular signaling pathways, such as the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. cAMP assays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or fluorescence-based assays using cAMP-sensitive dyes, can be employed to measure changes in cAMP levels upon GPCR activation. These measurements provide information about GPCR signaling and downstream cAMP-dependent processes.

The concept of hybridization in plant breeding involves crossing two genetically distinct parent plants to create offspring with desirable traits. It is a controlled breeding technique that combines the genetic material of different plants to produce new varieties with improved characteristics.

In hybridization, the male reproductive organs of one plant, called the pollen donor or male parent, are used to fertilize the female reproductive organs of another plant, known as the female parent. The process can be accomplished through natural pollination, assisted pollination, or even by manual manipulation of the reproductive organs.

The resulting offspring, known as hybrids, inherit a combination of genetic traits from both parents. This often leads to offspring with enhanced qualities such as increased yield, improved disease resistance, better adaptation to specific environments, altered flowering time, or enhanced nutritional value. By carefully selecting and crossing parent plants with desirable traits, plant breeders can create hybrid varieties that outperform their parents and meet the specific needs of farmers, consumers, or industries.

Hybridization is commonly used in various crops, including grains, vegetables, fruits, flowers, and ornamental plants. Hybrid varieties are typically designated with an "F1" label, indicating the first generation resulting from the cross between the two distinct parental lines. These F1 hybrids often exhibit a phenomenon called hybrid vigor or heterosis, where they display superior growth, yield, or other beneficial traits compared to either of the parent plants.

Hybridization plays a crucial role in modern plant breeding programs as it allows breeders to efficiently introduce and combine desirable traits from diverse genetic backgrounds. This technique has significantly contributed to the development of high-performing, disease-resistant, and commercially successful plant varieties.

What is the motivation for traveling to other worlds? Is it because of all the unprincipled consumption of resources and destruction of its vital system?! If the answer is yes, then the immature human will do the same with any vital ecology! If his journey is not for the reason mentioned, it must be due to the increase in the population of the earth and the need to expand the habitat by adding new habitats.

In this case, with full maturity, humans will settle new habitats such as the earth.

It is difficult to estimate when mankind will reach a high-level civilization for the development of its habitat, considering the complicated social, political situation and the current process of destroying the earth's ecology!

These are happy dreams that have many buts and ifs for their realization!

It is necessary for the leaders of the world to really share all the people of the earth, consisting of all existing civilizations, in the result of their progress! Hunger, poverty, exploitation, war, dictatorship, terrorism, prostitution, enmity with nature, profiteering of governments and many other anomalies of the current civilization of the earth, will not allow us to even think about these trips soon!

In any case, these planets exist outside the solar system and certainly many of them have the conditions to accept human life!

In terms of technology, sooner or later, man will master the techniques and knowledge of distant space travel, and he will travel to these spheres and spread the table of other life there! If the unstable balance of the current civilization does not cause it to collapse so that everything starts anew!

Has this not happened before? And human civilization has not reached the point of leap many times and then started again due to a catastrophic event! ?

This observation of the second-order emergents occurring spontaneously from almost every randomly generated initial conditions is one of the key observations of emergent, self-organizing system, which is giving very reliable emergent output in the form of unexpected convergence towards a predefined shape and function.

Also, please give the full citation (author, title, publication, date, journal volume, and page) to your reference librarian. Good luck!

Hello all; Science Magazine (28 Apr 2023) contains a series of papers that directly address this topic. Ruben's comment is specifically relevant. Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers

Bertrand Cornu Can Kiessling Audrys G. Pauža Mohamed Khashan Dino Santos Matias Thank u all. After many trials I have decided to use single temperature. I have to admit that still qPCR experiment is not so objective to me (changes according to conditions very easily). However, since everyone use the same method, and what matters is to compare the mrna level for the same protein, I guess it is fine.

You`re Welcome, dear Friend.

Plants can be destructive too. For example, an invasive plant species may be introduced by seeds in bird droppings with the result that a waterway may become choked off. Or an invasive plant may force out a native species that provided better protection against erosion. Such possibilities could have deleterious effects on local ecosystems.

Thomas Schuermann

No, Elaeis guineensis is an angiospermic plant belonging to Arecaceae family.

Thanks!

What type of work out can be done

You should aim for the best possible journal, not simply one that is free and publishes quick :)

Have a look at this useful RG link.

Just one random emerent simulation that shows emerence of the second level emergence---emerents are brathing emerents---using modified 'Game of Life' cellular automaton, it was simulated by the open-source Python software GoL-N24.

Climatic factors, particularly temperature and light intensity greatly influence the uptake and metabolism of mineral nutrients by plants and accumulation of carbohydrates, which might affect post-harvest physiology and vase life of cut flowers. Pre-harvest technology involves the methods and techniques used to manage crops and prepare them for harvest, while post-harvest technology involves the methods and techniques used to preserve, store, and process crops after they have been harvested. The main pre-harvest factors influencing quality are related to environmental factors, such as light, temperature, rainfall, soil, and cultural practices, including the use of suitable cultivars, fertilization, irrigation, pruning, spraying, etc. The pre-harvest factors influencing postharvest quality are frequency of irrigation, use of fertilizers, pest control, growth regulators, climatic conditions like wet and windy weather, and natural climates such as hailing, high wind velocity, heavy rainfall, and tree conditions. In general, post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables are influence by many factors. These factors include losses due to physical, physiological, mechanical and hygienic conditions. Fruits and vegetables are mainly characterized by high level metabolic activities and known to posse's short shelf life. After harvest, fruits and vegetables need to be handled with care to maintain freshness, nutrient content, taste and quality. Fruits and vegetables are highly perishable, and so poor after harvest handling can result in losses. Post harvest handling is the stage of crop production immediately following harvest, including cooling, cleaning, sorting and packing. The instant a crop is removed from the ground, or separated from its parent plant, it begins to deteriorate. Activities like pruning, irrigation, fertilizer application, plant stressor, etc. are performed at the time or before harvest to mitigate post-harvest losses. This production practice is critical in developing optimal quality and disease control and prevents nutritional deficiencies.

Yes, dear Sofiane Benyamina , there do also exist fashions in science !

@Ed Gerck

Irrational numbers are uncomputable with probability one

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My deepest apologies, but I have read your Answer dated December 14, 2022 in the FLT thread https://www.researchgate.net/post/Are-there-other-pieces-of-information-about-Victory-Road-to - FLT#view=641367549777ccc70c026256/234 .

There was a link to your own thread given by you. This thread gives your erroneous statement from the very beginning, namely: "Irrational numbers are uncomputable with probability one".

Please agree, Dear Professor Ed G., that any irrational number is calculated with 100% accuracy with a probability of 1 for any number of orders p-1, if you write down p orders. Thus, if you write for the root of 2 one order before point and three orders after point, you will have sqrt(2)=1.414..., i.e., you can consider that you have written 4 orders. At the same time, the accuracy of 100% with a probability of 1 is provided for 3 orders, i.e. 1.41, etc., for any number of orders...

Speaking of some kind of all orders "full notation" , as you would like to see it, it's not possible for such a representation of irrational numbers.

If you point out my mistake to me, I will be grateful.

Greetings,

SPK

Dear Thomas,

yes, the brain's internal energy arises from the quantum statistical washout at a higher scale. My proposal is that negentropic entanglement binds the information (intrinsic) into a structure that is labile or dynamic originating at the molecular to the whole brain and reflecting a consciousness code that is decoded by EM dipoles in brains.

This algorithm can be reproduced in machines.

Reversing the sequence that was given to you in the script may be necessary for certain analyses or experiments in biology. The sequence refers to the order of nucleotides (A, C, G, and T) in a DNA or RNA molecule.

In molecular biology, the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule is typically read from the 5' end to the 3' end. This is referred to as the "forward" direction. However, in certain cases, it may be necessary to analyze the complementary strand, which is read in the opposite direction, referred to as the "reverse" direction.

For example, if you are designing PCR primers to amplify a specific region of DNA, you may need to analyze the complementary strand in order to identify potential primer binding sites. In this case, you would need to reverse the sequence in order to work with the complementary strand.

To determine whether you are using the forward or reverse sense, you should look at the orientation of the sequence. If the sequence is presented in the 5' to 3' direction, it is in the forward sense. If the sequence is presented in the 3' to 5' direction, it is in the reverse sense.

Jerry Waese thanks a lot for your nice software and the image. I will try to play with it and understand what is what.

Here are the general steps to conduct research on HIF signaling in fin or limb regeneration in the field of Development and Regeneration Biology:

1) Literature review: Conduct a comprehensive review of the existing literature on HIF signaling and its role in fin or limb regeneration. Identify key research questions, knowledge gaps, and potential areas for further investigation.

2) Study design: Develop a study design that addresses the research questions and hypotheses. This may involve designing experiments to manipulate HIF signaling, such as using genetic or pharmacological approaches.

3) Animal model: Select an appropriate animal model for the study, such as zebrafish or axolotl, which are commonly used for studying fin or limb regeneration.

4) Sample collection: Collect samples from the animal model at various time points after injury or manipulation of HIF signaling. These samples may include fins or limbs, as well as blood or tissue samples for analysis of HIF signaling pathways.

5) Data collection: Collect data on various parameters of regeneration, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis. This may involve imaging techniques, such as confocal microscopy or X-ray imaging.

6) Data analysis: Analyze the data using appropriate statistical methods and software tools. This may involve comparing the regeneration outcomes between control and experimental groups, as well as identifying correlations between HIF signaling and regeneration outcomes.

7) Interpretation and conclusions: Interpret the results of the study in the context of the existing literature and draw conclusions about the role of HIF signaling in fin or limb regeneration. Identify areas for future research and potential applications of the findings.

8) Communication and dissemination: Communicate the findings of the study to the scientific community through publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at conferences. This may also involve communicating the findings to the general public through outreach activities and media engagement.

Note: The above steps are general guidelines and may vary depending on the specific research question and experimental design.

Jerry Waese to Larry Carlson:

Larry Carlson memory content can be stronger in so many ways but the memory engram is never any stronger than any other memory engram except in terms of accessibility of it.

i.e. how many different things lead to the reflex activation of the engram.

Greater access is afforded by the extent of interconnection with other engram patterns, while greater clarity is afforded by the extent of difference or uniqueness to other engrams.

I may have 500 "master engrams" that are instrumental in my most salient reflexes as I sit before the laptop screen in my bath. AND I may have 500 similarly instrumental salient reflex perturbing engrams that govern driving while seated in my car.

In the first case, what I am typing may have or may not have any effect on where I go, or what others think. In the second case my own life and others lives depend on what those reflexes do while driving.

The many conditions that lead to me hitting the brakes make that set of braking engrams (maybe 20/500 "master braking engrams" (i.e. administrative controlling engrams that cascade into multiple body articulation and movement engrams)) more accessible than the left turn engrams (maybe 100/500 deal with left turn considerations)

Fortunately I spend more time typing (not always in the bath) than driving.

The relation to intelligence and thermodynamics is a different story, but if we make it the same story it probably will not matter if I get clean (in the bath), communicate well (at RG) or drive into a wall.

Daniil ( Даниил ) Александрович Fedorov ( Федоров )

Difference equations can be useful for modeling discrete events in biological systems, such as the discrete stages of a cell cycle or the discrete events of a neural network firing. However, they may not be ideal for modeling continuous processes, such as the dynamics of a chemical reaction or the movement of a fluid through a network of vessels. In these cases, continuous models, such as differential equations or agent-based models, may provide a more accurate representation of the underlying biology.

One limitation of difference equations is that they assume that the changes in a system occur in discrete steps, and do not account for small changes that occur continuously over time. Additionally, they may not be able to capture the effects of small perturbations in the system, which can have a significant impact on the overall behaviour of the system.

Hello Claudia,

My name is Fernando and I work as a medical physicist in a Hospital. I made my thesis about radiobiology. The thesis was about statistical concepts like Tumour Control Probability or Normal Tissue Complication Probability...,

I am just an example how you can do your PhD in this subject. You can start visiting a Hospital with a radiotherapy department in Bucharest, there you can find people like me, they can inform you.

Good Luck and go for it.

Dear Duan Xian Xiang,

Your words "The law of biology can be described by "program", but this "program" is not a computer program, computer program is only one of it, "program" or "calculation" includes psychological program, economic activity program, political activity program, gene program of organism, etc." are consistent with my review paper where are explained examples and methodologies used in biology and medicine to describe, simulate, and predict the behavior of biological systems.

The book you mentioned sounds interesting, but I do not know it.

According to my understanding, emergents and their mutual interactions are the best current methodological description of biological and many physical phenomena observed. In many cases, there exists no alternative to such descriptions, as demonstrated on medical applications in my review.

The review describing the basic principles of complex systems descriptions in biology:

"Complex Systems and Their Use in Medicine: Concepts, Methods and Bio-Medical Applications"

More information of how to use receptor for biosensor application!

Of course, time is a significant factor for spheroids' size and viability of cells, due to when you seed the cells to the generation of spheroids after the cells are in the proliferative stage. More time (days) can lead to the big size of spheroids, in addition, the cells located in the core zone are suffered from nutrients, oxygen, and ...

I suggest you set up the best time to achieve reliable results too

Vahid Rakhshan I will definitely spread the word about this amazing initiative. It's great to know that we can contribute to such a noble cause by simply utilizing our excess computer power. Thank you for bringing this opportunity to my attention. Let's join hands in making a difference in the fight against diseases.

Thank you for the offer, Petr! Someone was able to send me a digital version.

Kseniya Kondrasheva Nikhita Madhav Chambhare Thank you very much, The Goal is Pyocyanin production, we tried 1:100 and yes by micropipette because the loop carry small volume

Yes. Naturopathy and phytopharmacology, for example, make great sense, especially as balancing treatments and therapies.

Add Chloroform to a total of 50% total volume and vortex vigorously for a min or half. Let the sample settle for 10 minutes

To reach the Scopus document search module, you should use academic IPs. If your institute has been listed in the Scopus database, you have permission to search documents in Scopus. It is not free of charge, and your university should pay its share to Scopus to provide this service for its academic researchers.

Dear Yosef Scolnik ,

I am not sure whether Peter Donkor talks about the journal asked here. I presume the questions is about yet another initiative of Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/journals/2/academia_biology Do realize that Academia.edu started a journal before called “Academia Letters” and stopped this initiative already within less than two years. Have a look at https://www.academia.edu/journals/1/academia_letters/submission_faq where they state, “Academia Letters is no longer publishing articles and has stopped accepting submissions.”. See also here on RG: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_Academia_Letters_a_Recommendable_option_for_publishing_orphan_papers

The new title “Academia Biology” will start in 2023 to charge an APC which will be a staggering 2000 USD for a basically non-indexed journal published by a ‘publisher’ with no experience and reputation in publishing. Their misleadingly remark about the impact factor suggests that they will have an impact factor in 2025 which is theoretically correct but highly unlikely to happen with this ‘organization’ behind it.

Personally, I would avoid this one.

Best regards.

Thanks Ruben, I'll take that into consideration.

Ryan Gourlie Sir, I am working with Windows OS and the mentioned one is for Linux and mac. I have also tried this but it's not working. I am working in an environment in conda and I want to install it there. Is there any way I can import it from Cygwin to conda environment or from user apps to conda env?

ICHAMS – a scientific meeting founded and completely run by our students in the Royal College of Surgeons University. Do I sound proud of them? By golly, I am!

This depends also a lot on our degree of free choice, but I do principally agree to your statement ! As I was never interested in greater intellectual puzzles, my choice was limited by the personal preference for practical problem-solving methods (’human action’) and the study of scientific methodology applications ( ‚real range of our methods‘ ).

———-—

Economics is a living thing—and to live implies both imperfection and change. There is joint action, but no joint thinking. There is only tradition which preserves thoughts and communicates them to others as a stimulus to their thinking. Human action is purposeful behavior. Science does not give us absolute and final certainty. It only gives us assurance within the limits of our mental abilities and the prevailing state of scientific thought.

Ludwig von Mises, Human Action: A Treatise On Economics

Best regards, sorry for the inconvenience, as I asked in my previous publication, this time I need another answer from another biologist or biology in order to complete my investigation and have different points of view. Thanks for your attention

Hello Juan; All of conservation science is biosocial. Our interactions with the natural world have proven to be pretty damaging and fixing the problems is often a social solution. Social scientists and conservation advocates have a critical, cooperative role to play is helping get us out of our present dilemmas. Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers

origin

Thank you for your feedback on my discussion topic. I agree, such phenomena are possible, just statistically extremely rare.

Also I should point out that I was assuming strict determinism only for the sake mathematical simplicity.

The present format does not allow me to be more precise about the ideas presented above. Later on I plan to write a more concrete and rigorous presentation of these ideas terms of cellular automata and dynamical systems.

Thermofisher Scientific has a virtual lab training option on cell culture. You can check here: https://www.thermofisher.com/bd/en/home/global/forms/cell-culture-basics.html

You can use primers that amplify products of different lengths. In low-integrity samples you then observe an increased shift between Ct values of shorter and of longer products. I used this to get a hold of RNA integrity of laser-microdissected samples where the amount of RNA was not sufficient to see peaks in electropherograms ("Bioanalyzer") and not to mention bands in agarose gels. As I used oligo-dT priming in the RT, I amplified equally sized products that were located at different distances from the poly-A tail. If you use randompriming, it should work also with the amplification of products of different lengths.

You will need a standard of known good quality to compare against. If nothing else works, you can make a synthetic standard by mixing purified PCR products (in equimolar ratios). But take care of cross-contaminations (prepare/purify the standard in a different lab, ideally in a differn building!).

Hola Dr. Luis.

Logró identificar la especie de Coniopterygidae?

podría compartir información y fotos de las larvas, pupas y adulto.

Muchas gracias de antemano, saludos desde Guatemala

The most significant extinction for ecosystems is insect pollinators, as well as groups of coprophages and necrophages. But any other species of insect will have an impact on the ecosystem when it disappears. For many species, participation in ecosystem trophism has not yet been clarified.

This is going to be cell type dependent mostly, but one consideration is that a fibronectin, being extremely sticky, will attach to collagen type I (i.e. 10% serum fibronectin is about 30 ug/ml). So unless you are blocking the surface with heat-denatured 1% BSA it likely will still be a fibronectin coating. Usually 1-10 ug/ml fibronectin is ample, but 100 ug/ml of collagen type I is needed. Also collagen solutions are pH sensitive and will self polymerize. If using a collagen coating add cold (4C) PBS and coat for 4 hours at 4C to stop the polymerization from occurring. Fibronectin is best coated at 37C for 1 hour diluted in PBS (it can precipitate at 4C).

you can do it by xlstst to make a hierarchical clustering

for creating graphic images I recommend you biorender.com you have on this website all the templates also they are for free, you can register and start creating your first graphic abstract and images. in many articles and reviews, all the graphics are made via this website.

No, the standard free energy of hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond in DNA is -5.3 kcal/mol. It requires energy to forge a phosphodiester bond, while to break one requires only enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier, which is lowered by enzymatic- , acid- or base catalysis. Under physiological conditions, hydrolysis is further facilitated by the high water concentration.

Dear Shahina Akter ,

Adjust your question by adding the proper link https://www.researchgate.net/post/Scientific_Journals_with_Open_Access_and_no_APC_free_charges_for_authors and give the proper credits to Jeysson Sánchez-Suárez who built up the list.

Best regards.

Here is an interesting read:

Christian; Well, I'm baffled. Adding fluid at the top will probably form a bubble, but try it and see what happens. Jim Des Lauriers

Thank you for your kind response.

In Australia, we have lost around 50-60% of the population of most larger marsupials due to habitat clearing and clearfell forestry. The 2019 drought and mega-bushfires (and some other intensive fires in the previous decade or so) which in part were fuelled by climate change have further reduced populations of many marsupials by around half again. Some 20-25% of some species remain. In the case of the koala I have seen estimates of only 140,000 remaining in the wild. These are all preliminary and longer term data may show some bounce-back or some further declines (as recently record flooding also fueled in part by climate change has also impacted many of the areas impacted by the major drought and unprecedented bushfires.

At the secondary level, the courses are integrated with each other. Mathematics exercises are related to chemistry, physics, biology, engineering, environment, and space sciences. We adopt the methodology of lesson research in education.

Hello Boudjema; Your last reply to Mr. Dsugutov is perfect! The Grants' research is the clearest demonstration of the phenomenon available to a nonspecialist audience. Well done! Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers

Dear Colleagues and Friends from the Research Gate portal,

Thanks for the answers given. From the answers above, it is clear that there are various ways and methods to protect forests from fires. Some of them are already in use but need to be scaled up, such as educating the public about the importance of the role of forests for the survival of most of the planet's biodiversity, the role of forests in limiting the scale and effects of the progressive process of global warming and therefore also in terms of human survival on the planet over the next at least several decades. On the other hand, some of these methods need to be further improved and also scaled up. These include, for example, creating new species of trees and shrubs that will be more resistant to abiotic (e.g. climate warming) and biotic (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic diseases) environmental factors. In addition to this, improving forest planning and management techniques by replacing disease- and fire-prone forest monocultures with multi-species, biodiverse forests, rich in natural forest ecosystems. Forest harvesting techniques are also among the methods that need to be further improved and developed. Well, instead of full felling, full deforestation in a specific area of the forest, which leads to rapid sterilisation and reduction of soil moisture, it is necessary (if at all) to cut only some, selected, individual trees in areas where the forest was planted without devastating the surrounding biosphere, without destroying the rest of the biodiverse natural forest ecosystem. It is also necessary to improve forest fire extinguishing techniques, creation of reservoirs for extinguishing water from rainfall, creation of systems limiting the rapid spread of a forest fire (clearing belts devoid of dry undergrowth, etc.), limiting the scale of draining of areas adjacent to forests, improving the system for detecting low levels of moisture of litter and undergrowth, improving systems for noticing micro-fires in order to increase the efficiency of action and shorten the time of fire development and its extinguishing by fire brigades. To this end, the new information technologies of ICT, the Internet and Industry 4.0 and satellite analytics should be used, as well as rapid transmission of information and informing specific public services and citizens as quickly as possible. In view of the ever-increasing scale of forest fires, which are increasingly caused by the progressive process of global warming and by their deliberate burning by humans, the problem is still very serious. In my country from January to July 2022, the number of forest fires increased compared to previous years and was already the same as in the whole of 2021. By 25.7.2022, there were already more forest fires in Poland than in the whole of last year 2021. In addition, an unusually high number of hot days have already been recorded. The scale of forest fires occurring in different regions of the world has once again intensified in recent months. In recent months, there have been forest fires in many countries in Europe, North America and on other continents. In some countries, record-breaking forest fires are still developing. Firefighters from various countries are involved in extinguishing them as part of international assistance. The problem is serious. The level of seriousness of this problem will increase in the years to come if mankind does not stop the increasingly rapid process of global warming. In addition, in the context of the above problem, it is particularly important to significantly increase the scale of afforestation in wasteland and post-industrial areas, areas degraded by civilisation. It is urgently necessary to bring about the prevalence of afforestation processes over deforestation on a global scale and to stop the deforestation of natural, biodiverse forest ecosystems. Why should we wait until the end of this decade to do so, as agreed at the UN-ET Climate Conference COP26. After all, what we do now in terms of a pro-environmental transformation of the economy on an individual, one-year scale translates into a potential slowdown in the progressive process of global warming on a multi-year scale. In some countries, the issue of the need to urgently and swiftly carry out a pro-environmental transformation of the economy is still downplayed and ignored in the political and business spheres. This is also the case in the country in which I operate. The issue of the key determinants of carrying out a pro-environmental transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess to a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth and closed loop economy, in which the issue of the development of aforestation programmes and the protection of the planet's biosphere and climate is one of the essential elements, is described in my articles posted on my profile of this RG portal. Links to these articles can be found on the homepage of my RG profile. I invite you to collaborate, to set up joint international research projects in this important issue for the future of humanity, the biosphere and the planetary climate. I also invite you to continue discussions on the important issue of improving techniques, instruments and systems for forest fire protection.

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I think we have choices about what we focus on as a culture. While none of us has the power to decide that, we can decide for ourselves and those around us what activities we engage in. We decide to promote reading and learning or not. We decide to promote diversity and freedom, or the censorship and oppression of those around us. We create our culture via many small decisions.

Likewise, we can decide to make planting trees part of out culture or not. And not just one day a year when we plant a tree,... that means not much.

How can afforestation be increased? - Quora

A patient with desminopathy survived Covid-19 six months ago without pneumonia, but with a temporary loss of smell and taste. After Covid-19, we note an accelerated progression of desminopathy, penetration accelerates, new muscles are quickly involved in the pathological process, muscle mass decreases, and heart function worsens. Perhaps the infection or its consequences are somehow connected with the mechanism of progression of desminopathy?