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The experiment conducted by Bose at the Royal Society of London in 1901 demonstrated that plants have feelings like humans. Placing a plant in a vessel containing poisonous solution he showed the rapid movement of the plant which finally died down. His finding was praised and the concept of plant’s life has been established. If we scold a plant it doesn’t respond, but an AI bot does. Then how can we disprove the life of a Chatbot?
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@ Dr. Chen, Thank you for consulting with AI bot on behalf of me. It's interesting!
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Time isn't a consideration of the sensual responses sent to the brain but events are. Time is rather a consideration of the mind.
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Thanks for your reply.
However, time is not the consideration of sensory responses sent to the brain but events are the consideration of the brain and the mind is the consideration of thought, whereas mind and brain are not substitutes.
Most animals on Earth respond to seasonal events due to their genetic predisposition.
Although animals and machines cannot think or reason like humans when learning causality through trial and error, non-human animals cannot fully understand the mental processes or processes of acquiring knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses.
For these reasons, obviously the discussion is specifically related to the human brain and mind, events and time.
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I have a curiosity about the different perspectives on emergence. In biology, we usually assume that there are diverse biological entities, such as cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms, populations, and communities. We can study each entity from a reductionist perspective to describe how we can understand its properties based on its smaller components. We also study these entities from a holistic perspective because we assume that each entity has emergent properties that cannot be reduced to their smaller parts. Both approaches are necessary because there is dualism in emergence (i.e., we can identidy two different units), but they are not independent (i.e., tissues depend on cells to exist).
What exactly causes emergence? Is it the interaction between the components of the system (in a specific way)? And what are the limits to describe something as a new level of organization that cannot be reduced to its smaller parts? In summary, how can we recognize and classify something as presenting emergent properties in practice? I think these discussions are at the heart of many misinterpretations of scientific discoveries that are usually interpreted from either a reductionist or a holistic view, but not both.
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In the beginning the standard scientific view is of a singularity from which all emerged. First the protium thence hydrogen, helium, carbon, the organic crystal and eventually us, (to cut a long story short). We shouldn't, of course, forget hot, cold, pressure, vibration and some others I've missed; all emerging from the original singularity; a oneness from which came allness.
There is no doubt the universe is remarkable to say the least. To my mind the interesting perspective is not the reductionist view but that which looks to the properties. It is these unique properties that demonstrate emergence best of all.
It is not difficult to see how two rocks can make a mortar and pestle, which is easy to see as nothing more than two shaped rocks but, it is the properties that are different. This is a simple example that can be extrapolated into far more complex things. Take for example transuranics, the stuff which the universe didn't create unless we see ourselves as extensions of the universe.
Kant spoke of the noumenon which Einstein had great trouble with and so ignored it when he arrived at spacetime. I think this idea needs re-examining. For me time is the universal property of emergence. It isn't about the clock going round and round or Nietzsche's eternal return but of change where one and one don't make two unless two is a number greater than its parts.
Like gravity, emergence is a universal property that consciousness looks upon and attempts to simplify for the sake of understanding. When we look back over history it is more evident that novelty arises from what came before it but not merely as the summation of its proprietorial parts.
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Dear colleagues, especially from India -
Could you please share PDF file of this article: KOMAREKJ,. (1972). Reproduction process and
taxonomy of unicellular endosporine blue-green
algae. In Proceedings of the Symposium on
Taxonomy and Biology of Blue-Green Algae,
pp. 41-47. Edited by T. V. Desikachary. Madras,
India: University of Madras.
I'll appreciate your help very much.
Sincerely, Igor Brown
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You might want to write to Jan Mareš [https://www.phycology.cz/people/jan-mare%C5%A1], an author of the latest update on cyanobacterial nomenclature, PMID: 36251754.
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Dear all,
I've had thoughts that our understanding of what drives the biology underlying health and disease may be skewed towards DNA and RNA level alterations.
Aside from the central dogma of biology; DNA -> RNA -> Protein, I believe there may be a skewed understanding because the tools available to investigate DNA and RNA alterations are more advanced than the tools available for protein or metabolite level analysis.
DNA and RNA sequencing are cheaper, higher throughput, more accurate, and have better coverage than mass-spectrometry for proteomics. I'm wondering how much the availability of tools influences our understanding of at what level diseases occur.
Of course this is a gross simplification, as there will always be factors at play and interactions at multiple levels.
If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail.
Sam
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Heritable diseases tend to be the more obvious ones and are caused by genomic mutations, often at a single locus. This makes finding the causative locus easier. The underlying mechanisms are often then subsequently probed. Diseases caused by environmental exposure and lifestyle are harder to probe as they often involve the interaction of multiple gene products.
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Hello every one,
I'm working on the in vitro expression regulation of a viral gene.
I'm looking at the splicing efficiency of several versions of the gene (comming from different genotypes). To do so I cloned the various versions of the gene in a pcDNA3.1 vector.
When expressed in eukaryotic cells, all vector expression but one give me the expected splicing pattern.
The odd one use a new splice site really close to the CDS start never reported in the litterature and absent in all other version of the gene.
The gene in the pcDNA3.1 is under the strong pCMV promoter which also add a 150ish base pair 5'UTR to the mRNA. Whereas, in vivo viral mRNA have a very short 5'UTR or none at all.
I was wondering if the 5'UTR addition and/or the strong expression could suffice to force this artefactual splicing ?
Thank you for your time !
Philippe.
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Certainly, the length and sequence of the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) can potentially influence alternative splicing, as changes in the 5'UTR can alter the accessibility of splicing regulatory elements, affect translation initiation through the Kozak sequence, and impact the secondary structure of the mRNA. Additionally, the use of a strong promoter like pCMV can lead to high gene expression levels, potentially influencing spliceosome assembly and kinetics of RNA processing. In your case, the observed splicing pattern in the pcDNA3.1 vector might be a consequence of the long 5'UTR and strong promoter, which could be introducing or disrupting splicing regulatory elements. Further experiments involving different promoters and 5'UTR modifications are necessary to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying the observed splicing differences.
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Dawkins thinks there are evolutionary outcomes that are harmful. He dubs such an outcome as misfire.
“What natural selection favours is rules of thumb, which work in practice to promote the genes that built them. Rules of thumb, by their nature, sometimes misfire.”
“What is the primitively advantageous trait that sometimes misfires to generate religion?”
But Neo-Darwinism is based on two processes. Stochastic “Gene Mutation” and deterministic “Natural Selection”.
As it is accepted the outcomes of the majority of mutations – say errors during gene reproduction - are harmful to life and accordingly should fade away.
Therefore, it seems Dawkins has come to the opposite conclusion that the outcome of evolution is normally beneficial and misfire results in occasional harmful products, which in the case of religion has so far been going strong among all nations since time immemorial.
Alternatively, the misfire he is talking about may be happening in the deterministic phase of Neo-Darwinism i.e., natural selection, meaning that there is a second layer of misfire separate from harmful gene mutation. In that case, natural selection is also a random process not a deterministic one as it is claimed to be. The difference is that the probability of it being harmful is not as high as genes’ random mutations.
Can this be a paradox?
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Ziaedin Shafiei agree. the similarities and differences of scientific and religious knowledges are of considerable interest, but mixing them up causes a lot of confusio.
it seems to me that our brains are not well adapted to understanding randomness. quantum theory being another case in point, not to mention pharmaceutical statistics!
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I'm doing patch clamp recording in Substantia Nigra pars reticulata(SNr), while I put ChR2 in D1-MSN neurons. During light stimulation, my elicited IPSCs has weird shape of IPSCs. How should I interpret this? Is this biology or artifact?
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Dear Emma,
I think it is looking very good and that is a normal response when you simultaneously evoke responses from many many inhibitory synapses by stimulating a large number of inhibitory synapses. As already mentioned above you are observing summation of many evoked IPSCs occuring in response to your stimulation. It is looking very good, and f you know the mean of spontaneous miniture (individual) IPSC amplitude size, then you can calculate the number of synapses you are activating during light stimulation, by simply dividing evoked response amplitude by spontaneous responses (evoked/spontaneous). There are also a number of other criteria you may consider calculating from your results such as quantal release etc.
best wishes,
Refik
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I am doing a biology research report and need information and statistics. Thank you
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The most important lifestyle change is still to get smokers to stop smoking. Diabetic es-smokers live a lot longer than do diabetic current-smokers.
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Dear Sirs, regarding to the full-text request of Jayasree Gopalakrishnan dated 26.06.2023 I can send it to her if  you you give me his e-mail address. Moreover I do not want  that the full-text is available on Research Gate site. This was made possible by Carmen Arena that is a coauthor and she did not inform me that I am the correspondent author. With my best regards, Nicolas D'Ambrosio ______________________________________ Department of Biology University of Naples Federico II Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo Via Cinthia, 4 - Edificio 7 80126 Naples, Italy Tel. +39081679138 Fax +39081679233 mailto: dambrosi@unina.it
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Contact ResearchGate Help centre mentioned at the bottom of first page website or email them support@researchgate.net for info.
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How many grams of K2Cr2O7 to dissolve it in 1 liter Distilled water to obtain 50 ppm of Chromium? to become aqueous solution, Is there a specific equation to apply? Thanks
Ali
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Why are so many methods and no answers the same? Other papers also mention the different results. What is actually the correct answer?
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I need to contact with sientific writter who has an experience with (Review artical) in Biology
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review articles : yes , I do write every other week ..................
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Is taking multiple factors such as genome sequence, taxonomy levels, behavioural patterns, anatomy and etc into account when comparing 2 specimens more accurate than just comparing its genomes?
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When identifying the similarity percentage between two species, using multiple factors is generally more accurate than just using the genome sequence alone.
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I saw these on a same step of conversion of Malonyl CoA to Malonyl-ACP. Could anyone clarify this? I add that reference link below.
KEGG PATHWAY: Fatty acid biosynthesis - Chlorella variabilis (genome.jp)
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In FAS i.e., fatty acid synthesis the chemical reaction is, Malonyl CoA+ Acyl-carrier protein↔ CoA+Malonyl-[acyl carrier protein]. In fact, there are two substrates for the enzyme concerned. Concerned enzyme is a transferase. The enzyme very often called as S-malonyltransferase may be termed as FabD, i.e., Acyl-carrier-protein- S- malonyltransferase.
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"Fred Hoyle invigorated and championed the idea of panspermia with his colleague Chandra Wickramasinghe as it deemed to be a plausible tweaking knob for the chance genesis of life. In fact, the theory can add several billions of years to allow the time-thirsty process to materialise.
Similar to Darwinism, panspermia was not expected to address the correct details of the origin of life question but rather suggests the possibility of simple life form, such as spore-forming bacteria, being able to jump between a network of suitable planets throughout the vast universe. The occasional visitors then either initiate the evolution of life from scratch in a newly formed and life-friendly planet or intermittently influence the evolution of already existing flora and fauna.
The caveat was that the theory proposes the whole universe, not only a local ecology on Earth, the arena of evolution. It also takes the idea of evolution to the extreme by unintentionally suggesting that unintelligent and blind life has the capability to randomly evolve not only to survive in natural local environment on Earth but also to be top-notch fit to survive in the whole of the universe. It has been made fit enough to survive the completely unpredicted and uncharted hazardous journey consisting of three life endangering stages including departure from mother planet, interstellar and intergalactic journey and arrival in a new suitable planet.
According to this theory, life and its evolution are therefore not exceptional to one single planet. The evolution process in one suitable planet is also not responsible for all different organisms on it. New microorganisms are continuously being evolved in all suitable planets and are being transferred throughout our universe. For example, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe suggested that H1N1 virus which was the cause of 1918 flu pandemic did not evolve in our planet but in a faraway one and then somehow transferred into space and arrived on Earth within a shower of meteorites.
Life has been found to be present very soon after the formation and suitability of the planet earth which apparently is considered not to be adequate enough for chance-time to produce it..."
I have tried to further analyse this theory in the appendix of the following document. I welcome any comment, criticism, correction and addition.
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Hello Ziaedin; Testability is a requirement for hypothesis testing. The panspermia proposal isn't testable in an obvious way. However the suggestion that H1N1 has an extraterrestrial origin is. If it originated away from Earth, it should have genetic characters that are unique. It evidently doesn't! At least none of the vast literature about that critter suggests an extraterrestrial origin...hypothesis disproven!?
Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers
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I want to develop a Mathematical Model in biology
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Dear Ali Raza,
I came across your inquiry on COMSATS University Islamabad's forum regarding the development of a mathematical model in biology. Given your interest, I believe you might find value in my recent research titled "The Golden Ratio Theorem: A Framework for Interchangeability and Self-Similarity in Complex Systems."
This research delves into the foundational aspects of fractal mathematics and uncovers a unique methodological paradigm rooted in the Golden Ratio. The principles of interchangeability and self-similarity, as explored in this study, can offer invaluable perspectives on understanding complex biological systems. The fractal nature of the Golden Ratio, as highlighted in my research, provides a profound understanding of system dynamics that could be instrumental in the creation of a mathematical model in biology.
You can access the detailed findings of this preprint research on ResearchGate via the following URL:
I believe the insights from this study might resonate with your quest and provide foundational knowledge in developing a robust mathematical model for your intended application in biology. I would be more than happy to collaborate or discuss further should you find any alignment with your objectives.
Best regards,
Alessandro Rizzo
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A patient with desminopathy (mutation Thr341Pro DES in a heterozygous state) with the progression of the disease has a decrease in taste and smell, immunosuppression, and an increase in IgA in the blood.
Oddly enough, but all this is characteristic of infections, including viral ones. For example, it is known that if the hepatitis C virus is not treated, then death will occur in 20 years.
In the identified case of late onset desminopathy, muscle weakness manifests itself at the age of 30, and death occurs 20 years after the onset of the disease.
Could the desmin mutation in myofibrillar myopathy be caused by an infection?
Perhaps the infection contributes to the progression of desminopathy?
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With the progression of the detected case of desminopathy, the appearance of viruses and gram-negative rods was established, there was an excessive bacterial growth of the fecal microbiota with a pronounced increase in transient microorganisms, an increase in endotoxin. The results are presented in the article: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372952519_CHANGE_CHARACTERISTICS_IN_SALIVA_AND_FECES_MICROBIOTA_OF_A_DESMINOPATHY_T341P_PATIENT
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I know many websites have simple tools like transcription and translation available, but are there any analysis tools that researchers need that either do not exist or are not publicly available? It could be anything from algorithms to visuals. Thanks!
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Abhijeet Singh Thank you for your response and mentioning my earlier post! My belief is that researchers would know tools that are missing based on the fact that they would run into such problem often during their research. If there is some manual analysis task that researchers can automate, I believe that PeptiCloud can be the perfect platform to develop and make those tools publicly available. (For instance, PeptiCloud has a unique feature that allows users to further alter codon sequence of each amino acid after codon optimization with respect to a specific bacterial strain). With that being said, if you could check out PeptiCloud for yourself and see if anything could be added or improved, that would be greatly appreciated!
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Dear researchgate members,
I recently made two attempts to grow the aquarium plant Cryptocoryne wendtii emersed, i.e., outside of water. Unfortunately, both attempts failed, and I am unsure of what went wrong.
In the first attempt, I heated soil in the oven and shaped it into a cube. I then placed the aquarium plant into this cube. In the second attempt, I used rock wool instead. In both cases, I lightly moistened the soil and rock wool with aquarium water. Subsequently, I placed them in plastic bags and provided CO2 by exhaling into the bags through a straw. The bags were sealed with rubber bands and positioned under an LED strip light. The distance between the light and the plants was approximately 10 cm, ensuring that the light intensity was not harmful.
After one week, I exchanged the air inside the bags and provided more CO2 by breathing into them again. Unfortunately, after two weeks, I couldn't observe any positive results. Almost all the plants in both the soil and rock wool died. There was no growth observed, neither in the plants themselves nor in the roots.
I am very confused and frustrated, as I don't understand where the mistake lies. Do you have any ideas or advice on what I might have done wrong? Are there specific conditions that I should consider to achieve successful emersed cultivation of Cryptocoryne wendtii?
I would greatly appreciate your help and support! Thank you!
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Andreas K. I think the issue might be with the plant nutrition as the rock wool is a blank medium for the nutrients, and for the soil, the source might be an important factor to consider. In our lab, we plant the normal plants in the autoclaved compost and sometimes provide nutrition by NPK spray. Please check the roots of the plants for any fungus as it could also be an important factor. In that case, you should try using a broad-range fungicide. Please share your results; it would be very interesting.
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In a patient with desminopathy (mutation Thr341Pro DES in the heterozygous state) with the progression of the disease, we note signs and symptoms that are also characteristic of botulism: bradycardia, arrhythmia, AV blockade, a significant decrease in the average duration of motor unit potentials according to electroneuromyography, paresis and paralysis of the striated muscles, decreased sweating, paresis of the gastrointestinal tract, dry eyes, dry mouth, symmetry of neurological symptoms, hoarseness, impaired visual acuity, doubling of objects occurs, progressive muscle weakness. These signs and symptoms are characteristic of botulism, only when a case of desminopathy is detected, they proceed slowly.
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Your analogy is very interesting, dear colleague.
Although the main cause of any form of myofibrillar myopathy is a violation of the structure of the protein components of sarcomeres caused by genetic mutations, why not assume that due to mutations, the sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane of myofibrils in myofibrillar myopathy to acetylcholine may also be impaired.
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Hello
I am Anouk, 22 years old and graduated from professional bachelor biomedical laboratory technology me majoring in pharmaceutical and biological laboratory technology.
I would like to switch to a master degree next year but I am hesitating between 2 directions namely,
- Master in Biology
- Master in Biomedical Laboratory Technology
My interests include everything related to science, lab and nature. I love the combination of these. This year I did an internship around the ecotoxicological evaluation of sludge. This was something I considered extremely interesting.
Please get in touch as I would like to receive good advice from experience experts.
Thank you in advance
Kind regards
Anouk
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My passion is the combination between nature and lab research. The interesting subjects are
- immunology
- toxicology
- genetics
In this I would like to work. Now the choice is difficult between master in biology and biomedical.
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Hi everyone.
Does anybody, in your experience, has any book recommendations (of recent date) for the aforementioned topics. I have the classic "Invertebrates zoology" of Rupert and Barnes, but it's quite old and, don't get me wrong, it's good for a general perspective, but still is lacking in new perspectives and discoveries regarding invertebrates.
Thank you for your attention.
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Here is list of Impact factor 2023.
Journal Citation Reports 2023
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This is not the complete list ... where are all the Human Resource Management journals, for example?
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This question is dedicated only to sharing important research of OTHER RESEARCHERS (not our own) about complex systems, self-organization, emergence, self-repair, self-assembly, and other exiting phenomena observed in Complex Systems.
Please keep in own mind that each research has to promote complex systems and help others to understand them in the context of any scientific filed. We can educate each other in this way.
Experiments, simulations, and theoretical results are equally important.
Links to videos and animations will help everyone to understand the given phenomenon under study quickly and efficiently.
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Feasibility study for estimating optimal substrate parameters for sustainable green roof in Sri Lanka
Shuraik A. Kader, Velibor Spalevic & Branislav and Zdenka Dudic
Environment Development and Sustainability 2022(4):1-27
DOI: 10.1007/s10668-022-02837-y
Abstract:
In twenty-first century buildings, green roof systems are envisioned as great solution for improving Environmental sustainability in urban ecosystems and it helps to mitigate various health hazards for humans due to climatic pollution. This study determines the feasibility of using five domestic organic wastes, including sawdust, wood bark, biochar, coir, and compost, as sustainable substrates for green roofs as compared to classical Sri Lankan base medium (fertiliser + potting mix) in terms of physicochemical and biological parameters associated with growing mediums. Comprehensive methodologies were devised to determine the thermal conductivity and electric conductivity of growing mediums. According to preliminary experimental results, the most suitable composition for green roof substrates comprised 60% organic waste and 40% base medium. Sawdust growing medium exhibited the highest moisture content and minimum density magnitudes. Biochar substrate was the best performing medium with the highest drought resistance and vegetation growth. The wood bark substrate had the highest thermal resistance. Growing mediums based on compost , sawdust, and coir produced the best results in terms of nitrate, phosphate, pH, and electric conductivity (EC) existence. This study provided a standard set of comprehensive comparison methodologies utilising physicochemical and biological properties required for substrate characterization. The findings of this research work have strong potential in the future to be used in selecting the most suitable lightweight growing medium for a green roof based on stakeholder requirements.
###
This research can save us a lot of energy consumption in housing, governing, education, and industrial areas. What is your opinion about it?
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Having god-beliefs, and thus NOT taking all the responsibility you can and should, supports premature hypothetico-deductive thinking (incl. "theorizing")(kind of ironically) -- which nearly always is bad (bad, unless you are VERY, VERY LUCKY) .
Freedom from religion . I am a lifetime member of such a Foundation.
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Religious freedom belongs to our sphere of personal jurisdiction in the sense that it is up to us to choose our religious orientation. Or, as Dr. António José Rodrigues Rebelo says, "religious freedom is a fundamental right that allows each individual to choose their own beliefs and practice their religion according to their conscience." Religious freedom is a hallmark of all countries where the political power and the religious power have nothing to do with each other. This is mainly typical of democratic and secular regimes. If political regimes imposes on their citizens a given religious orientation, then they are appealing to brainwashing and indoctrination, which is a sad reality in many countries across the world.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION : ALL can keep "playing a game" AS their lives, but that will NOT work; our absolute BEST PROBABLY WILL NOT work (in my view) -- for survival of the species, the ultimate criteria. What does doing our best look like? : https://www.researchgate.net/post/With_Climate_Change_and_all_I_will_tell_you_what_I_think_the_minimum_needed_for_survival_is
[ I am childless. I have absolutely NO PERSONAL REASON TO CARE ABOUT YOU -- I guess it is, in good part, for "sound logic"'s sake -- we can DO with that IFF [ (two "f"s are not a typo) ] we actually DO with THAT. Be an animal, forget any and all religion. (I am, by the way, a Theravada Buddhist -- an atheist, believing IN NO supernatural at all ; we have enough to do with the natural, the actual actual. We very much must be concerned with, as-much(and well)-as-possible, educating ourselF (as much as we can)(all of us, doing this) . BUT, do it in a NO-SELF WAY (to have no clutter) in YOUR [own] way, i.e. to not falsely "connect" to YOU (your own "self") in any way not necessary (or, if you must, (as you may have to) : temporarily) (AND expel any processing where you are BELIEVING something, via essentially NOTHING or nothing clear) Don't be clingy; and verify ALL YOU CAN, for yourselF (and others), and thereby come to something closer to reality [(as much as we can)], reality (or realities, if you like [(but now all at one time)]) as it really is -- this is a WAY (i.e. cross-contexts), it does not come automatically. But, it is as simple as it need be. Good luck. (For a bit more guidance, see https://mynichecomp.com .) I have NOT BEEN PAID AT ALL for half a life (the latter (later?) half ); there is really no reason not to trust me, unless you're very confused and/or [must] see me as insane.. I have no vested interest(s) (in any conventional sense) AT ALL (we all do have some interests).
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As is not atypical [ of me ], I edited for an hour ; I have gone 24 hr. editing, but I think I have handled this,
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I DO MEAN : much of psychology should be reconsidered in order to have CLEAR EMPIRICAL FOUNDATIONS, FOR ALL NECESSARY CONCEPTS -- for concepts to clearly correspond to some demonstrably important directly observable phenomena (like in all true sciences; another way to say this is : THE SUBJECT DEFINES ALL). This does NOT mean throwing findings out, but putting them in better contexts. Likely empirical realities (including possible observations of a concrete nature; i.e. such , at times, showing as clear OBSERVABLE bases , in clear, agreeable and reliable ways, and seen by the relationships to established PATTERNS : valid; and, that is, in really HARD FACTS -- the concrete bases at least SEEN at some points in ontogeny) . SUCH phenomena have not been discovered and are not sufficiently represented in Psychology (AND nothing much is even "begging" for what is needed, showing needed thought is not being given (in the dictatorships of the universities)).
And, they will not be as long as the group or grouped stuff (know it by p<.05 etc) is thought to be meaningful FOR THE INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM (THE unit-of analysis , always -- if you want a science). AND NOW IT IS NOT clear that THAT is, in the essential ways, usual (when such clear connections are not made and clear justifications (in THAT empiricism) cannot be given). In fact, it is totally clear that the essential features are NOT THERE.
On the positive side, I do like quite a lot of the Memories research, because some good "chunk" of it does fulfill the needed empirical foundations.
Again, as some have seen me say before, another way you can tell that most "psychology" is "OFF", is by the failure to see BEHAVIOR **_PATTERNS__** PER SE as a type of BIOLOGICAL (organismic) patterning. If behavior is not seen as Biological in nature, it is not seen well.
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Pietro Barbetta
OF course you don't (I would guess that -- for most). Read a lot of ME (my writngs, ALL here on researchgate) TO FIND THE WAY to understand.
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'Organismic' is a word that should be used WAY more often (as is 'PATTERNS'). ( I am writing for psychology here.) [ One could either say a LOT more here to make it clearer, but the words (would-be terms) give one sufficient guidance. ]
If psychology cannot do BOTH (and more, read on), it will never ever be a science (main sign of something that is NOT science : P<.01 P< .05 and the like). Real things are not group things (as statistical things often are) AND beyond probabilistic (e.g. Piaget didn't need statistics)). Unit of analysis : individual human/organism : any other view is HOPELESSLY doomed NOT to be a science.
(<-- If you cannot see and document this unit-of-analysis, you are off in your own universe(s) (yet may have many friends and professors with you).) SEE AND READ MY LAST DISCUSSION POSTED to understand "the problem" more. AND: NO, I do not accept actuarial "science" work -- which most of psychology actually is, today.
[ ( I used to tell you my writings are THE way, BUT still no listeners/readers among the lazy (which is about all OTHERS or IS all others) -- my writings still show the way. Things could hardly be worse under a dictatorship. Hear that professors who profess ???.) ]
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A consensus among persons of a NOT-science community (a "consensus" which is actually a very crude, superficial, vague set of "agreements") means NOTHING to me. I have written over 1000 pages in Articles, papers, and essays on the details of my perspective and approach; and ALL of these are available on RG . Psychology is a largely a pretend science, worse than a pseudo-science -- because they hide the facts that their views and approaches have mere beliefs as their bases.
Debates that are had are superficial and facile AND continuing "questions" and "questioning" largely about unreasonable approaches (and thus, the "questions" are unanswerable). YET these are simply, in effect, the "bread and butter" of psych. professors (and of the students they allow to survive). Reminds me more of religion, than science. In short: most psychology is just claim, claim,. and more claims
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Dear Colleagues,
Peer-review isn't working well, and it needs an overhaul. In the time of artificial intelligence, blockchain, and remote work, it doesn't make sense to wait for months just to receive few lines rejecting an excellent manuscript or accepting a poor one!
Would you spend five minutes to answer a questionnaire on Google forms, and help SCIENEUM.io solve this problem for all of us?
Are you one of us? https://youtu.be/ewOuhohAjWc
Write your comment below!
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Thank you for bringing up the issue regarding the inefficiencies of the current peer-review system. I completely agree that in this era of advanced technology and remote work, waiting extended periods to receive minimal feedback on manuscripts is frustrating and counterproductive.
I appreciate the initiative taken to address this problem and am more than willing to contribute to finding a solution. Conducting a questionnaire on Google Forms and helping SCIENEUM.com seems like a practical approach to gathering insights and opinions from the scientific community. I will gladly complete the questionnaire and provide my input.
Thank you for highlighting this issue to contribute towards a more efficient peer-review system.
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What is a flow of energy in biology and what is the first step in energy flow through an ecosystem?
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Dr Lee De Cola thank you for your contribution to the discussion
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Is energy flow through an ecosystem circular andflow of energy in an ecosystem in biology?
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Energy flow in an ecosystem is always unidirectional in nature because most of energy is released at the trophic level in the form of heat and performing metabolic activities. Hence 10% is transferred from one trophic level to another. This makes unidirectional flow of energy. Primary producers use energy from the sun to produce their own food in the form of glucose, and then primary producers are eaten by primary consumers who are in turn eaten by secondary consumers, and so on, so that energy flows from one trophic level, or level of the food chain, to the next.
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What is 10% law in biology and what are the stages of energy flow?
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The 10 percent law, 90% of captured energy is lost as heat in the previous level and only 10% is available for the next level. At each trophic level, about 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level whereas the rest is utilized for metabolic activities and lost as heat in the environment. The stages of energy transfer within an ecosystem are producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.
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I am looking for wonderful young scientists for doctoral candidates and postdoctoral researchers. My lab is located at College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China. International students with excellent grades and good performance during their study period in China have the opportunity to apply for the scholarships. Additionally, CDUT provides scholarship for international students. Please refer to https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/x4J6cy8YWvveKjqjiTZVLg for more details.
Candidates with acdemic background in biology are prefered.
Please contact us at huangjin18@cdut.edu.cn
Where is the best place to post this recruitment announcement?
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I think LinkedIn would be the best place.
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A human is an ability to eat, to walk, to memorize, to think, to rightly express your moods. Then he goes to work as electrician, musician, physicicist, physician, etc. All these human  activity is generated by human society, government.
WHERE IS A PURE MAN? Do we think about ourselves (our memory, thinking, why do we live, why do we do such action, etc) frequently? NOT AT ALL! We immersed in highly complicated "whirlpool" оf self-preservation of ourselves, our children, our parents, our relatives, our MONEYS, etc. Our self-preservation is  so complicated that we have no time to think on other subjects. So we are ants, we get commands and we just execute it. That is essence if our life - we do what we do not understand but we are in hurry to make it on time! All it is a comedy.
Besides Shakespeare`s phrase "all the world is a theater" I say all the world is comedy.
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yes. if you can construct and deliver a subjective well-formed question accurately to a test subject, and then measure eye movements for the "appropriate" timespan, a number could be generated.
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what is difference between living and non living ?life and death?#molecular concept
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Some years back I have expressed my views regarding life which I submit herewith for your information .''Our life is a gift of our creator & our entry to our MOTHER EARTH is a fruit of biological reason but which our arrival as human beings we all have with us the resulting fruits of our action of previous lives for which we are to make our entity on this earth.
Where we talk regarding the life living for the time join with the life how one should think regarding the life as non living .
This is my personal opinion
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Characterizing a GPCR-ligand interaction is critical to understanding the biology of the receptor. As GDP/GTP exchange is one of the earliest events that follows ligand binding, monitoring GTP binding can measure GPCR activation or inhibition. Assaying more downstream events in GPCR signaling is often not as quantitative or stoichiometric, may not distinguish full agonists from partial ones, and can require expensive reagents. Moreover, increased GTP binding to Gα proteins is an almost-universal event following GPCR activation, meaning that measuring GTP binding is a broadly applicable assay for monitoring the activity of most GPCRs. Measuring GTP binding is a simple and rapid approach to monitor GPCR signaling in cells overexpressing the receptor of interest or in native tissue. The present protocol details a functional GTP-binding assay using an archetypal GPCR, the µ-opioid receptor (MOR1), to quantitatively determine the activity of an agonist and antagonist on GPCR signaling.
But we are facing some logistical issues acquiring the ([35S]GTPγS), and due to shortage of time we need to measure the GPCR signaling without the radio-labeled ([35S]GTPγS).
Could you please help me out and suggest some alternate approach?
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There are several alternative methods available to measure G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling without relying on radio-labeled GTP binding. These methods provide valuable insights into GPCR activation and downstream signaling events. Here are some commonly used techniques:
1. Fluorescent GTP Analogs: Fluorescently labeled GTP analogs, such as mant-GTP or Bodipy-GTP, can be used to monitor GTP binding to G proteins. These analogs emit fluorescence upon binding to G proteins, allowing for real-time detection of GPCR activation. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques can also be employed to measure GTP binding indirectly.
2. Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET): BRET is a proximity-based assay that measures protein-protein interactions. In the context of GPCR signaling, BRET can be used to detect interactions between GPCRs and downstream signaling molecules, such as G proteins or β-arrestins. This technique provides insights into GPCR activation and downstream signaling events.
3. Calcium Imaging: GPCR activation often leads to intracellular calcium mobilization. Calcium imaging techniques, such as fluorescence microscopy using calcium-sensitive dyes (e.g., Fluo-4), can be employed to measure changes in intracellular calcium levels upon GPCR activation. These measurements provide information about GPCR signaling and downstream calcium-dependent processes.
4. Phosphorylation Assays: GPCR activation often triggers phosphorylation events mediated by protein kinases. Phosphorylation assays, such as western blotting or immunofluorescence using phospho-specific antibodies, can be utilized to detect and quantify GPCR-induced phosphorylation of downstream signaling proteins. This approach provides insights into GPCR signaling pathway activation.
5. cAMP Assays: GPCRs can activate intracellular signaling pathways, such as the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. cAMP assays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or fluorescence-based assays using cAMP-sensitive dyes, can be employed to measure changes in cAMP levels upon GPCR activation. These measurements provide information about GPCR signaling and downstream cAMP-dependent processes.
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Hybridization is a technique used in plant breeding to create new plant varieties by crossing two genetically different parent plants. This process involves transferring pollen from the male reproductive organs of one plant, called the pollen donor or male parent, to the female reproductive organs of another plant, called the female parent. The resulting hybrid plants inherit desirable traits from both parents, such as improved yield, disease resistance, or enhanced quality.
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The concept of hybridization in plant breeding involves crossing two genetically distinct parent plants to create offspring with desirable traits. It is a controlled breeding technique that combines the genetic material of different plants to produce new varieties with improved characteristics.
In hybridization, the male reproductive organs of one plant, called the pollen donor or male parent, are used to fertilize the female reproductive organs of another plant, known as the female parent. The process can be accomplished through natural pollination, assisted pollination, or even by manual manipulation of the reproductive organs.
The resulting offspring, known as hybrids, inherit a combination of genetic traits from both parents. This often leads to offspring with enhanced qualities such as increased yield, improved disease resistance, better adaptation to specific environments, altered flowering time, or enhanced nutritional value. By carefully selecting and crossing parent plants with desirable traits, plant breeders can create hybrid varieties that outperform their parents and meet the specific needs of farmers, consumers, or industries.
Hybridization is commonly used in various crops, including grains, vegetables, fruits, flowers, and ornamental plants. Hybrid varieties are typically designated with an "F1" label, indicating the first generation resulting from the cross between the two distinct parental lines. These F1 hybrids often exhibit a phenomenon called hybrid vigor or heterosis, where they display superior growth, yield, or other beneficial traits compared to either of the parent plants.
Hybridization plays a crucial role in modern plant breeding programs as it allows breeders to efficiently introduce and combine desirable traits from diverse genetic backgrounds. This technique has significantly contributed to the development of high-performing, disease-resistant, and commercially successful plant varieties.
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In your opinion, could a civilisation built within the framework of full sustainability with the surrounding biosphere emerge on certain colonised exoplanets millions of light years distant? built within the framework of the full realisation of the objectives of balanced development, within the framework of a sustainable, pro-environmental, green closed-circuit economy, in which the process of global warming would not have occurred, no global climate catastrophe would have occurred in a relatively short period of time, i.e. within just a few centuries of the emergence of the first technological and industrial revolutions in civilisation, if such revolutions had occurred? Would it be possible for a civilisation to emerge on an exoplanet in this way that would not destroy the climate and biosphere of the exoplanet?
On the other hand, over a much longer period of time, what could the continuation of the evolution of the homo sapiens species look like over the next thousands and millions of years on colonised exoplanets millions of light years away?
In your opinion, how could the evolution of homo sapiens continue over the next thousands and millions of years if the Earth's civilisation survived for at least another 100 years and man succeeded in colonising exoplanets? What do you think the evolution of homo sapiens would have looked like over the next thousands and millions of years if Earth's civilisation had survived for at least another 100 years and man had managed to build spaceships that would have enabled the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to Planet Earth, millions of light years away?
For example, if man succeeded in building spaceships which would allow the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to the Earth, distant by millions of light years, and after colonising at least several hundred exoplanets, after a period of at least several thousand years man would survive on some of these exoplanets and build certain civilisations which would be significantly different from the one we know. After a period of at least several thousand years, it would turn out that only on every hundredth or every thousandth exoplanet would a new civilisation be built and a new human race already evolved, which would survive specific natural cataclysms and/or climatic and other catastrophes resulting from human activity. A large number of colonised exoplanets similar to the Earth, but nevertheless significantly different from each other, e.g. in terms of the composition of elements on the equivalent Mendeleyev tables, the structure of key organic compounds, the composition of the biosphere, the climate, etc., would correspond, for example, to different islands on the planet Earth, on which different species of flora and fauna arose in a process of Darwinian evolution lasting millions of years. In the context of such considerations, the following question arises: What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive for many thousands of years to come on a small number of colonised exoplanets similar to the planet Earth, distant by millions of light years? What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive many thousands of consecutive years, i.e. would develop in a fully balanced way with the surrounding nature functioning on a specific exoplanet similar to the planet Earth and would avoid the negative scenario that awaits the planet Earth in the 21st century, namely would avoid degradation of the biosphere occurring on the exoplanet, would avoid global warming and climate catastrophe? In my opinion, it would probably have been human beings who would have built a civilisation on the basis of sustainability with the surrounding nature, and intelligent people, as a result of the evolutionary process operating in a slightly different than earthly environment on distant exoplanets, would not have developed negative characteristics such as e.g. Greed, egoism, thoughtless exploitation of the planet's resources within the framework of a selfish robbery economy, ignorance of the relationship between man and the natural environment surrounding man, ignorance of the negative development of civilisation causing great damage to the surrounding biosphere and climate, i.e. features which have decided that the development of civilisation and the technological progress which has taken place on planet Earth in the 21st century has not protected man, the biosphere and the planet's climate from destruction.
For example, if man succeeded in building spaceships which would allow the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to the Earth, distant by millions of light years, and after colonising at least several hundred exoplanets, after a period of at least several thousand years man would survive on some of these exoplanets and build certain civilisations which would be significantly different from the one we know. After a period of at least several thousand years, it would turn out that only on every hundredth or every thousandth exoplanet would a new civilisation be built and a new human race already evolved, which would survive specific natural cataclysms and/or climatic and other catastrophes resulting from human activity. A large number of colonised exoplanets similar to the Earth, but nevertheless significantly different from each other, e.g. in terms of the composition of elements on the equivalent Mendeleyev tables, the structure of key organic compounds, the composition of the biosphere, the climate, etc., would correspond, for example, to different islands on the planet Earth, on which different species of flora and fauna arose in a process of Darwinian evolution lasting millions of years. In the context of such considerations, the following question arises: What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive for many thousands of years to come on a small number of colonised exoplanets similar to the planet Earth, distant by millions of light years? What qualities could a human being have, whose civilisation would survive many thousands of consecutive years, i.e. would develop in a fully balanced way with the surrounding nature functioning on a specific exoplanet similar to the planet Earth and would avoid the negative scenario that awaits the planet Earth in the 21st century, namely would avoid degradation of the biosphere occurring on the exoplanet, would avoid global warming and climate catastrophe? In my opinion, it would probably have been human beings who would have built a civilisation on the basis of sustainability with the surrounding nature, and intelligent people, as a result of the evolutionary process operating in a slightly different than earthly environment on distant exoplanets, would not have developed negative characteristics such as e.g. Greed, egoism, thoughtless exploitation of the planet's resources within the framework of a selfish robbery economy, ignorance of the relationship between man and the natural environment surrounding man, ignorance of the negative development of civilisation causing great damage to the surrounding biosphere and climate, i.e. features which have decided that the development of civilisation and the technological progress which has taken place on planet Earth in the 21st century has not protected man, the biosphere and the planet's climate from destruction. Of course, in this issue, considerations around the following further question arise: On these other, distant but also similar to the planet Earth, would man develop civilisation in a similar way as it has done on the planet Earth and also a process of global warming and climate catastrophe would occur, i.e. on these other exoplanets the appearance of man could be compared to the appearance of a virus in a certain balanced environment, which would seriously disrupt this state of sustainability and lead to a catastrophe of the exoplanet's biosphere? Such comparisons have been used more than once in popular science literature and in films of the science fiction genre, including, for example, part 1 of the 'Matrix' trilogy directed by the Wachowski brothers. However, we are not able to answer the latter question fully unequivocally, because we do not know the geological, climatic, natural environments, the biochemical composition and organic compounds forming the biosphere of the exoplanet, the composition and structure of the elements forming the dominant minerals on the planet, etc. of those other many hundreds, thousands or perhaps more exoplanets similar to the planet Earth. Thus, we do not know these presumably different in many respects biotic and abiotic environments of exoplanets and therefore do not know how these other environments would have shaped the development of other civilisations that may have been man-made on distant exoplanets. Alternatively, we can describe a hypothetical situation that could exist on some human-colonised exoplanets by defining the aforementioned conditions existing on an exoplanet of other animate and inanimate nature that could determine the development of human civilisation taking place in harmony with the surrounding nature and climate, i.e. within the framework of full sustainability, i.e. also in a way that we currently define on planet Earth as fully pursuing the goals of sustainable development and conducted within the framework of a sustainable, pro-environmental, green circular economy. Until we know more about these other abiotic and biotic environments found on many exoplanets and whether other, different forms of life exist on many other exoplanets, the answer to the above questions can only end at the stage of conjecture and theoretical considerations.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
What, in your opinion, could the continuation of the evolution of the species homo sapiens look like in the period of the next thousands and millions of years, if the Earth's civilization survived for min. What do you think the evolution of homo sapiens would look like over the next thousands and millions of years, if the Earth's civilisation survived for at least another 100 years and man managed to build spaceships that would enable the colonisation of many exoplanets similar to the Earth, millions of light years away?
On the other hand, over a much longer period of time, what could the continuation of the evolution of the homo sapiens species look like over the next thousands and millions of years on colonised exoplanets millions of light years distant?
In your opinion, on certain colonised exoplanets millions of light years distant, would it be possible, under certain, different, biotic and abiotic conditions found on certain exoplanets, to have a civilisation built within the framework of full sustainability with the surrounding biosphere, built within the framework of full realisation of the goals of sustainable development, within the framework of a sustainable, pro-environmental, green closed-circuit economy, in which the process of global warming would not occur, no global climate catastrophe would occur within a relatively short period of time, i.e. within just a few centuries of the emergence of the first technological and industrial revolutions in civilisation, if such revolutions had occurred? Would it be possible for a civilisation to emerge on an exoplanet in this way that would not destroy the climate and biosphere of the exoplanet?
What could the continuation of the development of civilisation on colonised exoplanets millions of light years away look like?
What do you think?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to the discussion of scientific issues and not the ready-made answers generated in ChatGPT, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
Warm regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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What is the motivation for traveling to other worlds? Is it because of all the unprincipled consumption of resources and destruction of its vital system?! If the answer is yes, then the immature human will do the same with any vital ecology! If his journey is not for the reason mentioned, it must be due to the increase in the population of the earth and the need to expand the habitat by adding new habitats.
In this case, with full maturity, humans will settle new habitats such as the earth.
It is difficult to estimate when mankind will reach a high-level civilization for the development of its habitat, considering the complicated social, political situation and the current process of destroying the earth's ecology!
These are happy dreams that have many buts and ifs for their realization!
It is necessary for the leaders of the world to really share all the people of the earth, consisting of all existing civilizations, in the result of their progress! Hunger, poverty, exploitation, war, dictatorship, terrorism, prostitution, enmity with nature, profiteering of governments and many other anomalies of the current civilization of the earth, will not allow us to even think about these trips soon!
In any case, these planets exist outside the solar system and certainly many of them have the conditions to accept human life!
In terms of technology, sooner or later, man will master the techniques and knowledge of distant space travel, and he will travel to these spheres and spread the table of other life there! If the unstable balance of the current civilization does not cause it to collapse so that everything starts anew!
Has this not happened before? And human civilization has not reached the point of leap many times and then started again due to a catastrophic event! ?
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Animations are known to be a fast and very efficient way of dissemination of knowledge, insights, and understanding of complex systems. Through the animations, quite complicated research can be easily shared among all scientific disciplines.
While starting with complex systems descriptions of Dynamic Recrystallization in metals about almost 30 years ago, it had become very obvious almost instantly that animations carry with themselves a huge expressive power.
This recently led to development of the GoL-N24 open-source Python software that enables to create animations effortlessly. The user just defines the input parameters and the rest is done automatically. Share your software too.
This question is dedicated to all such animations and open-source-source software, which are producing them, in the area of complex systems.
Everyone is welcomed to share their own research in the form of animations with the relevant description.
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This observation of the second-order emergents occurring spontaneously from almost every randomly generated initial conditions is one of the key observations of emergent, self-organizing system, which is giving very reliable emergent output in the form of unexpected convergence towards a predefined shape and function.
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I am in the process of making a monograph on the involvement of viral infections in neuro degenerative diseases. In particular I am looking to access this paper: DOI: 10.3233/JAD-220287
I don't know if this platform is for this kind of thing and would even appreciate being pointed in the right direction.
Thank you.
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Also, please give the full citation (author, title, publication, date, journal volume, and page) to your reference librarian. Good luck!
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In regards to biodiversity (general) and monitoring.
If geographical regions are significant, feel free to mention.
Thank you
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Hello all; Science Magazine (28 Apr 2023) contains a series of papers that directly address this topic. Ruben's comment is specifically relevant. Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers
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Hello everyone,
I am running a qPCR assay. I chose gradient temperature option for each of my primer to get the best conditions the amplification happens (without heterodimers- NA in negative controls). However, I have seen that my housekeeping gene and one of my target gene have different annealing temperature. Can I run another qPCR set-up just for this gene by choosing gradient temperature option ? For instance; my gene in question in a row with 54C and housekeeping gene in a row with 60C. I think as far as the machine reads the signals at the same time, it won't pose a problem but I just want to make sure.
Many thanks,
Tuba
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Bertrand Cornu Can Kiessling Audrys G. Pauža Mohamed Khashan Dino Santos Matias Thank u all. After many trials I have decided to use single temperature. I have to admit that still qPCR experiment is not so objective to me (changes according to conditions very easily). However, since everyone use the same method, and what matters is to compare the mrna level for the same protein, I guess it is fine.
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What if we never knew that plant has life. What would be the difference with and without this discovery of plants as living entity in Philosophy. What may Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose conclude about chatbot.
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Plants can be destructive too. For example, an invasive plant species may be introduced by seeds in bird droppings with the result that a waterway may become choked off. Or an invasive plant may force out a native species that provided better protection against erosion. Such possibilities could have deleterious effects on local ecosystems.
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Happy for insights.
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No, Elaeis guineensis is an angiospermic plant belonging to Arecaceae family.
Thanks!
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I am looking for collaborators to conduct a broad field study of acceptance and rejection of evolution in biology majors that is comparative across regions of the United States and abroad. Please respond if you might be interested. Instrumentation is already prepared/validated and reliability tested.
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What type of work out can be done
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(Botany)
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You should aim for the best possible journal, not simply one that is free and publishes quick :)
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What is the difference between C3 and C4 photosynthesis?
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Have a look at this useful RG link.
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The phrase in the Title line imitates Karl Popper’s All Life is Problem Solving.
Since thermodynamics plays a role in life processes, it was surprising that searching “All life is thermodynamics” on Google on August 16, 2022 gave no results.
Don’t organisms seek to optimize and preserve the entropy of their internal energy distribution? And to optimize their use of energy and outcomes based on energy inputs? Aren’t survival and procreation ways of preserving previous products of energy use?
Is there justification for the statement, All life is thermodynamics? Or is the statement too simple to convey any insight?
Schrodinger in What is Life referred to thermodynamics, statistical mechanics; chapter 6 is Order, Disorder and Entropy. And more recently there is: J. Chem. Phys. 139, 121923 (2013); doi: 10.1063/1.4818538 Statistical physics of self-replication by Jeremy England.
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Just one random emerent simulation that shows emerence of the second level emergence---emerents are brathing emerents---using modified 'Game of Life' cellular automaton, it was simulated by the open-source Python software GoL-N24.
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What is the difference between pre-harvest and post-harvest factors affecting crop quality?
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Climatic factors, particularly temperature and light intensity greatly influence the uptake and metabolism of mineral nutrients by plants and accumulation of carbohydrates, which might affect post-harvest physiology and vase life of cut flowers. Pre-harvest technology involves the methods and techniques used to manage crops and prepare them for harvest, while post-harvest technology involves the methods and techniques used to preserve, store, and process crops after they have been harvested. The main pre-harvest factors influencing quality are related to environmental factors, such as light, temperature, rainfall, soil, and cultural practices, including the use of suitable cultivars, fertilization, irrigation, pruning, spraying, etc. The pre-harvest factors influencing postharvest quality are frequency of irrigation, use of fertilizers, pest control, growth regulators, climatic conditions like wet and windy weather, and natural climates such as hailing, high wind velocity, heavy rainfall, and tree conditions. In general, post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables are influence by many factors. These factors include losses due to physical, physiological, mechanical and hygienic conditions. Fruits and vegetables are mainly characterized by high level metabolic activities and known to posse's short shelf life. After harvest, fruits and vegetables need to be handled with care to maintain freshness, nutrient content, taste and quality. Fruits and vegetables are highly perishable, and so poor after harvest handling can result in losses. Post harvest handling is the stage of crop production immediately following harvest, including cooling, cleaning, sorting and packing. The instant a crop is removed from the ground, or separated from its parent plant, it begins to deteriorate. Activities like pruning, irrigation, fertilizer application, plant stressor, etc. are performed at the time or before harvest to mitigate post-harvest losses. This production practice is critical in developing optimal quality and disease control and prevents nutritional deficiencies.
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Hello dear biologists and biotechnologists,
you should understand my question and my thinking.
What do you think of the excessive involvement of other disciplines (especially mathematics) in publications in the field of biology, is this not a danger for our dear discipline: biology and biotechnology? . How could we explain that there are in certain cases, potentially, more publications in fields of biology, made by mathematicians than by biologists? Do mathematicians no longer manage to publish in mathematical fields that they turn to biology? I'm afraid that before long, real publications by biologists will be very rare. Save our discipline against opportunism.
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Yes, dear Sofiane Benyamina , there do also exist fashions in science !
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What are chelate micronutrients?
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It refers to inorganic nutrients that are enclosed by an organic molecule. A chelate is a specific kind of chemical compound that is more easily dissolved and absorbed than other types of molecules and chemical compounds.
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Irrational numbers are uncomputable with probability one. In that sense, numerical, they do not belong to nature. Animals cannot calculate it, nor humans, nor machines.
But algebra can deal with irrational numbers. Algebra deals with unknowns and indeterminates, exactly.
This would mean that a simple bee or fish can do algebra? No, this means, given the simple expression of their brains, that a higher entity is able to command them to do algebra. The same for humans and machines. We must be able also to do quantum computing, and beyond, also that way.
Thus, no one (animals, humans, extraterrestrials in the NASA search, and machines) is limited by their expressions, and all obey a higher entity, commanding through a network from the top down -- which entity we call God, and Jesus called Father.
This means that God holds all the dice. That also means that we can learn by mimicking nature. Even a wasp can teach us the medicinal properties of a passion fruit flower to lower aggression. Animals, no surprise, can self-medicate, knowing no biology or chemistry.
There is, then, no “personal” sense of algebra. It just is a combination of arithmetic operations.There is no “algebra in my sense” -- there is only one sense, the one mathematical sense that has made sense physically, for ages. I do not feel free to change it, and did not.
But we can reveal new facets of it. In that, we have already revealed several exact algebraic expressions for irrational numbers. Of course, the task is not even enumerable, but it is worth compiling, for the weary traveler. Any suggestions are welcome.
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@Ed Gerck
Irrational numbers are uncomputable with probability one
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My deepest apologies, but I have read your Answer dated December 14, 2022 in the FLT thread https://www.researchgate.net/post/Are-there-other-pieces-of-information-about-Victory-Road-to - FLT#view=641367549777ccc70c026256/234 .
There was a link to your own thread given by you. This thread gives your erroneous statement from the very beginning, namely: "Irrational numbers are uncomputable with probability one".
Please agree, Dear Professor Ed G., that any irrational number is calculated with 100% accuracy with a probability of 1 for any number of orders p-1, if you write down p orders. Thus, if you write for the root of 2 one order before point and three orders after point, you will have sqrt(2)=1.414..., i.e., you can consider that you have written 4 orders. At the same time, the accuracy of 100% with a probability of 1 is provided for 3 orders, i.e. 1.41, etc., for any number of orders...
Speaking of some kind of all orders "full notation" , as you would like to see it, it's not possible for such a representation of irrational numbers.
If you point out my mistake to me, I will be grateful.
Greetings,
SPK
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Why and how is this kind of long-term potentiation (LTP) possible?
Is LTP even needed for all sorts of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation?
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Longer version:
Long-term potentiation (LTP which is necessary for synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation) needs repeats and reinforcement of the engrams to be triggered.
However, apparently everybody automatically "absorbs" a lot of information immediately and also permanently, even without needing any extra effort (at least any conscious effort), which seems to be needed for LTP to happen. Everyone seems to have this ability, although it is even stronger in those with better memories.
People simply "learn" many things once; and many of those learned items remain there for a pretty long duration, and in many cases even for the rest of their lives. This seems to happen without any repeats, at least without any apparent or conscious efforts to remember or re-remember those memories. This is the case for a lot of semantic information (especially the information of interest or importance to the person) as well as a large portion of the contents of episodic memory.
Why and how is this kind of LTP possible?
Perhaps attention plays a major role here, e.g., being interesting and important automatically triggers LTP without a further need for repeats.
But such effortless long-term memorization happens also in the case of a lot of semantic information or autobiographical events that are not inherently interesting or significant to the person.
Is LTP even needed for all sorts of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation?
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Jerry Waese thanks a lot for your nice software and the image. I will try to play with it and understand what is what.
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Hallo Sceintists,
Am new in Master of Biology and in my Practicum Lab I was asked to reverse the sequance that give to me in the scripts, why should I do that ? how can one tell if he is using forward or backword sence ?
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In molecular biology, DNA sequencing is an important tool for studying the genetic information contained within DNA. DNA sequencing can be performed in two directions, known as the forward and reverse strands. Each strand of DNA has a unique sequence of nucleotides, and the reverse complement of a DNA sequence is often used as a reference sequence for designing PCR primers, identifying restriction enzyme recognition sites, and predicting gene expression patterns.
The reason for reversing the DNA sequence is that it allows researchers to identify the reverse complement of the sequence, which is important for certain applications in molecular biology. For example, when designing PCR primers, the primers need to be designed to bind to the target DNA in a specific orientation, either in the forward or reverse direction. In order to ensure that the primers will bind in the correct orientation, researchers need to know the sequence of the reverse complement of the target DNA.
To determine if you are using the forward or reverse sense of a DNA sequence, you can look at the orientation of the sequence relative to the reference genome or gene of interest. The reference genome or gene is typically in a known orientation, and the sequence of interest can be aligned to the reference to determine its orientation. Additionally, the orientation of a DNA sequence can be determined by the presence of specific markers, such as promoter or terminator regions, which are typically located in specific regions of the genome.
So, reversing a DNA sequence is important in molecular biology because it allows researchers to identify the reverse complement of the sequence, which is important for certain applications such as designing PCR primers. The orientation of a DNA sequence can be determined by aligning it to a reference genome or gene of interest, or by identifying specific markers within the sequence.
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I'm in the last year of undergraduation and I want to do research and publish paper on HIF Signalling in Fin or limb regeneration. I don't know how to take a start and I'm unable to find the methods and protocol to use. Can anyone guide me?
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Here are the general steps to conduct research on HIF signaling in fin or limb regeneration in the field of Development and Regeneration Biology:
1) Literature review: Conduct a comprehensive review of the existing literature on HIF signaling and its role in fin or limb regeneration. Identify key research questions, knowledge gaps, and potential areas for further investigation.
2) Study design: Develop a study design that addresses the research questions and hypotheses. This may involve designing experiments to manipulate HIF signaling, such as using genetic or pharmacological approaches.
3) Animal model: Select an appropriate animal model for the study, such as zebrafish or axolotl, which are commonly used for studying fin or limb regeneration.
4) Sample collection: Collect samples from the animal model at various time points after injury or manipulation of HIF signaling. These samples may include fins or limbs, as well as blood or tissue samples for analysis of HIF signaling pathways.
5) Data collection: Collect data on various parameters of regeneration, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis. This may involve imaging techniques, such as confocal microscopy or X-ray imaging.
6) Data analysis: Analyze the data using appropriate statistical methods and software tools. This may involve comparing the regeneration outcomes between control and experimental groups, as well as identifying correlations between HIF signaling and regeneration outcomes.
7) Interpretation and conclusions: Interpret the results of the study in the context of the existing literature and draw conclusions about the role of HIF signaling in fin or limb regeneration. Identify areas for future research and potential applications of the findings.
8) Communication and dissemination: Communicate the findings of the study to the scientific community through publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at conferences. This may also involve communicating the findings to the general public through outreach activities and media engagement.
Note: The above steps are general guidelines and may vary depending on the specific research question and experimental design.
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What is this curious non-updatable mega memory? Does it have any scientific terms?
What are its causes and mechanisms?
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Explanation:
I have had the honor of witnessing very rare people who have some strange forms of mega memory: They effortlessly, automatically, and immediately memorize many difficult things such as phone numbers or their difficult and comprehensive books, etc. And they retain those easily captured memories for a very very long time (a couple of decades at least), without any smallest effort or reinforcement. Not to mention that they record or remember almost everything else (semantic or episodic) quite easily, and also with a lot of details. Furthermore, they are very very accurate in recalling those items. For example, they can serve as pretty reliable living phone books; or for example, they are extremely awesome at medicine, etc.
But when I am talking about "strange", I don't mean their super-human ability to easily capture such vast amounts of information for such long durations and recall them accurately.
Their super-human ability is of course strange. But the even stranger part of their memory is that once it is captured, it cannot be updated or revised easily. For example, if they misunderstand something the first time, it will take perhaps 10 or 20 attempts over days or weeks for their colleagues to remind them of the mistake and ask them to correct their misunderstanding.
It is like that once their memory is formed the very first time, it is set in stone. It is absorbed very efficiently and strongly, and at the same time, not much prone to future updates.
What is this curious non-updatable mega memory? Does it have any scientific terms?
What are its causes and mechanisms?
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Jerry Waese to Larry Carlson:
Larry Carlson memory content can be stronger in so many ways but the memory engram is never any stronger than any other memory engram except in terms of accessibility of it.
i.e. how many different things lead to the reflex activation of the engram.
Greater access is afforded by the extent of interconnection with other engram patterns, while greater clarity is afforded by the extent of difference or uniqueness to other engrams.
I may have 500 "master engrams" that are instrumental in my most salient reflexes as I sit before the laptop screen in my bath. AND I may have 500 similarly instrumental salient reflex perturbing engrams that govern driving while seated in my car.
In the first case, what I am typing may have or may not have any effect on where I go, or what others think. In the second case my own life and others lives depend on what those reflexes do while driving.
The many conditions that lead to me hitting the brakes make that set of braking engrams (maybe 20/500 "master braking engrams" (i.e. administrative controlling engrams that cascade into multiple body articulation and movement engrams)) more accessible than the left turn engrams (maybe 100/500 deal with left turn considerations)
Fortunately I spend more time typing (not always in the bath) than driving.
The relation to intelligence and thermodynamics is a different story, but if we make it the same story it probably will not matter if I get clean (in the bath), communicate well (at RG) or drive into a wall.
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As is well known, Continuous models are richer , more powerful and above all, more intuitive , easy to understand and extendable. So let us say, we are trying to find a biomarker for a disease \ trait. Instead of just looking at absence / presence or frequencies, could one try to establish continuous trackers / markers that positively or negatively correlate with the propensity to contract the disease , such as concentration levels of a chosen set of biomolecules ?? Possibly, this may involve some kind of preliminary pathway analysis. Could one also look at morphological parameters (fractal / scaling dimension of tumors etc ??) ??
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Difference equations can be useful for modeling discrete events in biological systems, such as the discrete stages of a cell cycle or the discrete events of a neural network firing. However, they may not be ideal for modeling continuous processes, such as the dynamics of a chemical reaction or the movement of a fluid through a network of vessels. In these cases, continuous models, such as differential equations or agent-based models, may provide a more accurate representation of the underlying biology.
One limitation of difference equations is that they assume that the changes in a system occur in discrete steps, and do not account for small changes that occur continuously over time. Additionally, they may not be able to capture the effects of small perturbations in the system, which can have a significant impact on the overall behaviour of the system.
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Hello I am a nuclear master student, so my main focus is physics. I want to pursue a career in research, my main domain will be dosimetry and radioprotection. I want to study the irradiation of cells but this also implies a lot of biology.
How a physicist can approach this interdisciplinary subject for a PhD?
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Hello Claudia,
My name is Fernando and I work as a medical physicist in a Hospital. I made my thesis about radiobiology. The thesis was about statistical concepts like Tumour Control Probability or Normal Tissue Complication Probability...,
I am just an example how you can do your PhD in this subject. You can start visiting a Hospital with a radiotherapy department in Bucharest, there you can find people like me, they can inform you.
Good Luck and go for it.
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Suppose we conveniently extended the standard concept of cellular automaton to include
graphs and state-spaces Q of any cardinality and that the transition function F belonged to a certain adequate notion of "(hyper)computable function". We call this a hyper-cellular automaton HCA.
Consider the postulate: the universe can be described by a HCA with transition function F.
We cannot escape the problem of the initial condition Q_0. In the Wolfram Classification random initial conditions are considered. Hence the expediency for some topology or measure on Q.
Q will include for instance the usual sheaves (principle bundles and connections) considered in the standard model. It will also include other aspects to account for quantum gravity, consciousness, emergent biological complexity, etc.
It is an empirical fact that this HCA must be WC4 "complex patterns of localised structures" in the Wolfram Classification.
A major problem is the goal of reverse engineering F is that we do not have evolutions for other initial conditions at our disposal neither for the universe nor for subsystems of the universe. For physics at least a lot of locality and invariance hypotheses come in to play to justify the universality of experimental conclusions. The chemistry we observe on earth must also be that of the most distant star.
For biology the situation is drastically different. My question is: how can biology go beyond being a merely descriptive science as contrasted with fundamental physics ?
Biology seems to be mainly a "reverse engineering" affair. But it is also important
to have detailed, mathematically precise models - perhaps using HCAs - that can be used to test hypotheses and perform simulations.
Molecular biology suggests a new paradigm for software-hardware, a fluid mobile computer with essentially interconnected parts. A key characteristic is that information operations are tied to material and energetic constraints.
Also we must focus on ecosystems (the analogue of the cell ? ) rather than individual species. What about the idea of a "natural internet" (via horizontal gene transfer, etc.) ?
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Dear Duan Xian Xiang,
Your words "The law of biology can be described by "program", but this "program" is not a computer program, computer program is only one of it, "program" or "calculation" includes psychological program, economic activity program, political activity program, gene program of organism, etc." are consistent with my review paper where are explained examples and methodologies used in biology and medicine to describe, simulate, and predict the behavior of biological systems.
The book you mentioned sounds interesting, but I do not know it.
According to my understanding, emergents and their mutual interactions are the best current methodological description of biological and many physical phenomena observed. In many cases, there exists no alternative to such descriptions, as demonstrated on medical applications in my review.
The review describing the basic principles of complex systems descriptions in biology:
"Complex Systems and Their Use in Medicine: Concepts, Methods and Bio-Medical Applications"
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Bio-sensor development demands a variety of fields in cooperation. However, this breakthrough would not result in the case of doing research with a single attitude. I am calling researchers from biology or biochemistry, genetics, or related science to come into the discussion. Let me know if somebody has any knowledge in this field.
#Bio-sensors #Biochemistry #Genetics
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More information of how to use receptor for biosensor application!
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Hi All, I am working with A549 cell line and trying to culture spheroids using low attachment 96 well plates. So far I have attempted some different seeding densities from 2000 to 10,000 cells and can either form very large spheroids (700-900um), which are more compact and have a spherical defined shape, or alternatively smaller spheroids (still fairly big though around 500um) are less compact and not completely spherical. However for my experiment where I wish to add drug compounds (2D IC50 approx 1uM) I am not observing significant size/morphology change on the larger spheroids despite at least a 10uM concentration for 1 week. I am thinking possibly I can try to treat smaller spheroids for a more obvious visual change. Does anyone know how i might successfully make small compact spheroids (less than 500um) which are reproducible with this cell line? Thanks in advance for any help someone may be able to provide.
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Of course, time is a significant factor for spheroids' size and viability of cells, due to when you seed the cells to the generation of spheroids after the cells are in the proliferative stage. More time (days) can lead to the big size of spheroids, in addition, the cells located in the core zone are suffered from nutrients, oxygen, and ...
I suggest you set up the best time to achieve reliable results too
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Please spread the word: Folding at Home (https://foldingathome.org/) is an extremely powerful supercomputer composed of thousands of home computers around the world. It tries to simulate protein folding to Fight diseases. We can increase its power even further by simply running its small program on our computers and donating the spare (already unused and wasted) capacity of our computers to their supercomputation.
After all, a great part of our work (which is surfing the web, writing texts and stuff, communicating, etc.) never needs more than a tiny percent of the huge capacity of our modern CPUs and GPUs. So it would be very helpful if we could donate the rest of their capacity [that is currently going to waste] to such "distributed supercomputer" projects and help find cures for diseases.
The program runs at a very low priority in the background and uses some of the capacity of our computers. By default, it is set to use the least amount of EXCESS (already wasted) computational power. It is very easy to use. But if someone is interested in tweaking it, it can be configured too via both simple and advanced modes. For example, the program can be set to run only when the computer is idle (as the default mode) or even while working. It can be configured to work intensively or very mildly (as the default mode). The CPU or GPU can each be disabled or set to work only when the operating system is idle, independent of the other.
Please spread the word; for example, start by sharing this very post with your contacts.
Also give them feedback and suggestions to improve their software. Or directly contribute to their project.
Folding at Home's Forum: https://foldingforum.org/index.php
Folding at Home's GitHub: https://github.com/FoldingAtHome
Additionally, see other distributed supercomputers used for fighting disease:
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Vahid Rakhshan I will definitely spread the word about this amazing initiative. It's great to know that we can contribute to such a noble cause by simply utilizing our excess computer power. Thank you for bringing this opportunity to my attention. Let's join hands in making a difference in the fight against diseases.
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I am on the hunt for the following paper that I cannot seem to access online:
Jensen and Jensen 1969. On the Breeding Biology of African Cuckoos. Ostrich 40: 163-181.
Would anyone that has access to this paper be willing to send me a digital copy?
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Thank you for the offer, Petr! Someone was able to send me a digital version.
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We have a Flask that contains broth, and we want to inoculate it with Bacteria inoculum, Can we simply take a touch by the loop or by micropipette?
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Kseniya Kondrasheva Nikhita Madhav Chambhare Thank you very much, The Goal is Pyocyanin production, we tried 1:100 and yes by micropipette because the loop carry small volume
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In most contexts, the terms alternative medicine, complementary medicine, integrative medicine, holistic medicine, natural medicine, and unconventional medicine are almost synonymous.
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Yes. Naturopathy and phytopharmacology, for example, make great sense, especially as balancing treatments and therapies.
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is there a specific ratio to follow during the addition?
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Add Chloroform to a total of 50% total volume and vortex vigorously for a min or half. Let the sample settle for 10 minutes
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Greeting,
When I tried to remotely accessed the scopus database by login into my institution id, it kept bring me back to the scopus preview. I tried cleaning the cache, reinstall the browser, using other internet and etc. But, none of it is working. As you can see in the image. It kept appeared in scopus preview.
Please help..
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To reach the Scopus document search module, you should use academic IPs. If your institute has been listed in the Scopus database, you have permission to search documents in Scopus. It is not free of charge, and your university should pay its share to Scopus to provide this service for its academic researchers.
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I was offered, like I believe many others, to publish in this relatively new open journal
It that not seem to be a predator journal, but I cannot decide if its a good place to publish
Thanks
Yosi Scolnik
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I am not sure whether Peter Donkor talks about the journal asked here. I presume the questions is about yet another initiative of Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/journals/2/academia_biology Do realize that Academia.edu started a journal before called “Academia Letters” and stopped this initiative already within less than two years. Have a look at https://www.academia.edu/journals/1/academia_letters/submission_faq where they state, “Academia Letters is no longer publishing articles and has stopped accepting submissions.”. See also here on RG: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_Academia_Letters_a_Recommendable_option_for_publishing_orphan_papers
The new title “Academia Biology” will start in 2023 to charge an APC which will be a staggering 2000 USD for a basically non-indexed journal published by a ‘publisher’ with no experience and reputation in publishing. Their misleadingly remark about the impact factor suggests that they will have an impact factor in 2025 which is theoretically correct but highly unlikely to happen with this ‘organization’ behind it.
Personally, I would avoid this one.
Best regards.
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I am a field biologist and especially work with birds and need a good GPS for my field work. If you could recommend one economical one and one intermediately priced one, that would be great. Thanks in advance!
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Thanks Ruben, I'll take that into consideration.
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Hello All... I am trying to install Gromacs on windows using conda i have attempted to run "conda install -c bioconda gromacs_py" but it's not working. Any recommendations shall be highly appreciated.
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Ryan Gourlie Sir, I am working with Windows OS and the mentioned one is for Linux and mac. I have also tried this but it's not working. I am working in an environment in conda and I want to install it there. Is there any way I can import it from Cygwin to conda environment or from user apps to conda env?