Biofuel Production - Science topic

Zakia Akter Sonia, Just divide the gas flow rate by the catalyst volume, here in cc, and multiply by 60 to refer to one hour.

Dear Rossa,

You must examine the crude glycerol using one of the various techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC), or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). based on the results, calculate the Glycerol percentage compared to the whole solution.

Brewers spent grain

Food waste

Bread waste

Starch waste from industrial side streams etc

The flow diagram

The amount of buffer is a process choice. If you choose 10% solids in your process, you will end up with a more dilute hydrolyzate. If you choose higher solid loads you will have a more concentrated hydrolyzate. Choice alternatives influence other steps such as separation.

That said, when determining your process you will need to know the moisture content of your biomass to calculate solids content always on a dry basis and the the enzyme load you want and finally the buffer mass/volume.

Question intéressante

I thank yes

Beta-glucosidase is not yet chemically synthesized and is therefore made available through the rigors of microbial fermentations with the usual HIGH PRODUCTION ECONOMICS that attend all microbially-directed productions. It just has be expensive if the industries that go into its manufacture are to stay in business.

For engineering applications there is a wide range of products depending on conditions and feed stock characteristics. The reaction products are categorized into three groups: permanent gases, a pyrolytic liquid (bio-oil/tar and other organics) and solid (charcoal). The process can be adjusted to favor production of the desired form. These three products are of interest as they can be used as feedstock for chemical production or as sources of fuel.

Thank you for your answer,

Hi;

I worked on Nigella sativa oil, and I isolated the neutral lipids by soxhlet and then by chromatography on silica column. In the most nonpolar fractions, I determined the triglycerides using HPLC-ELSD detector. I haven't published this last part yet. for the extraction steps, please read these articles. I will be at your disposal if you have any questions.

Widad Sobhi

1- Sobhi et al., 2016. PEffect of lipid extracts of Nigella sativa L. seeds on the liver ATP reduction and alpha-glucosidase inhibition.

2. Sobhi et al., 2011. Hepatotoxicity and Langerhans Islets Regenerative Effects of Polar and Neutral Lipids of Nigella sativa L. in Nicotinamide/streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

My opinion, based on work over bout a decade, is that trying to choose a strain is a waste of effort. If you grow it in open tanks, wild species turn up, and by an large, it does not matter. If you want microalgae that grow fast, it is wrong to go after biodiesel. To grow fast, it needs plenty of nutrients, but in a nutrient-rich mix you get protein-rich algae. There are lipids in there, but they tend to be bonded to something else, such as with phospholipids or lipoprotein. I found that with one batch, the extracted yield was about 1% lipid. If you were prepared to carry out extensive hydrolysis the yield of fatty acid went up to over 20%.

My choice of professing method was hydrothermal liquefaction. The lipids give you diesel straight away, but there is also a rich petrol stream and a number of valuable chemicals . The work-up, unfortunately, is complicated, but I believe right now there is no process that can make fuel from microalgae economically without getting a good financial return form the remaining 80% of the algae.

ew There are no miracles. In fact, there are two initial sources of so called "renewable" energy - solar and gravitational (Earth's rotation energy, for example). The whole question is how much waste will be allocated in the specific process of its fixation. For example, harvesting of "solar energy" produces a significant amount of waste (production of the elements themselves, copper conductors, heat, etc.). For strange reason, if the waste is concentrated in another place (where the elements are produced, for example), the technology of "solar energy" is considered to be "nature-friendly". As to the substance of the matter, the use of “conditionally renewable energy” to produce a source of non-renewable energy does not seem to me a reasonable idea. In addition, it should always be taken into account that any energy conversion has limited efficiency ...

Hi,

Getting a research position in IC engine or in any specific field is completely dependent on the hiring professor at a particular institute. If he is having funding and project, then he would probably hire a candidate at any level (graduate or postgraduate). However, there are still lots of scope in engine and fuel research and it is not possible for the electric vehicle to replace it completely considering the economy, reliability and other factors. In India, almost all old IITs and IISc are having very good engine research labs. You can contact individual faculty through email. I hope this will help you.

Thanks!

-Arnab

IIT Madras.

Dear Nedan,

The drop in voltage during the OCV evolution is due to the fact that the substrate is depleting. The substrate, such as organic compounds, has been utilized by the microbes to generate electricity in MFCs. Hence, if you are using a bioelectrochemical system in a batch mode, I strongly recommend you to perform feed (substrate) injection until two sequential equal peaks in voltage are obtained. Depending on the experiment, It is impossible to say the exact time for achieving two consecutive equal peaks in voltage (It may take several days to several months).

Variable external resistances are suggested to obtain polarization and power density curves.

For more information, I suggest the following article.

Best Regards,

Dear Ramesh ,

I am agree with Paulo Fernando Trugilho, mineral content is more important that the % of ash in biomass.

I suggest you the article "Effect of citric acid leaching on the demineralization

and thermal degradation behavior of sugarcane trash and bagasse. Biomass and Bioenergy, 108, 371-380.

Kind regards,

Lizet

Hi Jaqueline,

even without knowledge of your setup but provided that your equipment itself is faultless, I guess it's safe to say that the fluctuations of the current are not caused by the multimeter.

My first suspicion is that your setup for voltage measurement causes a very low current through the solution (or, in an erraneous setup, the amount of current might have no impact at all, sorry for the imputation ;-) while during current measurements a considerable current is flowing. If so, this current could cause a change of the density of bacteria (and/or of other ingredients) in the neighborhood of the electrodes, resulting in a fluctuation of the mean conductivity.

״Sufficient" in what way?

I suggest you read some of the vast literature on the subject. Things like which biomass, what preatreatment etc could make a huge different.

The following link shows Libya soybean meal production by year

https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=ly&commodity=soybean-meal&graph=production

Best Regards Laura Bulgariu

Please also take a look at the following RG links.

Several recent studies have indicated that green algae as a fuel source fall under the banner of renewable energy sources, especially after the ever-increasing price of fossil fuels. It is growing fast and has limited impact on the environment and does not affect the global need for food such as wheat, corn, and sugar. The most important characteristic of the use of algae as an alternative to fuel that it does not need land suitable for agriculture, it can be cultivated in the deserts, it does not require freshwater and high nutritional value.

Why you are not apply at abroad ?......

Biodiesel blending procedures vary according to blending method, feedstock, and blend percentages. In all cases, blends need to be confirmed with a density check in order to ensure they meet specifications, which require a density between 0.86 and 0.90. Typically, values fall between 0.88 and 0.90.

Cold weather preparatory recommendations are equally important when storing conventional distillates as well as biodiesel and biodiesel blends. Blended Biodiesel can be stored below ground in a majority of climates. Above ground storage—for both distillates and Targray biodiesel — should be protected with insulation, agitation, kerosene blends or heating systems in areas where below freezing temperatures are common. Precautions may include protecting tank piping and pumping equipment.

Hello, algae is autotroph organisms you can't use organic food waste to feed them. For use food waste for algal growth you should at first convert the organic waste to inorganic for this you can use methane fermentation.

By methane fermentation you can produce gas methane from food waste, which will be your first energy source and then byproduct of methane fermentation you can use to feed your algae.

Feedstock improvement will reduce overall cost for production of raw materials as well as processing cost. NS : Feedstock improvement focussed on development of GM biofuel crops for higher biomass yield or designer biomass composition (ie., based on final products focussed in the biorefinery

understanding of matter depends on interest. things are not 100 percent advantageous

Muhammad Afzal:

H. Zabed is absolutely right.

Conversions of lignocelullosic materials are carried out treating the former by an acid hydrolysis [ Vela´squez-Arredondo HI, Ruiz-Colorado AA, De Oliveira Jr S. Ethanol production process from banana fruit and its lignocellulosic residues: energy analysis. Energy 2010;35: 3081-7. ] and the latter by an enzymatic hydrolysis, after basic or acid pretreatment as performed with other precursors [ Quintero JA, Montoya MI, Sa´nchez OJ, Giraldo OH, Cardona CA. Fuel ethanol production from sugarcane and corn: comparative analysis for a Colombian case. Energy 2008;33:385-99; Sun Y, Cheng J. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresour Technol 2002;83: 1-11; Kumar P, Barrett DM, Delwiche MJ, Stroeve P. Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009; 48:3713-29. ]. Depending on the efficiency of these ethanol production processes, approximately 50% of the biomass can end up as recalcitrant biomass. Such recalcitrant biomass refers to the solid residue that cannot be converted to fermentable sugars in the process of ethanol production from lignocelullosic materials [Romero-Anaya, A.J., Molina, A, Garcia, P, Ruiz-Colorado, A.A., Linares-Solano, A, Salinas-Martı´nez de Lecea, C. Phosphoric acid activation of recalcitrant biomass originated in ethanol production from banana plants, Biomas Bioenergy, 2011;35:1196-1204 ]

Best regards

Vit

Good work if results true obteind

Good

Good

Thank you very much

Yes, it just that the application must be controlled, confined and restricted to a particular area in order not to pose threat to the environment. Because it a known opportunistic pathogen, it's application will be highly cost effective, considering the gene manipulations that must be carried out. It's application could be embark on only if there is no other organisms that can do the work. It could turn to profit loss.

@Robert Istvan Radics Thank you for your suggestions. It is indeed a great pleasure reading your recommendations.

@Sumit Dhawane I think your perspective is quite good. I also agree to the fact that production of biofuels is a main problem due to unavailability of feed stock in cheap rate (difficulty in mass production).

@Sandeep Kumar Duran Thank you for your opinion. And yes, as a researcher, we need to focus on the part of optimising the production and effective use of the biofuels under study.

Production of Bioethanol from Agricultural Wastes Using Residual - MDPI

www.mdpi.com › pdf

Than you very much Selva Selvarajah sir for your detailed answer and guidance 

Hello Dan.

Firstly, Glucose and Rhamnose are different kind of sugars. Glucose is an hexose, and Rhamnose is methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose.

As far as I know, "natural" yeast strains usually have one only metabolic pathway. For instance, the majority of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains are able to use hexoses and produce ethanol. However, if you need to utilize both compounds (hexoses and deoxy-hexoses) it is likely that you will need a genetically modified microorganism (capable to ferment both) or perhaps try a cofermentation process (where you use two microorganisms in order to consume both Glucose and Rhamnose).

Sadly, I am not sure of what kind of microorganisms can ferment Rhamnose.

It's not just a  a question of DIY . If you want accurate measures you need

a) Follow an established protocol, like the IWA draft (although it still contains some flaws) http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/early/2016/09/19/wst.2016.336. Otherwise you risk amplifying the instrumental error.

b) It's better to employ an instrument like the AMPTS, that has automatic datalogging and normalization of the volume in real time. If the budget is limited, then the u-Flow cell is a good option. See www.bioprocesscontrol.com . Normalization error can be as high as 12 % if done on manual basis.

c) For a comparative table of commercial and self-made instruments, and their corresponding error margins, see chapter 2 of my book: https://www.crcpress.com/Managing-Biogas-Plants-A-Practical-Guide/Rosato/p/book/9781138626614

d) finally, it's better to buy a reactor kit already done and tested rather than toying to build one oneself. You will save a lot of time and money, not to say the risk of publishing wrong data if you micro-leaks, whicha re always impossible to find when you have handmade reactros. The guys at Bioprocess Control have a good assortment of models from batch 500 ml to continuous 10 liter. I personally work with batch 500 ml for research and batch 2 liters for industrial tests.

To me the curve you obtained seems very plausible and as the Humic Acid concentration decreased more than 20% in 2h you did for sure get some ozone into the solution.

You don't describe how you measured the humic acid concentration in the experiment. I don't think that you can expect the degradation of humic acid to obey first order kinetic in general. Humic acid isn't a single substance but a complex mixture of many organic molecules with different structure and functional groups.

The colorimetric anthrone method is commonly used to quantify starch.

Hello Safri, 

The ethanol production from starch is well studied, if you want to use cassava, try to focus in residual biomass to give a value added to that.

I send you two papers of this.

Good luck!! 

You will hardly find information about "Big scale" MFCs as there are simply no large scale applications so far (to my knowledge). For MFC systems "big" means > 10L and here are some paper officially describing the "biggest" systems:

1 m³: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852417307848

250L: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852413019445

200L: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/ew/c6ew00020g#!divAbstract

90L: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26096580

72L: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135416302421

45L: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852416308690

Best regards

From the coupled  system, we can calculate the amount of heat requirement and heat release

Biogas production can reduce the pollution potential in wastewater by converting oxygen demanding organic matter that could cause low oxygen levels in surface waters.  Nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorous are conserved in biogas effluents and can be used to displace fertilizers in crop production.

While combustion of biogas, like natural gas, produces carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas, the carbon in biogas comes from plant matter that fixed this carbon from atmospheric CO2.  Thus, biogas production is carbon-neutral and does not add to greenhouse gas emissions.  Further, any consumption of fossil fuels replaced by biogas will lower CO2 emissions.  

iogas is used as fuel so you can use the calorific value of biogas instead of natural gas and calculate the 1st and 2nd law efficiency of power plant. However if you want to calculate the biomass conversion efficiency then you have to use stoichiometry. 

the analysis is fine, I'd add my view about it: there are feedstocks that cannot be part f any food, these are cleat feedstocks for biofuel or biolube, there are feedstocks that can be eaten, these must enter the cycle of bioproducts in a sequence of first food, then fuel.

Dear Anjali,

you can find a lot of data on the content of protein, carbohydrate, etc. in the following publication:

Møller J, R Thøgersen, A M Kjeldsen, M R Weisberg, K Soegaard, T Hvelplund and C F Børsting (2000), Fodermiddeltabel - Sammen-sætning og foderværdi af fodermidler til kvæg (English: Feeding component table – Composition and feeding value of feeding components for cattle), Rapport nr 91 Landsudvalget for Kvæg. Foulum, Denmark

You need to enquire the library at the University of Aarhus (Denmark) to get the report. Also, please note it is in Danish.

Hope it helps.

I apologize the medium that I will use is  basal fermentation medium consisting of 40 g glucose, 5 g yeast extract, 4 g (NH4)2SO4, 0.3 g MgSO4 7 H20, 0.3 g CaCl2H20 and 1 g KH2PO4 per litre. I want to monitor reducing sugars, ethanol, and cell numbers. The problem is I don't know what agar I can do spread plating on. Should I just add agar to the basal fermentation broth? and if so what amount?