Science topic
Biodiversity - Science topic
Biodiversity is the variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.
Questions related to Biodiversity
The answer may most likely be similar across most country, but may more or less be different for different regions of the world, and especially on their level of development, including economic status and annual GDP status.
Can we add our different experiences and other perspectives to address the given general question above?
how beneficial insect diversity contributes to pest regulation and pollination services.
Hello, I have a dataset of zooplankton abundance and I have to calculate a biodiversity index. I was thinking about the Shannon-Wiener.
Data of abundance per each species is calculated through an average between two replicate hauls. My tutor is saying I can't apply the Shannon-Wiener because I have an average instead of an absolute value. She's not an ecologist though, and she's not used to work with biodiversity indices. Do you think it's a problem that the dataset takes into account the average of the replicate hauls instead of the absolute value of abundance in order to calculate the Shannon-Wiener?
Ecosystem Services (Elsevier) is open to receive proposals for new innovative Special Issues. Ecosystem Services is a high rank journal, among the 15 best in environmental sciences (6.1 impact factor 2023), ranked Q1. Our position gives high visibility to the articles we publish.
Special Issues are articles collections (12 or more) that share well-defined, scientifically innovative and coherent aims and scope. For an overview of present and past SI please visit the journal's webpage.
If you are interested in proposing an appealing and high-quality topic for a special issue in Ecosystem Services journal, please send to me a one-page description of the SI aims and scope, including the team of guest editors (3-5). We will carefully assess the proposal in terms of scientific quality and aims and scope. The scope has to be clear around a framing conceptual outlining that gathers together an article collection with sufficient coherence.
Looking forward to hearing from you!
How can instruments and systems for the conservation of nature, the biosphere, the highly biodiverse coral reef ecosystems of the seas and oceans be improved?
The ongoing process of global warming is also causing, among other things, an increase in the temperature of the seas and oceans. This increase in temperature and the increase in the scale of water pollution in the seas and oceans is causing the death of coral reefs, which have formed over millions of years and have developed the most biodiverse ecosystems of the seas and oceans.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:
How can instruments and systems for the conservation of nature, of the biosphere, of the highly biodiverse coral reef ecosystems of the seas and oceans be improved?
What is your opinion on this?
What do you think about this topic?
Please reply,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz

Which is more important phytoplankton density of phytoplankton biodiversity in fertilized fish ponds and why?
In other words, which is more important indicator for the fertilization program efficiency phytoplankton density or phytoplankton biodiversity?
For instance, animal’s habitat fragmentation is one of the consequence.
Genetic engineering can impact biodiversity in natural ecosystems both positively and negatively:
- Positive Impacts: It can aid conservation by helping to restore endangered species or increase their resilience to environmental changes.
- Negative Impacts: GMOs might outcompete native species or cause unintended disruptions in ecosystems, potentially leading to declines in biodiversity.
- Purpose: To track and monitor biodiversity and population dynamics more effectively.
- Method: Genetic markers are used to assess genetic diversity, identify species, and track population changes.
- Example: Using DNA barcoding to identify and monitor species in various ecosystems, aiding in conservation efforts.
Should the ongoing logging in the Amazon forest, including other natural highly biodiverse forests, be recognized as a crime of destroying the planet's strategic natural resources generating an increased threat to human existence on planet Earth?
Should the ongoing logging of trees in the Amazon forest, also other natural highly biodiverse forests, and the logging of trees in other areas of natural forest ecosystems carried out in the formula of robbery pseudo-forest management should be recognized as a crime of destruction of strategic natural resources of the planet generating an increase in the threat to human existence on planet Earth?
Dear Researchers, Scientists, Friends,
In recent years, the need to accelerate and increase the efficiency of the green transformation of the economy has been growing in importance. This is due to the need to increase the scale of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, as generated by energy, industry, transportation, livestock farms, etc. continue to generate high greenhouse gas emissions and the global warming process is accelerating as a result. If the processes of green transformation of the economy are not significantly accelerated then the exceeding of 1.5 degrees C of the average temperature of the planet's atmosphere (counting from the beginning of the first industrial revolution) will happen even before the end of the current decade and the occurrence of a global climate catastrophe in the second half of this 21st century will become inevitable. One of the key elements of the green transformation of the economy is the cessation of deforestation processes and the development of reforestation programs for civilizationally degraded areas, post-industrial areas, post-mining heaps, urban areas as part of the reduction of concretions, and post-agricultural areas where the soil has been depleted due to the intensification of agriculture in the industrial model. By 2023, the deforestation rate in the rainforests of the Amazon natural rainforest has been almost halved in Brazil. This is a very good trend, in which perhaps finally the scale of protection of these natural highly biodiverse forests is beginning to improve significantly. This is especially important because the highly biodiverse rainforest ecosystems of the tropical natural forests of the Amazon contain more than 300 million unique species of flora and fauna and the Amazon forest is still the largest natural area of forest ecosystem that plays a key role in the natural process of absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere and emitting oxygen. The ongoing logging of trees in the Amazon forest, and the logging of trees in other areas of natural forest ecosystems as well, which is being carried out in a formula of predatory pseudo-management, should be recognized as a crime of destroying the planet's strategic natural resources generating an increase in the threat to human existence on planet Earth. Perhaps in this way, through appropriate changes in legal regulations, the large-scale deforestation of forest areas still taking place in many parts of the world and/or the predatory pseudo-management of forests that is being carried out would finally be ended.
I presented the issue of human security in connection with the green transformation of the economy, pro-environmental policies and the implementation of sustainable development goals in the article:
HUMAN SECURITY AS AN ELEMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Should the ongoing logging of trees in the Amazon forest, also other natural highly biodiverse forests, as well as the logging of trees in other areas of natural forest ecosystems carried out in the formula of predatory pseudo-forest management, also be recognized as a crime of destruction of strategic natural resources of the planet generating an increase in the threat to human existence on planet Earth?
Should the ongoing cutting of trees in areas of natural highly biodiverse forests be recognized as a crime of crimes against humanity?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

What are the possibilities for creating vegetable, fruit and flower gardens in urban areas and using generative artificial intelligence technology in their planning and management?
The ever-increasing price of food products purchased by consumers in stores is another argument for buying products directly from a farmer producing real healthy, non-chemical-soaked crops produced according to the formula of sustainable organic farming, bypassing middlemen, commodity logistics centers, processing plants, stores and shopping malls, which sell crops or processed food products many times more expensive compared to the farmer's prices, and/or to set up a fruit and vegetable garden for your own needs and become independent of expensive middlemen and unnecessary costs. With such a solution, the farmer would earn more and the consumer would buy healthy crops much cheaper. Well, but the political pressure for these simple solutions to many problems is not there. Why? Because then the revenue from indirect taxes to the state budget, from VAT would be able to fall significantly, and after all, VAT is still the main source of revenue to the state budget in Poland. Well, such is the tax system we have. And could it be different? It could, but unfortunately it's easier to tax citizens and entities with lower and lowest incomes than those with higher incomes, who often also set up fictitious headquarters in tax havens in order to additionally pay even less taxes into the state's public finance system. Besides, this kind of solution would be good for the climate and the environment for many reasons. Maintaining home vegetable, fruit and flower gardens would save money for citizens, reduce environmental pollution from exhaust fumes emitted by cars transporting agricultural crops from the field to logistics centers, agri-food processing companies and then processed food products delivered to stores, shopping centers in cities, food discounters and hypermarkets. In addition, citizens who run vegetable and fruit gardens to obtain their own vegetable crops, their own vegetables and fruits usually do not use chemical pesticides, so the resulting food is realistically healthier than what is purchased in vegetable stores, discount stores and hypermarkets, where vegetables and fruits and the processed food products made from them go, which were grown in farm fields in a model of intensive, production-intensive, highly exploitative soil, climate and environment unsustainable agriculture formula. On the other hand, in the situation of running subsistence vegetable, fruit and flower gardens without the use of chemical pesticides, in which most or all of the farming and tending work is done by hand, with a high level of biodiversity, taking into account the coexistence in the garden of different species and varieties of crops, vegetables, fruits, flower meadows, shrubs and trees is this type of mini-agriculture, running the said gardens is close to the formula of pro-ecological, pro-climate, pro-environmental sustainable organic agriculture. Occurring in this kind of biodiverse gardens also flower meadows, flowering various species of grasses, perennials, meadow plants, as well as shrubs and trees is very friendly to pollinating insects, including bees, whose population has declined by several tens of percent over the past few decades of time. In addition, in such flower gardens, insect houses are increasingly being built and/or beehives are being erected to ensure the functioning of pollinating insects in the micro-biodiversity ecosystem thus created. On the other hand, in managing even small home vegetable and flower gardens, in their planning and organzation, the new information technology of advanced data processing, including generative artificial intelligence technology, can be of great help.
I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.
I have described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
What are the possibilities for the creation of vegetable-fruit-flower gardens in urban areas and the use of generative artificial intelligence technology in their planning and management?
What are the possibilities of creating small, biodiverse vegetable, fruit and flower gardens in cities run by traditional techniques?
And what is your opinion about it?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

Why is the restoration of the natural environment of biodiverse ecosystems not recognized everywhere as one of the priority elements of the green transformation of the economy?
Should the restoration of the natural environment of biodiverse ecosystems, including highly biodiverse forest ecosystems in post-industrial and other areas degraded by unsustainable human activities be recognized as one of the priority elements of the green transformation of the economy?
Why included in Goal 15 (of the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals) is the restoration of the natural environment of biodiverse ecosystems in post-industrial areas, the restoration of highly biodiverse forest ecosystems, the development of reforestation programs, which should be implemented on a large scale already by 2020 (Task 15.1. included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: By 2020, ensure the protection, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and other ecosystems, particularly forests, wetlands and drylands, and mountains, in accordance with international commitments). has still not been implemented in some countries?
Ongoing research shows that included in Goal 15 (out of the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals) is the restoration of the natural environment of biodiverse ecosystems in post-industrial areas, the restoration of highly biodiverse forest ecosystems, the development of afforestation programs, which should already be implemented on a large scale by 2020 (Task 15.1. included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: By 2020, ensure the protection, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and other ecosystems, particularly forests, wetlands and drylands, and mountains, in accordance with international commitments). has still not been implemented in some countries. In some countries, in recent years, there are still many post-industrial areas, including mining spoil heaps, that have not been developed in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, i.e. restoration of the natural environment has not been undertaken. In addition, in some countries, still instead of sustainable forest management consisting of strict protection of old-growth, natural highly biodiverse forest ecosystems, restoration of biodiverse forest ecosystems referring to the natural ones occurring for thousands of years in a specific area characterized by a specific mix of natural and climatic conditions, industrial cultivation of only some tree species for industrial cutting is carried out, and predatory pseudo forest management consisting of cutting all trees in a specific area is carried out, including cutting down old-growth forests and by the way destroying entire biodiverse ecosystems, which also results in accelerated degradation, soil barrenness, deterioration of water retention and local microclimate. On the other hand, it has been widely known for many years on the basis of the results of thousands of research works that restoration of the natural environment, including biodiverse forest ecosystems, increases the scale of sustainability in terms of human-biosphere, climate and biodiversity relations. In turn, the restoration of the natural environment in post-industrial and other areas degraded by unsustainable human activity increases the areas of the biosphere and reduces the scale of the negative effects of civilizational unsustainable human activity, including reducing the scale of environmental pollution and reducing the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The effect is to slow down the progressive greenhouse effect and thus reduce the scale of global warming. Reducing the scale and slowing down the progressive process of global warming generates a reduction in the scale of the negative effects of the ongoing climate change, i.e. a reduction in the scale and frequency of weather anomalies and climatic disasters, including, above all, the increasingly severe periods of drought covering more and more land areas, in addition to the yearly occurrence of higher and higher summer temperatures, increasingly severe shortages of drinking water and/or increasingly violent storms with torrential rains and floods. Therefore, the restoration of the natural environment in areas degraded by the development of industry, ongoing mining activities or unsustainable agriculture in the industrial formula, including the development of afforestation programs, restoration of biodiverse forest ecosystems contributes to improving the local microclimate, improves water retention processes, slows down the processes of soil barrenness and/or reverses these processes, contributes to the restoration of highly fertile and biodiverse microbial soils, results in increasing the scale of ecological and climatic sustainability, increases the scale of resilience of the planet's highly biodiverse natural ecosystems and/or flexibility to adapt to a changing climate, and improves livelihoods for humans as well. Therefore, taking into account the above-mentioned great positive qualities of the processes of restoration of the natural natural environment, including biodiverse forest ecosystems then, in parallel, the scale of strict nature conservation should be increased, including increasing the areas of natural ecosystems, including natural natural ecosystems and those being restored. In this way, the amount of greenhouse gases accumulating in the atmosphere will increase more slowly, and thus the process of global warming, which has been accelerating over the past several decades, can be slowed down. In view of the above, due to the high level of relevance of the process of restoration of the natural environment, reclamation of areas of natural ecosystems devastated by man, protection of highly biodiverse natural ecosystems for the climate and biosphere of the planet and also for future generations of people, restoration of the natural environment, including biodiverse forest ecosystems in post-industrial and other areas degraded by unsustainable human activities should be considered one of the priority elements of the green transformation of the economy. Implemented fully and seriously, the green transformation of the economy, in which an important role is played by pro-climate, pro-environmental, pro-biodiversity and thus realistically also pro-social policies, should also fully take into account the UN 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Unfortunately, this is still not practiced in all parts of the world.
I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Why included in Goal 15 (out of the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals) is the restoration of the natural environment of biodiverse ecosystems in post-industrial areas, the restoration of highly biodiverse forest ecosystems, the development of reforestation programs, which should be implemented on a large scale already by 2020 (Task 15.1. included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: By 2020, ensure the protection, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and other ecosystems, particularly forests, wetlands and drylands, and mountains, in accordance with international commitments). still not implemented in some countries?
Should the restoration of the natural environment of biodiverse ecosystems, including highly biodiverse forest ecosystems in post-industrial and other areas degraded by unsustainable human activities be considered one of the priority elements of the green transformation of the economy?
Why is the restoration of the natural environment of biodiverse ecosystems not recognized everywhere as one of the priority elements of the green transformation of the economy?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Regards,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

Biodiversity assessment of river ecosystems is crucial for understanding the health and stability of these environments. This question aims to explore the various techniques employed to evaluate riverine biodiversity, including both qualitative and quantitative methods. It seeks to identify specific indicators such as species richness, abundance, and composition, as well as physical and chemical parameters of the water. Additionally, the question addresses how these methods adapt to account for seasonal variations, anthropogenic impacts, and natural disturbances that influence species distribution and ecosystem functionality. Understanding these factors is essential for effective conservation and management strategies.
What are the comparative advantages, disadvantages, sustainability, and risks of organic versus conventional agriculture? Based on current trends and research, which approach is more likely to dominate in the future?
The debate between organic and conventional agriculture encompasses a range of factors critical to the future of food production and environmental sustainability. Organic agriculture is often praised for its emphasis on natural processes and reduced chemical inputs, potentially offering benefits such as improved soil health, reduced environmental pollution, and enhanced biodiversity. Conversely, conventional agriculture is typically associated with higher yields and efficiency through the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, which can lead to greater short-term productivity but may raise concerns about long-term soil health, ecosystem impact, and pesticide residues.
This discussion aims to explore the comparative advantages and disadvantages of each approach, examining aspects such as environmental impact, economic viability, and food safety. Additionally, it will consider the sustainability of both methods in the context of current and future agricultural demands. Key questions include:
- What are the specific benefits and drawbacks of organic versus conventional farming practices?
- How do these practices affect soil health, biodiversity, and ecosystem stability?
- What are the economic implications for farmers and consumers?
- How do current trends and technological advancements influence the future viability of these approaches?
By analyzing these factors, we seek to understand which agricultural method might be more resilient and sustainable in the face of global challenges such as climate change, population growth, and resource depletion.
e.g. moment one: square in its normal state
moment two: square after cutting large trees and replacing them with dwarf trees.
I want to know what are the relationship that happen between insect biodiversity and durian tree
What role in protecting the biodiversity of the natural ecosystems of the planet is played by the implementation of the process of green transformation of the economy?
What role in protecting the biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems is played by the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, the implementation of climate and environmental policies, the implementation of the process of green transformation of the economy, etc. to build a sustainable, carbon-free, green closed-loop economy?
The realization of sustainable development goals, the implementation of climate and environmental policies, the implementation of the green economy transformation process, etc. the goal of building a sustainable, emission-free, green closed-loop economy is, among other things, to rapidly reduce greenhouse gas emissions going into the atmosphere until the economy becomes emission-free, so that the planet's greenhouse effect process is effectively reduced and baby the progressive process of global warming slows down. However, since the key negative effects of the progressive process of global warming include increasingly severe droughts, higher and higher temperatures during summer heat waves, acceleration of soil aridity, more frequent forest fires but also sometimes unusual weather anomalies, violent storms with torrential downpours causing flooding and sometimes problematic floods, so the implementation of the process of green transformation of the economy becomes a key element in the systemic protection of the biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems as well. In recent years, new ICT and Industry 4.0/5.0, including Internet of Things technologies, cloud computing, multi-criteria simulation models, digital twins, smart technologies, Big Data Analytics, Business Intelligence analytical and reporting systems, machine learning, deep learning, generative artificial intelligence, are being applied in improving techniques for monitoring the state of the planet's natural ecosystems and developing techniques for protecting the biodiversity of natural ecosystems.
I have described the key issues concerning the problem of green transformation of the economy in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
What role in protecting the biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems is played by the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, the implementation of climate and environmental policies, the implementation of the process of green transformation of the economy, etc. to build a sustainable, zero-carbon, green closed-loop economy?
What role does the implementation of the green economy transformation process play in protecting the biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

I have 6 ecosystems, 3 of which are substrate A and the other 3 are substrate B. each ecosystem has about 10 species. I have calculated a simpsons value for each ecosystem and a simpsons value for each substrate. I would like to statistically compare the two index values of substrate A and B, is this possible in any way? Since I would like to statistically compare the biodiversity between the two substrates, what is the best way to go about this?
I have six ecosystems in two substrate categories (Triplicates essentially). I have determined shannon wiener index values for each ecosystem and also for the two categories separately. I have done this for two separate sets of data that were sampled in two separate years. Is it possible to statistically compare the development of the biodiversity between each of the categories i.e., the development of biodiveristy in ecosystem 1 between the two years, using the shannon wiener values somehow? Are there any other tests that could work? I am aware of the hutcheson t test however, some of my data is not normally distributed.
I would really appreciate some help!
Is it very literally subbing in shannon wiener index values instead of species abundances?
I have three field margin types (grassy/shrubby/tree) and each type have 5 sites. I need to calculate Shannon index for insect counts from each field margin type....
Q1. In my case how should I calculate Shannon index? Should I calculate first for each sites and giving their mean in my table(refer attachment) or neglecting the sites and taking the total count among each field margin types to calculate Shannon index.. Which one will be the perfect?
Q2. And also I need to test the statistical significance of Shannon index between various field margin types.. which test will be best to compare Shannon indices?
Please refer my attached table to get idea of what I need exactly.
Thank you very much

What are some trends within environmental sciences and habitat biodiversity? Any ideas are appreciated. Thanks very much.
Is agriculture prepared for the effects of climate change, including, in particular, the negative effects on agricultural crops of the ongoing process of global warming, the scale of which will increase in the future?
Since the beginning of the first industrial revolution, anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities have been increasing. During this period, the average level of atmospheric temperature has also been rising as a result of the greenhouse effect generated by the accumulation of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the planet's atmosphere, including primarily methane, a particularly greenhouse gas. The said greenhouse effect is the source of climate change, the main element of which is the accelerating process of global warming. The accelerating process of global warming is causing many adverse effects on human existence and on the planet's biosphere. The negative effects of the accelerating process of global warming include increasingly severe droughts occurring more frequently and covering larger and larger land areas, shortages of drinking water appearing in more and more new areas in many parts of the various continents, violent storms with heavy downpours becoming more frequent in some places, soil barrenness, increasingly higher temperatures and heat in the summer, a decline in the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, and so on. The impact of these processes varies considerably across the world's land regions. For example, according to the World Meteorological Organization and the Copernicus program, i.e. the European Union's Earth observation program, Europe is the fastest warming continent. Since the beginning of the industrial age, the average temperature of the planet has risen by about 2.5 degrees C. Globally, the increase has been about 1 deg C lower. Also, the impact of the ongoing global warming process, i.e. the negative impact on individual industries and sectors of the economy, is and will also vary considerably. Agriculture, for example, is one of those sectors of the economy that will be particularly extremely negatively affected by the global warming process. Accordingly, in some countries, the agriculture carried out in the formula of traditional, intensive, production-intensive, unsustainable agriculture is already being converted to sustainable organic agriculture, which not only produces healthy and mainly or exclusively vegetable crops without the use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and also applies the goals of sustainable development, the principles of the circular economy and generates energy from renewable and emission-free energy sources. In addition to the conversion of intensive-production formula agriculture to sustainable, emission-free organic farming, in some countries farms are already being prepared and hedged for the future scenario of deepening global warming in the coming years. In order to ensure that the level of crop yields does not drop significantly in the coming years, it is becoming necessary to build rainwater catchment facilities, building ponds and other retention tanks to collect rainwater. To this end, financial subsidies are offered to farmers from the state's public finance system for building such rainwater catching and collecting installations. In a situation where the green transformation of the economy is proceeding far too slowly relative to the needs, i.e. so as to quickly reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions and slow down the process of global warming, the potential negative scenario of failure to carry out the plan to stop the increase in the average temperature level of the planet's atmosphere at up to 1.5 degrees C (since the beginning of the first industrial revolution) should be considered highly probable. However, if possible, it is necessary to carry out the green transformation of the economy as quickly and efficiently as possible, so that the exceedance of the 1.5 deg C level is as low as possible and thus the escalation of the negative effects of the progressive global warming process is as low as possible. Since agriculture is one of those sectors that are most vulnerable to the negative effects of the progressive process of global warming, then in addition to the green transformation of agriculture that is being carried out, it is necessary to protect farms from the negative effects of climate change, which are steadily increasing from year to year, including increasingly frequent periods of drought, summer heat, weather anomalies, severe storms, etc., in a multifaceted way. In addition to this, it is also necessary to create new crop varieties that will be more resistant to the mentioned negative effects of climate change.
I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Is agriculture prepared for the effects of climate change, including, first and foremost, the negative effects on agricultural crops of the ongoing process of global warming, the scale of which will increase in the future?
Is agriculture prepared for the effects of climate change, the scale of which will increase in the future?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

Do you agree that the green business transformation of business entities, including companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions should be a key element of corporate social responsibility, i.e. environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility?
In this regard, should environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility be recognized as key factors in corporate reputation and non-financial ESG reporting?
Based on my research, I conclude that the green business transformation of business entities, including companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions, should be a key component of corporate social responsibility, namely environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility. Accordingly, environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility should be recognized as key factors in corporate reputation and non-financial ESG reporting. An important factor for effectively carrying out the pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth brown linear economy of excess to a sustainable green zero-carbon growth zero-carbon economy and a closed loop economy is to increase the pro-environmental and pro-climate awareness of citizens. Awareness of the urgent and effective implementation of the green transformation of the economy, including the implementation of the plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions until the creation of a zero-carbon economy, to slow down the process of progressive global warming to save the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems is a key determinant of ensuring the conditions of existence on the planet for future generations of people. Accordingly, the issue of pro-environmental and pro-climate awareness of citizens should be correlated with the environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility of business, i.e. economic entities, including companies, enterprises, financial institutions and other organizations. Meanwhile, environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility should be an important factor in the green reputation of companies, businesses, financial and public institutions, and also an important element of non-financial ESG reporting.
Key aspects of the implementation of the goals of sustainable development and the necessary acceleration of the processes of green transformation of the economy to decarbonize the economy, slow down the process of global warming, protect the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems I described in the article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
In view of this, should environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility be recognized as key factors in corporate reputation and non-financial ESG reporting?
Do you agree that the green business transformation of business entities, including companies, enterprises, financial and public institutions should be a key component of corporate social responsibility, i.e. environmental social responsibility and climate social responsibility?
Do you agree that the green business transformation of corporate entities should be a key element of corporate social responsibility?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

In the current year, what are the effects of the progressive process of global warming in your region, in your country, in your environment, in terms of local microclimate, etc.?
In the current year, what are the effects of climate change, the accelerating process of global warming in your environment, in your region, where you operate, in your country, in the surrounding natural environment, in nearby agricultural areas, in the city or countryside where you live, in terms of local microclimate, etc.?
For example, in the country where I operate during the winter season, during a period where for many previous decades of time there was usually snow and temperatures were minus temperatures reaching as high as 20-30 degrees Frost is during the current "winter" in February 2024 there are positive temperatures all over the country, even positive double digits. Hoteliers, owners of ski slopes in the Tatra mountains are reporting much lower interest in their services. Fruit growers fear the return of morning frosts, which would cause the buds of flowers, which appear exceptionally early on shrubs and fruit trees, to freeze. Beekeepers fear for their bees, which have begun to leave their hives unusually early. But these are not the only effects of weather anomalies, climate disasters, climate change, the process of global warming, which has been occurring with increasing frequency in recent years. The negative effects of the increasingly rapid process of global warming on the environment, on agriculture, on the economy as a whole, on human existence in cities and in the countryside are constantly increasing, and the scale of the negative impact of climate change is constantly growing. In the country in which I operate in the summer season in recent years there have been record high temperatures, increasingly persistent heat, longer and longer periods of drought, little rainfall and increasingly frequent forest fires. In some regions of the country, water supplies are already beginning to run out during periods when citizens are watering their gardens and flowerbeds, washing cars, filling swimming pools, etc. At that time, local authorities are recommending restrictions on the use of tap water and imposing periodic bans on the use of clean water from the municipal water supply for watering lawns, washing cars and filling swimming pools. On the other hand, financial incentives, i.e. subsidies for the creation of water reservoirs for rainwater collection, rainwater catchment systems and irrigation of gardens, lawns, green areas, etc. with the help of rainwater thus collected, are being introduced as part of the increase in the scale of economical water consumption. The scale of the negative effects of the ongoing process of global warming is increasing every year. In many regions of the world, due to the accelerating process of global warming, the productivity of agricultural crops in agriculture is declining, the number of pollinating insects is declining, green areas in cities are drying up, living conditions in urban areas are deteriorating, the demand for electricity is increasing, which is caused, among other things, by the increase in the scale of use of cooling equipment during summer heat waves, the level of biodiversity in areas of natural natural ecosystems is decreasing, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the processes of green transformation of the economy, including green transformation of such economic sectors as energy, agriculture, transportation, construction, heavy industry, etc.
I am conducting research on this issue. I study in a multifaceted and interdisciplinary way the issue of factors, determinants of climate change, the increasingly rapid process of global warming, and the effects of these processes on the environment, on civilization, agriculture, the economy, etc. On the other hand, I analyze the possibilities of smoothly carrying out a pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess into a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth and closed-cycle economy. By building a green, sustainable closed loop economy, it will be possible to slow down the still accelerating global warming process and reduce the negative effects of these climate change processes. Will it be possible to reverse these processes? Unfortunately, this is unlikely with the green transformation of the economy progressing as slowly as it is now, and the still low level of awareness of many citizens on this topic, ignoring the high level of relevance of this issue in the business and political world. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
In the current year, what are the effects of climate change, of the accelerating process of global warming in your environment, in your region, where you operate, in your country, in the surrounding natural environment, in nearby agricultural areas, in the city or countryside where you live, in terms of the local microclimate, etc.?
In the current year, what are the effects of the ongoing global warming process in your region, in your country, in your surrounding environment, in terms of local microclimate, etc.?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

Respected all
Is there is any database which classify insects according to their guild (feeding habit) and Ecological/functional roles like predator, parasitoid, scavenger, pollinator. Please let me know if such database exists..
Thank you in advance
In what aspects, carried out through the implementation of the principles of sustainable, green closed-loop economics, does climate protection connect with the protection of the biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems?
In what aspects does the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the implementation of the principles of green closed-loop economics and pro-environmental sustainable economic development and thus carried out for the needs of future generations of people, climate protection combines with the protection of the biosphere and biodiversity of the natural ecosystems of the planet?
In my opinion, climate protection combines with the protection of the biosphere and the biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems in many ways. Many issues of climate protection also affect the issue of the biosphere and biodiversity of the natural ecosystems of the planet. On the other hand, by taking care of the state of nature, protecting the natural environment, strengthening systems for protecting the biosphere, and improving solutions for protecting the biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems, we also contribute to protecting the planet's climate. Many issues in the aforementioned issues of protecting the planet's climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems are interrelated. For example, increasing the scale of reforestation, restoration of natural ecosystems, restoration of biodiverse forest ecosystems both constitute an important element in the protection of nature, the biosphere and biodiversity of flora and fauna but are also an important element in the protection of the climate, both the microclimate locally and the climate globally. In recent times, the change in trends occurring in many urban areas from the ubiquitous years ago so-called concretization, that is, the removal of green areas, the creation of wide sidewalks, concrete squares, asphalt surfaces, etc. to greening, creation of new city parks, reduction of concretes, reduction of areas covered with concrete and asphalt, creation of additional green areas, lawns, flower meadows, pocket parks, etc. is also an important element of pro-climate and at the same time pro-environmental, sustainable economic development and a feature of a modern city developing in accordance with the green smart city concept. Also, the replacement of unsustainable, implemented according to the formula of intensive, production agriculture with sustainable organic agriculture at the same time fits into the pro-environmental and pro-climate policy. Conservation of water resources, implementation of water efficiency systems, creation of rainwater catchment facilities for use in agriculture and irrigation of parks and home gardens is also an important element of sustainable development, green closed-loop economics and protection of both the biosphere and the planet's climate. Also, the creation of new landscape parks, conservation areas, natural national parks is an important element in the protection of the biosphere, biodiversity and the planet's climate.
Key aspects of the negative effects of the ongoing process of global warming and the associated necessary acceleration of the processes of green transformation of the economy in order to decarbonize the economy, slow down the process of global warming, protect the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of natural ecosystems of the planet I described in the article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
In what aspects does the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the implementation of the principles of the green circular economy and pro-environmental sustainable economic development, and thus carried out for the needs of future generations of people, climate protection is combined with the protection of the biosphere and biodiversity of the natural ecosystems of the planet?
In what aspects, carried out through the implementation of the principles of sustainable, green closed-loop economics, does climate protection connect with the protection of the biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems?
How does climate protection connect with the protection of the biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text, I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

Hi all,
I am trying to harmonise taxonomic information in a dataset from a biodiversity study. So far I've tried several functions within the taxize package in RStudio.
I was referring to Grenié et al. (2022) ( )for best practices and got the impression that the R package taxize is one of the most reliable tools for this task.
However, many users report issues with this approach where repositories (e.g. Encyclopedia of Life) have suspended or limited their support for these services, rendering them unusable.
Hence my question: what R packages and online repositories do folks prefer to use to harmonise taxonomic data?
I appreciate your time to read my question and am grateful for any help you may provide.
All the best,
Giulio
Can artificial intelligence combined with Big Data Analytics help to reconstruct the genomes of recently extinct due to humans of various species of flora and/or fauna and thus restore the former biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems?
Due to the negative impact of human civilization on the planet's biosphere and climate, the sixth great extinction of many species of flora and fauna is currently taking place on planet Earth. The result is a rapidly progressive decline in the biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems. The aim is to halt or at least significantly slow down the progressive climate change, i.e. caused by increasing greenhouse gas emissions of the increasingly rapid global warming process. Many species of flora and fauna have already become extinct, many are on the verge of extinction due to a sharp decline in the number of individuals of the species. Some animal species are already found exclusively or almost exclusively in zoos. Few animal species have managed to be reconstructed on the basis of deliberate cross-breeding of species and varieties of closely related species. In order to increase the scale of the possibility of reproducing extinct species in the future, gene banks are being created, in which the genomes of specific species of flora and fauna are stored, including, above all, species threatened with extinction in the near future. Over the past few decades, insect populations, including pollinators, have declined by tens of percent in many parts of the world. The continuation of these processes, in addition to the rapidly advancing process of decline in biodiversity, the impoverishment of the planet's biosphere, will cause a rapidly advancing process of decline in the production of agricultural crops under the intensive, unsustainable and productive model of human farming. In countries occurring in the tropics, natural tropical rainforests continue to be cut down only to create new areas of arable land for the creation of arable fields where crops are grown to feed livestock generating high methane emissions. In addition, the new arable land created in this way is quickly eroded and the restoration of forest ecosystems back in these areas is also hindered for this reason. Coral reefs in the seas and oceans are also dying out, and the populations of marine fish and other animal species living in the seas and oceans are rapidly declining. Key factors in the still large-scale great sixth extinction of species of flora and fauna include continued deforestation, the cutting down of natural forest ecosystems to increase cultivated areas, the degradation of natural ecosystems caused by industrial development, continued high levels of environmental pollution, continued rising greenhouse gas emissions generating a progressive global warming process, etc. In view of the above, unsustainable intensive economy is causing a rapidly progressive decline in the biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems, and attempts are being made to counteract this. In order to slow down the progressive process of global warming, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce the level of environmental pollution and devastation of natural ecosystems, reduce the scale of extinction of species of flora and fauna, slow down the process of decline in the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, it is necessary to urgently accelerate the processes of carrying out pro-environmental transformation of the economy in order to efficiently build a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth and closed-cycle economy. In the process of building a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth economy and a closed loop economy, new ICT information technologies and Industry 4.0/5.0 can help, including generative artificial intelligence technologies and multi-criteria processing of large data sets as part of ongoing research and analytical processes using Big Data Analytics. New technologies can help increase the efficiency and accelerate the process of a sustainable, green, zero-carbon, zero-growth and closed-loop economy and thus help protect the climate, biosphere and biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems. As part of the application of new Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies, including generative artificial intelligence and Big Data Analytics, it is possible to increase the efficiency of research conducted with the goal of reconstructing the genomes of extinct species of flora and/or fauna. In this regard, perhaps artificial intelligence combined with Big Data Analytics can help reconstruct the genomes of various species of flora and/or fauna that have recently become extinct due to humans and thus restore the former biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems.
I am conducting research in the issue of key determinants of the legitimacy of urgently carrying out a green transformation of the economy in order to build a sustainable, green circular economy. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY ELEMENT OF THE PRO-ECOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY TOWARDS GREEN ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY
I described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT
I described the applications of Big Data technologies in sentiment analysis, business analytics and risk management in my co-authored article:
APPLICATION OF DATA BASE SYSTEMS BIG DATA AND BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SOFTWARE IN INTEGRATED RISK MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATION
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
Can artificial intelligence coupled with Big Data Analytics help in reconstructing the genomes of various species of flora and/or fauna that have recently become extinct due to humans, and thus restore the former biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems?
Can artificial intelligence coupled with Big Data Analytics help restore the genomes of extinct species of flora and/or fauna?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this issue?
Please answer,
I invite everyone to join the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

Hi, I am new to mycology, may I ask what's a fungal strain? how to identify a different fungal strain from the other? do i need to produce them in order to describe a species properly and how may i attempt to do so if it is necessary? I cant seem to find any reading material with clear explanation online, any of such reading materials will also be helpful. Thanks.
During my undergraduate studies, I participated in research on stream macroinvertebrate communities and their response to habitat degradation from human-induced environmental change. I collected samples and identified aquatic insects and other invertebrates in this research. Thus, I aimed to understand the intricate interactions between aquatic insects and their impact on nutrient cycling, biomonitoring and sediment properties