Biocompatibility - Science topic

Thank you for your response

The measurement of osteoinductivity, bioactivity, and biocompatibility of materials for bone tissue engineering can involve a variety of methods and assays. Here are some examples:

Overall, a combination of these assays can provide a comprehensive evaluation of the osteoinductivity, bioactivity, and biocompatibility of materials for bone tissue engineering.

Dear Linshina Thuluvath

Magnetite nanoparticles are relatively easy to obtain. What you have to do is to have both Fe+2 and Fe+3 sources and a precipitant. The nature of the precipitan will directly impact on the size distribution. I would recommend you to use for instance NH4OH (instead of the typical NaOH)

I can share you a own protocol.

6.1 g of FeCl3·6H2O and 4.2 g of FeSO4·7H2O were dissolved in 100 mL of ultrapure H2O under continuous stirring and heating to 90 °C. Magnetite was coprecipitated by the addition of 50 mL of a 25% amonium hydroxyde solution. Attached to this msg you will find the paper.

All the best,

i guess you need to mail the company to provide all these details.

they should be happy to share if there is any concrete data on that matter

As far as I know there are no standard for biodegration, biocompatibility, or porosity. A material will be considered biodegradable if it does cause any reaction or allergy to the natural physiology in an extended period of time after it is implanted.

The choice must be according to the intended application, taking into account desired characteristics and limitations to be considered.

Hi

Various types of HA-based materials such as pure HA, ion-doped HA, and HA/polymer composites, have been designed and used.

Please see this recently Review Article (2021)

Hydroxyapatite Based Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Brief and Comprehensive Introduction

By Hui Shi, et.al.

https://doi.org/ 10.3390/cryst11020149

Thank you

Hello Jay Hind,

I need more information, especially about the deposition method to see if I can help you. Meanwhile, I can suggest electrophoretic deposition (EPD) for your purpose.

If you are interested in this method, this article might be helpful:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001868620305418#:~:text=Electrophoretic%20deposition%20(EPD)%20is%20an,substrates%20of%20large%20surface%20area.

I should mention that EPD needs a conductive substrate for deposition. If you decide to use this technique, you should coat your glass slide with a conductive coating (e.g. gold) or if the transparency is important, you can use Indium tin oxide (ITO).

Good luck,

Iman

Magnetic nano-particles are highly reactive that's why we need to coat them with a polymer. This polymer will be able to interacts with bio molecule and this interaction is a pH dependent. So, we need a buffer for this type of interaction.

Len Leonid Mizrah Thank you for the details that you provided, I will check it.

I would probably suggest Invibio by Vitrex, although I believe their product is more in the form of pellets than powder:

Phone: +44 (0)1253 898000 info@invibio.com

Dear Varun Perumal, many adhesives have been studied for this purpose, such those based on cyanoacrylates, proteins and others. Please have a look at the following documents. My Regards

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105512

doi: 10.1002/jbm.820280304

They are products of biosystems and compatible with majority of biochemical reaction, pathways and products of primary, and secondary metabolites. The receptor affinity is of prime importance for a natural product to bind and produce effects, the choice of the receptor or exactly the natural products pharmacophore fitting the receptor type will produce the effects the receptor is responsible for. Not all natural products bind to many receptors, rather specific in nature. Multivalent binding and specific receptors produce their effects, at times harmful as their intrinsic property.

Dear Dr. Swetha P M ,

I suggest you to have a look at the following, interesting papers:

- Biocompatibility and Biological Corrosion Resistance of Ti–39Nb–6Zr+0.45Al Implant Alloy

Yu-Jin Hwang, Young-Sin Choi, Yun-Ho Hwang, Hyun-Wook Cho and Dong-Geun Lee

J. Funct. Biomater., 12, 2 (2021)

Available, as open access, at: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/12/1/2

- Investigation on the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of Ti-6Al-4V implant coated with HA/TiN dual layer for medical applications

Maryam Kazemi, Shahrokh Ahangarani, Mohammad Esmailian, Ali Shanaghi

Surface and Coatings Technology, Volume 397, 126044 (2020)

Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0257897220307131

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Glass is the safest option for biocompatibility, but it is difficult to manufacture in custom shape. We have used a two-layer coating of medical epoxy and PMMA in our work. You can have a look at the following article:

hey

the only method I could find is coating-based methods. you can use poly ethylene glycol or poly vinyl alcohol or even surfactant material.

In my opinion, "biocompatibility" is not intended to be used as an adjective in this case. Or at least not as an adjective refering directly to the term "characteristics" itself. Hence, I am convinced that the authors rather were refering to characteristics that describe biocompatible properties and did not want to say that the characteristics themselves are biocompatible.

A lot of researchers use MTT as a viability/toxicity assay depending on the formula employed. Technically, it is more relevant to understanding how metabolically active your cells are since it works on converting MTT to formazan crystals which are dissolved in DMSO, and absorbances are read.

I used to conduct a lot of cell architecture and mechanic studies during my doctoral program. Having worked with multiple forms of scaffolds ranging from 2D to 3D cultures, I would suggest Live/Dead staining kits which use calceinAM and ethidium-homodimer for calculating cell viability. As for cellular architecture studies, you can use any form of actin stains (phalloidin for instance) along with DAPI stains to characterize the nuclear orientations. There are a lot of tools available out there which can help you further quantify these architectures. Here are some references from previous collaborative work and these papers are available on researchgate for you to download.

This one uses matlab to characterize the cellular shape and architecture.

This one uses alamarblue assay for cell proliferation studies and ActinGreen for cell architecture staining which was analyzed using ImageJ. Might be easier if you don't want to use matlab but this only does minimal analysis.

Here is another article published by a friend that focuses on studying cell migration.

Lastly, I would suggest that you find out what are the available resources/equipment that you have access to before designing these studies. If you are using fluorescence microscopes, find out what channels and filters are available which can help you choose your stains. Hope this helps!

There are two general conditions for medical use:

1- In-body condition: When the implant is placed inside the body, in this case, there are very strict standards and they do not allow it to be used inside the body easily. Because this substance is destroyed over time and enters the bloodstream and affects all cells.

2- Extracorporeal state: In this state, the implant is located outside the body and its components are not in contact with blood. And even if there is a toxic substance in them, it does not have much effect on the body.

You may drink water in an aluminum container, but can you put it in your body? Absolutely not. A substance can be used for in vitro equipment, but it can not be used for in vitro equipment

Normal doses are usually far away from the toxicity levels, thats why they are normal doses, I would look up from what data the normal dose for adults is calculated and string my own experiments along that line.

Dear Nisa,

Please find the attached document for your interest. Thanks

Thank you very much Nabodita Sinha I would also like to know more about the stress fiber alterations, Nuclear blebbing and cortical ring formations.

Dear Farrokh Valizadeh, there are wide range of available choices. Please check the following documents. My Regards

10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117087

Iman Rahmani

Check out the following articles

Dear Henry Ra

Silver Colloidal solution has been used since ancient time. First-time silver colloidal silver used in 1891, due to its antibacterial properties. According to the applications of your materials, you want to decide on the AgNPs or graphene.

https://daneshyari.com/article/preview/5811464.pdf

Dear Betül Aldemir Dikici

Although I agree with that reported by Frank T. Edelmann , I suggested using a mixture of acetone: formic acid (95:5) for reducing the viscosity of PCL. Please, find the attached file which may help you.

All the best

Hi just the time needed to perform measurments (about 30 minutes), It is key that the thickener does not act as a reducing agent/prooxidant. Thx

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I personally prefer rochelle salt to be a biocompatible piezoelectric material, but it may dissolve into aqueous environment of body. Besides, it has not much mechanical strength. Whitlockite { Ca9(Mg,Fe++)(PO4)6(PO3OH) } is both piezo and pyroelectric

Look for alloys, specially of Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe that has a complex intermetallic structure lacking inversion center. similar alloys have been used for human bone structural reinforcement and transplantation as well. (intermetallics are ceramic-like you know)

Dear Mr. Dinesh,

You can consider biodegradation study of the biocomposite. PLA produced by polycondensation and or ring-opening polymerization methods may have different molecular weights, so you can study the molecular weight effect on the biodegradation. You can also try to use different various forms of PLA including amorphous e.g. poly (DL-lactide), crystalline and or semi-crystalline PLA. This can help you to investigate the biodegradation in details.

Good Luck

Dear Efe,

Poly (ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether is a good crosslinking agent. There are different molecular weight ranges available. PEG units should be highly biocompatible and elastic.

Regards,

Roman

Dear Ms. Korobkova,

I have made SBF solution several times, and I have followed the attached articles to make it. Also, you can follow the BS ISO 23317:2014 standard procedure.

Best regards,

Aidin

Dicalcium phosphate cement such as brushite and monetite

Dear Nishant Verma,

You can perform the cytotoxic test using that particular size of your material either indirect or direct method. You can refer to ISO10993 as reference. If you need further assistance please do contact me. Thanks

Dear Arunkumar Rengaraj,

You may use PVA coating for your work. It did successfully coat in plastic based plate but for the glass slip, you should try first. Good luck. Thanks

Dear Berwin, Thank you so much for your useful comment.

Actually I was looking for the technique of functionalization of cellulose rather making composites with metals. For example, organic functional groups with potential antibacterial activity can be incorporated in the glucose moiety of cellulose.

Dear Jean Raynell Bello

Cancer cells are immortal. Therefore, their use is unsuitable for assessing biocompatibility. According to the international standard, fibroblast cells are used for this task such as L929, SNL and etc. All biological tests must conduct according to ISO standards 10,993–5:1999 (Biological evaluation of medical devices; Part 5: tests for in vitro cytotoxicity). You can read the following articles:

Flexible magnetic polyurethane/Fe2O3 nanoparticles as organic-inorganic nanocomposites for biomedical applications: properties and cell behavior

Preparation and evaluation of polyurethane/cellulose nanowhisker bimodal foam nanocomposites for osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs

Dear Reghuraj a R

Yes, ASTM F2129 is entitled to definite the corrosion susceptibility of small implant devices by conducting cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements but you looking for a test standard to evaluate biocompatibility of oxide coating developed on stainless steel 420 and these two are quite difference approaches. Therefore, to evaluate biocompatibility of oxide coating, OCP test should perform firstly to quantify the coating release of foreign species during the bio-degradation in body fluid as a function of exposure time. Now if the release rate is acceptable, then the integrity of the oxide coating and its ability to protect the material from corrosion may investigated by electrochemical experiments according to ASTM G 5 and G 61 or ASTM F 2129.

Best regards

Carbohydrates are potential candidates. For example chitosan, heparin, alginic acid, etc.

A reviewer of our paper asked us to conduct the biocompatibility tests for the synthesized composites by electrochemical tests. but unfortunately, we dont know what tests must be done .

About organic solvents for collagen you may want to check:

About solvents for PEO you may want to check: https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_best_solvent_of_PEO

Hi

As you haven't focused on a certain type of implants, these are some hints, which may help you:

1. The range of porosity controls the proliferation and differentiaion of certain cells:

The nanoporous surfaces were found to induce the attachment, proliferation and differentiation of the seeded osteoblasts towards accelerating bone healing

Le Guéhennec L, Soueidan A, Layrolle P, Amouriq Y. Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration. Dent Mater 2007;23:844-854

De Oliveira P, Nanci A. Nanotexturing of titanium-based surfaces upregulates expression of bone sialoprotein and osteopontin by cultured osteogenic cells. Biomaterials 2004;25:403-413.

as well as the host response at both cellular and tissue levels

Coelho P, Granjeiro J, Romanos G, Suzuki M, Silva N, Cardaropoli G, et al. Basic research methods and current trends of dental implant surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009;88:579-596.

2. As a common accepted range for inducing the blood vessel formation towards bone growth, the pore size range 150-400 micrometer on the implant surface is recommended

Yokozeki H, Hayashi T, Nakagawa T, Kurosawa H, Shibuya K, Ioku K. Influence of surface microstructure on the reaction of the active ceramics in vivo. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1998; 9: 381-384.

3.Another important issue is the type of the surface material which form the porous structure.

Chitosan nanoparticles are biodegradable, biocomptible and non-toxic polymer with several applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering and wound healing.

You might find these links useful:-

https://www.researchgate.net/project/Chitosan-nanoparticles-as-a-biodegradable-and-biocompatible-drug-delivery-system.

The MTT assay takes into account its cell viability, through metabolism ( evaluate the flow of NAD (P) - oxidoreductase enzymes), ie the more luminescence, the more viable the cells, or the more metabolically active. But MTT is sensitive to light, meaning if you do not use it carefully, there may be false-negative results.

Trypan blue evaluates cell viability through imbalance of the wall and / or cell membrane. The stained cells are the "non-viable" cells because the dye has been able to penetrate the cells, ie there is some imbalance in the cell barrier. However, over time with trypan blue dye may allow the staining of the cells. In addition, the imbalance of the cellular barriers which allow the penetration of the dye into the cells does not guarantee cell inviability, since there may be cell membrane impairments, but the cells may remain metabolically active.

Further, the MTT assay is qualitative, will allow relative quantification. It needs to be compared to the control to estimate how much more viable each one is. The trypan blue assay is quantitative, giving an "absolute" quantification because, through the cell-to-cell count, it has the estimated number of viable cells.

The ideal is to do the test with both methods, even to ensure the reliability of the results.

Hi,

Here are a few reviews on nanotoxicology, from the perspective of nanomedicine:

Hope that helps.

Pu Chun Ke

Applications of AM and 3D bioprinting in the field of pediatrics are diversified. The three main application categories are: (i) Surgical planning, (ii) Prostheses, (iii) Tissue constructs, and (iv) Drug printing

Dear Mahdi Amirkhani

Importance of biocompatibility:

It may be any material (i.e.Metals, ceramics, polymers) you design for an application has to be finally placed inside the body or be in contact with body.

When ever you place a material in human body its a foreign material, so our immune system starts against it. In order to avoid it, the material as to be compatible with the body. so the biomaterial has to be

1. biocompatible with surrounding cells

2. biocompatible with blood (material must have smooth surface to avoid blood cell damage)

3. As to inert/Bio active/Bio functional, based on the application of use and place it is going to be placed.

Hi Ryan,

You might use the functionalization of glucose-derived carbon nanoparticles with ethylenediamine as reported here: "Ethylenediamine functionalized carbon nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and evaluation for cadmium removal from water"

Another option is synthesize metallofullerene nanoparticles based on ethylenediamine -modified Gd@C82 via a facile solid–liquid coupling reaction (Gd@C82-(ethylenediamine)8 Nanoparticle: A New High-Efficiency Water-Soluble ROS Scavenger).

Another option would be to adapt a previously reported reaction. For example, Deng et al. used the a natural polysaccharide isolated from mulberry leaves as a nonviral gene vector (Efficient Gene Delivery to Mesenchymal Stem Cells by an Ethylenediamine-Modified Polysaccharide from Mulberry Leaves). Based on this reaction, you could use chitosan to obtain the nanoparticles.

Here are the DOIs of said articles: 10.1039/C7RA04709F

10.1021/acsami.6b08659

10.1002/smll.201101554

Let me first put this quote "imagination is more important than knowledge". But you have got wrong in thinking that sperm would act as nanocariers, because the size of sperm is in microns (60-70micometer). So the idea of sperm can act as nanocariers fall down. Secondly Lulian rightly wrote that sperm can not travel through veins because it will be recognised as foreign body as its membrane is loaded with n number of proteins. So before thinking them as drug cariers, these little wonderful cells need not to be immunogenic which is simply impossible.

Hello Prashant and thank you for this input, duly noted:)

Joel

Hello Maxim,

Degradation of alginate gels is depended on type of cross-linking and chemicals used to achieve it. For example, to dissolve Ca-alginate gels, you can use sodium-citrate solution. It is usually added as 2% (w/w) solution to particles, accompanied with vigorous mixing, in order to evaluate the content of encapsulated material, encapsulation efficiency, stability of alginate matrix etc.

Best regards,

Kata

I think that titanium is not possible to use as cutting tool.

The better option is a martensitic stainless steel.

This material can be quenched and for this reason you can improve it wear resistance.

Thank you so much Dr. Saied

Dear Elahe,

If with priority you mean "specific characteristics" for sure Sputtering can provide you the following issues :

- very precise and high purity control of chemical composition

- coating thickness in the range of approximately 10 - 5000 nm

- line-of-sight deposition or rather it is difficult to coat out-of-view surfaces or high porosity materials that should be typical in dental implants

- no major variations of surface roughness given by the coating process (meaning that after coating you will have approximately the same surface roughness as before)

I hope these info should be useful,

Best regards,

Simone

Actually, austenitic SSs have become less used. A certain % of people react badly to the Ni in grades like 316.  Ti alloys, nitinol and Co-based alloys (hip implants) have become more popular. MSSs have too high a modulus of elasticity, likewise the ASSs. The Ti alloys have a lower modulus of elasticity and weigh less, which is a better balance to bone. They have good corrosion resistance in the body.

Hi!

Silver is used for intrabone (teeth) implants since its bactericidic properties and well biocompatibility. Yes, it could be some toxic but no so heavily. It can not support cell growth but if you don't need in this option, use silver implants.

Good luck!

Compare to normal osteoblast cells cancer affected cells growth is very fast. Thats may be the reason people are using cancer affected cells.

Thank you

Well, thanks for the suggestion. If later I encounter obstacles. Of course I will discuss again.

regards

Krisman

Indonesia

Inorganic nanoparticles have an unpleasant feature, without coating they stick together. Therefore, even non-toxic submicron particles are able to cause thromboses in the capillaries if they fall into the bloodstream. To prevent this, they are coated with a biomimetic, for example polyethylene oxide. Often while reducing their therapeutic properties.

This paper about the effect of hydroxyapatite coating on the corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steel

Thank Mozafari.

I apreciated your aswer. Inmediately I read recomendation paper.

Thank lot of

Hi,

One of the best systems for dermal / topical drug delivery is Transferosome (a special phospholipid-based carrier system which is ultradeformable and highly elastic vesicle).

Ref:

Transferosomes - A vesicular transdermal delivery system for ... - NCBI

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › PubMed Central (PMC)

by R Rajan - ‎2011

Dear Vahid,

The question you asked needs more details and proper keywords to be answered correctly. There are several parameters which affect the cell-biomaterial interactions and depending on the application, you should choose ceramics with the proper chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. In my opinion, separations of bioceramics into the old and the new ones is not very practical, since this field is being actively explored and you can see newly developed bioceramics everyday as a result of modification and tuning the properties of well establishes bioceramics and glasses.

Here you can find some reviews and articles:

The articles I mentioned above are just a few gestures and there are tons of good materials to read in the literature, you can narrow your search down by looking for specific properties and applications.

Best,

Ali

 Dear Dharman,

Could you, please, send me your CV to ehermida@unsam.edu.ar?

Kind regards

I use ISO/FDIS 23317 the Implants for surgery — In vitro evaluation for apatite-forming ability of implant materials.

For calculate the ratio I use the following equation:

Vs = Sa/10

Vs is the volume of the SBF in cubic millimetres

Sa is the apparent surface area of the specimen in square millimetres

Hi,

There are different types of cells used for this purpose like, human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB),  primary human osteoblasts cells (HOB), MG-63 cells, human adipose-derived adult stem cells (hASCs), L929 cell lines. Osteoblasts extracted from Calvaria of rabbits, MC-3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts etc. You can choose cells based on some ASTM or ISO standards depending on the type of your implant.

Good luck

Two possibilities:

biochemical viability test: alamarBlue, but this is more of a proliferation/mitochondrial activity test and needs at least two test-times

visualizing: Life/Death assay...requires a  translucent hydrogel and a (multi-photon) confocla microscope to penetrate up to 250=400 microns into the hydrogel interior 

You can indeed buy membranes from various suppliers. Corning will not sell just the membranes though, nor do they give any information on their sterilisation or cell-culture treatments. We have had some difficulty culturing cells on PC, PET etc membranes which have the same thickness and pore size. PET:  IT4IP in Belgium, others from Fisher.

It is common also to test compounds for cytotoxicity using an immortalized human cell line.

One of the most compatible one will be thrombin+fibrinogen (.i.e fibrin clot), not as strong as cyano glue, but way more biocompatible...

Tugce, 

The Alginate you are using is very important. There are two specific factors that will affect the mechanical properties of the gel: the molar mass of the polysaccharide and its composition. If you are using a low viscosity alginate, it will probably yield weaker gels compared to a high molecular weight alginate. Also, alginates with high Guluronate content give "stronger" gels than those with high Mannuronate content. 

Now, if you are preparing beads, those concentrations seem way too high. I would keep both solutions below 2%, otherwise you might be having problems with the diffusion of the metal ions during the gelation process. 

This is one of the set-ups we use in the lab: 

Works like a charm, for a lot of cell lines. I would expect MCF7s to be non-invasive and slowly grow / expand the spheroid. MDA231 will already show invading cells 24h after injection, so protocol-wise I would inject cells on day 1 and expose 24h later.

This is another set up we've used in the past, and also works for multiple breast cancer cell lines: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25289886

Our short book chapter discusses reactive properties of graphene/graphene oxide focused on water treatment.  Maybe it would be a start for you?  See paragraph at line 176.