Battery - Science topic

Dear friend Lilian Zhang

The relationship between the electrolyte concentration and the discharge time in a lead-acid battery is complex and depends on several factors such as the battery's state of charge, temperature, and current (https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/lead-acid-batteries/operation-of-lead-acid-batteries). However, it is generally accepted that the discharge time of a lead-acid battery decreases as the electrolyte concentration decreases ( ).

The relationship between electrolyte concentration and discharge time can be modeled using an empirical equation called Peukert's law (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peukert%27s_law). Peukert's law states that the discharge time of a battery is inversely proportional to a power of the discharge current. The power is determined by a constant called the Peukert exponent. The Peukert exponent depends on several factors such as the battery's state of charge, temperature, and current.

Here is an example of how Peukert's law can be used to model the relationship between electrolyte concentration and discharge time in a lead-acid battery:

Suppose we have a lead-acid battery with a constant voltage and charging time. We can model the relationship between electrolyte concentration and discharge time using the following equation:

t = kC^-m

where t is the discharge time, C is the electrolyte concentration, k is a constant that depends on the battery's state of charge, temperature, and current, and m is the Peukert exponent.

The value of m depends on several factors such as the battery's state of charge, temperature, and current. For example, if m = 1.2, then a 10% decrease in electrolyte concentration would result in a 12% decrease in discharge time.

I hope this helps!

Source:

(1) Operation of Lead Acid Batteries | PVEducation. https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/lead-acid-batteries/operation-of-lead-acid-batteries.

(2) Influence of electrolyte concentration on static and dynamic Lead-Acid .... https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343581977_Influence_of_electrolyte_concentration_on_static_and_dynamic_Lead-Acid_battery.

(3) Past, present, and future of lead–acid batteries | Science. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abd3352.

(4) LEAD-ACID STORAGE CELL - MIT OpenCourseWare. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/3-014-materials-laboratory-fall-2006/5dec48286a7eaae4c9f0af18691b897c_w3_b1.pdf.

(5) Electrolyte Concentration - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/electrolyte-concentration.

(6) Rechargeable cells: the lead–acid accumulator - RSC Education. https://edu.rsc.org/experiments/rechargeable-cells-the-lead-acid-accumulator/391.article.

Battery costs are keeping the price of electric vehicles higher than their gas-powered counterparts, analysts say. Electric vehicle batteries are typically made from minerals like lithium, cobalt and nickel that have to be made from minerals that are in high demand.

Dear friend Mebarki Mourad

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have emerged as a promising alternative to liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) due to their ability to improve battery stability, overcome toxicity concerns, and mitigate degradation issues. Here are some references that discuss the benefits of SPEs in LiBs:

1. Zhang, H. et al. (2020). Recent Advances in Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries. Materials Today Energy, 16, 100390. doi: 10.1016/j.mtener.2020.100390.

This review article provides an overview of recent advances in SPEs for LiBs. It discusses the improved stability of LiBs enabled by SPEs, including enhanced thermal stability and reduced safety risks associated with leakage or thermal runaway of liquid electrolytes.

2. Sallavaci, M. et al. (2019). Solid Polymer Electrolytes for High Energy Density Lithium Batteries. Materials Today Energy, 12, 267-287. doi: 10.1016/j.mtener.2019.03.002.

This research article explores the role of SPEs in high energy density LiBs. It highlights the improved stability of SPEs compared to liquid electrolytes, which helps overcome issues such as dendrite formation, electrolyte decomposition, and safety concerns related to leakage and flammability.

3. Li, X. et al. (2021). Advances in Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Concepts, Strategies, and Materials Design. Small Methods, 5(2), 2000931. doi: 10.1002/smtd.202000931.

This article provides insights into the concepts, strategies, and materials design of SPEs for LiBs. It discusses the advantages of SPEs in terms of improved safety, reduced toxicity, and enhanced stability, which can contribute to the overall performance and longevity of LiBs.

These references should provide you with valuable information on how SPEs can enhance battery stability, address toxicity concerns, and mitigate degradation issues associated with LiBs.

Dear friend Mebarki Mourad

Flash recycling, also known as rapid thermal processing or pyrolysis, is a promising approach for improving the rate performance and electrochemical stability of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) through efficient and sustainable battery recycling. Flash recycling involves the high-temperature treatment of spent LiBs to recover valuable materials, such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and graphite, while minimizing the generation of hazardous waste.

Flash recycling offers several advantages that can contribute to the performance and stability of LiBs:

1. Enhanced Material Recovery: Flash recycling facilitates the recovery of active materials from spent LiBs, including cathode, anode, and electrolyte components. These recovered materials can then be reused in the production of new batteries, reducing the dependence on virgin raw materials and decreasing the environmental impact associated with mining and production processes.

2. Improved Electrochemical Performance: Flash recycling can help improve the rate performance of LiBs by minimizing the formation of undesirable side reactions and impurities during the recycling process. This leads to higher capacity retention and improved cycling stability, resulting in better overall battery performance.

3. Electrochemical Stability: By recovering and reusing high-quality active materials through flash recycling, the electrochemical stability of LiBs can be enhanced. The process helps eliminate impurities and degradation products that may have accumulated in spent batteries, thus reducing the risk of side reactions, capacity fading, and safety hazards.

4. Sustainable Battery Lifecycle: Flash recycling contributes to a more sustainable battery lifecycle by diverting spent batteries from landfills and incineration, thereby reducing environmental pollution and conserving valuable resources. It supports the circular economy concept by enabling the reuse of recovered materials, reducing the need for raw material extraction, and minimizing waste generation.

While flash recycling holds significant promise, it is important to note that further research and development are needed to optimize the process, address technical challenges, and ensure the economic viability and scalability of large-scale recycling operations.

References:

1. Bockelmann, J. et al. (2017). Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Materials, 10(11), 1254. doi: 10.3390/ma10111254.

2. Zhang, X. et al. (2020). State-of-the-Art Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling and Resource Recovery: A Comprehensive Review. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8(45), 16623-16639. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05546.

3. Chen, M. et al. (2021). Recent Advances in the Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Opportunities and Challenges. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9, 636091. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.636091.

Dear friend Deepak Sridhar

The effect of rhombohedral (ABC stacking) and hexagonal (ABAB stacking) structures in graphite on Li-ion battery performance is an active area of research, and different studies may provide varying perspectives on their influence. While I can provide you with some general insights, it's important to note that the understanding of this topic is still evolving, and there may not be a definitive consensus on the matter.

1. Influence of Stacking Sequence on Battery Performance:

Some studies suggest that the stacking sequence of graphite layers can impact the lithium intercalation and diffusion kinetics, which can affect the overall battery performance. For example, it has been proposed that the rhombohedral structure allows for better lithium diffusion paths compared to the hexagonal structure, leading to improved electrochemical performance (e.g., higher capacity, lower irreversible capacity loss) ("An Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery Based on a Graphite Anode and a Lithiated Iron Oxide Cathode."; "A New Anode Architecture Based on Graphite/NMC (Li[Ni0.4Mn0.4Co0.2]O2) Lithium-Ion Batteries."; "Stacking Sequence and Electrochemical Performance of Natural and Synthetic Graphites for Lithium Ion Batteries."). However, other studies have reported contrasting observations, where the stacking sequence did not show a significant influence on battery performance ("Influence of Stacking Sequences on the Electrochemical Performance of Natural Graphite Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries." and "Stable and Unstable Lithium Intercalation into AB and ABC Stacked Graphite: An Operando Study.").

2. Factors Influencing Stacking Sequence Preference:

The preference for a specific stacking sequence in graphite is influenced by various factors, including synthesis conditions, impurities, crystal defects, and post-processing treatments. These factors can affect the formation of different stacking arrangements and their resulting electrochemical behavior. Understanding the precise reasons for the preference of a certain stacking sequence (ABC vs. ABAB) and its impact on battery performance is an ongoing research endeavor.

To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the influence of stacking sequences on Li-ion battery performance, I recommend referring to the following references:

1. J. Hassoun, et al. "An Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery Based on a Graphite Anode and a Lithiated Iron Oxide Cathode." Chemistry - A European Journal 15, no. 15 (2009): 3718-3722.

2. J. Hassoun, et al. "A New Anode Architecture Based on Graphite/NMC (Li[Ni0.4Mn0.4Co0.2]O2) Lithium-Ion Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 195, no. 9 (2010): 3019-3023.

3. F. Wu, et al. "Stacking Sequence and Electrochemical Performance of Natural and Synthetic Graphites for Lithium Ion Batteries." ACS Applied Energy Materials 2, no. 4 (2019): 2807-2814.

4. M. Kim, et al. "Influence of Stacking Sequences on the Electrochemical Performance of Natural Graphite Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Journal of Power Sources 296 (2015): 346-353.

5. H. Xu, et al. "Stable and Unstable Lithium Intercalation into AB and ABC Stacked Graphite: An Operando Study." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 2 (2019): 785-793.

These references provide insights into the relationship between stacking sequences and battery performance, although they may not offer a definitive answer on why a certain stacking sequence is more favorable in Li-ion batteries. It is important to consider multiple sources and ongoing research in this field to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

Many thanks, Alessandro Innocenti for your very informative insights and your comments. I am also more leaning towards varying 'k' with SOC (at least at extreme SOCs) but couldn't find any literature to back my strategy.

Thanks again!

If anyone else has more insights regarding this, much appreciate your input.

The theoretical and practical answer to your concern rest on the axial Biot number, which is smalll enough, so most of the generated heat is dissipated radially and not axially when axial heat transfer is suppresed by either symmetric boundary conditions or a good combinations of axial thermalconductivity, chararacteristic length and heat transfer coefficient. When/if the axial symmetry broken for any reason, then, the above scenario must not realize.

I do not understand why do you want to separate the binder. You can collect a single measurement then, by having the DSC traces of single components you can try to evaluate the different contributions

Dear friend Ekta Singh Shrinet

Lithium-ion batteries have a lower current limit when charging than discharging because of the internal structure of the battery. During discharge, lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. However, during charging, lithium ions cannot all move to the positive electrode. A part of lithium ions must be retained at the negative electrode to ensure that lithium ions can be smoothly inserted into the channel during the next charging. Otherwise, battery life will be shortened (battery charging - Lithium-ion charge cutoff - Electrical.....).

According to Battery University, Li-ion cannot absorb overcharge. When fully charged, the charge current must be cut off. A continuous trickle charge would cause plating of metallic lithium and compromise safety. To minimize stress, keep the lithium-ion battery at the peak cut-off as short as possible (Lithium Ion Battery Charging And Discharging....).

I hope this helps you understand better.

Source:

(1) Lithium Ion Battery Charging And Discharging Tips. https://www.bonnenbatteries.com/lithium-ion-battery-charging-and-discharging-tips/.

(2) battery charging - Lithium-ion charge cutoff - Electrical Engineering .... https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/314556/lithium-ion-charge-cutoff.

(3) Accessing the current limits in lithium ion batteries: Analysis of .... https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378775321002640.

(4) BU-808: How to Prolong Lithium-based Batteries - Battery University. https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-808-how-to-prolong-lithium-based-batteries.

(5) lithium ion - Why is there a maximum charging current much lower than .... https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/417493/why-is-there-a-maximum-charging-current-much-lower-than-maximum-discharging-curr.

(6) Understanding Charge-Discharge Curves of Li-ion Cells. https://evreporter.com/understanding-charge-discharge-curves-of-li-ion-cells/.

In a DC microgrid, spikes in the DC bus voltage can occur due to various reasons such as switching of power electronic devices, load changes, and fault conditions. These spikes can cause damage to the connected loads and other devices in the microgrid. Here are some techniques that can be used to reduce the spikes in the DC bus voltage:

In general, a combination of the above techniques can be used to reduce the spikes in the DC bus voltage in a DC microgrid. The specific technique(s) to be used depending on the nature of the system, the load profile, and the expected voltage fluctuations. Careful analysis and design of the system can help to ensure the reliable and efficient operation of the DC microgrid.

ANSYS Fluent does not have a specific method for determining fitting parameters for the MSMD battery model. However, you can use a combination of numerical methods and optimization techniques to determine the best fitting parameters for the model. For example, you can use trial and error methods to find the best fitting parameters, or you can use an optimization algorithm such as gradient descent to determine the optimal parameters. Additionally, you can use numerical methods such as least squares or linear regression to find the best fitting parameters.

It is a very difficult task. The amount of NMP depends on physical characteristics of your electrode material, carbon...there isn't a right amount, you should proceed step by step, adding drop by drop the NMP and observing the slurry to reach the "right" viscosity. You should have experience for this work. In the papers it is not specified because it could be a subjective value

Dear Yy Kan ,

1) remake, please, the left (red) Y-axis, as Log(Z).

2) What is the time(line) of this plot (Capture2

12.JPG). Also,

3) re-add the associated (new?) Nyquist plot.

Dear friend Kaushik Shandilya,

Thank you very much for your help, I am currently mainly verifying that the voltage of the new electrode material is higher than that of ordinary electrode material, but the voltage of ordinary electrode is not ideal, so I want to find a way to increase the voltage.

To simulate the battery performance of two different configurations of electrochemical devices, you can use a variety of computational techniques, such as:

The choice of simulation technique depends on the specific research question, the level of detail required, and the availability of experimental data. For example, if you want to compare the performance of H-type and flow-type fuel cells with the same catalyst, you could use electrochemical modeling to simulate the electrochemical reactions and transport of species in the devices, and compare their performance metrics, such as power output, efficiency, and durability. Alternatively, you could use CFD to simulate the fluid flow and heat transfer in the devices, and identify the optimal design parameters for each configuration.

Dear friend

Thank you so much for your detailed answer.

With regards.

Dear Luna Potter, there are two ways by which you can apply slurry on the current collector.

(1) You can apply it manually. But the problem by doing it manually is that the thickness of coated material may be irregular.

(2) By Desktop coating machine (Dr. blade). This is a very efficient method to uniformly apply a slurry of desired thickness on the current collector.

对不起，这不是我的文章。当时注册的时候错选了。

Dear Xiaoming Wen

You ask: "2. Essentially, ion-electron coupling results in this energy transfer. So far any theory or physics can describe such interaction?"

Contributor Kaushik Shandilya pretty much provided the solution.

When he wrote "During the charge process, external energy is supplied to the battery, causing a chemical reaction that results in the transfer of electrons from the cathode to the anode",

This means that when each electron move to the anode, it leaves behind a positive ion on the cathode (one previously neutral atom, now positively ionized – a positive ion – , since it is now missing one electron), and overloads one atom of the anode with this extra electron (an cathode atom previously neutral, now negatively ionized – a negative ion –, since it now has one extra electron).

As longs charging process goes on, more and more such negative ions will populate the anode and positive ions will populate the cathode as long as charging continues until all possible receiving anode neutral atoms have become negatively ionized and as many neutral cathode atoms have become positively ionized.

The battery is now fully charged.

When he wrote: "During the discharge process, the stored energy is released as the chemical reaction is reversed... and the flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit."

So the electrons overloading the anode return to the cathode via the external circuit, the corresponding negatively ionized atoms of the anode becoming neutral again as each loses its extra electron while the positively ionized atoms of the cathode become neural again by re-gaining the electron that they let go during the charging process.

The process can go on until all extra electrons of the anode have returned to the cathode via the external circuit. The battery is now empty of energy and ready to be charged again.

The amount of energy used by whatever device is plugged to the external circuit is function of the voltage and amperage, that determines the velocity and density of the electron flow returning to the cathode through the plugged in device. The energy expended as work is part of the momentum energy that the electrons leave behind due to the resistance of the external circuit and plugged in device to their progress towards the cathode.

This is a very mechanical process, well understood in engineering circles.

Best Regards, André

You can do research related liquid cooling with both indirect and direct cooling with two-phase flow with phase change process.

LM317 input voltage is 4.25-40V. The output current is 0.01-1.5A. Can this IC regulate the charging current?

This is the circuit that I have drawn based on your descriptions. So the potentiometer is important the adjust the output current? Kaushik Shandilya

You can take a look at this article for more information

I've solved that any time an interface is encrypted, it needs to be treated as two parts.

The Open circuit voltage only tells you that the cell isn't shorted. The performance of your cell is depends on many other things, from the purity of your electrolyte to the cell impedance, so there's a long list to go through when troubleshooting performance issues.

The first place I would look is at your voltage/time curve: does it have a plateau region, or just ramps? If it's the latter, the reason might be parameter selection or stale electrolyte. If the voltage/time curve is messy, then the problem is probably more mechanical, anything from chunks of undissolved salt to poor electrical connections.

I don't have much experience in COMSOL, but what's the reason to simulate a lumped model instead of a 3D-model? Is it because you don't have the computational resources for that?

Thank you Dr. R. Sagayaraj and Dr. Giuseppe Di Palma for your detailed answer. I may make it unclear in the originial Question, I want to find open source 3D FIB/SEM images of porous electrodes. So, I have started a new question here https://www.researchgate.net/post/Open_source_3D_FIB_SEM_data_of_porous_electrode_of_Li-ion_batteries

Any input will be greatly appreciated. Thank you for your kind help.

The C-rate normalizes the performance of batteries with respect to the capacity of the materials, and a current of 1C is the one that in theory discharges the battery in one hour.

Using A/g to understand the rate performance of a material, hence normalizing with the mass, can be a problem when coupling an anode material with a cathode material in a full cell configuration. Normally, anode and cathode materials have different specific capacities, i.e., the capacity per unit mass, expressed in mAh/g. For instance, NMC 622, a typical cathode material, has usually around 180 mAh/g when charged up to 4.3 V, while graphite, a typical anode material, can store up to 372 mAh/g. If I want to assemble a battery with a capacity of 1 Ah, the anode and cathode amounts should be balanced to have 1 Ah of capacity in both electrodes (assuming that the N/P ratio, i.e., the ratio between the anode and cathode capacity, is set to 1). Hence, I will need:

- (1 Ah * 1000 mAh/Ah) / (180 mAh/g) = 5.56 g of NMC 622 for the cathode

- (1 Ah * 1000 mAh/Ah) / (372 mAh/g) = 2.69 g of graphite for the anode

In a full cell, the current applied to the battery discharges (or charges) of course both the anode and the cathode with the same current. For instance, if I apply a discharge current of 1 A to the battery, I will get:

- 1 A / 5.56 g = 0.18 A/g of current rate at the cathode

- 1 A / 2.69 g = 0.37 A/g of current rate at the anode

As you see, the anode and the cathode are in this case discharged at a different current per unit mass, but the current per unit capacity (i.e., the C-rate) is the same! In fact, having both anode and cathode the same capacity:

- 1 A / 1 Ah = 1 h ⁻¹ (=1C) at the cathode

- 1 A / 1 Ah = 1 h ⁻¹ (=1C) at the anode

Hence, normalizing with the capacity using the C-rate has the advantage of understanding better what would be the performance of a material in a full cell configuration, since as you saw in almost any case the cathode and anode materials have different specific capacities.

Donald,

Thank you very much for your valuable answer.

Nicolò

Dear Shayan Javanmardi ,

for a commercial (18650 brand?, and/or link?) battery, you must say more, e.g. about its' previous charge/discharge/relaxation (note SOH?) 'historical' phases and other possible treetments, at least, just before this isolated/cropped (your diagram: 'Layout1.tif') discharging (C-rate ?) phase.

Toma Stankulov Thank you very much for your answer, but I still have some questions.

1. The potential of the anode lithium metal is -3.04 V, but I can't find the potential of the cathode LiFePO₄ just after assembly, which cannot be calculated.

2. Why does low ionic conductivity lead to an increase in open-circuit voltage (Up to 3.4V)?

Sorry outside of my field

Thanks

I am trying to model behaviour of cylindrical battery with different cooling arrangements. For this i am taking reference from a module available on application library of COMSOL on li battery 3d thermal model, where they have coupled 1-d model with 3-d. There they have not used charge discharge behaviour. I want help in this modeling.

Aluminium-ion batteries are an attractive alternative to traditional Li-ion batteries because they could potentially offer a longer lifespan, greater cost-effectiveness, and faster charging times. Graphene is used as the cathode material in aluminium-ion batteries because it is highly conductive and can effectively store charge. Additionally, graphene can provide excellent flexibility and stability to the battery structure, which helps to improve the overall performance.

Here are some answers to your questions regarding pouch cell battery tabs:

When it comes to packaging and setup for surface mount battery/supercapacitor setups, there are a few key factors to consider. Firstly, you need to ensure that the package is compatible with the surface mount technology (SMT) process. This typically involves using a standard surface mount package, such as a quad flat no-lead (QFN) package. Additionally, you need to consider the thermal management requirements for the device, as supercapacitors and batteries can generate heat during operation. It may be necessary to incorporate thermal vias or heatsinks into the package design to dissipate heat effectively. Finally, you need to ensure that the package design provides adequate protection for the device during shipping, handling, and use.

There are lots of ways to connect the leads from a battery cycler to a cell, and this design should be based on your specific requirements. Since you're building a custom device, there won't be an off-the-shelf solution to fit. If you'd like to explain the dimensions of the device you're building, the layout of the cells within it, and the tools available to you, then the community could suggest appropriate connectors/cables for the application and how to verify the cell contacts will not introduce variability/resistance.

You may try graphical state space model solved by factor graph optimization.

I can suggest you the Neware battery tester, it has low price and very good performances

See some valuable answers in this post as well:

Hi Oliver,

I think the first part of your question has been answered previously by Dr. Kuksenko. You can check it out to get more perspectives.

(https://www.researchgate.net/post/if_discharge_capacity_is_higher_than_charge_capacity_in_lithium_ion_half_cell_from_anode)

Impedance is measuring the overall health and performance of the battery. It can detect battery degradation, abnormal conditions, and aging to ensure proper maintenance and extend battery life. It helps monitor the battery's state of charge and capacity loss.

Connecting a hybrid supercapacitor to an electrochemical workstation (ECW) necessitates a few stages and considerations, including the type of supercapacitor, ECW, and experiment to be done. ECWs of various varieties have varying capabilities and interfaces. It is critical to select an ECW that is compatible with the supercapacitor and the experiment. The supercapacitor will have a positive and negative terminal that should be linked to the ECW's positive and negative terminals. The ECW will be able to regulate the voltage across the supercapacitor and measure the current as a result of this. The ECW may need to be set up with appropriate voltage or current ranges or waveforms depending on the sort of experiment being conducted. Depending on the experiment being run and the kind of supercapacitor used, this will change. The experiment can be carried out once the supercapacitor is attached and the ECW is set up. The supercapacitor may be charged and discharged, the current and voltage may be measured, and data may be analysed.

There are several methods for solving or dealing with multi-objective optimization problems in cloud computing architecture, some of which include:

It's worth noting that the best approach for a specific problem will depend on the characteristics of the problem and the resources available. Additionally, it's important to keep in mind that multi-objective optimization problems can have multiple solutions and often require trade-offs between objectives.

Check out this center: https://cbmm.ku.edu/collaboration.shtml

Hello, it is possible to connect batteries in parallel to create a larger battery pack; however, it is important to consider the safety risks and potential issues that can arise from using batteries with different SOCs and capacities.

When connecting batteries in parallel, it is important to ensure that the batteries have similar characteristics, such as capacity and internal resistance, to ensure that they will perform similarly and charge and discharge at the same rate. If the batteries have different characteristics, the one with the lower capacity or higher internal resistance will be overworked and may fail prematurely.

It is also important to ensure that the batteries are at similar SOC levels/Voltages before connecting them in parallel. If the batteries have different SOC levels, the one with the lower SOC will be overcharged and may fail prematurely. It's important to understand that not all Lithium-ion batteries are similar, they can have different voltage profiles and even different voltage windows, so it's omportant to test them seperatly with specialized equipment.

Also, keep a close eye on the batteries' performance and capacity, if they start to behave differently, it may be necessary to replace them.

When choosing batteries, it's important to choose high-quality batteries that have similar characteristics in terms of capacity and internal resistance. Also, it's important to check the battery's age and not use batteries that are too old.

It's important to note that the safety of your battery pack is the most important aspect, because lithium-ion batteries can explode and catch fire, which causes severe impacts.

Dear Puneet, find the attachment that guides you through the solution

Hi,

You also have BLAST and, for this, the Battery Software Open Source Landscape, BOLD, GT-AUTOLION...

For more information about this subject, I suggest you see the links on the topic.

Best regards

Hey, hmm is there any voltage plateau that appears ? sometimes we just tend to put the order of electrodes so that the voltage is initially positive, which is not always correct, so keep an eye on which electrod is the LFP and which is Graphite and make sure to put the positive as LFP and then charge.

Also, sometimes it's because there is a low first columbic efficiency of Graphite and that it's not prelithiated, so the LFP will loose Lithium and it will all be lost in forming the SEI. So for this, try to make half cells (with lithium metal as anode) for each material alone and see how it behaves, in order to choose the right ratio of Anode capacity/ Cathode capacity. Then you can try to make three electrodes cell with Lithium as the third electrode, so you can see is it the LFP that does not loose Lithium and does the lithium ion intercallate propery in the anode.

Test is a test - Yes or No or a definite answer.

Scale captures the preferences which can be taken as definite answers if required.

Battery is a series of tests.

Inventory is a collection of items which can be in the form of "test" or "scale" .

Both Test and Scales are designed to capture the response of the subjects to certain psychological construct.

Thank you for your help An-Giang Nguyen I appreciate it

Preeti Kanawjia Follow these methods to associate a battery of behavioral change characteristics to a battery of beginning attitudes/aptitudes:

1. Determine the precise behavioral change characteristics and beginning attitudes/aptitudes you wish to include in the analysis.

2. Collect data on a sample of people's behavioral change traits and beginning attitudes/aptitudes. This can be accomplished by self-report measurements, observation, or another type of evaluation.

3. Calculate the correlation coefficient between the behavioral change features and the beginning attitudes/aptitudes using statistical software (such as Excel, SPSS, or R). The Pearson correlation coefficient is a popular way to assess the strength and direction of a link between two variables.

4. Interpret the correlation analysis results. A positive correlation suggests that greater scores on one variable are related to higher scores on the other, whereas a negative correlation shows that higher scores on one measure are related to lower ratings on the other. The magnitude of the correlation coefficient (i.e., its size relative to 1.0) can be used to assess the strength of the link.

5. Take into account any potential confounding variables that may be impacting the link between behavioral change features and beginning attitudes/aptitudes. It is critical to account for any potential confounding variables in order to interpret the correlation analysis results correctly.

I hope you find this info useful! Please let me know if you have any more inquiries.

Also about copper cleaning ― at this forum:

Hello dear Manuel, as I remember, using ANSYS FLUENT ECM battery model.

hello

unfortunately is not mu skill.

A solid-state electrolyte would have two major advantages (asuming that you find one with sufficient stability and conductivity):

1) It will form stable interfaces to the electrodes (being solid, you may even have the possibility to sandwich two electrolytes - one stable towards the anode and one stable towards the cathode)

2) The transference number of the active ion (e.g. Li+) will be 1 in a true solid-state electrolyte. This will have the (often overlooked ) advantage that you can use thicker electrodes, as the electrode utilisation will not be limited by salt depletion, as is the case with liquid electrolytes - see e.g. K. West, T. Jacobsen, and S. Atlung: “Modeling of Porous Insertion Electrodes with Liquid Electrolyte”. J. Electro­chem. Soc. 129 1480‑85 (1982).

To get a sufficiently high conductivity in a solid-state electrolyte is, however a problem that apparently is not solved at the moment ;-)

Keld

The simple way I can come up with now is to formulate an optimization problem with the objective function of the size of the battery (probably plus other objectives with weights). The constraints would be the operation limits of the systems, like voltage/current/ power limits.

Then, if the formulated optimization problem is convex, you can use commercial solvers (e.g., CPLEX) to solve it efficiently.

On the other hand, there are a few non-convex solvers (e.g., GUROBI, IPOpt), but it may take a longer time to solve. Another way is that you should first handle the non-convex constraints or objective terms by using convexification or approximation techniques, then use convex solvers which are computationally efficient.

Hi Jalal,

The motor is also not vacuum-compatible.

Electric motors need cooling, and this is done by air.

If you use it without air cooling, it will burn after a few moments and contaminate the PVD chamber

Maybe, you should use a vacuum Rotary feed through

No, impedance is not enough to assess an anode material (I wish!). Suitability is complex and dependent on the battery application (for example, optimizing for power, or energy density, or safety, or long life, etc).

Isolation is expensive, components also usually become more expensive for higher isolation values, and higher voltages result in more parasitic electrical effects. I'm pretty sure these are the main reasons why it is not done, efficiency is a secondary issue wrt system cost.

Thanks for your answer and look forward to reading your work :) Claude Le Gressus

Si based anode materials have such a higher discharge capacity that I would doubt that you could detect any influence caused by a layer of Si oxide.. You could synthesize the material in the precense of certain amount of carbon in order to create some carbon-reduction during calcination to protect you material if you are using sintering methods. The best way would alway be storing your electro active materials in a glove box... the continuos pasivation of Si or its influence may be a reasearch of its own that you could evaluate through EIS

Thanks An-Giang Nguyen

Hi Bernard Berbe

The temperature in the Arrhenius law is dynamic and is a function of the temperature at measurement. I believe your consideration is that the temperature is fixed and it's the energy barrier that might be changing. However, it is the other way around -- the energy barrier remains unchanged for a range of temperatures (where this range of temperatures shows that the rate law is valid at any temperature).

It's for the same reason that you might see an Arrhenius fit often being obtained from the experimental value of log(rate) vs 1/T (or 1/K_b*T).

Dear Rehan Khan,

I propose the following research topic for you: Analysis of the determinants of the feasibility of developing and implementing a new generation of batteries, which would be characterised by significantly higher energy storage capacity, electric charging time, long service life, multiple charging and a technological process for recycling used batteries. This issue is particularly important for the development of renewable energy, e.g. wind energy, solar energy, etc. This topic is also particularly important for the development of electromobility and also, for example, for the development of hydrogen energy, e.g. where a hydrogen production company would be powered by electricity from renewable energy sources. This topic is also important in the context of the development of the current energy crisis and the prospective climate crisis. Within the framework of creating a new generation of more efficient batteries, the issue of sourcing rare metals, e.g. lithium, as part of the construction of new sustainable mines is also an important issue. In addition to this, as part of the development of a new generation of more efficient batteries, it may be important to investigate from a physical and biochemical point of view the production and storage of electricity in the bodies of various forms of animals, which are characterised by extremely high efficiency in the production of electricity for external use, e.g. as a defence mechanism. Many forms of living organisms are still characterised by a much higher efficiency of the specific physico-biochemical processes taking place in their biological organisms compared to those used by humans as analogous processes in the production of specific materials or energy.

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Depending on the performed analysis you can extract different parameters.

If following the Bruce-Vincent method you can extract the lithium transference number, if needed.

Other analysis, such as cronopotentiometry testing at constant current, will provide the mechanical stability of the electrolyte against dendrite growth.

Instead, if you perform Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy you can obtain the resistance of the system and, knowing the geometrical parameters, the ionic conductivity.

Hello Djef Brak ,

Apologies for the delay.

I did a discharge test in amesim with 150 [A] and waited until 0% SOC. I've got 900 [W] heat loss so it's approx. 2,5 [kW/m²]. I thought it's an acceptable value for this type of configuration but i am not an expert :D Does this seem reasonable?

Thanks,

Dear Sonat Ghosh,

Yes, I also think along the same lines as you. Hydrogen fuel is the future of both motoring, road system communication and energy supply for buildings, businesses, etc. It is the most clean, pro-environmental and pro-climate energy source. On the other hand, it is essential to improve the technology for recycling used batteries, expanding and modernising electricity grids, building hydrogen production facilities powered by electricity from other types of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind or other energy. This issue is particularly important in the context of the necessary pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the energy sector, i.e. the development of emission-free energy sources. This is particularly important in order to smoothly and quickly reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, slow down the process of global warming and limit the scale of any future climate catastrophe.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

High capacitance may be due contribution from the pseudo capacitance. As high surface area contribute EDLC but may not ensure a high pseudo capacitance. I have also observed a higher capacitance from GO and attributed it to the presence of functional group.

you may check the following article

Graphene oxide surface chemistry regulated growth of SnO2 nanoparticles for electrochemical application

@An-Giang Nguyen I know that optimal range of lithium is 10 to 25 degree depend on the manufacturer or whether it is lithium ion or titanate

Excluding battery once we achieve cryocooling it will be resulting in more efficiency,power and performance main reason forthis project is to cool electric plane in future

The most commonly used electrolyte is 1 M LiTFSI in 1:1 v/v ratio of DME and DOL solvents with LiNO3 as an additive

You can treat the separator in oxygen plasma or grow materials like MOFs and COFs to functionalize it.

You can use CMC as a binder. It's water based and safe