Banking Industry - Science topic

Zimbabwe's economy is unique in that volatile and unpredictable so do such technologies apply in such an economy?

Time ranges from 2015 to 2024?

The main purpose of a central bank's activities is to take care of the value of money, its stability against other currencies and the security of the banking system. However, since the 1970s, since the period of the rise of monetarism developed in accordance with Milton Fredman's concept of monetarism, the increase in the scale of economic globalisation, the transition of international monetary systems from the USD-based system, the system established after the Second World War in Bretton Woods to a system of free market exchange rates, the abandonment in the USA of gold parity with the USD currency, the growth of multinational corporations, the increased importance of speculative financial transactions carried out on foreign capital markets, including securities markets, etc. Central banks are also involved in the processes of stabilising the economy as part of anti-crisis programmes and protecting national labour markets, with the aim of limiting the scale of the increase in unemployment. In some countries, these new, additional central bank functions are added to the legal regulations shaping the functioning of the central bank. In some countries, the issue of linking the central bank's monetary policy is implemented informally.

For years, the central bank in Poland has also been conducting speculative transactions on international financial markets using various currencies and securities. For many previous years, the bank generated a net profit of PLN 9-10 billion of which 95 per cent of this profit was transferred to the state budget by the politically connected central bank to the government, instead of feeding the central bank's reserves and increasing the security of the financial system. For 2021, the central bank in Poland, i.e. the National Bank of Poland, generated as much as PLN 11 billion in net profit thanks to speculative transactions on the international financial markets, almost all of which went to the state budget rather than to central bank reserves, as usual. The annual profit generated by the central bank in Poland until 2021 was a consequence of, among other things, the monetary policy pursued by the bank, which consisted in successive depreciation of the domestic currency PLN against other currencies. However, for 2022, the National Bank of Poland unexpectedly raked in a historically record loss of PLN 17 billion. Could it be that the speculative transactions carried out in 2022 on the international financial markets turned out to be wrong this time? In addition, another key question arises: to what extent will this kind of situation result in a decrease in the level of security of the entire banking system?

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the acceleration of the digitization and Internetization of various aspects of the business activities of companies and enterprises, Internet-implemented processes for the sale of products and services, Internet-implemented payments and settlements, Internet-implemented marketing communications with customers, and so on. Much earlier, in the 1990s, in some countries, the first companies began to develop their business activities, including the sale of certain products and/or services via the Internet, the first Internet businesses began to operate, Internet startups, dotcoms growing rapidly, portals offering Internet information services, earning money from the sale of Internet advertising, and so on. At that time, electronic banking was already developing rapidly, offering its banking services remotely, first to institutional clients, and then to individual clients, to citizens. Electronic banking initially providing remote banking services in the form of so-called home banking, and then at the turn of the century transformed into online banking and then into mobile banking. Successively, therefore, the electronification, digitization and Internetization of banking is progressing year by year. In some countries, as early as the late 1990s, there were already considerations about the future of Internet banking development. The possibility of a full transition of banking to online banking was considered, as well as the full replacement of money existing in traditional form, i.e. in the form of banknotes and coins, to the form of electronic money. Already at that time there were theories suggesting that soon, in a few years, all banking will become Internet banking, that physically existing bank branches will disappear completely, physically existing money will disappear from citizens' wallets and will be completely replaced by its electronic counterpart. A continuation of this kind of considerations is the transition of central banks to a kind of form of electronic central banking and the replacement of traditional money with digital currency generated and introduced into the economy by central banks within the framework of shaped monetary policy. In a situation where the progressive processes of digitization and internetization would also apply to central banking then monetary policy could also be subject to these processes. Well, during the Covid-19 pandemic, there was also an increased interest in the development of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) in some countries. Some countries have attempted to introduce digital currencies of central banks. An interesting issue is the possibility of involving Blockchain technology in the development of systems based on central banks' digital currencies, which could ensure a high level of security for these digital currencies. However, both the positive aspects of the introduction of central banks' digital currencies for the formation of monetary policy, which would also be implemented more digitally, are still not fully recognized. The negative aspects of the introduction of financial systems and their development based on central banks' digital currencies are also not diagnosed. It is not fully explored what new risks in financial markets can be generated by the introduction of central banks' digital currencies. It is not known how the introduction of digital currencies of central banks could affect the stability of financial systems, the situation in financial markets and the macroeconomic stability of the economy as a whole.

I have described the key issues of the central banking problem in my articles below:

Synergy of post-2008 Anti-Crisis Policy of the Mild Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank

Analysis of the effects of post-2008 anti-crisis mild monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank

A safe monetary central banking policy as a significant instrument for liquidity maintenance in the financial system

ACTIVATING INTERVENTIONIST MONETARY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM

Anti-crisis state intervention and created in media images of global financial crisis

I invite you to get acquainted with the issues described in the above-mentioned publications and to scientific cooperation in these issues.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Globally, financial institutions, including commercial and investment banks continue to finance on a large scale the development of dirty energy based on the burning of fossils and the mining sector involved in extracting fossil fuels from the earth's crust. On the other hand, in recent years, financial institutions, including commercial banks recognizing the growth of pro-environmental, pro-climate and pro-environmental awareness of citizens, i.e. also customers of banking product and service offerings. Therefore, in order to improve their image in advertising campaigns, conferences, public relations meetings, etc., they present themselves as green financial institutions offering green loans, green bonds and other forms of green external financing. So-called green external financing is carried out by banks on the same terms or on a slightly promotional basis vis-à-vis other types of external financing not qualified by the definition of these terms as green financing. The research shows that financial institutions, including commercial banks are practicing greenwashing by advertising so-called green loans, i.e. loans which they have been providing for many years on a small scale and recently, in connection with the fashionable trends for sustainable economy, green economy, green transformation, closed loop economy, realization of sustainable development goals, have called green loans. In addition, individual commercial banks in order to distinguish themselves from each other in terms of their green financing offers and their green financial institution missions, missions articulated in advertising campaigns and marketing communications with customers are for the same issues of green, sustainable, zero-carbon closed loop economy use different terms for the same issues. Well, in marketing communications using the issues of the above-mentioned issues, they use different terms for sustainable economy, green economy, green economy transformation, closed loop economy, realization of sustainable development goals, etc. Since commercial banks have for many years been lending, among other things, to such economic ventures as the construction of sewage treatment plants, the erection of a windmill to generate electricity, the acquisition of new technologies by a municipal cleaning company, etc., and it is only recently that this financing has been called green financing and is particularly promoted and highlighted in advertising campaigns that there are considerations about the possibility of large-scale greenwashing by financial institutions operating in this way. Just as many years ago, when the concepts of sustainable economy, sustainable development goals, zero-carbon economy, closed-loop economy did not appear in the marketing communications of commercial banks, media debates, or did not yet exist at all, commercial banks financed pro-environmental business ventures, which at the time were not defined and defined in such a way. However, both at that time, e.g. in the late 1990s and earlier, the scale of lending that financed pro-environmental, pro-climate, pro-sustainability economic ventures was relatively small. The situation is similar today. In the 1990s in Poland, even a commercial bank, which has the term “Bank Ochrony Środowiska” in its name, also granted loans to finance projects that had nothing to do with ecology and sustainable economic development and the financing that we now call green was only part of the total lending activity. On the other hand, the relatively small increase in the scale of green lending by commercial banks recorded in recent years is due to the banks' use of emerging opportunities for co-participation in green financing programs for investment projects carried out mainly in the field of green transformation of the energy sector, including, for example, financing the installation by prosumers of photovoltaic panels on the roofs of their properties or businesses based on financial subsidies from the state's public finance system and/or European Union grants. Co-participation of commercial banks involves, for example, providing bridge loans to borrowers who, using subsidies from the state's public finance system, implement certain pro-climate and/or pro-environmental economic projects. In POlska, some such programs for financing green economic ventures with subsidies are combined with the obligatory use of bridge loans pending the transfer of subsidies. In Poland, banks have lobbied in the political sphere for this kind of solution in order to increase for themselves the market for loans granted and to increase the scale of the various types of loans that have been granted for years, which now then qualify for so-called green financing. In addition, commercial banks are motivated to develop green financing by the new European Union regulations coming into force regarding the corporate obligations imposed first on large corporations, large enterprises and companies and in subsequent years, i.e. from 2025 onwards, also on SME operators with regard to obligations to implement expanded, non-financial ESG reporting. The aforementioned expanded, non-financial ESG reporting is to play the role of increasing the transparency of companies, including equity companies, listed companies to shareholders, business counterparties and customers, and is to play the role of a motivator to increase the scale of implementation of pro-climate, pro-environmental, green business ventures, increase the scale of inclusion in the processes of green transformation of the economy and the implementation of sustainable development goals. commercial banks have seen in this process synergies for themselves and new opportunities for business development and cooperation with key customers such as business entities. Subsequently, all these emerging opportunities in recent years that banks use to scale up the development of green financing are presented in advertising campaigns as key determinants of their banking business presented as green banking, socially responsible banking, climate and environmentally responsible banking, banking that pursues many of the goals of sustainable development, banking that is highly supportive of the green transformation of the economy which is often an outstanding exaggeration of this issue, i.e. presenting themselves as green financial institutions. In view of the above, many commercial banks that currently use the technique of presenting themselves in marketing communications as green financial institutions on a large scale are practicing greenwashing.

I have described key aspects of the realities of the so-called green finnsing currently practiced by commercial banks, including the green loans they provide and many other key aspects of the green transformation of the economy in the article:

I invite you to familiarize yourself with the issues described in the publications given above, as well as to scientific cooperation in these issues.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion about it?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In the country where I operate just before the outbreak of the global financial crisis of 2008, commercial banks were extensively issuing mortgages denominated in foreign currency, mainly in Swiss franc, i.e. CHF. Mortgage offers offered in CHF were deliberately structured very attractively for customers, which resulted in a strong increase in lending actions on this type of loans. In 2006-2007, lending actions carried out within the framework of mortgages denominated in CHF grew so strongly that they significantly exceeded lending actions carried out within the framework of mortgages granted in the domestic currency, i.e. in PLN. However, in reality, the offers of these loans were not as attractive as initially presented to customers by the banks. At that time, in the context of high stock valuations on stock exchanges, rising prices of raw materials on wholesale commodity markets, high economic growth rates, rapidly rising real estate prices, good economic conditions, Poland's plans to join the euro zone, the PLN domestic currency exchange rate was in an upward trend. The banks, based on their macroeconomic analysis, knew what was going on, they knew about the overvalued assets, the overvalued PLN against other currencies, etc. The average customer, the potential borrower, did not have this knowledge. Banks took advantage of the asymmetry of information regarding the aforementioned issues of the macroeconomic situation of the economy, the valuation of assets on the capital markets, the level of exchange rates.

Within the framework of their CHF-denominated mortgages, they passed the currency risk arising from changes in exchange rates and the risk of changes in interest rates by the central bank in Switzerland onto the borrowers. Soon after the global financial crisis erupted in mid-September 2008, the exchange rate of the currency of a relatively non-large developing economy with higher investment risk, i.e. the PLN exchange rate against other currencies, instead of continuing to rise it began to fall sharply. The CHF exchange rate, on the other hand, rose rapidly, resulting in a significant increase in the size of the amounts paid to the bank by borrowers with the aforementioned loans in CHF in installments as part of their loan repayments. Before the global financial crisis of 2008, mortgage installments denominated in CHF were significantly lower compared to the situation if the same loan had been taken on analogous terms but in the domestic currency of PLN. On the other hand, after the outbreak of the aforementioned financial crisis, the situation reversed dramatically, as the amount of money paid to the bank in installments of repaid CHF loans increased significantly, and there were later situations that it exceeded the situation if the same loan had been taken on analogous terms but in the domestic currency of PLN. In addition, the loan agreements contained provisions that were prohibited from the point of view of good standards and guidelines of regulatory and supervisory institutions, abusive clauses. The abusive clauses in question were included in these agreements as part of the asymmetry of information used by the banks, occurring in their relations with customers.

In view of the above, the granting of mortgage loans in foreign currency is a deliberate exploitation by commercial banks of the information asymmetry occurring in relations with borrowers, is the transfer of currency risk by the bank to customers, and is an activity that is contrary to the principles of business ethics, corporate social responsibility of banking and, consequently, leads to a decline in the level of public confidence of citizens in relation to banks. Thus, the issue of CHF-denominated mortgages has become one of the significant factors deteriorating the image of commercial banks from the point of view of customers. The granting of mortgage loans denominated in CHF has caused a deterioration in the reputation of commercial banks operating in Poland, a decrease in the level of social responsibility of the banking business and, consequently, also a deterioration in the image of banks as institutions of social trust.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Green finance, green bonds, green credit, green banking, etc. are all important issues of a green, sustainable closed-loop economy. Banks, by providing green loans, finance green, pro-environmental, pro-climate, sustainable economic projects, which are an important part of the green transformation of the economy, in which the building of a green, sustainable closed-loop economy is carried out. This process is becoming in many countries a strategic, key program segment of environmental, climate, energy, agricultural, transportation development, construction, waste management, nature resource management, forest management, etc. policies. This process includes a strategic plan to carry out a pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess to a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth and closed-loop economy. The financial sector, including the banking and investment fund sector, is playing an increasingly important role in realizing the aforementioned green transformation of the economy. This is due to the need to allocate more and more money to green economic ventures. Besides, taking into account the rate of progressive climate change, including, above all, the accelerating process of global warming, it is necessary to significantly increase the scale of implementation of pro-environmental and pro-climate economic projects, which should result in a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, reducing the level of environmental pollution, reducing the scale of waste and consumption of natural resources, including the key resources for industrial development, non-renewable raw materials and clean water resources, which should be a renewable resource, but in the increasing area of land areas subject to drought is becoming a non-renewable and scarce resource. The scale of financing for green economic projects implemented in highly developed countries is insufficient in relation to needs, and in economically underdeveloped countries there is usually an even greater deficit in financing the green transformation of the economy. This issue is particularly relevant given that most of the economically underdeveloped countries are located in tropical, subtropical areas, in zones particularly vulnerable to permanent and increasingly frequent periods of severe drought and/or violent storms and downpours, rapid soil aridity and other negative effects of the ongoing process of global warming. In this regard, highly developed countries should increase the scale of financial assistance to less economically developed countries in order to support the financing of green economic projects that play a key role in the implementation of the green economic transformation plan. Because within the framework of international finance, internationally operating banks, i.e. the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, which also finance green economic ventures to a certain extent, play an important role. Other key institutions in financial systems include central banks, which shape monetary policy, are banks of the state and banks of banks, influence the level of liquidity in the banking sector and the level of credit, investment, etc. risks taken by financial institutions and non-financial sector operators. Accordingly, central banks can also play an important role in the context of green finance, green financing, influencing commercial banks' lending activities of granting green loans and issuing green corporate bonds. In view of the above, central banks acting as a bank of banks vis-à-vis commercial banks can therefore motivate commercial banks to conduct green banking, including granting green loans and issuing green bonds. In the framework of what could be called green central banking, central banks could provide loans on preferential terms to commercial banks for the development of green lending, with the help of which pro-environmental, pro-climate and/or pro-environmental economic ventures would be financed, e.g. by financing the development of energy based on renewable energy sources, development of sustainable organic agriculture, improvement of waste separation and recycling technologies, development of electromobility, sustainable construction, development of green smart cities, construction of rainwater harvesting facilities, seawater desalination, reforestation of industrially degraded areas, etc. In the context of this issue, there is the question of possible opportunities and conditions for the creation of a strategy involving central banks conducting what could be described as a green monetary policy.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

A key function of central banks in the context of their monetary policy is to take care of the value of money. In the context of increasingly frequent financial and economic crises, central banking increasingly applies other additional priorities related to the functioning of the country's economy when conducting monetary policy. Over the past few decades, mainly since the period of the oil crises of the 1970s, there has been a successive increase in the importance of the monetary policy of central banks carried out in more or less formal correlation with the socio-economic, budgetary, fiscal and social policies of the government taking into account the issues of changes in the rate of economic growth of the national economy, changes in the level of activity of the economic processes of companies and enterprises, changes in the situation in the labor markets and especially the issue of changes in the level of unemployment.

Just before the outbreak of the Great Depression of the 1930s and just before the outbreak of the global financial crisis of 2008, central banks first pursued a mild monetary policy for many years, so that when serious symptoms of an imminent financial and economic crisis appeared, resulting in a potentially high increase in unemployment and the occurrence of a recession in the economy, interest rates were raised, which then caused difficulties in servicing loans in many highly indebted companies and enterprises. Consequently, measures that were supposed to act as anti-crisis measures contributed to the accelerated development of the financial and economic crisis.

Over the past few decades of time, the importance of central banking has increased as not only the institution that shapes monetary policy, on which depends not only the value of money, but also the liquidity situation in the banking sector, the level of commercial bank lending, the scale of credit risk accepted by commercial banks in their bank lending activities and, indirectly, the economic and financial situation of many companies and enterprises that are clients of commercial banks. Therefore, also the changes made by central bank governors usually every few quarters or years in monetary policy strategies correlate to a large extent with what happens to the issue of inflation, if it is demand inflation and indirectly also the issue of monetary policy conducted can be correlated to a serious degree with important factors describing the macroeconomic situation of the economy.

The research shows that any type of monetary policy, i.e. conducted according to an anti-crisis and/or pro-development model of lax or tightened monetary policy conducted by central banking, may involve the risk of either succeeding in generating positive, pro-development effects supporting economic development or making mistakes and generating financial losses in many economic entities and leading to a financial and economic crisis. The idea is that lessons should be learned from the mistakes made at central banks in terms of the monetary policies that are carried out, that monetary policies should be realistically improved based on the conclusions of research, that financial systems should be increasingly secure, that societies should not lose public confidence in institutionalized financial systems and, thanks to this, that another major financial and economic crisis should not occur in the future.

This issue is particularly important because of the security of the entire state financial system, since the central bank, in addition to being a bank of banks and a bank of issue, is first and foremost a bank of the state that creates monetary policy and participates in the creation of money. Since the security of the financial system is largely based on public confidence in the system, including the banking system, so every bank, including the central bank, should carry out its goals and tasks with full integrity, should not engage in international financial operations with a high risk of speculative investment, and should conduct monetary policy in such a way that it does not make serious mistakes in its conduct that result in the occurrence of subsequent financial and economic crises.

I have described the key issues of the central banking problem in my articles below:

Comparisons of the monetary policy of the central banks of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank and the National Bank of Poland

Synergy of post-2008 Anti-Crisis Policy of the Mild Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank

Analysis of the effects of post-2008 anti-crisis mild monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank

A safe monetary central banking policy as a significant instrument for liquidity maintenance in the financial system

ACTIVATING INTERVENTIONIST MONETARY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM

Anti-crisis state intervention and created in media images of global financial crisis

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scholars and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Is this universally true: "Nuclear Uncertainty Threaten Financial Markets? The Attention Paid to North Korean Nuclear Threats and Its Impact on South Korea's Financial Markets... Moreover, the investor attention paid to the nuclear risk reduced stock prices, especially in the banking industry, during the entire sample period" (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/asej.12142, First published: 25 March 2018).

If it was not, how about working together for being updated?

The influence of Financial Technology (Fintech) backed by ICT information technologies and Industry 4.0/5.0 on commercial banking has been growing in recent years. Commercial banks, concerned about the development of Financial Technology (Fintech) in support of the sale of online information services, the development of financial intermediation, online payments developed as part of the offerings of Internet-based technology companies, are trying to implement similar solutions into the developed online and mobile banking. The implementation of ICT and Industry 4.0/5.0 information technologies, including recently Big Data Analytics, cloud computing and generative artificial intelligence, among others, can be helpful in the framework of creating Financial Technology (Fintech) solutions in commercial banks.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I am currently on the preliminary stages of my PhD thesis research and I am planning to extend my research on Banking Industry Sustainable Growth rate under risk, by analyzing South East European Countries Banking Industry. However, to further extend my topic I need data from Bank Focus but my Institution is not subscribed in this database.

Does anyone know how to acquire access to Bank Focus? Does anyone know of an alternative database we can look into?

The increase in pro-environmental, pro-climate and pro-environmental awareness of citizens is also resulting in a change in business strategy towards increasing the achievement of sustainability goals, producing product and/or service offerings described as green, adding green economy and sustainability issues to the mission of the business entity, etc. of many companies, businesses, financial and public institutions. An increasing number of banks and other financial institutions, with the aim of improving their image in advertising campaigns, on their websites, at events and in public relations activities, are presenting themselves as pursuing sustainable development goals, caring for the future of future generations of citizens and, therefore, their customers, and joining the increasingly widespread trend of pro-climate and pro-environmental actions consisting of business development taking into account the implementation of technological solutions contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. As part of this effort to portray themselves as green financial institutions, some banks and other financial institutions annually organise competitions with financial prizes for startups creating, developing and implementing green technologies and energy eco-innovations facilitating the development of renewable and emission-free energy sources, green technologies enhancing the potential for saving drinking water, eco-innovations facilitating the development of sustainable organic agriculture, green technologies improving the efficiency of waste sorting and recycling processes, the development of electro-mobility, enhancing opportunities for low-carbon construction and other green technologies and eco-innovations that will make it possible to build a zero-carbon, sustainable, green circular economy in the shorter term. The best pro-climate and pro-environmental projects developed and implemented by startups receive funding from banks to increase the capacity and scale of development and business implementation of green technologies and eco-innovations. By organising such competitions, banks and other business entities are building a new image for their business, in which sustainability and green business development are to play an increasingly important role. At the same time, they are explaining on their websites why they are joining the increasingly widespread trend in business to scale up specific sustainability goals and carry out business transformation towards achieving zero carbon. The online promotion of such competitions for the best business implementation of new green technologies and eco-innovations also acts as an advertisement for the institution holding the competition as an entity that has added sustainability to its mission. Despite the lack of a system for full verification of the reliability of such promotional activities and assessment of the level of the implementation of sustainable development goals, the reality of doing green business, and the scale of greenwashing, which is occurring more and more frequently, the prevalence of this trend in business in correlation with the growth of general social pro-climate and pro-environmental awareness of citizens performs many positive functions. Among these many positive functions of the processes outlined above, the lobbying of business in the political sphere plays a particularly positive role, which can also cause pro-environmental and pro-climate changes in the content of laws and other legal norms shaping the functioning of economic entities in the economy, taking into account the growing role of sustainability. Such promotional activities of organising and advertising competitions for green start-ups are an important element of building a green image in a commercial bank and support synergistic activities of developing the green credit offer. Simultaneously carried out various types of activities aimed at supporting the development of green businesses of bank clients, implementation of green technologies by clients, carrying out green business ventures by borrowers, pro-climate investments, etc., can create a kind of added value and increase the effectiveness of the processes of building a new image of an increasingly sustainable bank, implementation of a new green mission, development of a green offer of bank products, etc. In this way, banks and other financial institutions can contribute to accelerating the processes of carrying out a pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess to a sustainable, green, zero-carbon growth and closed loop economy. On the other hand, if there is more greenwashing in this kind of activity than reliable implementation of sustainability and green business development, then unfortunately, apart from a kind of repainting of a company's or bank's image in green, there is little real implementation of the green transformation of the economy. There is no institutional system of verification of the level of greenwashing, including the assessment of the reliability of the formulated provisions, the implementation of pro-environmental and pro-climate strategic objectives made by banks and other business entities, the declarations made regarding support, financing the development of green business ventures, financing pro-environmental investments with green loans, etc. The basis for the creation of an institutional system of verification of the level of greenwashing, including the assessment of the reliability of the formulated provisions, declarations of green business development, the level of implementation of the objectives of sustainable development is the issue of a large level of diversity in the scale of activities undertaken by banks and other economic entities to support the development of green businesses developed by customers, as well as the high level of variation in the activities of promoting themselves as green, sustainable business entities and the high level of variation in the declarations introduced by commercial banks regarding programmes for the implementation of sustainable development goals, the bank's participation in the process of reducing emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, the target of achieving a zero-carbon economy and building zero-carbon, sustainable business enterprises.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I am of the view there is gap between banking industry and its customers, when comes to fraud awareness and understanding of internet banking scams. To which the fraudster takes advantage of the gap particularly to phishing, vishing and smishing scams. I am of the view many customers are not understanding these types of scams mainly because they disregard the bank's fraud awareness information or security alerts. Therefore, they disadvantage themselves from being able to safeguard their banking channels against the scammers. Although the banking industry and the related stakeholders are regularly issuing various fraud awareness about phishing, vishing and smishing scams the questions remains whether does this reach the consumers in way that is intended by the banks for customers to apply them in their daily digital banking needs.

At the very beginning of May 2023, another bank in the US, i.e. First Republic Bank, declared bankruptcy and was quickly taken over by one of the largest investment banks JP Morgan. Considering the multitude of assets of this bank prior to the bankruptcy, this is the second largest banking bankruptcy in US history. An already classic mechanism for stopping potential customer panic in the banking sector was used, which was that First Republic Bank of San Francisco was first taken over by a state agency and then resold to a larger bank, i.e. JP Morgan. Financial problems at First Republic Bank were already noticeable from mid-March 2023. These problems quickly began to worsen when two smaller mid-sized investment banking formula banks in the US collapsed, i.e. Signature Bank and Silicon Valley Bank. The bankruptcies of these two banks caused panic among bank customers, who began to withdraw their deposits from many other banks, including First Republic. Consequently, the share price of California-based First Republic Bank also collapsed and entered a stock market crash. At the beginning of 2023, First Republic Bank's share price on the stock exchange was still reaching almost USD 150, while at the end of April 2023, the price was already at only a few USD. During just one trading session on Wall Street, First Republic Bank shares fell by around 50 per cent to US$ 8.1.

The withdrawal of deposits and deposits by bank customers has increased the scale of uncertainty in the financial markets and is linked to a decline in citizens' confidence in the banking sector. This issue, together with persistent inflation, prompted the Federal Reserve Bank to raise interest rates for the 10th time in a row to 5.25 per cent, the highest level since 2007, the year in which the global financial crisis of 2007-2009 began. Two days later, the European Central Bank also raised interest rates by 25 basis points for the 7th time in a row. The process of monetary tightening by two of the largest central banks in the context of global financial markets therefore continues in early May 2023. The tightening of monetary policy is aimed at reducing the levels of acceptable investment and credit risk in the context of transactions in financial markets. A negative side effect of this process is the possibility of a significant reduction in the scale of investment realisation in the real economy and a significant decline in the economic activity of firms and companies. In the situation of the development of such a negative scenario, unemployment may significantly increase, the level of repayment of bank loans may decrease, the level of consumption and tax revenues to the state budget may decrease. An additional systemic risk factor is the high level of debt in the state's public finance system. The steadily growing US public debt of USD 32 trillion will reach the statutory debt limit at the end of June 2023. On the other hand, high inflation helps the government in terms of reducing the scale of public debt servicing costs. However, high inflation with high unemployment can, in a situation of deepening downturn, lead to stagflation, i.e. a situation of economic crisis, during which the possibilities of applying anti-crisis state interventionism are limited.

I will write more on this subject in my book, which I am currently writing. In this monograph I will include the results of my ongoing research on this issue. I invite you to join me in scientific cooperation on this issue.

Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to discussions in scientific problems, and not on ready-made answers generated in ChatGPT, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Hi everyone.

My name is Judith Ejiofor. I am a Master's students at De Montfort University, Leicester. I am doing a research on "The Moderation Role of Percieved Risk: The Relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Consumer Behaviour in the UK Banking Industry.

This questionnaire aims to get data on how potential risks that consumer think they can encounter(perceived risks) while using AI banking services moderate their adoption/usage of artificial intelligence in the UK Banking Industry.

Will you be kind enough to assist in filling out the questionnaire/survry for my dissertation?

Thank you in advance.

Please find attached the link

Dear esteem senior colleagues, I'm currently investigating the systemic risk in the banking industry. I need help on how to empirically estimate these systemic risks methods: Conditional Value at Risk (CoVar) introduced by Adrian & Brunnermeirer (2016); Long Run Marginal Expected Shortfall (LMES) method and SRISK method by Acharya, Engle & Richardson (2012).

Thanks for your usual help.

Improving bank credit risk management is particularly important to reduce the scale of the share of bad loans that are not repaid on time, deteriorating loan portfolios, including paracredit products in commercial banks, including investment banks investing in securities and other speculative investment assets. Thanks to the efficient process of improving bank credit risk management, the scale of financial and economic crises is also reduced. How important it is to improve bank credit risk management and reliably carry out credit risk management, reasonably carry out bank lending, carry out banking in accordance with the principles of business ethics, respect bank customers, apply the principles of corporate social responsibility, shape a high level of good reputation of financial institutions, maintain a high level of public confidence in banks and other financial institutions, etc. this has been shown by the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. Breaking the above-mentioned principles and failing to follow good practices, ignoring the issue of sound application of credit risk management principles leads to serious crises in the financial system, bankruptcy of banks and, consequently, economic crises. On the other hand, in recent years, the greatest number of threats to banking have emerged from the Internet, i.e., the environment in which online and mobile banking is developing. Also during the pandemic of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (Covid-19), due to the strong increase in the scale of e-commerce, online payments and settlements, the scale of development of online banking and also the scale of cybercrime increased. As a result, the importance of banking cybercrime risk management is growing in banks, and the scale of allocating a portion of banks' surplus funds to secure financial transactions, transfers, payments and settlements made remotely through online and mobile banking is increasing. I researched the issue of credit risk management, bank lending procedures, the importance of an effectively conducted credit risk management process, the mistakes made in this regard, i.e. unreliable implementation of the credit risk management process in banks, violations of business ethics and good banking practices, leading to the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. The results of my research are included in publications on the issues of credit risk management, bank lending procedures, the methodology of assessing the creditworthiness of potential borrowers and credit risk of the bank, the scoring method of assessing the creditworthiness of customers and credit risk, the origins of the global financial crisis 2007-2009, etc. can be found in the publications I have posted on my profile of this Research Gate portal. I am currently conducting research in the field of benchmarking on the comparison of procedures, instruments, systems, etc. for credit risk management and cyber risk management. I invite you to cooperate with me on this issue. I request the results of the analogous analyses and studies conducted.

In view of the above, I address the following questions to the esteemed community of researchers and scholars:

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Commercial banks, in an effort to attract new customers, offer a package of financial services and banking products, implement new ICT and Industry 4.0 information technologies into their banking operations in order to improve them, improve the quality and expansion of financial and other services, create facilities for remote access to online and mobile banking offerings, enrich their offerings with new services, including not only financial services. For example, there are banks that add analytics and customer advice on healthy lifestyles and ecological, pro-environmental, pro-climate aspects to bank cards, including credit cards, in line with new trends of sustainable development and green transformation of the economy. Some banks add analytics to bank, payment or credit cards, informing cardholders not only how much money they have spent on the purchase of certain products and/or services, but also what carbon footprint is associated with certain completed or planned purchases.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:

What do you think about this topic?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

To what extent does green lending by banks contribute to the development of pro-environmental, pro-climate, sustainable business ventures?

Are commercial banks that advertise themselves as green banks conducting sustainable banking with a portfolio of banking products really green banks?

Do commercial banks that have added sustainability, climate protection and planetary biosphere protection issues to their new development strategy and/or bank mission promoted in the media really provide many green loans that finance real pro-climate, pro-environmental, sustainable economic ventures conducted by borrowers?

Have the credit risk management procedures resulting from green lending been adequately adapted to the ongoing process of global warming, climate and biosphere change and other impacts of this process?

When assessing the creditworthiness of entrepreneurs planning to realise viable pro-climate, pro-environmental, sustainable business ventures, do banks take into account the issue of the risk of climate change and the specific impacts of this process that may affect the green investment planned for implementation?

How do commercial banks advertising themselves as green, sustainable banks improve their lending procedures and green credit risk management process?

What do you think?

What do you think about this topic?

Please reply,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Finding it difficult to find any solid journals on this question. Which is quite weird seeing the nature of the topic plays a big part in the modren age.

Can any one name existing and under planning use cases of BlockChain Technology?

Like

1) Electronic voting in literature it is available but does it really exist

2) Banking Gross Settlement  like RTGS

3) Cross border payments

4) Supply Chain

I am now taking my masters in Business Administration with specialization in Finance and I would like to ask any possible topic regarding the impact of sustainable/green finance on the financial aspect of banking industry or any related studies would help.

Is the independence of the central bank from the government full and real now? What is your opinion about the central bank's independence from the government?

Is it full and real independence? Should there be full independence or only on some issues?

Or maybe the central bank should run a fully coordinated, parallel cooperation with the government regarding the common economic policy?

Should the monetary policy of the central bank be coordinated with the government's budget policy and to what extent? How is it in your country now?

How do you assess the issue of cooperation between the central bank and the government?

Should the central bank be used by the government to conduct a specific interventionist, anti-crisis economic policy?

The key issues of central banking, including the role of central banks in the banking and financial systems of modern countries, the anti-crisis instruments of soft monetary policy used by central banks, the synergistic actions of central banks using the example of the FED, ECB and NBP are described in the following publication:

And what is your opinion about it?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Please feel free to respond,

I invite you all to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

I would like to invite you to join me in scientific cooperation,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I want to model churn prediction in the banking industry using operation research models. However, I have only secondary data obtained from a customer database.

What kind of scientific research dominate in the field of Credit policy of commercial banks?

Please, provide your suggestions for a question, problem or research thesis in the issues: Credit policy of commercial banks.

Please reply.

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

I am now taking my masters in Business Administration with specialization in Finance and I would to ask any possible topic regarding the sustainable/green finance on the financial aspect of banking industry or any related studies would help.

Can you suggest the appropriate references too?

Is this proxy good also for Islamic banks?

Dear Researchers, Academics, Friends,

In my opinion, the monetary policy coordinated by central banks can not be objectively assessed without taking into account many specific, current determinations describing the condition of financial markets, the issues of financial risk management instruments applied, the condition of the economy and many other macroeconomic factors. The analysis of a particular monetary policy should take into account the dynamic approach of many variables, including cyclical fluctuation reflected in the changes of many economic categories on the financial markets and in the entire economy. A specific monetary policy may be interpreted and evaluated differently depending on many factors surrounding the condition, financial markets and the economy. In support of this thesis, I cite the following various situations surrounding the banking system and the condition of financial markets and the macroeconomic situation in the context of the cyclical nature of the economy:

1. The process of cyclical development of the national and global economy in a multi-annual perspective, which does not develop fully objectively and independently, is only coordinated by actively pursued economic policies in individual countries, primarily through fiscal and financial policy. To this should be added the issue of the growing importance of central banking in banking systems since the 1970s and the processes of globalization, deregulation, liberalization of transactions and the operation of financial markets, applied security instruments and credit risk management, including capital markets.

2. The impact of monetary policy on central banking on economic processes, when this policy is used, for example, to stimulate economic growth in the deep recession of the economic cycle of the entire national economy, in other words, as has been used many times in many countries since the 1970s. also after the appearance of the global financial crisis in September 2008. Initially, the Federal Reserve Bank in the USA applied such an interventionist anti-crisis solution, and then the European Central Bank in the European Union applied analogous interventionist anti-crisis programs. thanks to this, restoring the balance in the economies and restoring economic growth has worked more effectively and faster than if these interventionist anti-crisis programs were not applied.

3. Long-term, the same, analogical, similar to the same formula, the same goals and directions of action, such as monetary policy co-ordinated by a large central bank, which is also of international importance due to the importance of the US economy, ie monetary policy shaped by the Bank Federal Reserve in the USA. This has been the case since the 1990s until the global financial crisis in 2008. Consequently, this particular policy of the Federal Reserve bank before 2008 was considered by many economists to be incorrect, too low interest rates were maintained for a long time, which enabled commercial banks to broaden the liberalization of lending policy, which resulted in granting these loans to persons without creditworthiness when there were no reliable borrowers and the home sales market was growing, prices of real estate and securities on stock exchanges continued to grow speculatively, despite the fact that they were highly overvalued.

In connection with the above, in the current economic reality it is not practically justified to assess the dominant models of applied monetary policies in universal, timeless terms, detached from the specific economic conditions of a given country, from a specific moment in the business cycle, from specific standards of the institution's supervision of the financial system, on the specific quality of the effects achieved in the area of ??the security of the financial system being a derivative of the application of specific solutions and system prudential instruments in the credit risk management process, etc.

On the other hand, it is justified to make objective, scientifically verified assessments of the dominant models of applied monetary policies, but for a specific economic situation, for a given country, for a specific examined and posted financial system functioning in a specific economy, at a specific moment, phase of the economic cycle of the national economy, global situation, specific situation on the capital markets, the level of valuation of securities on stock exchanges, applicable standards and instruments for the security of the financial system, including the effectiveness of supervision institutions over the financial system, including banking, situtions on credit markets, specific scientifically tested and defined standards for the use of bank loans, i.e. level of credit risk for the majority of credit transactions, etc.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

I would like to invite you to discuss in the problems of central banking.

Particularly important issues of central banking, including the role of central banks in the banking and financial systems of modern countries I described in the following publication:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please feel free to respond,

I invite you all to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

I would like to invite you to join me in scientific cooperation,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Dear Researchers, Academics, Friends,

When the global financial crisis began in the autumn of 2008, the central banks of some countries, primarily the Federal Reserve Bank in the USA and the European Central Bank in the European Union, undertook specific anti-crisis measures to reduce the negative effects of the financial crisis at the time.

In view of the above, how do you assess the role of central banking in the area of anti-crisis measures in the event of financial and currency crises?

Particularly important issues of central banking, including the role of central banks in the banking and financial systems of modern countries, the anti-crisis instruments of soft monetary policy used by central banks, the synergistic actions of central banks using the example of the FED, ECB and NBP, the mistakes made by central banks and the factors generating the escalation of financial crises, I described in the following publication:

And what is your opinion about it?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Please feel free to respond,

I invite you all to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Regards,

I would like to invite you to join me in scientific cooperation,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In the area of electronic banking, including mobile banking, commercial banks improve technological solutions for the use of smartphones for the purpose of conducting financial transactions by clients.

Commercial banks spend the most resources on developing security systems, reducing gaps in online banking systems used by cybercriminals and improving IT systems risk management procedures.

The changes taking place in online banking, including mobile banking, are currently determined primarily by the technological progress related to telecommunications and IT devices.

In view of the above, the current question is: Determinants of the development of mobile banking?

Please, answer, comments.

I invite you to the discussion.

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG

I described the problem of cybercrime in publications:

I invite you to discussion and cooperation.

Thank you very much

Best wishes

I am working on the banking sector in the Asian countries and know only about the Bankscope as a data source. I dont have personal access to the database. How can i collect my data? Any suggestion ......

Perhaps in the future the development of electronic, online banks and technology companies developing financial services as fintechs will be implemented in parallel and will lead in many respects to a synthetic model of combining different business concepts of banks and fintechs. In such a situation, it will not be possible to clearly determine who has taken over and dominated the first, or electronic banks or fintechs.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Best wishes

I am looking for links to some free databases of the banking industry of different economies across the world. Thanks in advance.

Commercial banking has several hundred years of development history. Fintechs have been developing only since the end of the 20th century, but the development of some fintechs is many times faster than most banks currently operating. This is the main reason why banks are interested in the development of fintechs. In most countries, fintechs are not yet a significant direct competition for commercial banks, but taking into account their dynamic development in the field of new technologies, online settlements and payments, combining information services with financial or other services and e-commerce, with e-commerce , e-business, however, this may change in the future and this competition may increase significantly in the future.

Banks that are not afraid of competition from fintechs usually do not cooperate only by observing new technologies introduced to the online market of financial transactions by fintechs. However, commercial banks that are afraid of competition from fintechs are either interested in this type of cooperation in the field of technology development or take over these entities in capital transactions, including selected fintechs to capital groups managed by a given bank. There have been transactions of this type in which a commercial bank took control of a fintech, which was a dynamically developing startup or a thriving technology company operating in the new online media sector and new techniques for settlements and payments made electronically. Some banks, fearing competition from fintechs, observe their functioning and try to introduce into their business model solutions similar to those that develop fintechs with positive effects.

In view of the above, I am asking you the following question: Do banks cooperate with fintechs?

Please reply. I invite you to the discussion

How machine learning performs better for internal audit department in the banking industry than usual audit practices. What objectives could be achieved from branch audit, IT audit, Management audit, Thematic audit, and International audit through Machine Learning?

If artificial intelligence is implemented for the online mobile banking, can this banking segment be deprived of employing human capital altogether?

Please reply

Best wishes

Advantages of fintechs over traditional banks, considering consumer banking functions...from both the perspectives of banks and customers...

Many business companies in internet marketing collect and analyze comments, posts, entries, etc. from social media portals.

It is also done by some financial institutions, banks acquiring additional information about potential borrowers and insurance companies against possible conclusion of insurance contract. Commercially operating companies and financial institutions operate in this area on the border of the law on the protection of personal data.

Until this type of acquisition of information about potential customers is legally regulated, then commercially operating companies and financial institutions will conduct such activity. In addition, the issue of the security of this type of data about users of social media portals is of particular importance, as there have been effective cybercriminal attacks that resulted in the theft of personal data of users of social media portals.

I invite you to the discussion

Online mobile banking is dynamically developing because pro-development factors continue to outweigh the factors limiting this development.

The main development factors are the reduction of operating costs for banks and facilitating remote access to banking services, including mobile payments to clients.

Currently, the only barrier to development can be increased activity of cybercriminals stealing data from online banking clients, hacking into online bank accounts of customers and robbing clients of financial means. However, banks have so far quickly identified this type of cybercrime incidents and have been gradually improving their mobile banking security systems.

Another factor limiting the development of online mobile banking may be the number of bank customers interested in this type of banking.

What are the other key determinants of the development of mobile banking?

Please answer

Thank you very much

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG

I described the problem of cybercrime in publications:

I invite you to discussion and cooperation.

Thank you very much

Best wishes

I want to research on confidence of CEO of banking industry in India. For this a database that my literature guides me is factiva.com, which shows global news.

In this CEO can be termed as overconfident, optimistic or underconfident, pessimistic in the various news which factiva can display.

The Concept of Reverse Marketing coined with the basis of encouraging people to seek out a business, product or service of their own accord rather than actively promoting a specific brand, product or service. In case for Banking Industry, as it is a part of Service Industry, which primarily deals with Banking and Financial needs of people at large, either Value Added Services and Non-Value Added Services,

(1) Can we use the Tools of Reverse Marketing Cycles, to provide a way to Customers to fulfil their own Banking requirements based upon their choices and preferences?

(2) What are the essentials to utilise the tool?

(3) Up to what extent, the tool will be useful for Profit maximisation and to draw up a Qualitative and Quantitative relations based on the Customer's preference?

(4) Any drawback of the tool.

Is the risk of online banking systems currently treated in banks as more important than the classic categories of banking risk, such as credit risk? Do the IT risk management processes of online banking currently absorb significantly more expenditure on improving credit risk management systems?

Please, answer, comments.

I invite you to the discussion.

Best wishes

Application of Big data analytics in banking and financial markets

Please also mention database for collection of big data related to banking sector.

As a response to the credit crisis, these rules aim to shield banks but what is the overall result, positive or negative ?

Could you give me any examples of the COVID-19 impact on banking sectors in different countries? Any description/suggestion (of mechanisms how the pandemia impacts on banks) will be appreciated.

Banks can co-operate with Fintech to improve the performance. Can you suggest some studies on the ways and scopes of the co-operation?

Any help is appreciated.

I am doing a dissertation about how bank-specific factors influence bank cost efficiency.

The sample I use includes 40 UK commercial banks and the chosen period has 5 years. The result of DEA ( VRS, cost efficiency ) is low with an average of 0.30 (especialy low allocative efficiency) and there are too many efficient units with a score of 1. When I ran the regression, no factors are significantly influencing the efficiency level, and the 1s make the regression very strange.

I tried to restrict input weights and delete outliers, but the result does not improve much.

How can I optimize the cost efficiency result? By the way, should I run DEA year by year five times or putting five years’ data in one period and just run once?

I am doing research on blockchain and how it can affect the tradition banking systems. In case you are interested, I would like for you to answer a short structured questionnaire that will take 10 minutes to complete and give me a better insight of issues within the public blockchain and the banking industry.

In case you decide to help me collect some valuable primary data, here is the link and please leave your name in the end for reference.

https://www.poll-maker.com/Q30DX52

Thank You!

Commercial banks are interested in financing pro-ecological projects, also referred to as green projects, if they are profitable projects. In many countries, commercial banks provide commercial loans for the implementation of economic projects in the field of green projects if the borrower has creditworthiness.

It is increasingly common for commercial banks to finance economic projects in the field of green projects for marketing purposes and to improve their image in the context of interbank competition.

In connection with the above, I am asking you the following question:

Should commercial banks increase the scale of financing pro-ecological projects?

Please reply

I pointed out the high level of relevance of the issue taken up in the above question in the article:

Please respond with what do you think about the issues described in this article?

Best wishes

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I will do an Internship at one of the big four at Financial services. I'm free to choose any audit topic.

In recent years, the importance of the problems of scientific attempts to verify and justify for formulated forecasts of the potential emergence of another global financial crisis is growing. The problem is particularly important because some of these theories suggest that the next global financial crisis may be similarly surprising for the majority of economic entities, but it may also be characterized by a sub-standard or higher level of negative economic effects of the downturn in the situation of the next global financial crisis.

(The continuation of these considerations can be found in the comments below).

In view of the above, the current question is: Are there verified and scientifically justified forecasts of the potential emergence of another global financial crisis?

Please, answer, comments.

I invite you to the discussion.

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG

I invite you to discussion and cooperation.

Best wishes

I'm working on a comparative analysis between the italian regulation system and the US one and I'm interested in particular on a historical development of this principle, from the origin to nowadays

I wish i know about innovative tools used by advanced/universal (in those cases, quantitative processes are preferred) banks as well as simpler methods implemented in smaller banks (due to proportional principle of Basel II).

How can the process of managing financial risk, eg credit risk, be associated with the risk management process of IT systems, including the risk of cybercrime in online banking?

Please reply.

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG

I invite you to discussion and cooperation.

Best wishes