Banking - Science topic

Gold banking design and mechanism, gold investment

Suggest areas that can be explored in finance and banking

If the central bank were to lend money to commercial banks on additionally preferential terms, with a concomitant requirement that the money be used to finance commercial banks' implementation of green investment projects by their customers, and thus conduct a green lending policy of providing green loans, could this kind of activity conducted by the central bank be described as green central banking activity? And if the scale of low-cost green loans thus provided by the central bank to commercial banks developing green commercial banking were relatively large, could the concept of green central banking monetary policy be introduced for this kind of situation? The above questions arise from the ever-increasing scale of some commercial banks' activities of granting green loans, issuing green corporate bonds, and, in combination with other financial instruments, conducting green banking, whereby commercial banks provide their clients, including borrowers, with financing for business ventures described as green because they are part of the trends of green transformation of the economy, increasing the scale of implementation of sustainable development goals, implementing investment projects involving, for example, the development of green energy. on the development of green energy, construction of power plants generating energy from renewable and emission-free energy sources, construction of wastewater treatment plants, improvement of logistics of sustainable production, development of waste sorting and recycling systems, development of sustainable organic agriculture, development of green areas, carrying out processes of aforestation of post-industrial areas, development of electromobility, etc. In view of the above, in the situation of the ever-increasing scale of the conducted process of green transformation of the economy and the increasing scale of commercial banks' green loans, green leasing, issuance of green bonds, etc., it is also in the field of central banking that analogous processes of increasing the importance of green finance should take place.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Are central banks not lowering interest rates now, although they could do so given the drop in inflation, because they are afraid that inflation will rise again, or is it rather a matter of leaving the issue of interest rate cuts for the proverbial "black hour," i.e. is it rather to leave the issue of lowering interest rates to the proverbial "black hour", i.e. the occurrence of another economic crisis and crash in the capital markets, and to maintain the attractiveness of treasury debt securities, including above all treasury bonds, so that the cost of servicing the public debt does not increase significantly, so that citizens do not redeem treasury bonds but extend the term of their contracts for subsequent years, and so that subsequent investors, including foreign investors are interested in buying new series of treasury bonds issued?

As I write this commentary on the above question, it is early April 2024. Inflation, which had been rising rapidly since 2021 after the Covid-19 pandemic, then after central banks raised interest rates as early as 2022, inflation began to fall and fell particularly rapidly in 2023. In much of the developed world, falling inflation was already falling to near the inflation target in late 2023 or early 2024. Given the issues mentioned above, central banks could have already begun to cut interest rates, but they are still not doing so. Perhaps central banks are not lowering interest rates now, although they could do so given the decline in inflation, because they are afraid of a resurgence of inflation, or rather, the idea is to leave the issue of interest rate cuts for the proverbial "black hour," ie. the occurrence of another economic crisis and crash on the capital markets, and to maintain the attractiveness of Treasury debt securities, including above all Treasury bonds, so that the cost of servicing the public debt does not increase significantly, so that citizens do not redeem Treasury bonds but extend the term of their contracts for years to come, and so that subsequent investors, including foreign investors are interested in buying new series of Treasury bonds issued. Perhaps all of these considerations are taken into account and all of them to some extent determine the decision-making of interest rate committees (in Poland, the Monetary Policy Council operating at the central bank, i.e. the National Bank of Poland). In addition to this, other important factors that may be taken into account include the level of unemployment or, more broadly, the situation in the labor market, the level of economic prosperity in the economy, the issue of stability of the situation in the capital markets, the level of stock market indices on stock exchanges, the formation of exchange rates and the impact of this formation on imports and exports, the issue of the scale and share of long-term business and mortgage loans granted to citizens, entrepreneurs in previous years at variable interest rates. and the impact of changes in the oproc. of these loans by commercial banks during their repayment by borrowers on the economy's prosperity.

I described key aspects of anti-crisis soft monetary policy in the articles:

Synergy of post-2008 Anti-Crisis Policy of the Mild Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank

A safe monetary central banking policy as a significant instrument for liquidity maintenance in the financial system

THE NORMATIVE ROLE OF THE CENTRAL BANK ON THE MONEY MARKET IN POLAND

ACTIVATING INTERVENTIONIST MONETARY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scholars and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

The main purpose of a central bank's activities is to take care of the value of money, its stability against other currencies and the security of the banking system. However, since the 1970s, since the period of the rise of monetarism developed in accordance with Milton Fredman's concept of monetarism, the increase in the scale of economic globalisation, the transition of international monetary systems from the USD-based system, the system established after the Second World War in Bretton Woods to a system of free market exchange rates, the abandonment in the USA of gold parity with the USD currency, the growth of multinational corporations, the increased importance of speculative financial transactions carried out on foreign capital markets, including securities markets, etc. Central banks are also involved in the processes of stabilising the economy as part of anti-crisis programmes and protecting national labour markets, with the aim of limiting the scale of the increase in unemployment. In some countries, these new, additional central bank functions are added to the legal regulations shaping the functioning of the central bank. In some countries, the issue of linking the central bank's monetary policy is implemented informally.

For years, the central bank in Poland has also been conducting speculative transactions on international financial markets using various currencies and securities. For many previous years, the bank generated a net profit of PLN 9-10 billion of which 95 per cent of this profit was transferred to the state budget by the politically connected central bank to the government, instead of feeding the central bank's reserves and increasing the security of the financial system. For 2021, the central bank in Poland, i.e. the National Bank of Poland, generated as much as PLN 11 billion in net profit thanks to speculative transactions on the international financial markets, almost all of which went to the state budget rather than to central bank reserves, as usual. The annual profit generated by the central bank in Poland until 2021 was a consequence of, among other things, the monetary policy pursued by the bank, which consisted in successive depreciation of the domestic currency PLN against other currencies. However, for 2022, the National Bank of Poland unexpectedly raked in a historically record loss of PLN 17 billion. Could it be that the speculative transactions carried out in 2022 on the international financial markets turned out to be wrong this time? In addition, another key question arises: to what extent will this kind of situation result in a decrease in the level of security of the entire banking system?

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

How do i write an abstract on my research topic called "Analyzing the concept of Data Privacy in big data analytics in banking?

I,m researching on The role of artificial intelligence in the field of banking law.Any researcher who has ideas or article in this field can help me.

Please suggest a title from the followings for my PhD Dissertations. I intend to use UTAUT2 framework for the study of consumer adoption and use of digital techologies.

please suggest any new if you have one. Also suggest me any variables from other theories/models that can be fused into UTAUT2 framework for the study.

 "Navigating the Digital Frontier: Unraveling Consumer Adoption of Digital Banking Channels"

 "The Digital Shift: Understanding Consumer Behavior in the Adoption of Digital Banking Technologies"

 "Transforming Transactions: Consumer Behavior and the Rise of Digital Banking Channels"

 "Digital Banking Revolution: Insights into Consumer Adoption and Behavior"

 "Consumer Dynamics in the Age of Digital Banking: Analyzing Adoption Patterns and Preferences"

 Based on the title "Consumer Behaviour in the Digital Age: Analyzing Adoption Patterns and Preferences of Digital Banking Channels of Nepalese Users"

The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the acceleration of the digitization and Internetization of various aspects of the business activities of companies and enterprises, Internet-implemented processes for the sale of products and services, Internet-implemented payments and settlements, Internet-implemented marketing communications with customers, and so on. Much earlier, in the 1990s, in some countries, the first companies began to develop their business activities, including the sale of certain products and/or services via the Internet, the first Internet businesses began to operate, Internet startups, dotcoms growing rapidly, portals offering Internet information services, earning money from the sale of Internet advertising, and so on. At that time, electronic banking was already developing rapidly, offering its banking services remotely, first to institutional clients, and then to individual clients, to citizens. Electronic banking initially providing remote banking services in the form of so-called home banking, and then at the turn of the century transformed into online banking and then into mobile banking. Successively, therefore, the electronification, digitization and Internetization of banking is progressing year by year. In some countries, as early as the late 1990s, there were already considerations about the future of Internet banking development. The possibility of a full transition of banking to online banking was considered, as well as the full replacement of money existing in traditional form, i.e. in the form of banknotes and coins, to the form of electronic money. Already at that time there were theories suggesting that soon, in a few years, all banking will become Internet banking, that physically existing bank branches will disappear completely, physically existing money will disappear from citizens' wallets and will be completely replaced by its electronic counterpart. A continuation of this kind of considerations is the transition of central banks to a kind of form of electronic central banking and the replacement of traditional money with digital currency generated and introduced into the economy by central banks within the framework of shaped monetary policy. In a situation where the progressive processes of digitization and internetization would also apply to central banking then monetary policy could also be subject to these processes. Well, during the Covid-19 pandemic, there was also an increased interest in the development of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) in some countries. Some countries have attempted to introduce digital currencies of central banks. An interesting issue is the possibility of involving Blockchain technology in the development of systems based on central banks' digital currencies, which could ensure a high level of security for these digital currencies. However, both the positive aspects of the introduction of central banks' digital currencies for the formation of monetary policy, which would also be implemented more digitally, are still not fully recognized. The negative aspects of the introduction of financial systems and their development based on central banks' digital currencies are also not diagnosed. It is not fully explored what new risks in financial markets can be generated by the introduction of central banks' digital currencies. It is not known how the introduction of digital currencies of central banks could affect the stability of financial systems, the situation in financial markets and the macroeconomic stability of the economy as a whole.

I have described the key issues of the central banking problem in my articles below:

Synergy of post-2008 Anti-Crisis Policy of the Mild Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank

Analysis of the effects of post-2008 anti-crisis mild monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank

A safe monetary central banking policy as a significant instrument for liquidity maintenance in the financial system

ACTIVATING INTERVENTIONIST MONETARY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM

Anti-crisis state intervention and created in media images of global financial crisis

I invite you to get acquainted with the issues described in the above-mentioned publications and to scientific cooperation in these issues.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I am currently considering the selection of explanatory variables in a Tobit regression model after completing efficiency scores estimation by DEA model in order to assess the factors influencing efficiency scores.

I have a question: if the explanatory variables in the Tobit model are closely related to the variables used in the DEA model, does this analysis hold any significance? For example, my DEA model analyzes the operational efficiency of the banking sector with inputs such as the total number of employees, total fixed assets, total operating expenses, total loans, and total deposits; the output variables include interest income, non-interest income, and NPLs.

If I choose explanatory variables in the Tobit model like Return on Equity (ROE), Cost to Income Ratio (CIR), NPL ratio, and Net Interest Margin (NIM), does this choice make sense?

Thank you very much for considering my question

una investigación sobre la producción de la miel y sus implicancias en lo tributario, legal, mano de obra que no es reconocida, sector que no se dedica íntegramente a la producción de la miel, ingreso de miel falsa como competencia en el mercado, baja productividad, al ser un sector que en su mayoría no se dedica exclusivamente a la miel sino que tiene otras actividades exclusivas como la agropecuaria, no es reconocida como empresa formal y por lo tanto no puede acceder a créditos bancarios para abrirse en el mercado local e internacional.

I am doing a research on the awareness of digital banking i Odisha. In order to test association among demographic profile (age, gender ,experience ,income, location) and awareness of digital banking what test should I use(ANOVA OR CHI SQUARE TESTS) ? My respondents will be users of digital banking.

i need a recent digital banking topic for doing my Ph.d research

Globally, financial institutions, including commercial and investment banks continue to finance on a large scale the development of dirty energy based on the burning of fossils and the mining sector involved in extracting fossil fuels from the earth's crust. On the other hand, in recent years, financial institutions, including commercial banks recognizing the growth of pro-environmental, pro-climate and pro-environmental awareness of citizens, i.e. also customers of banking product and service offerings. Therefore, in order to improve their image in advertising campaigns, conferences, public relations meetings, etc., they present themselves as green financial institutions offering green loans, green bonds and other forms of green external financing. So-called green external financing is carried out by banks on the same terms or on a slightly promotional basis vis-à-vis other types of external financing not qualified by the definition of these terms as green financing. The research shows that financial institutions, including commercial banks are practicing greenwashing by advertising so-called green loans, i.e. loans which they have been providing for many years on a small scale and recently, in connection with the fashionable trends for sustainable economy, green economy, green transformation, closed loop economy, realization of sustainable development goals, have called green loans. In addition, individual commercial banks in order to distinguish themselves from each other in terms of their green financing offers and their green financial institution missions, missions articulated in advertising campaigns and marketing communications with customers are for the same issues of green, sustainable, zero-carbon closed loop economy use different terms for the same issues. Well, in marketing communications using the issues of the above-mentioned issues, they use different terms for sustainable economy, green economy, green economy transformation, closed loop economy, realization of sustainable development goals, etc. Since commercial banks have for many years been lending, among other things, to such economic ventures as the construction of sewage treatment plants, the erection of a windmill to generate electricity, the acquisition of new technologies by a municipal cleaning company, etc., and it is only recently that this financing has been called green financing and is particularly promoted and highlighted in advertising campaigns that there are considerations about the possibility of large-scale greenwashing by financial institutions operating in this way. Just as many years ago, when the concepts of sustainable economy, sustainable development goals, zero-carbon economy, closed-loop economy did not appear in the marketing communications of commercial banks, media debates, or did not yet exist at all, commercial banks financed pro-environmental business ventures, which at the time were not defined and defined in such a way. However, both at that time, e.g. in the late 1990s and earlier, the scale of lending that financed pro-environmental, pro-climate, pro-sustainability economic ventures was relatively small. The situation is similar today. In the 1990s in Poland, even a commercial bank, which has the term “Bank Ochrony Środowiska” in its name, also granted loans to finance projects that had nothing to do with ecology and sustainable economic development and the financing that we now call green was only part of the total lending activity. On the other hand, the relatively small increase in the scale of green lending by commercial banks recorded in recent years is due to the banks' use of emerging opportunities for co-participation in green financing programs for investment projects carried out mainly in the field of green transformation of the energy sector, including, for example, financing the installation by prosumers of photovoltaic panels on the roofs of their properties or businesses based on financial subsidies from the state's public finance system and/or European Union grants. Co-participation of commercial banks involves, for example, providing bridge loans to borrowers who, using subsidies from the state's public finance system, implement certain pro-climate and/or pro-environmental economic projects. In POlska, some such programs for financing green economic ventures with subsidies are combined with the obligatory use of bridge loans pending the transfer of subsidies. In Poland, banks have lobbied in the political sphere for this kind of solution in order to increase for themselves the market for loans granted and to increase the scale of the various types of loans that have been granted for years, which now then qualify for so-called green financing. In addition, commercial banks are motivated to develop green financing by the new European Union regulations coming into force regarding the corporate obligations imposed first on large corporations, large enterprises and companies and in subsequent years, i.e. from 2025 onwards, also on SME operators with regard to obligations to implement expanded, non-financial ESG reporting. The aforementioned expanded, non-financial ESG reporting is to play the role of increasing the transparency of companies, including equity companies, listed companies to shareholders, business counterparties and customers, and is to play the role of a motivator to increase the scale of implementation of pro-climate, pro-environmental, green business ventures, increase the scale of inclusion in the processes of green transformation of the economy and the implementation of sustainable development goals. commercial banks have seen in this process synergies for themselves and new opportunities for business development and cooperation with key customers such as business entities. Subsequently, all these emerging opportunities in recent years that banks use to scale up the development of green financing are presented in advertising campaigns as key determinants of their banking business presented as green banking, socially responsible banking, climate and environmentally responsible banking, banking that pursues many of the goals of sustainable development, banking that is highly supportive of the green transformation of the economy which is often an outstanding exaggeration of this issue, i.e. presenting themselves as green financial institutions. In view of the above, many commercial banks that currently use the technique of presenting themselves in marketing communications as green financial institutions on a large scale are practicing greenwashing.

I have described key aspects of the realities of the so-called green finnsing currently practiced by commercial banks, including the green loans they provide and many other key aspects of the green transformation of the economy in the article:

I invite you to familiarize yourself with the issues described in the publications given above, as well as to scientific cooperation in these issues.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion about it?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Banking

Digital Banking adoption and usage in Ghana the way forward?

By granting loans, commercial banks introduce credit money into the economy, which is significantly responsible for the level of liquidity and circulation of money between economic entities and, consequently, also in the economy as a whole. Consumer and installment loans granted to citizens significantly activate the scale of consumer purchases and thus increase the level of consumption. Increased levels of consumption by increasing consumer demand in the long term can generate an increase in the scale of investment demand. If the increase in the scale of consumer demand is more permanent and long-term in nature, i.e. it is not, for example, the effect of annual seasonality, e.g. in the pre-Christmas period, then it results in an increase in the level of scale of production or service offerings of products or services for which demand is increasing. In a situation where entrepreneurs find that the said upward trend is permanent then they increase the scale of investment to create additional plants, production lines, manufacturing parks, the use of additional durable production factors, etc., to increase the scale of production potential, so that they can produce more of a certain range of goods. On the other hand, when the availability of business loans, including working capital loans and overdrafts granted to businesses for short-term purposes, to cover liquidity gaps, pay current bills and facts arising from the continuation of business operations also increases, the scale of financial security of the business operations of companies and enterprises increases.

When the availability of economic investment loans also increases then the scale of investment in the manufacturing processes developed by business entities, improved logistics of production or generation of services, increasing production capacity, involvement of new technology in manufacturing processes, purchase of additional machinery and equipment as part of the expansion of production processes, improvement of the quality of product and service offerings, development of commodity-directed offerings, increasing the scale of diversification of product and service offerings, acquisition of new markets, etc., increases. When this process involves the credit offers of many commercial banks cooperating with many companies and enterprises, then the increase in the scale of lending translates into a significant level of increase in the activity of business entities operating in the economy and becomes one of the key factors in improving the economy's prosperity, accelerating the rate of economic growth, which is particularly important when the aforementioned level of economic activity of companies and enterprises is low and at the same time the prosperity of the economy as a whole is not optimal. Therefore, when the economy is in crisis, the level of consumption and investment is low then, in order to activate economic processes, the government, as part of its anti-crisis and/or pro-development economic policy under an informal agreement with the central bank, launches certain state interventionist measures, which should result in an increase in the activity of economic processes that are realized in companies and enterprises. The central bank can then lower interest rates, resulting in a decrease in the oproc. of various types of loans on offer by commercial banks. In addition, the drop in oproc. of bank deposits and treasury bonds also activates economic entities to invest their financial surpluses in speculative investment risk financial instruments, i.e. in stocks, corporate bonds and derivatives.

On the other hand, it is also a motivating factor for companies and enterprises to decide on further investment projects, to increase the scale of investments and reduce the level of reserves. Cheaper credit contributes to an increase in its availability, to an increase in the level of creditworthiness of citizens and business entities. In addition, in a situation where there is an improvement in the economic situation in many sectors and industries of the economy, commercial banks can also additionally relax their credit policy and increase the availability of credit, for example, by reducing the scale of procedural steps, the amount of documents and information required from the potential borrower necessary for the analysis of creditworthiness, etc. More readily available loans encourage borrowing by citizens and business entities. In this way, a kind of synergy of cheapening credit, increasing scale of liquidity between cooperating financial improvement, acceptance of higher levels of investment risk, revival of economic processes, improvement of prosperity simultaneously in many sectors and industries of the economy, easing of credit policies in commercial banks, improvement of repayment of bank loans, improvement of the quality of banks' loan portfolios, etc., works. In principle, as long as the aforementioned all factors of the aforementioned synergy work then the process of increasing commercial bank lending, activating the level of economic activity, improving economic prosperity in the economy, increasing employment, increasing income, investment, consumption, increasing liquidity and circulation of money in the economy, etc. can continue to work without leading to an increase in the scale of the risk of the appearance of reverse processes, a rapid downturn in the economy, an increase in the scale of insolvency of many companies and enterprises, a significant increase in the scale of bankruptcy of economic entities, the occurrence of a banking, financial and/or economic crisis. The aforementioned synergistic process, in which a high level of credit actions and good quality of granted loans is correlated with good economic prosperity, may act without generating crisis factors, without causing over-investment, over-credit levels of both consumption and investment, as long as the level of credit risk, which commercial banks accept when granting further bank loans, does not increase.

On the other hand, the aforementioned process of many interrelated factors typical of an upturn in the economy can also continue to work if commercial banks reliably carry out credit procedures, do not overly relax their credit policy, carry out creditworthiness analyses of potential borrowers in accordance with the guidelines of the methodology, carry out ongoing monitoring of loans granted, do not neglect credit risk management processes. Unfortunately, such situations when commercial banks applied credit policies too leniently and carried out credit risk management processes not fully reliably occurred in the past. In such situations, excessively increased levels of lending and credit for investment processes carried out by business entities acting as borrowers became important source factors for emerging financial and economic crises. This kind of situation occurred earlier at the beginning of the current 21st century on a large scale and led to the occurrence of a global financial crisis in 2007-2009, which in many countries also turned into an economic crisis and in some countries, such as the countries of Southern Europe, also to a crisis in the system of state finances due to a significant increase in the debt of the system of state public finances. However, before this kind of situation can occur and when the level of economic activity of companies and enterprises is low, the level of unemployment is high, the level of income of citizens and financial revenues to the state budget from payments made by many entities operating in the economy is low, then political pressure grows for the activation of anti-crisis and pro-development interventionist measures available under the government's economic policy.

The above-mentioned economic processes realized within the framework of the improving economy generated, among other things, by lowering interest rates and increasing the availability of bank loans, increasing lending, increasing the scale of investment generates an improvement in the functioning, state of finances, achievement of business objectives in companies and enterprises operating in various industries and sectors of the economy. The magnitude of such cyclical economic processes, for example, is particularly high in the cyclical sectors of the economy, i.e. those whose economic processes taking place are strongly correlated with analogous processes taking place in the economy as a whole. The conjunctural sectors include, among others, the construction sector, including the construction of housing estates. On the other hand, regardless of the conjuncture of the economy as a whole, what happens in the housing development construction sector can to a large extent be modeled by interventionist actions of the government as part of its housing policy. In a situation where the government deems it necessary to stimulate economic prosperity in this sector, which should also result in an increase in the scale of new housing directed for sale, the instrument of public financial assistance applied to stimulate a selected element of the process of either the construction of housing estates, the process of selling built houses and apartments, support for the process of lending for the purchase of real estate, including, for example, the application of subsidies to loan installments repaid, the bank's required own share in financing the purchase of real estate or other types of financial support may be applied. In a situation where, thanks to the application of public financial support, the scale of construction investments is increasing, more housing estates are being built then the demand for raw materials, components and construction materials, as well as housing interior decoration items, including furniture, sanitary equipment, household appliances, etc., is also increasing. As a result, the scale of production at the factories of the manufacturers of the aforementioned various types of building materials and interior furnishings increases, the scale of production at component suppliers, co-ops, etc. increases. Employment in many companies and enterprises operating in the environment of the construction sector is growing. The incomes of a significant part of the population, i.e. people employed in the aforementioned companies and enterprises, are rising. Consequently, the economy as a whole is also improving. Therefore, in a situation where the level of activity of economic processes was significantly declining, the level of prosperity in the economy was low, unemployment was high and tax revenues to the state budget were low, and at the same time there was a shortage of housing for some citizens, then the government, using active housing policy, tried to improve the aforementioned prosperity in the economy.

At the beginning of the current twenty-first century in the United States, the housing sector was also recognized as one that should be activated in order to improve the economy. However, the applied solutions of extreme relaxation of credit policies for granting mortgages to the public, including borrowers with no real creditworthiness, with other previous outstanding loans, credit cards, without steady employment, a regular source of income, etc., the use of specially created derivatives in the form of subprime bonds to raise additional funds to continue to carry out lending in a situation of steadily rising real estate prices, the insurance of most mortgages by a single insurance company, the maintenance of record low interest rates by the central bank..., in spite of rising real estate prices, deteriorating labor markets, the still growing highly overvalued valuations of securities on stock exchanges, some commercial and investment banks losing liquidity, worsening financial problems in many companies and enterprises operating in non-financial sectors, unethical practices by brokerage firms in the sale to investors of financial instruments linked to the issue of financing the ongoing credit actions, the issuance of factually incorrect recommendations by rating agencies, ratings for subprime bonds sold to other banks, etc. led to a situation where credit institutions accepted excessive levels of credit risk. In addition, banking procedures for credit risk management processes were also unreliably implemented. All of the above-mentioned factors generated a strong increase in credit risk levels and led to the global financial crisis of 2007-2009.

On more than one occasion, in order to activate the boom in the construction sector, the government, as part of its public financial assistance, used the support instrument of subsidizing mortgage loan installments paid by borrowers to banks. This type of solution has been applied since July 2023 in Poland. The program of subsidizing mortgage installments from the sources of the state's public finance system was organized in such a way that, under the so-called "2% safe loan" program, the state subsidized loan installments in such an amount that, for the borrower, the remaining part of the loan installment paid to the bank corresponds only to the interest rate of the loan at 2%. This program in such a solution is to operate in terms of mortgage loans launched under this program for 10 years. After 10 years, the borrower is to repay the remaining portion of the loan at the market oproc. level set by the lending bank. Over the following years, both inflation and interest rates should continue to fall from their current still-high levels. Therefore, in the following years, the scale of committed funds from the state's public finance system, which will be used for the aforementioned subsidizing of loan installments, should therefore gradually decrease in connection with the projected decline in interest rates determined by the Monetary Policy Council, which operates at the central bank in Poland, i.e. the National Bank of Poland. On the other hand, however, the scale of committed funds from the state's public finance system may be higher in the following year 2024 compared to 2023 if the program is extended and its scale is increased. However, as the scale of commercial banks' mortgage lending has increased strongly since mid-2023 in connection with the launch of the "2% Safe Loan" program, and has reached levels previously recorded only during periods of exceptionally good housing market conditions such as. just before the onset of the global financial crisis of 2007-2009, developers directed to the market the majority of the number of completed construction projects, a greater number of housing developments built, including apartments with areas complying with the specified guidelines of the aforementioned program, and market interest rates are several times higher than 2 percent, then both the level of lending increased strongly in the second half of 2023 and the number of housing purchase transactions also increased strongly. The aforementioned upward trends have generated a rapid level of growth in the price of new apartments sold by developers. As the level of citizens' interest in purchasing an apartment using the financial public assistance provided under the "2% Safe Credit" program exceeded the number of apartments completed by developers and targeted for sale, the result was a several percent increase in real estate prices in all major cities in Poland. The aforementioned increase in real estate prices was exceptionally fast, as the recorded increase in the average real estate price in Warsaw, for example, in the range of about 15 percent, took place in just four months from July to October 2023. Since the large increase in real estate prices and the high level of recovery in this market mainly benefited commercial banks selling mortgages and developers building housing developments, the housing policy implemented in this way is mainly to achieve medium-term goals of activating economic processes and not long-term social goals concerning the key issue which was to be increasing the availability of housing for citizens representing the middle class with an average income level. Due to the increase in real estate prices that took place over a period of several years, it was for citizens representing the middle class, mainly working young people, that the possibility of buying their own apartment became practically unattainable, because due to the level of income relative to real estate prices, the level of oproc. loans, the bank's required contribution to co-financing the purchase of real estate, etc., they were not creditworthy. They also couldn't get social housing since they work and earn income, and there are far too few rental apartments in the resources of local government units, and the PIS government's previously launched Mieszkanie Plus program has not been implemented, so middle-class citizens in recent years have become the social group that has been most excluded from the possibility of buying and owning their own apartment. In view of the above, in the context of the ongoing discussions about the possibility of extending the operation of the Safe Credit 2% program to 2024, a topical issue for consideration is the question of subsidizing mortgage installments by the state from the state's public finance system as an instrument for potentially increasing the availability of housing for citizens. Potentially, because in 2023, unfortunately, the key strategic social goals were not realized through the introduction of the program "Safe credit 2 percent."

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion about it?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I am currently working as a Research Assistant of Accounting and Information Systems under Faculty of Business Studies at Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur in Bangladesh. She completed MBA and BBA from Finance and Banking department at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh. His research interest is on Chatgpt, Digital Payments, Banking, Cashless Economy/Society, ICT and emerging technologies.

What do you think about the recent wave of job cuts in the banking sector, and how will it impact the industry's future?

In the country where I operate just before the outbreak of the global financial crisis of 2008, commercial banks were extensively issuing mortgages denominated in foreign currency, mainly in Swiss franc, i.e. CHF. Mortgage offers offered in CHF were deliberately structured very attractively for customers, which resulted in a strong increase in lending actions on this type of loans. In 2006-2007, lending actions carried out within the framework of mortgages denominated in CHF grew so strongly that they significantly exceeded lending actions carried out within the framework of mortgages granted in the domestic currency, i.e. in PLN. However, in reality, the offers of these loans were not as attractive as initially presented to customers by the banks. At that time, in the context of high stock valuations on stock exchanges, rising prices of raw materials on wholesale commodity markets, high economic growth rates, rapidly rising real estate prices, good economic conditions, Poland's plans to join the euro zone, the PLN domestic currency exchange rate was in an upward trend. The banks, based on their macroeconomic analysis, knew what was going on, they knew about the overvalued assets, the overvalued PLN against other currencies, etc. The average customer, the potential borrower, did not have this knowledge. Banks took advantage of the asymmetry of information regarding the aforementioned issues of the macroeconomic situation of the economy, the valuation of assets on the capital markets, the level of exchange rates.

Within the framework of their CHF-denominated mortgages, they passed the currency risk arising from changes in exchange rates and the risk of changes in interest rates by the central bank in Switzerland onto the borrowers. Soon after the global financial crisis erupted in mid-September 2008, the exchange rate of the currency of a relatively non-large developing economy with higher investment risk, i.e. the PLN exchange rate against other currencies, instead of continuing to rise it began to fall sharply. The CHF exchange rate, on the other hand, rose rapidly, resulting in a significant increase in the size of the amounts paid to the bank by borrowers with the aforementioned loans in CHF in installments as part of their loan repayments. Before the global financial crisis of 2008, mortgage installments denominated in CHF were significantly lower compared to the situation if the same loan had been taken on analogous terms but in the domestic currency of PLN. On the other hand, after the outbreak of the aforementioned financial crisis, the situation reversed dramatically, as the amount of money paid to the bank in installments of repaid CHF loans increased significantly, and there were later situations that it exceeded the situation if the same loan had been taken on analogous terms but in the domestic currency of PLN. In addition, the loan agreements contained provisions that were prohibited from the point of view of good standards and guidelines of regulatory and supervisory institutions, abusive clauses. The abusive clauses in question were included in these agreements as part of the asymmetry of information used by the banks, occurring in their relations with customers.

In view of the above, the granting of mortgage loans in foreign currency is a deliberate exploitation by commercial banks of the information asymmetry occurring in relations with borrowers, is the transfer of currency risk by the bank to customers, and is an activity that is contrary to the principles of business ethics, corporate social responsibility of banking and, consequently, leads to a decline in the level of public confidence of citizens in relation to banks. Thus, the issue of CHF-denominated mortgages has become one of the significant factors deteriorating the image of commercial banks from the point of view of customers. The granting of mortgage loans denominated in CHF has caused a deterioration in the reputation of commercial banks operating in Poland, a decrease in the level of social responsibility of the banking business and, consequently, also a deterioration in the image of banks as institutions of social trust.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

1) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373629748_The_Post-Eisenhower_and_Wagner_Effect

2)https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372341739_Fundamental_Theorem_of_Calculus_proved_by_Wagner's_Law

In recent years, the scale of the occurrence of serious economic and financial crises in some regions of the world and/or on a global scale has been intensifying. The scale of the appearance of certain types of economic, financial, energy, etc. crises has been increasing since the 1970s. The abolition of gold parity for the U.S. dollar, oil crises, deregulation and liberalization of the functioning of financial markets, increasing the active role of central banks in shaping monetary policies with the possibility of adding money injected into the economy through direct purchase of treasury bonds by the central bank, abolishing some of the previously introduced systemic prudential instruments used in credit risk management, increasing the scale of international operations of investment banks and investment funds making speculative transactions in foreign capital markets are just some of the sources of the increase in the scale and frequency of financial and economic crises since the 1970s. Some types of the aforementioned crises have appeared with increasing frequency and magnitude in the current 21st century. The day on September 15, 2008, when the world's fourth-largest investment bank Lehman Brothers went bankrupt was considered the beginning of the global financial crisis. This crisis was generated by, among other things, erroneously conducted overly lax monetary policies that were supposed to favor financial markets even when assets were overvalued in capital markets, overly liberalized credit policies in mortgage lending, disregarding safety standards in credit risk management and practicing moral gambling in investment banking, and so on. In 2020, there was a pandemic economic crisis, which initially developed through the Covid-19 pandemic to then be exacerbated by large-scale lockdowns imposed in some countries on economic entities operating in selected, certain industries, mainly service sectors of the economy, and the introduction of so-called national quarantines. In some countries, where, such as Poland, the development of the cheapest renewable energy sources was blocked and slowed down in 2022, when the price of fossil fuels rose strongly, a deep energy crisis occurred. Beginning in 2021, inflation began to rise rapidly in many countries, generated by pumping large amounts of printed money into the economies, whose task was to mitigate the scale of the recession generated by the lockdowns and national quarantines introduced repeatedly during the Covid-19 pandemic. In order to limit the growth of inflation, which, as in Poland, rose to double-digit levels, the central bank raised interest rates. The effect of such anti-inflationary measures was to reduce liquidity in the financial sector, increase the cost of borrowed money, make credit more expensive and reduce the scale of investment in many sectors of the economy. The result was a recession of the economy, which in many countries appeared in the 1st half of 2023. In view of the above, the misapplied measures of monetary and/or fiscal policy eased too much led to the generation of a financial and/or economic crisis. Subsequently, the anti-crisis instruments applied more than once led to the generation of another economic crisis. In addition, a climate and environmental crisis is also developing in the long term as a result of continued high greenhouse gas emissions, ignoring issues of protecting the planet's climate, biosphere and biodiversity, slowing down the development of renewable energy sources and implementing the green transformation plan for the economy on a limited scale. In view of the above, some crises like the pandemic economic crisis of 2020, among others, were generated by new factors like the Covid-19 pandemic, which could later be referred to as so-called “black swans” due to their uniqueness, atypicality and unexpected appearance by no one. On the other hand, the key root factors of some economic and financial crises include misguided state interventionism, errors in forecasting and analysis of the macroeconomic situation, misapplied pro-growth and/or anti-crisis instruments within the framework of certain economic, fiscal, budgetary, sectoral and monetary policies pursued by the government and conducted by the central bank. In view of the above, it is probably not possible to conduct economic, monetary, etc. policies without making mistakes. It is not possible to forecast all, future impact factors, determinants shaping the macroeconomic situation and potentially all events that may lead to further economic and/or financial crises in the future. However, it is possible to learn from past mistakes, and given this knowledge, a more sustainable, secure economy can be built, processes and instruments for managing credit risk and other categories of risk can be continuously improved, financial markets, including capital markets, commodity markets, securities markets can be systemically strengthened through prudent use of prudential instruments, not ignoring the principles of financial security, not practicing moral gambling in investment banking, and so on. Perhaps in the future, the next financial and economic crises that will occur will be the result of, on the one hand, still not adequately refined systemic prudential instruments, institutional financial security arrangements, credit risk management instruments, etc., and new factors and events that are difficult to forecast, which can probably later be called the next black swans. however, there are crises that we know will worsen in the future and/or will be the source of the occurrence of increasingly serious negative effects on the economy and humans. this kind of long-term crisis already in operation is the ever-developing and worsening climate crisis and, at the same time, the environmental crisis, which is associated with the process of rapid loss of biodiversity of the planet's natural ecosystems.

The key issues of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the economy and financial markets are described in my article below:

IMPACT OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC (COVID-19) ON FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THE ECONOMY

IMPACT OF THE SARS-COV-2 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC (COVID-19) ON GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES

The key issues of the problematic sources of Poland's exceptionally deep energy cross in 2022 are described in my co-authored article below:

POLAND'S 2022 ENERGY CRISIS AS A RESULT OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE AND YEARS OF NEGLECT TO CARRY OUT A GREEN TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENERGY SECTOR

Zarzadzanie kryzysowe w przedsiebiorstwie opisałem w artykule:

CRISES IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS ENTITIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT

I described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:

Anti-crisis state intervention and created in media images of global financial crisis

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In a situation of high inflation, the central bank anti-inflationarily raises interest rates. The side effect is to cool economic processes and weaken the economy. When there is a high level of unemployment in the economy, especially Keynsian unemployment and possibly structural unemployment then the central bank anti-crisis lowers interest rates. The side effect of the situation can be an increase in inflation. And what if the economy is plunged into a multi-faceted economic crisis, in which there is high unemployment, recession of the economy and high inflation. In such a situation there is stagflation. Due to high unemployment, the central bank may apply monetary easing. However, there is also high inflation at the same time, during which the central bank tightens monetary policy. Simultaneous easing and tightening of monetary policy can mean that there is no reaction at all regarding a possible change in strategy regarding monetary policy making. Then whether the central bank, caring about the value of money, will tighten monetary policy, including raising interest rates..., or, however, helping the government in conducting anti-crisis economic policy in an attempt to revive economic processes and contribute to the decline of high unemployment anti-crisis will ease monetary policy, including lowering interest rates, among other things, then other factors and determinants will probably decide, including mainly the factors determining the economic development of the country and/or the determinants of the formation of monetary policy taking into account monetary policy factors other than those mentioned above. Among these other factors and determinants of the formation of monetary policy may be the issue of influencing the formation of the national currency against other currencies.

I have described the key issues of the central banking problem in my articles below:

Synergy of post-2008 Anti-Crisis Policy of the Mild Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank

Analysis of the effects of post-2008 anti-crisis mild monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank

A safe monetary central banking policy as a significant instrument for liquidity maintenance in the financial system

ACTIVATING INTERVENTIONIST MONETARY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM

Anti-crisis state intervention and created in media images of global financial crisis

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scholars and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Green finance, green bonds, green credit, green banking, etc. are all important issues of a green, sustainable closed-loop economy. Banks, by providing green loans, finance green, pro-environmental, pro-climate, sustainable economic projects, which are an important part of the green transformation of the economy, in which the building of a green, sustainable closed-loop economy is carried out. This process is becoming in many countries a strategic, key program segment of environmental, climate, energy, agricultural, transportation development, construction, waste management, nature resource management, forest management, etc. policies. This process includes a strategic plan to carry out a pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess to a sustainable, green, zero-carbon zero-growth and closed-loop economy. The financial sector, including the banking and investment fund sector, is playing an increasingly important role in realizing the aforementioned green transformation of the economy. This is due to the need to allocate more and more money to green economic ventures. Besides, taking into account the rate of progressive climate change, including, above all, the accelerating process of global warming, it is necessary to significantly increase the scale of implementation of pro-environmental and pro-climate economic projects, which should result in a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, reducing the level of environmental pollution, reducing the scale of waste and consumption of natural resources, including the key resources for industrial development, non-renewable raw materials and clean water resources, which should be a renewable resource, but in the increasing area of land areas subject to drought is becoming a non-renewable and scarce resource. The scale of financing for green economic projects implemented in highly developed countries is insufficient in relation to needs, and in economically underdeveloped countries there is usually an even greater deficit in financing the green transformation of the economy. This issue is particularly relevant given that most of the economically underdeveloped countries are located in tropical, subtropical areas, in zones particularly vulnerable to permanent and increasingly frequent periods of severe drought and/or violent storms and downpours, rapid soil aridity and other negative effects of the ongoing process of global warming. In this regard, highly developed countries should increase the scale of financial assistance to less economically developed countries in order to support the financing of green economic projects that play a key role in the implementation of the green economic transformation plan. Because within the framework of international finance, internationally operating banks, i.e. the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, which also finance green economic ventures to a certain extent, play an important role. Other key institutions in financial systems include central banks, which shape monetary policy, are banks of the state and banks of banks, influence the level of liquidity in the banking sector and the level of credit, investment, etc. risks taken by financial institutions and non-financial sector operators. Accordingly, central banks can also play an important role in the context of green finance, green financing, influencing commercial banks' lending activities of granting green loans and issuing green corporate bonds. In view of the above, central banks acting as a bank of banks vis-à-vis commercial banks can therefore motivate commercial banks to conduct green banking, including granting green loans and issuing green bonds. In the framework of what could be called green central banking, central banks could provide loans on preferential terms to commercial banks for the development of green lending, with the help of which pro-environmental, pro-climate and/or pro-environmental economic ventures would be financed, e.g. by financing the development of energy based on renewable energy sources, development of sustainable organic agriculture, improvement of waste separation and recycling technologies, development of electromobility, sustainable construction, development of green smart cities, construction of rainwater harvesting facilities, seawater desalination, reforestation of industrially degraded areas, etc. In the context of this issue, there is the question of possible opportunities and conditions for the creation of a strategy involving central banks conducting what could be described as a green monetary policy.

I am conducting research on this issue. I have included the conclusions of my research in the following article:

I invite you to discuss this important topic for the future of the planet's biosphere and climate.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

A key function of central banks in the context of their monetary policy is to take care of the value of money. In the context of increasingly frequent financial and economic crises, central banking increasingly applies other additional priorities related to the functioning of the country's economy when conducting monetary policy. Over the past few decades, mainly since the period of the oil crises of the 1970s, there has been a successive increase in the importance of the monetary policy of central banks carried out in more or less formal correlation with the socio-economic, budgetary, fiscal and social policies of the government taking into account the issues of changes in the rate of economic growth of the national economy, changes in the level of activity of the economic processes of companies and enterprises, changes in the situation in the labor markets and especially the issue of changes in the level of unemployment.

Just before the outbreak of the Great Depression of the 1930s and just before the outbreak of the global financial crisis of 2008, central banks first pursued a mild monetary policy for many years, so that when serious symptoms of an imminent financial and economic crisis appeared, resulting in a potentially high increase in unemployment and the occurrence of a recession in the economy, interest rates were raised, which then caused difficulties in servicing loans in many highly indebted companies and enterprises. Consequently, measures that were supposed to act as anti-crisis measures contributed to the accelerated development of the financial and economic crisis.

Over the past few decades of time, the importance of central banking has increased as not only the institution that shapes monetary policy, on which depends not only the value of money, but also the liquidity situation in the banking sector, the level of commercial bank lending, the scale of credit risk accepted by commercial banks in their bank lending activities and, indirectly, the economic and financial situation of many companies and enterprises that are clients of commercial banks. Therefore, also the changes made by central bank governors usually every few quarters or years in monetary policy strategies correlate to a large extent with what happens to the issue of inflation, if it is demand inflation and indirectly also the issue of monetary policy conducted can be correlated to a serious degree with important factors describing the macroeconomic situation of the economy.

The research shows that any type of monetary policy, i.e. conducted according to an anti-crisis and/or pro-development model of lax or tightened monetary policy conducted by central banking, may involve the risk of either succeeding in generating positive, pro-development effects supporting economic development or making mistakes and generating financial losses in many economic entities and leading to a financial and economic crisis. The idea is that lessons should be learned from the mistakes made at central banks in terms of the monetary policies that are carried out, that monetary policies should be realistically improved based on the conclusions of research, that financial systems should be increasingly secure, that societies should not lose public confidence in institutionalized financial systems and, thanks to this, that another major financial and economic crisis should not occur in the future.

This issue is particularly important because of the security of the entire state financial system, since the central bank, in addition to being a bank of banks and a bank of issue, is first and foremost a bank of the state that creates monetary policy and participates in the creation of money. Since the security of the financial system is largely based on public confidence in the system, including the banking system, so every bank, including the central bank, should carry out its goals and tasks with full integrity, should not engage in international financial operations with a high risk of speculative investment, and should conduct monetary policy in such a way that it does not make serious mistakes in its conduct that result in the occurrence of subsequent financial and economic crises.

I have described the key issues of the central banking problem in my articles below:

Synergy of post-2008 Anti-Crisis Policy of the Mild Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank

Analysis of the effects of post-2008 anti-crisis mild monetary policy of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Bank

A safe monetary central banking policy as a significant instrument for liquidity maintenance in the financial system

ACTIVATING INTERVENTIONIST MONETARY POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SECURITY OF THE EUROPEAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM

Anti-crisis state intervention and created in media images of global financial crisis

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scholars and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In recent years, the scale of application of ICT and Industry 4.0/5.0, including Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence technologies in financial institutions, including commercial banks, has been increasing. The banking sector is among those sectors of the economy where the implementation of new information technologies used to build banking information systems is progressing rapidly. This process in highly developed countries has been taking place since the 1960s. Subsequently, the development of computer science, personal computer technology in the 1970s and 1980s, the development of the Internet and business applications of Internet technology since the 1990s and then the development of technologies typical of Industry 4.0/5.0 set the trends of technological progress, the effects of which in the form of new technological solutions quickly found applications in financial institutions. Commercial banks operating in the model of classic deposit-credit banking usually generate the largest part of their revenues from the sale of bank loans and credits. Large universal banks also develop selected elements of investment banking, in which they finance the construction of housing estates through their own development companies, make financial transactions with securities, financial transactions in foreign exchange markets and other capital markets. In all these areas of activity, the key categories of banking risk that banks manage include credit and interest rate risk and other financial risks, i.e. liquidity risk, debt risk. In addition, the key categories of risk that the bank manages in its banking operations include asset-liability mismatch risk in the balance sheet and various categories of operational risks related to the performance of certain activities at the bank, including personnel operational risk related to the staff employed, technical operational risk related to the technical equipment used, system operational risk related to the IT systems used, etc. On the other hand, risks operating in the bank's environment and affecting the bank's operations and indirectly also the bank's financial performance include market risk of changes in the prices of specific assortments relating to specific markets in which banks operate; foreign exchange risk associated with transactions made using different currencies; investment risk within investment banking; systemic risk associated with the functioning of the financial system; political risk associated with the government's economic policy; risks of high volatility of macroeconomic development of the economy associated with changes in the economy's economic situation in the context of business cycles realized on a multi-year scale, etc. However, in a situation where lending activities are the main types of sources of income for a commercial bank then a particularly important category of banking risk that the bank manages is credit risk. On the other hand, due to the rapid development of electronic, Internet and mobile banking, cyber risk management is also growing in importance. New ICT information technologies and Industry 4.0/5.0, including Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence technologies, can be increasingly helpful in managing each of the aforementioned risk categories. The aforementioned new technologies prove to be particularly helpful in the situation of their effective implementation into banking activities in order to improve the processes of managing, among other things, credit risk. An important element of individual credit risk management, i.e. with regard to individual credit transactions, are the methodologies, procedures, processes, etc. concerning the analysis of a potential borrower's creditworthiness and credit risk arising from a bank loan carried out in commercial banks. In view of the above, the implementation of new technologies to support the implementation of the processes of examining the creditworthiness of potential borrowers and improving, among other things, credit scoring analytics, are particularly important aspects of credit risk management, which may translate into increased profitability of commercial banks' bank lending activities.

I described selected issues of improving credit risk management processes, including the issue of screening the creditworthiness of potential borrowers and credit scoring analytics, in an article of my co-authorship:

Determinants of credit risk management in the context of the development of the derivatives market and the cyclical conjuncture economic processes

IMPROVING MANAGING THE CREDIT RISK IN CONDITIONS SLOWING ECONOMIC GROWTH

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTEGRATED CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT IN OPERATING IN POLAND COMMERCIAL BANKS

Importance and implementation of improvement process of prudential instruments in commercial banks on the background of anti-crisis socio-economic policy in Poland

GLOBALIZATIONAL AND NORMATIVE DETERMINANTS OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE BANKING CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT IN POLAND

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I have to use PCA and DFM as two alternate methods for creating a banking stability index.

1. I want to know theory and application of DFM, what actually is it, where to use it and why, in easy to understand language. On net search I am getting too complicated papers on the theory. I need a simple explanation or guidebook for Master's level.

2. Also how to perform it on STATA?

Will be great help.

Thank you

Opening Islamic banking by conventional banks fact.

Dear Researchers.

I hope you had an amazing research year in 2024.

Calling on experienced scholars for research collaboration in 2025 to publish in high-impact journals. Potential areas for research collaboration include

1. Financial inclusion

2. Digital finance

3. Fintech

4. Banking

Collaboration in other areas may be considered.

i want to understand what variables i can use in the banking balance sheet that represent the impact of monetary policy

How the digitalization and international commercialization of banking services contributes to financial inclusion in North African countries?

I'm writing my thesis on the impact of banking crises on suicide rates using Local Projections with fixed effects. I'm trying to understand the difference between the c_exog_data and c_fd_exog_data parameters of the lp_lin_panel() function in R's "lpirfs" package and which one is better for setting my control variables.

In a Bank's Financial Statement Regulatory reserves and Statutory reserves are mentioned separately.

In recent years, the importance of managing the risk of cybercrime of information systems and the potential loss of data transferred over the Internet has been growing, as well as improving systems and instruments for cyber security of information systems using modern ICT, Internet and Industry 4.0 information technologies, including, among others, Internet of Things technology. A major factor in the growing importance of information systems cybercrime risk management is the rapid development of online and mobile banking. In addition, during the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, the development of online and mobile banking accelerated. This was due to the increase in the scale of digitization and internetization of various spheres of business entities during the pandemic. The financial sector, including the commercial banking sector, is one of those sectors in the economy where the opportunities for the application of ICT information technologies, Internet technologies, Industry 4.0/5.0 including artificial intelligence, artificial neural networks, machine learning, deep learning, Internet of things, cloud computing, Big Data Analytics, multi-criteria simulation models, digital twins, Blockchain, virtual and augmented reality, etc. are the greatest. On the other hand, this is also a sphere of advanced information systems that is particularly vulnerable to attacks from cyber criminals using various cybercriminal techniques to extort bank account access data from bank customers and/or hacking into e-banking systems. In this area, something is constantly happening. On the one hand, banks are implementing new ICT information technologies and Industry 4.0/5.0 and on the other hand, cybercriminals are also taking advantage of these new technologies. Often it even happens the other way around, i.e., first the cybercriminals create new techniques to seize customer data necessary to log in to bank accounts operating on Internet bubble systems and then the bank's hired IT specialists patch system gaps and improve security for access to bank IT systems, improve firewalls, anti-virus applications, etc. However, commercial banks operating under the formula of classic deposit-credit banking get most of their revenue from their banking activities, generate most of their profits from their lending activities, from providing loans to different types of business entities, to citizens, to other banks that act as borrowers. Procedures for granting credit, improving credit risk management, regulations shaping credit activities improved, perfected and adapted to the changing economic environment usually for many decades. In contrast, the development of online and mobile banking was realized in a much shorter period of time than the development of commercial banks' lending activities. As a result, the procedures associated with lending activities in recent years are no longer subject to the same degree of change as the development of communication procedures, techniques for accessing banking products, etc. under the development of Internet banking. In addition, due to the development of online and mobile banking, the increase in the scale of cyber-attacks on banking systems has increased the importance of improving the security of banking information systems. The aforementioned increase in scale has been faster in recent years compared to the improvement of credit business procedures. As a result, commercial banks have in recent years allocated significantly more expenditures on improving cyber-security systems and instruments for banking information systems, on improving cybersecurity risk management systems than on improving credit risk management systems. Besides, both risk management processes can increasingly be carried out in an integrated manner.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Kindly suggest an appropriate proxy for digital finance or digital transaction for a firm level research in banking and possible source to obtain the data.

The banking sector is among those sectors where the implementation of new ICT, Internet and Industry 4.0/5.0 information technologies, including but not limited to the applications of generative artificial intelligence technology in finance and banking. Commercial online and mobile banking have been among the particularly fast-growing areas of banking in recent years. In addition, the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, in conjunction with government-imposed lockdowns imposed on selected sectors of the economy, mainly service companies, and national quarantines, the development of online and mobile banking accelerated. Solutions such as contactless payments made with a smartphone developed rapidly. On the other hand, due to the acceleration of the development of online and mobile banking, the increase in the scale of payments made online, the conduct of online settlements related to the development of e-commerce, the scale of cybercriminal activity has increased since the pandemic. When the company OpenAI put its first intelligent chatbot, i.e. ChatGPT, online for Internet users in November 2022 and other Internet-based technology companies accelerated the development of analogous solutions, commercial banks saw great potential for themselves. More chatbots modeled on ChatGPT and new applications of tools based on generative artificial intelligence technology made available on the Internet quickly began to emerge. Commercial banks thus began to adapt the emerging new AI solutions to their needs on their own. The IT professionals employed by the banks thus proceeded with the processes of teaching intelligent chatbots, implementing tools based on generative AI to selected processes and activities performed permanently and repeatedly in the bank. Accordingly, AI technologies are increasingly being implemented by banks into cyber-security systems, processes for analyzing the creditworthiness of potential borrowers, improving marketing communications with bank customers, perfecting processes for automating remote telephone and Internet communications of banks' call center departments, developing market analyses carried out on Big Data Analytics platforms using large sets of data and information extracted from various bank information systems and from databases available on the Internet, online financial portals and thousands of processed posts and comments of Internet users contained in online social media pages, increasingly automated and generated in real time ba based on current large sets of information and data development of industry analysis and analysis and extrapolation into the future of market trends, etc. The scale of new applications of generative artificial intelligence technology in various areas of banking processes carried out in commercial banks is growing rapidly.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Digital transformation seems to be more than just the digitization of data and processes, or digitization in combination with robotisation. It leads to a special kind of socio-economic change. With digital transformation the events gain its momentum and affect functioning of organisations and many aspects of lives of individuals, with consequences as follows:

• the emergence of the almost ubiquitous Internet of Things – subjectivity and objectivity become complex,

• the unreal world becomes a new reality,

• use of smartphones – the need for continuous communication (Fear of Missing Out)

• virtual assistants,

• threats to our private lives through the unauthorized use of security cameras and surveillance equipment

The bank must be safe but fast, cheap, tailored to the customer‘s needs and smart. Today, it is difficult to talk about customer loyalty or sentiment. Today‘sclient is mobile, he comes and goes, does not stay in the bank through sentiment or habit, and because the bank accompanies him in all phases of his life as a consumer and as an economic entity.

I advise you to please take a read of the below chapter and I would be very happy to know your thoughts.

Is it the end of banking as we know it? Will AI be the future of banking? Will banks be soon digitized mechanism and advisors AI?

based on my earlier research:

(PDF) Role of digitization for German savings banks. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344808656_Role_of_digitization_for_German_savings_banks [accessed Nov 28 2023].

During the recent economic and financial crises in many countries in the framework of anti-crisis measures and stimulating the rate of economic growth, in the framework of the monetary policy pursued, the formation of the money supply, the change of interest rates formally and/or informally cooperate with the government, which also in the framework of the anti-crisis programs undertaken, instruments for the activation of economic activity of companies and enterprises, the activation of consumption and investment carries out fiscal, social, budgetary, housing, etc. policies. If coordinated mild fiscal policy and mild monetary policy are appropriately synergistically applied within the framework of interventionist anti-crisis and pro-development measures, then stimulating the economic activity of firms and enterprises, stimulating consumption and investment development, reducing the development of the economic crisis can work more effectively. However, the scale of the applied anti-crisis and pro-development measures should be precisely adjusted to the sectoral and industry structure of the economy and the specifics of the macroeconomic processes being implemented, and thus should not lead to a significant and sustained increase in the indebtedness of the state's public finance system, too high a level of creditization of economic processes, too high levels of acceptable credit risk by commercial banks, a strong increase in inflation, a decline in the value of the national currency, a decline in the interest of foreign financial institutions in securities issued by the state treasury and capital companies of the country, etc. Unfortunately, during the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, first the government in Poland applied anti-pandemic, interventionist measures, including lockdowns imposed on selected sectors of the economy thus causing a deep recession of the economy and then through further interventionist measures highly costly for the state's public finance system, financial subsidies coming from the state's public finance system limited the growth of unemployment. Another negative effect of the applied interventionist measures of the government was the rapid increase in inflation, which began as early as the 2nd quarter of 2021. This was an example of erroneously applied interventionist actions of the government on too large a scale, actions involving the application of selected instruments of state interventionism, instruments of synergistically conducted extremely mild both monetary and fiscal policies, which, as a consequence of their synergistic application, negatively affected the economic processes taking place in the Polish economy. On the other hand, some of the interventionist instruments used, due to the specially created mechanism of their operation and their high scale, may have violated the norms set forth in the Basic Law, i.e. the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. This type of interventionist measure applied on an exceptionally large scale in Poland was the purchase of Treasury bonds by the National Bank of Poland to generate additional, printed money, which was then introduced extra-budgetarily into the economy mainly in the form of non-refundable financial subsidies transferred to many companies and enterprises operating in various sectors of the economy in order to limit the growth of unemployment in a situation of deep economic crisis and economic recession generated by lockdowns. However, the government's main concern was that the unemployment rates shown by the Central Statistical Office did not change significantly despite the real decline in the level of employment, entrepreneurs changing the terms and conditions of employment of employees by, for example, reducing the duration and scale of employment of the same employees, a decline in the economic activity of companies and enterprises, a reduction in the scale of activities carried out by business entities, a reduction in the development opportunities of business entities affected by lockdowns, etc. The state interventionism thus applied during the pandemic consisted of actions and instruments of an also informally coordinated, politically politically ultra-mild monetary policy through an interventionist reduction of interest rates by the central bank and an ultra-mild fiscal policy based on the application of historically large-scale financial, non-refundable state aid. Synergistically and in a coordinated manner, the aforementioned mild monetary policy and fiscal policy applied effectively first limited the development of the economic crisis to then generate further economic problems in the economy. It is estimated that in Poland, since the 1st wave of the coronavirus pandemic, the central bank has created and transferred money to the government with a total value of almost 400 billion zlotys. On the other hand, in the framework of the economic policy unjustifiably described in the media by the government as an economic policy pursuing sustainable economic development, the opportunities that arose during the pandemic have not been used to accelerate the processes of green transformation of the economy, and this despite the fact that opportunities for this have arisen.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

The influence of Financial Technology (Fintech) backed by ICT information technologies and Industry 4.0/5.0 on commercial banking has been growing in recent years. Commercial banks, concerned about the development of Financial Technology (Fintech) in support of the sale of online information services, the development of financial intermediation, online payments developed as part of the offerings of Internet-based technology companies, are trying to implement similar solutions into the developed online and mobile banking. The implementation of ICT and Industry 4.0/5.0 information technologies, including recently Big Data Analytics, cloud computing and generative artificial intelligence, among others, can be helpful in the framework of creating Financial Technology (Fintech) solutions in commercial banks.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Generative artificial intelligence finds application in various spheres of commercial banking, including banking offered to customers remotely through online and mobile banking. In addition to improving remote channels of marketing communication and remote access of customers to their bank accounts, tools based on generative AI are being developed, used to increase the scale of efficiency, automation, intelligent processing of large sets of data and information on various processes carried out inside the bank. Increasingly, generative AI technologies learned in deep learning processes and the application of artificial neural network technologies to perform complex, multi-faceted, multi-criteria data processing on Big Data Analytics platforms, including data and information from the bank's environment, online databases, online information portals and internal information systems operating within the bank. Increasingly, generative AI technologies are being used to automate analytical processes carried out as part of the lending business, including, first and foremost, the automation of creditworthiness analysis processes, processes carried out on computerized Big Data Analytics and/or Business Intelligence platforms, in which multicriteria, intelligent processing is carried out on increasingly large sets of data and information on potential borrowers and their market, competitive, industry, business and macroeconomic environment, etc. However, still the banking system supervisory institutions do not allow changes in banking procedures in which generative artificial intelligence in the credit departments of commercial banks will not only carry out the entire process of analyzing the creditworthiness of a potential borrower but will also make a decision on whether to grant a loan. Banking supervisory institutions still do not allow this kind of solution or precisely it is not defined in the legal norms defining the functioning of commercial banking. This raises the question of whether the technological advances taking place and the growing scale of applications of generative artificial intelligence technology in banking will not force changes in this area of banking as well. Perhaps, the growing scale of implementation of generative AI into various spheres of banking will contribute to the continuation of the processes of automation of lending activities which may result in the future in generative artificial intelligence making a decision on whether or not to extend credit.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion about it?

What do you think about this topic?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

What is the best Managerial Economics textbook for undergraduate Level students?

Please help me or locate where i can get data set for ROA(Return on Asset) which is the dependent variable , FinTech examples(Independent variables) like mobile banking & digital banking, trading in cryptocurrency, mobile payment apps & Wallet of the Bank of America corporation (BAC) from 2010-2022.

My general objective is to investigate impacts of FinTech on banking performance.I Will need dataset to come out with multiple linear regression model of one dependent variable(ROA) and three Independent variables (FinTech examples). Furthermore , the researcher will come out with trend of banking performance from 2010 to 2022

7.9.2023 the central bank in Poland, i.e. the National Bank of Poland, despite the fact that still, despite the end of the Covid-19 pandemic more than a year ago, large amounts of additional money are being injected extra-budgetarily into the economy as part of the pre-election government social programs, inflation is still over 10 percent, average wage growth is over 10 percent, the rate of economic growth shows no signs of economic recession, the debt level of the state's public finance system is growing rapidly, oproc. of bank deposits is at a low level that does not even compensate for the level of loss of purchasing power of money, the cost of servicing the public debt is growing rapidly, the national currency is weakening reduced interest rates. by 0.75 percent. Most financial analysts, even taking into account political factors in addition to economic factors, were forecasting a reduction of these interest rates by 0.25 percent, not by 0.75 percent. Besides, this was also based on what the president of the National Bank of Poland said and declared at previous press conferences. Financial analysts economists have already become accustomed to the fact that the declarations made at press conferences by the president of this central bank are determined mainly by political factors, often diverge from the facts, contain inconsistencies with objectively conducted analyses of the macroeconomic state of the economy, and so on. The key issue is that the next parliamentary elections in Poland are scheduled for 15.10.2023. The monetary policy pursued by the central bank in Poland in recent years clearly confirms the thesis of strong informal ties between this policy and the government's economic policy. The covid and postcovid monetary policy pursued since 2020 first contributed to inflation from 2021 due to the strong easing of this policy, and then when it was tightened from October 2021 it acted mainly anti-conjunctural instead of anti-inflationary. The anti-conjunctural effect of the previously tightened monetary policy in Poland was mainly due to the fact that commercial banks operating in Poland for many years have been granting long-term mortgages and business loans at variable interest rates for more than 95 percent of the time. This is a kind of evanescence of banking in Poland compared to other developed countries. Oddly, the forecasting analyses developed at the central bank before the earlier monetary tightening apparently did not fully take into account this important economic factor. This is yet another point supporting the thesis that a highly politicized monetary policy is being pursued in Poland. This then raises the following question: won't a monetary policy conducted in this way, in which economic factors are less important than political factors, soon cause mistakes to be made again when conducting this policy and lead to another crisis in the economy? I, on the subject of monetary policy and its role in the issue of systemic credit risk management and in the context of the emergence of the global financial crisis of 2007-2009, conducted research, the results of which I have published in several scientific articles. These articles are available on my Research Gate portal profile. I invite you to join me in scientific cooperation.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.

In writing this text I did not use other sources or automatic text generation systems.

Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

On my profile of the Research Gate portal you can find several publications on the problems of monetary policy and its role in the issue of systemic credit risk management and in the context of the emergence of the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. I invite you to scientific cooperation on this issue.

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Banks, wanting to move with the times, are modifying their offers of financial products and services, including banking, adapting them to changing social trends and customer preferences. Modifications of banking offers mainly concerning the issue of organization, the channel of access to offers are also determined by the technological progress taking place. On the other hand, in terms of changes regarding social trends, changes in customers' worldview, customers' awareness of certain topics considered current and developing, it is the banks that are now recognizing the increasing level of customers' awareness of the climate change taking place, the ongoing process of global warming, the role of humans in these processes, potential threats to the biosphere and people in the future if these processes continue, the need to urgently carry out a green transformation of the economy, to build a green closed loop economy, a sustainable and zero-carbon economy, a sharing economy, the implementation of sustainable development goals. Accordingly, banks, on the one hand, for part of their loan offerings, give names to green loans, which they provide as investment business loans for borrowers planning to implement a green business venture involving, for example, setting up photovoltaic panels on the roof of a house, apartment building, store, business, etc, purchasing an electric or hydrogen-powered car, setting up a household sewage treatment plant, a rainwater catchment system for watering the lawn, building a composter next to the home garden, building a biogas plant producing biogas for energy needs from organic and post-agricultural waste, insulating the facade of a residential building to increase the scale of savings in energy consumption, setting up a system of intelligent blinds to optimize the temperature of the building and increase energy independence, building a system to optimize waste sorting and increase the scale of recycling, building a retention reservoir in an area threatened by long-term drought, carrying out a zoning change investment to reduce the area covered with concrete or asphalt and increase the area of greenery in the city, etc. On the other hand, companies, financial institutions, including commercial banks are modifying their missions and development strategies by adding green business issues, environmental social responsibility, sustainable development goals and fashionable green slogans. Some enterprises, companies and banks also in advertising spots, videos promoting the organization's logo present this logo in the form of an animation that suggests the changes already made in the organization, that the company, enterprise or bank has become green in terms of mission and strategy, that it pursues certain selected or all sustainability goals. But this is not always consistent with the facts. Increasingly, it is greenwashing. The scale of greenwashing is growing rapidly because there is no system for verifying and certifying business entities on the question of whether they are indeed green, whether they are pursuing sustainability goals, at what scale they are doing so in the context of their overall business operations. However, some of the banks that offer, for example, green loans actually finance with their help the green business ventures that the borrowers implement. But, after all, in a significant part of the banks that modify their offerings of banking products in this way, including loans they are still only realizing what they have been doing for many years. The only difference is that previously, before the modification of the bank's offer, the financing of the borrower's project of setting up a photovoltaic panel on the roof of the house or buying an electric car was done by the bank through the granting of an investment loan and not, as now, the granting of a green investment loan. In addition, the difference is also only that green technologies are rapidly developing and becoming cheaper. Until a dozen years ago, the purchase of an electric car or the installation of a photovoltaic panel on the roof of a residential building involved a much higher expense or was practically unaffordable for citizens with an average income level. However, much has been changing in this regard in recent years, and as a result, banks are also modifying their banking product offerings and adding the issues of ecology, green transformation and implementation of sustainable development goals to their missions and development strategies. With increasing competition among banks on the issue of green banking product offerings, it is becoming more and more common for individual banks, as part of advertising campaigns, in advertising spots and promotional videos introducing their green banking products, to also give examples of a specific type of green business venture that can be financed with, for example, a specific type of green loan or green lease. In view of the above, I give one example: One bank in Poland advertises green financing in the form of photovoltaic leasing for companies and SMEs, as well as leasing an electric car. What other similar examples of advertising green banking products and/or financing certain types of green business ventures with them are used by commercial banks?

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Please refer to the attached PDF document for the full questions and additional information related to the posed question.

Thank you.

Irucka Embry, E.I.T.

The increase in pro-environmental, pro-climate and pro-environmental awareness of citizens is also resulting in a change in business strategy towards increasing the achievement of sustainability goals, producing product and/or service offerings described as green, adding green economy and sustainability issues to the mission of the business entity, etc. of many companies, businesses, financial and public institutions. An increasing number of banks and other financial institutions, with the aim of improving their image in advertising campaigns, on their websites, at events and in public relations activities, are presenting themselves as pursuing sustainable development goals, caring for the future of future generations of citizens and, therefore, their customers, and joining the increasingly widespread trend of pro-climate and pro-environmental actions consisting of business development taking into account the implementation of technological solutions contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. As part of this effort to portray themselves as green financial institutions, some banks and other financial institutions annually organise competitions with financial prizes for startups creating, developing and implementing green technologies and energy eco-innovations facilitating the development of renewable and emission-free energy sources, green technologies enhancing the potential for saving drinking water, eco-innovations facilitating the development of sustainable organic agriculture, green technologies improving the efficiency of waste sorting and recycling processes, the development of electro-mobility, enhancing opportunities for low-carbon construction and other green technologies and eco-innovations that will make it possible to build a zero-carbon, sustainable, green circular economy in the shorter term. The best pro-climate and pro-environmental projects developed and implemented by startups receive funding from banks to increase the capacity and scale of development and business implementation of green technologies and eco-innovations. By organising such competitions, banks and other business entities are building a new image for their business, in which sustainability and green business development are to play an increasingly important role. At the same time, they are explaining on their websites why they are joining the increasingly widespread trend in business to scale up specific sustainability goals and carry out business transformation towards achieving zero carbon. The online promotion of such competitions for the best business implementation of new green technologies and eco-innovations also acts as an advertisement for the institution holding the competition as an entity that has added sustainability to its mission. Despite the lack of a system for full verification of the reliability of such promotional activities and assessment of the level of the implementation of sustainable development goals, the reality of doing green business, and the scale of greenwashing, which is occurring more and more frequently, the prevalence of this trend in business in correlation with the growth of general social pro-climate and pro-environmental awareness of citizens performs many positive functions. Among these many positive functions of the processes outlined above, the lobbying of business in the political sphere plays a particularly positive role, which can also cause pro-environmental and pro-climate changes in the content of laws and other legal norms shaping the functioning of economic entities in the economy, taking into account the growing role of sustainability. Such promotional activities of organising and advertising competitions for green start-ups are an important element of building a green image in a commercial bank and support synergistic activities of developing the green credit offer. Simultaneously carried out various types of activities aimed at supporting the development of green businesses of bank clients, implementation of green technologies by clients, carrying out green business ventures by borrowers, pro-climate investments, etc., can create a kind of added value and increase the effectiveness of the processes of building a new image of an increasingly sustainable bank, implementation of a new green mission, development of a green offer of bank products, etc. In this way, banks and other financial institutions can contribute to accelerating the processes of carrying out a pro-environmental and pro-climate transformation of the classic growth, brown, linear economy of excess to a sustainable, green, zero-carbon growth and closed loop economy. On the other hand, if there is more greenwashing in this kind of activity than reliable implementation of sustainability and green business development, then unfortunately, apart from a kind of repainting of a company's or bank's image in green, there is little real implementation of the green transformation of the economy. There is no institutional system of verification of the level of greenwashing, including the assessment of the reliability of the formulated provisions, the implementation of pro-environmental and pro-climate strategic objectives made by banks and other business entities, the declarations made regarding support, financing the development of green business ventures, financing pro-environmental investments with green loans, etc. The basis for the creation of an institutional system of verification of the level of greenwashing, including the assessment of the reliability of the formulated provisions, declarations of green business development, the level of implementation of the objectives of sustainable development is the issue of a large level of diversity in the scale of activities undertaken by banks and other economic entities to support the development of green businesses developed by customers, as well as the high level of variation in the activities of promoting themselves as green, sustainable business entities and the high level of variation in the declarations introduced by commercial banks regarding programmes for the implementation of sustainable development goals, the bank's participation in the process of reducing emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, the target of achieving a zero-carbon economy and building zero-carbon, sustainable business enterprises.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In recent years, technologies that play an important role in the field of Industry 4.0, technologies that determine the current fourth technological revolution, including machine learning technologies, deep learning and artificial intelligence are finding their way into improving cyber security systems. Financial institutions, including commercial banks, are implementing a certain generation of artificial intelligence technologies into specific areas of banking in order to increase process efficiency, economic efficiency, etc. Artificial intelligence is already being used by banks to improve remote communication processes with customers, in call centre departments as part of the creation of automated remote communication systems and digitised adviser avatars, in the process of managing credit risk and other risk categories, and also in the area of cyber-security.Therefore, opportunities are emerging for the application of artificial intelligence technologies in improving cyber-security techniques and systems in various areas of cyber-security in online and mobile banking, including issues such as:

1. improving cyber-security techniques to protect the information systems of financial institutions, including banks, from external cyber-attacks via email and ransomware viruses.

2. improving cybercrime risk management systems for integrated internal information systems connected to the Internet.

3. Improving cyber security techniques implemented through the implementation of new Industry 4.0 technologies, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, Blockchain, multi-criteria simulation models, etc., and advanced analytical techniques such as Big Data Analytics, Business Intelligence.

4. improving the anti-spam systems used to protect email inboxes in order to increase the filtering out of emails where cybercriminals use phishing techniques and/or send malware and ransomware viruses in the background of the email.

5. Improving cyber-security techniques for online and mobile banking systems with a particular focus on mobile banking implemented on the bank's customer side using smartphones equipped with specific operating systems and web applications.

6. Analysis of the level of effectiveness and cyber security for biometric techniques for encoding access to information systems as an important factor in cyber security.

7. perfecting cyber-security techniques in integrated, internal, intranet information systems operating in financial institutions, including commercial banks characterised by a complex organisational structure and companies forming interconnected business entities.

In view of the above, financial institutions, including commercial banks, are implementing a certain generation of artificial intelligence technologies in various areas of banking, including in the improvement of cyber-security techniques and systems.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I have described the key issues of opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology in my article below:

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT

Please write what you think in this issue? Do you see rather threats or opportunities associated with the development of artificial intelligence technology?

I invite you to familiarize yourself with the issues described in the article given above and to scientific cooperation on these issues.

I invite you to scientific cooperation in this problematic.

Please write what you think in this problematics?

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

When banks merge, some employees become demotivated due to the loss of their job positions. In order to continue banking services, it is necessary to create motivation to maintain the morale of employees. What is your solution for aligning reward goals with organizational goals?