Atmospheric Modeling - Science topic

Hi there,

I am new to atmospheric modeling. When I am trying to do some 0D chemical simulation, I find it difficult to specify the actinic fluxes change in the process. It seems that in most models the photolysis reactions are given with a photolysis rate that does not change with light of different intensity and wavelength. This could work for filed measurements as sun zenith angle is given or calculated. But if a chamber experiment is to be simulated, fixed photolysis rate cannot reproduce the actual condition.

Is there any 0D model that takes light intensity and wavelength into consideration to get a detailed simulation of photolysis reactions? Or any suggestions on model modification?

Thanks!

Hi everyone

I am trying to run the CESM model, in order to evaluate teleconnection in a rising temperature levels, in low-mid atmosphere conditions and the rainfall patterns in the Andes of South America.

But, I am newbie in this, so I am having some troubles indeed, when I execute the ./create_newcase this command does not create a new folder into my directory, I was finding out what I did wrong but I am lost

Can anyone  help with this one?

Thanks a lot!

HI everybody

I am trying to run the CESM-atm model, but I don't get where is the path for the data, I am attaching an image of what must be the structure of the path.

By the way, I am running this model in my personal lap, so I had to do the porting proccess before, so I don't  think that would be really the problem here.

Could anyone explain me what I must do for downloading the data for the model?

Thanks a lot!

I am working on atmospheric modeling using AERMOD and I find it difficult to find the heights of various buildings surrounding the emission sites, especially in areas that cannot be represented in 3D on google earth. Is there another way of finding the height?

I want to run WRF - ARW model for a small domain of 100X100 km at a grid size of 3X3 km or smaller for forecasting weather parameters, which will be used as an input in a crop simulation model to forecast crop yield.

I need to purchase the required hardware and software for it but I'm very confused of the requirements and specifications which are required for the purpose.

I seek help to answer the following questions:

(1) What is the minimum and optimum H/W specification required and available in the market (preferably in India).

(2) What Linux OS Version and other compilers that would required to be installed?

Thanks

Vinay Sehgal

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

I am working on atmospheric modeling and I seem to have a problem obtaining meteorological data for the area under study, Athi River in Machakos County and Industrial Area in Nairobi, both areas in Kenya. Any assistance would be appreciated

I am looking for some models that can provide visibility forecasting products. I found that ECMWF may have these datasets, but I don't know how to download these datasets. I hope someone can provide me some help. It can be a download link for data. It can also be the method of downloading data, I will be grateful to him.

Hello,

I am interested in how the concentration of O2 varies over time close to ground level. I have been informed that the concentration can drop when an inversion layer is present in the local area due to reduced atmospheric mixing and have seen this effect in data collected by my group.

What else can lead to O2 changes?

Also, what is the best way to identify when an inversion layer is present?

Background:

The reason for my asking is that my group use a constant value for oxygen concentration and use atmospheric air to calibrate our continuous gas oxygen analysers. These analysers are used for a clinical measurement called whole body room calorimetry, where we compare the changes in oxygen concentration of a room (nearly air tight) and air being pumped in to it. Further in the data processing, we calculate the amount of oxygen used by a person, which along with other gas exchange rates is used to calculate biological power output and fuel oxidation ratios.

Thanks for reading.

Physical oceanography

Oceanography

Satellite oceanography

Did somebody use Ameriflux data before? And applied it into Penman-Monteith equation or calculating aerodynamic resistance?

When I need to compute the aerodynamic resistance, I need to know the canopy heights and measurement heights of each site in AmeriFlux first. But I really did not find the descriptions of these on the website of FluxNet. I can only find some of them in reference papers but just part of them. And this can take much time.

So, I wondered if somebody knows where I can find canopy heights and measurement heights for Fluxnet sites(like Ameriflux) easily, can you tell me or send me a link. I know I can "find" them but I did not find actually. Thanks for your time.

In the output of WRF model, clear-sky doesn't mean a clear sky day, which means may have some clouds in the sky. Then my question is how model treat the values at some cloudy grid points. Are the values will be zero. Could anybody give me an example, like SWDOWNC, SWUPTC  and so on.

What is the most accurate way of calculating wind direction (2D NESW), wind speed and vertical wind movement using 3D Ultrasonic Anemometer data in the form of uX-uY-uZ m/s (or U-V-W vector) data? I am looking for calculations, methods and/or sources for these approaches.

I would like to download ensemble mean, daily data from the CERA-20C reanalysis product in a fast and efficient way.

In the following page:

CERA-20C Atmospheric model, daily data (enda) retrieval efficiency#20CAtmosphericmodel,dailydata(enda)retrievalefficiency-Requestingensemblemean(ep),multipleyears,surface(sfc)

an efficient script to download such type of data is provided. However, when I run the python script only one month at a time is downloaded from the server, and the downloading of the next month is queued. The resulting netcdf files are small, because I am interested on a small area and few parameters, and also the corresponding processing and downloading times are very short (1-2 seconds). However the queue time is around 1 hour. Since I need to download 110*12=1320 months, this procedure will take weeks instead of the few minutes that would be needed if the data would be downloaded all at once.

I wonder if there is a procedure to download all the data at once.

Here is the script that I'm using

#!/usr/bin/env python

import calendar

from ecmwfapi import ECMWFDataServer

server = ECMWFDataServer()

server.retrieve({

"class": "ep",

"dataset": "cera20c",

"date": "19010101/TO/20101231",

"expver": "1",

"levtype": "sfc",

"param": "166.128",

"step": "0",

"stream": "enda",

"time": "00:00:00/03:00:00/06:00:00/09:00:00/12:00:00/15:00:00/18:00:00/21:00:00",

"type": "em",

"area": "50/20/51/22",

"grid": "0.25/0.25",

"format": "netcdf", .

"target": "U10m_tot.nc",

})

Thank you.

Sebastiano

The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) event occurring earlier this year (2015) was said to be the strongest ever, based on its RMM index. I wonder if there is anyone ranking all the MJO events based on whatever criteria (e.g. RMM index, precipitation).

I'm facing with this problem since 2 weeks ago. I know that this is possible with grads, but to do this it is necessary the post processing of data. I think that this is possible with NCL.

Dear all,

    Is there any link to get real time solar data to verify my forecast results in India?

Regards,

Malleswararao M

I am getting confused with the different tools and their function in WRF-Chem. can any one suggest that which tool in WRF-Chem (MEGAN or MADE or others..) is appropriate for estimating temperature and precipitation for different concentration of CO2 and Aerosols as a forcing agent?   

-Note the limitations of any suggested methods

-And what the conditions that considered during the simulations and/or the experiments.

The Earth's atmosphere is an important compartment of our planet with respect to climate and its changes. When developing atmospheric models to estimate the Earth's heat balance, estimating the partial volume of some of its molecules and particles is crucial. Hence an important starting point is the accurate estimation of the Earth's atmosphere volume and more specifically that of the lower part of the atmosphere, e.g., the troposphere. How does one proceed to accurately calculate the volume of the troposphere?

I want to know how extract of precipitation data for specific coordinates (longitude/latitude) from the netCDF file that I downloaded. Or how to convert the file from netCDF extension to CSV file. I'll be Thankful for any help.

I have been using a NCL script to for some data operation and visualisation. It takes two ".nc" files from two different folder as input and provides the output in the terminal. Now, I have around hundred files, for which the same script to be operated. I tried to read all the files in the folder and create a loop to carry forward the task, but failed. Concatenating the data from all files will not work for my case, since the files does not contain same length of dimension. Can anyone provide a solution for my case? Thanking everyone in anticipation !

P.S: I am attaching a screenshot of the NCL code for your reference. 

I want to study the trend of cloud cover over an area of interest. I want to do monthly, annual and seasonal analysis for the same. I want to know about the generation of annual cloud cover data from monthly data

I was trying to plot the global (spatial) distribution of a certain parameter (let's say temperature or precipitation). What I found that plotting a time averaged figure would not be effective in my case. I want to understand how a certain parameter is changing globally/ regionally on a temporal scale. Can any one suggest me any idea or plot type for such analysis?

 I am working on a precipitation-run off model. I need accurate precipitation data for my study watershed located in a portion of Kansas, United State. I have some COOP stations in my watershed but these stations contain a bunch of missing data. As a solution, I downloaded grid data from PRIM for grid points where COOP stations are already located in my study area.

Is PRISM using observational data and just filling missing data with regression method or using simulation data for whole grid points and observational data convert to simulation data?

In other words, to increase the accuracy of my precipitation data, is it better to use PRISM data individually or is it better to use PRISM data just to fill temporal missing gaps in my observational data?

I mean something similar to the Nusselt number in Rayleigh-Benard convection. We found an increase of heat transfer (Nusselt number) in helical-vortex RB convection

and would like to carry out a similar analysis for the rotating deep convection in the tropics.

Atmospheric phenomena:

* local displacement floating of Earth magnetic poles

* magnetic pole tilt and reverse orientation of magnetic field lines

Earth Meteorological and Climate Phenomena:

* Global Climate Change

Cosmic and Atmospheric phenomena:

* Solar activity (index) dynamics

* Solar wind and cosmic high energetiv particle radiation

Both Aqua and Terra provide AOD value combining Deep Blue and Dark Target algorithm with corresponding Quality Flag value. They also have Aerosol cloud fraction data for corresponding grids. I want to use these AOD value for estimation of ambient PM2.5. I discarded the cells with QF less than 3 (as suggested by research). My query is whether further filtration of AOD values are required based on Cloud fraction data. That is, whether I have to discard those AOD value for which corresponding Cloud Fraction Value is approx.1.

I have modeled Persian Gulf (salinity, temperature, and currents) by using  FVCOM model. meteorological data have downloaded in ECMWF web site. The model had unstabled before 2 year Run and temperature decrease to -20 degree centigrade.

Now I know the problem is heat flux data. Can anyone help me about  "Net surface heat flux" and "Shortwave irradiation flux at the surface (w/m2)"?

1- Where can I obtain "Net surface heat flux and Shortwave irradiation flux at the surface (w/m2)"?

2- How can I change heat flux coefficient in FVCOM model?

Need help on decoding Sun Irradiation Meteo Weather IWEC or IMGW epw Data Formats. What are the names of data columns in epw file?

Here is example file.

Does it meaningful for qualify the contribution from plant and soil to Bowen ratio (H/LET)? That is, are Hv/T (Hv is heat flux from vegetation/T is transpiration) and Hs/E (Hs is heat flux from soil layer/E is evaporation) meaningful?

Dear All,

I would like to ask how should be the lowest vertical data interpreted if they are placed below surface level? For example, in the Alpine region with the average altitude of ~1500 m asl the vertical layers of 1000 or 975 hPa are very often significantly below the surface level (if calculation are based on geopotential height). How are those values then calculated? Is there any physical meaning of those data?

Kind regards,

I need to download some meteorological parameters include precipitation,

temperature, pressure, wind speed, specific humidity, downward short‐wave radiation, upward short‐wave radiation, downward long‐wave radiation and upward long‐wave radiation.

i got data from Fortran program to how can i plot data in Matlab?

I am looking for measured irradiance data for some locations in India - for satellite irradiance data validation purposes. I was trying to get BSRN stations data, but they are not ready yet for India. I am not sure if IMD has data. I really appreciate your help for any information.

Thanks,

Alemu

what are the main component of physics one should be careful about when using coarse resolution input data in WRF (say 225km x 225km) in order to reduce bias and errors?

I have been working on boundary-layer meteorology and turbulence for about 20 years. My jobs focused mainly on the turbulent processes in the CBL and their parameterization. I want to do something on the SBL.

I want to calculate column amount of ozone using vertical profile data.

say  900-700 hPa  column amount of ozone.

I want to work on this in matlab. please share any matlab code in this regard and it will be very helpful for my work

Thanks in advance

i am working on weather prediction project.objective is to predict rainfall.

i want station data of the india region having this parameters.

1 temperature,2.humidity,3.rainfall,4.water vapour,5.pressure,6.wind speed

i want the data without missing values(as it help to decrease the error)

.i tried to fetch the data from the different site but most of site is having indiavidual data like only rainfall ,only temperature,...

but as i want to train the model i want this all parameters together measured for particular station ofr for particular region

please suggest the freely available data(if possible)

i went through IMD PUNE site.(how much time it take to get the data in hand)

thank you 

suggestions are welcomed !!!

Dear Sirs, 

I am working with drought indices and in order to accurately represent the spatial variability of the are I am working in, I need many weather stations. I do have ten stations with almost no gaps in the data but the rest of the stations have at least a 10-year gap. Is it possible to fill those gaps with satellite data and then perform homogeneity test in order ti detect breaks in the data? Shall I copy and paste the missing data or any kind of interpolation or preprocess is needed before "merging" both observed and estimated data from remote sensors? 

My area of interest is almost 150.000 km2, relatively flat so topography shouldn't be an issue in case an interpolation is needed. 

Thank you all very much

Regards, 

Dear all,

I am looking for daily minimum temperature data (50 years back in time) for Russia and Japan.

Any suggestions highly appreciated.

Cheers

I am trying to determine the SSR, STR, SSRC and STRC for my region. After retrieving the NetCDF (details below), I multiplied the scale factor and added the offset. Thereafter, I divided the values by 21600 and 32400, for the steps of 6 and 9 respectively. I am still getting very high values. i.e. in the range of 10⁵. I have attached the code I am using to extract data from the NetCDF file. It is a MATLAB Script. Could someone help with this? Thanks in advance.

Stream:Atmospheric model

Area:28.0°N 78.0°E 24.0°N 82.0°E

Type:Forecast

Dataset:interim_daily

Step:6, 9, 12

Version:1

Type of level:Surface

Time:00:00:00

Date:20160601 to 20160930

Grid:0.125° x 0.125°

Parameter:Boundary layer height, Surface net solar radiation, Surface net solar radiation, clear sky, Surface net thermal radiation, Surface net thermal radiation, clear sky

Class:ERA Interim

As I am not familiar with ECMWF data. I have obtained daily Climate Reanalysis data from ECMWF ERA-Interim. I have converted it to the text file and excel file format. The data obtained for various parameters are as follow;

Temperature, Min, Max Temp. Solar radiation, DewPoint Temp, SnowDepth   (Time:12  Step: 03), Precipitation (Time: 00 & 12   Step: 12), Sunshine duration(Time: 00 & 12  Step: 09). 

The required input file format of the model, for example, is as; 

Year--day--Temp--Prec--SRD--Daylength

2011--01---

2011--02---

2011--03---

---

---

2011--365---

2012--1---

2012--2---

---

2012--365--- and so on.....

The data obtained is not on daily format rather is a lot of data on time basis.

Would anybody help how to process this data to get daily data from day 1 to day 365 per year for each parameter?

Your guidance/help in this regard will highly be appreciated.

Thank you and regards,  

Is the model ORCHIDEE available for public use or is it available for a few selected research organizations only?

Specifically, I'm looking for data from the Amazon region.

The models we use more often are WRF, BRAMS and RegCM, so any formats read by those models are useful.

Thank you!

I want to use WRF model for downscaling HadGEM2-ES and GFDL-ESM2M GCMs for future climate change projections (also reference period 1971-2000). But I want to know which dynamical core (ARW or NMM) is suitable for it where I have three nested domain with different resolutions.  

I am trying to do Atmospheric correction for HYPERION L1 GST Image in FLAASH using ENVI 5.2. I have used Hyperion tool for converting the image to Cube using MTL data. And using Band math VNIR divided by 40 and SWIR by 80 to convert DN to Radiance. And merging the file using ENVI standard option in ENVI 5.2. Though I checked the literature, none of the spectra has showing higher value near 400 to 500 nm ie from Band 1 to band 30.

What is the reason for those values? What do i want to do or correct in my procedure? Please let me now.

While searching for cosmic dust and debris from nuclear bomb tests, Christian Junge discovered in 1960 a layer of microscopic aerosol particles between the tropopause and about 18 miles (30 km) altitude. These particles are composed of sulfuric acid and water and are formed by the chemical transformation of sulfur-containing gases . This layer is called the Junge Layer or the Stratospheric Aerosol Layer (http://www.albany.edu/faculty/rgk/atm101/junge.htm). According to Solomon et al. (2011; Science) recent measurements demonstrate that the "background” stratospheric aerosol layer is persistently variable rather than constant, even in the absence of major volcanic eruptions. Several independent data sets show that stratospheric aerosols have increased in abundance since 2000. Near-global satellite aerosol data imply a negative radiative forcing due to stratospheric aerosol changes over this period of about –0.1 watt per square meter, reducing the recent global warming that would otherwise have occurred. Observations from earlier periods are limited but suggest an additional negative radiative forcing of about –0.1 watt per square meter from 1960 to 1990. Climate model projections neglecting these changes would continue to overestimate the radiative forcing and global warming in coming decades if these aerosols remain present at current values or increase.

Hi,

  I need ftp real time link to download cloud amount and Aerosol optical depth from MODIS. can anyone provide me this?. Instead of ordering data and analyzing data manually is not possible.

Thanks & Regards,

Malleswararao M

I'm trying to apply the method of liu-liang 2010 [1]. They use potential temperature difference between 20mb and 5mb above surface and a threshold of 1K for land and 0.2K for ocean and ice. But in my situation, the location of interest (Istanbul, Turkey) is between 2 sea and, in my opinion, can not be classified either as land or ocean. So, I think that I need to choose different threshold for stability classification near surface. Is there someone that is familiar with boundary layer meteorology and can point me to the right direction on this issue? I actually prefer answers from someone that is familiar especially with this article.

1- Liu and Liang, 2010, Observed Diurnal Cycle Climatology of Planetary Boundary Layer Height

Hello

Can someone explain me what kind of data the CESM model use? and if it is observed or reanalysis? Futhermore, If is possible to run only the CAM model, using CESM compset?

I'm using the CESM 1_2_2 which I've already portted, but as I'm new working with this model, I need some help.

I hope any of you, who are more related modelling with CESM or CAM, can help me with this one.

Cheers!

Hi everyone

Can you advise me of changing atmospheric temperature in CESM-model. I've been running some cases, but there were just examples of different websites.

I know that I can built my own case, but I don't know how to change temperature in the model. I meant, what I want to find is, what would happen if the atmosphere get warmer, and what would be the changes in the rainfall patterns in the Andes region.

If anyone can help me sharing some link or anything that put me in the right direction, I will really appreciate it.

Thanks a lot!

I am getting relatively lower downward diffuse flux when I increase the ozone concentration in lower atmosphere at around 40 degree of solar zenith angle. Can we define this effects in terms of multiple scattering ? How?

Hi,

   I want to use GEOS5-AOD data (aerosol data as input to WRF in addition to GFS). Can any one help me where can I download GEOS5-AOD for India or Global data?

Thanks & Regards,

Malleswararao M

I followed the typical method of adding 9 components of transient eddies, stationary eddies and meridional circulation which I integrate using the method of simpson (equation attached in figures)

The figures are the annual average of daily data and zonal mean (not every 6 hrs as I need to compare with data from my experiments, which are daily mean), pressure is integrated between 1000 hPa and 300 hPa, because of Specific Humidity goes between these values.

First I calculate about 1 year of reanalysis data of NCEP / NCAR (1984) and then 10 years (1984-1994) looking for differences that might exist between the two calculations.

My problem is that I do not get a smooth curve MHT as seen in most publications, the amplitude is different (without having errors on the script and units).

What procedure must be used to obtain the curve MHT? there is a special process?

Thanks!

I have a serie of about 90 medium-range forecasts (3 months, daily) from 'old' and 'new' versions of the atmospheric model starting from the same initial data. How can I judge whether or not the change of serie-mean errors and scores (say, H500 RMSE) between two model versions is statistically significant. I suppose that there should be a conventional method to do it. The Student's t-test seems to be inappropriate in this case, because the errors of forecast (run each 24 hours) are autocorrelated and error series from 'old' and 'new' models are not independent.

Hello good to all,

Need your help to figure out  the problem in running WRF (nesting domain).

Actually, I am testing the model using nests, (10km ,5 km).There is the issue with executing real.exe. I guess it's with domain setting. however I have  followed  the mentioned steps, max dom: 2, start_time ,end_time, e_we and e_sn and dx, by, (from input.wps),history_interval, top_atmosphere etc.and linked met_em* as well but unable to find the error. 

There is the screen capture of the error if anyone knows how to solve this problem.(as it is still unable to run real.exe, I could not get rsl.error file).

thank you 

I want to measure sensible heat flux in the optic path of the LI7500 above a forest canopy with eddy covariance, but the datalogger was just on the ground surface for an old version of colsed path system (LI7000), so I have to use long-cable to collect the10-hz data. But I found the sensible heat flux calculated from the long-cable thermocouples was 30% lower than that from the CSAT3. Direct comparison between two thermocouples (a 1 m long and 100 feet long cable) also get similar result.

I want to know why long-cable attenuated significantly. Thanks!

Hi, all

I am trying to simulate storm surge and inland inundation along the region of Bay of Bengal using ADCIRC model . Is there a way to get the required information for preparing the fort.14 and fort. 22 files from open sources or commercial.

Dear Researcher, 

I need guidance regarding extraction of precipitation data of my study area using TRMM or PERSIAN-CDR. Both these satellite data sets have daily and monthly precipitation data sets. I want to extract data for a specified catchment, I am not good in programming and Matlab. I only know how to read the files using matlab. Kindly guide me how to extract data for specified latitude and longitude, I will highly appreciate If you share Matlab code or any tutorial.

Regards

shahid 

I wish to model the stratospheric water vapor using remote sensing and geo spatial techniques in my summer project.

So, I want to know how we can model the stratospheric water content in the GIS environment and thereby I can do the comparison study with my calculated value?

And please provide me the links of the research papers done in this topic.

Thank you...

I am looking at taking design rainfall estimates and fitting these to the SCS rainfall distributions and simulating these through a hydraulic model at a number of locations globally. Without further study analysing local rainfall patterns across the globe is it acceptable to use this approach. What are the limitations of this and what other quick approaches can be applied. Note I have considered triangular hyetograph methods and I do not have IDF relationships to use methods such as the alternating block and Chicago methods. 

I am trying to build the meteorological database which ArcSWAT need. However I cannot find some of meteorological parameters which ArcSWAT need from the climate of Canada, include:

1.RAINHHMX(mon):Maximum 0.5 hour rainfall in entire period of record for month.

2.SOLARAV(mon):Average daily solar radiation for month (MJ/m 2 /day).

3.DEWPT(mon):Average daily dew point temperature for each month (ºC)or relative humidity (fraction) can be input.

4.WNDAV(mon):Average daily wind speed in month (m/s).

I can find hourly data of wind speed and dew point temperature, but I need daily data of them. I can calculate the average daily data from hourly data, but it is quite a big work, since in that way I have many years of data to calculate.About 'RAINHHMX', from Internet I saw some people believed that it could assume taking 1/3 of max daily rainfall of a month, but I am not sure this is believable.Besides, I can find the data of sunshine of duration from climate of Canada, so can I get SOLARAV(mon) from sunshine of duration?

Thanks a lot in advance.

Does anyone know how to extract values from a netCDF? I dowloaded temperature data for the whole Mediterranean Sea from MYOCEAN database for a range of depths (1-5000m). I need to extract values of temperature at the lowest depth (bottom temperature) for my sampled stations (these varies between 10-800m depth.

Thank you very much in advance.

I am working on snow water equivalent model. As a part of it I use the semi empirical HUT emission model for simulating snow brightness temperature and my main problem is the extinction coefficient of the atmosphere and its transmissivity in 19 &37 GHz? There is some graphs for United States and Europe atmosphere but it doesn’t exist for Iran, and of course I don’t know enough about the atmosphere models and I’m not interested to go through it so much.

I do agree that if a pipe is open to atmosphere, the exit pressure is atmospheric. However, I am not sure about the pressure profile along the pipe from the upstream to downstream (atmospheric tank). For example in my case, the pressure gauge about 30ft before entering to the atmospheric tank is about 50psig. Does "atmospheric pressure on the exit" mean that pressure is smoothly decreasing along the pipe from 50 to 0 psig or pressure sharply decreases right before the exit? 

It gets more interesting if the fluid is moving downward through a vertical pipe to an open to atmospheric tank. I believe the pressure along the downward movement increases (elevation head to static head), and then opens to atmosphere.

Here I attached another example to elaborate more. Draining water from a tank through a horizontal pipe. How is the pressure profile along the pipe? If we calculate the pressure on the pipe&tank connector as 50 psig, and the pipe is open to atmosphere, what is the pressure in the middle for example?

It'd be great if you could help me out.

I try to predict orbital life time of CubeSat  

Hi 

I would like to learn more about EP flux and residual circulation. Recent studies using mainly GCM output and explain their results using EP flux and GW drag. As I learn from few study material, the EP flux is related to Eddies. Shall We use EP flux for explaining Tropical latitudes. I am also facing problem with plotting the EP flux vectors and residual circulation. So, I would like to learn in depth about these topics and also to get some hands on experience.

Thank you in advance,

With best regards

Kishore 

Can the spin up time be varied and on what factors does it depend? (Atmospheric Model)

I have a question and I hope that somebody can help me.

I am using SDSM model for downscaling global climate data (CanESM2 and NCEP data) to my study area. I need to make a calibration for these data with measurements data for the same period (1961-2005), but I need to use half of these data (1961-1990) for calibration and second half for validation (1991-2005). My question is: when I applied calibration process in SDSM model the software does not work for the period 1961-1990. Whereas, it works when I applied for the whole period (1961-2005) could anybody assist me?

Note: I do not have this problem with Temperature data.

Thanks in advance

Thanks in advance

CO2 fluxes are in molecule/cm2/s. I don't know how to convert it into ppmv. I would be most grateful if anyone can give me some suggestions.