Atlantic Ocean - Science topic

In principle Yes, if one can avoid conflict with transportion function. I have visited the canal and found that it is quite narrow.

Kindly follow.

Thanks Helena Hauss and Paul Somerfield !

may this article will help

I think some of the data you expected will be available in the following article. Please see the Figure 4-2 [Natural gradients in ocean pH (total scale) across the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean basins, showing the natural variation with both depth and latitude, for the period 1990-1998. Data from GLODAP (http://cdiac.esd.ornl. gov/oceans/glodap/Glodap_home.htm); after Feely et al. (submitted)] in the below mentioned article. particularly pH, salinity and carbonate ion concenration across the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Ocean.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248700866_Impacts_of_Ocean_Acidification_on_Coral_Reefs_and_Other_Marine_Calcifiers_A_Guide_for_Future_Research/figures?lo=1

Thanks, Biplab

Dear Prof. Janusz Pudykiewicz, thank you so much for the link to the paper and for the instructive talk from a specialist in Atmospheric Physics, about this very interesting topic, the link among different events such as the solar cycles and the way it influences the weather and the atmospheric behaviour on earth. Really, thank you.

Mammal Review - Wiley Online Library

onlinelibrary.wiley.com › journal2019 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics): 50/168 (Ecology)8/168 (Zoology) ... Mammal Review publishes five article types: Reviews (new analyses of published ... and Comments (responses to papers published in Mammal Review). ... rapidly than in the last 20 years, and further large increases can be expected.

Yes, you are right. The look identical. Thank you.

Thanks, Rabee, thanks, Sebastian. But the general recognition of a model does not exempt a scientist from the need to think. Can we think together? It is not that difficult. Almost everything is already there. At one time, Morgan, one of the fathers of plate tectonics, prudently created an alternative to it: plume tectonics. If we compare plume tectonics with other tectonic concepts, then it is obvious that it perfectly combines with any tectonic concept (classical geosynclinal, expanding and pulsating Earth, regmagenesis, etc.), except for plate tectonics. Indeed, the idea of ​​mantle jets piercing convective meshes, the idea of ​​"hot chains" too complicate both plate tectonics and plume tectonics, explaining only regional sequences of volcanic ages that are not linked to the global picture. So the question is: are there enough plumes to explain the observed tectonic phenomena? “Long” plumes under the boundaries of the plates, “point plumes” under the “hot spots”. Short spreading (up to 100 km) and short subduction as a process of the same scale of movement with collision and obduction. A periodic change in the intensity of plumes brings the entire system into an oscillatory regime. Isn’t such a picture simpler than the hardly imaginable multi-story convection in a solid?

Dear Daniel Lauretta

I have been playing with ideas of what the animal could be and in addition to my previous mentioned suspects it just might have come from a chambered chaetopterid worm species. If you look at some of the species then you could see the resemblence.

Regards,

Dr. Abhishek Mukherjee

Some species of fish, living before only in the Indian Ocean, are now found in the Mediterranean Sea. Obviously, they travelled through the Suez canal like the ships that visit several harbours and connect all seas around the globe without meeting any barrier (visible or hidden).

Try Globorotalia.

Dear Leon,

Will you be posting photos? I can try. I have many books and reprints to access. It is just a matter of seeing what you are trying to identify

Conway (2012) created the most up to date keys for most zooplankton in two parts: 1. Non-crustacean zooplankton and 2. Crustacean zooplankton. They are the best keys in the NE Atlantic for quick ID! Both parts can be downloaded from the National Marine Biological Library website - http://www.mba.ac.uk/NMBL/ from the “Download Occasional Publications of the MBA” section.

OK thanks. Yes I'm picking up that the rainfall is related to both Atlantic and Pacific conditions and evapotranspiration over the forest itself. Perhaps the exact mechanisms haven't been worked out yet.

Jena

Dear Alistair,

yes, the reason is not too difficult, but it has two parts.

The first part is pure carbonate chemistry: the pH really is mainly a function of two quantities, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and Alkalinity (Alk). With rising DIC, at constant Alk, pH decreases, and with rising Alk at constant DIC, pH increases. The deep Pacific has a higher DIC, compared to the deep North Atlantic, hence its pH is lower; the tendency is somewhat moderated by the fact that Alk is also higher in the North Pacific, compared to the Atlantic, but not as much as DIC.

The second part is: Why is DIC higher in the deep Pacific than in the deep Atlantic? This has to do with the pattern of the deep ocean circulation, the overturning: Deep water is mainly formed (i.e. it had its last surface contact with the atmosphere) in the North Atlantic (North Atlantic Deep Water, NADW) and around Antarctica (Antarctic Bottom Water, AABW). From there it spreads slowly through the worlds oceans in a somewhat complicated patter, which is best described in a paper by Lynne Talley in Oceanography Magazine in 2013. The upshot is that water in the deep North Pacific is the 'oldest' water in the sense that is has been away form the surface longest.

And on its long travel towards the North Pacific, there has been a constant rain of organic particles into that water, which has been remineralised by bacteria and animals, releasing CO₂, i.e increasing DIC (and also nitrate, phosphate and silicate), and reducing O₂. In the Atlantic, the water simply hasn't had enough time to accumulate the breakdown products of the constant rain of organic particles.

There is of course more that can be said on that, but to first order that is the explanation, I think.

Cheers, Christoph

For bivalves you can use the different papers from Van Cosel. For mollusks in general, you also can use the book of Nickles but it is a little old (1950) and many names have actually actually.

I'd have a look at Elderfield at al., 2012, Science for Uvigerina. I don't think there is a species-specific calibration for tumida but have see Cleroux et al 2007 G3 and 2008 Paleoceanography for deep dwelling planktonic foraminifera.

Thank you for your answer Chris, the problem is that im using published papers as inputs in my model. Fortunately for me, I know most of the researchers so I think that im gonna ask them if they have that data.

Found it, it is a Turnicate ! :)

This looks like a small specimen of Pyrostremma agassizi.

Dear Peter,

You may find other indications in Paulson and Simpson (1977) JPO 7, 952-956 and in Prieur and Legendre (1988) in "Toward a theory on biological-Physical interactions of the world ocean" (Elsevier, New-York). But the best for you is the climatology of mean optuical properties of Simonot and Letreut (1986), JGR, 91, 6642-6646 that will provide you the Jerlov's coefficients for the North Atlantic basin

Best

G.C.

Dear Marcello,

For the equatorial Atlantic basin, I recommend to use the freely accessible dataset at the following adress (Brasilian site):

We recently published a paper with Jacques Servain (the father of the data set) dedicated to the SST time series trend derived from this product. The series begins in 1964 and so covers a nice 30 year period. (see Servain, J., G. Caniaux, Y.K. Kouadio, M.J. McPhaden, and M. Araujo, 2014: Recent climatic trends in the tropical Atlantic: a role for ocean dynamics? Clim. Dyn., TACE Special Issue, doi 10.1007/s00382-014-2168-7.).

We analyzed the SST series covering the whole tropical Atlantic basin. In this paper you can also get some  ideas for analyzing the data series. I recently further investigated the trend of the series. If you wish, I can provide you some further details on this anaysis (my email: guy.caniaux@meteo.fr).

Regards

this kind of subject could be of interest for a project-proposal to be submitted to ERANET-LAC program...

Hi. We have some Lembos websteri and Jassa pusilla from Northeast Atlantic. I have to confirm this and the specific sampling point. We have several species (but not the ones you asked) of Microdeutopus and Leucothoe, and other other species of Amphipoda. All specimens belong to Northeast Atlantic (several points between Norway and Marroco). Let me know if you are interested in something.

see below -

PLATE TECTONICS: RULES OF THUMB CRScotese 12/19/93; updated 081312 Rule I. Plates Move only if they're pushed or pulled, not dragged. • The mantle plays a passive role. o The pattern of flow in the mantle is largely driven by lithospheric motions. • The motion of the mantle does not drive the plates (by mantle drag). o The idea of organized convection cells upon which the plates ride is wrong (though intuitively attractive - unfortunately!). • Oceanic plates move faster than continental plates. o Oceanic plates tend to have ridges (pushing) and attached subducting slabs (pulling). o At the base of oceanic plates in the LVZ (low velocity zone), a region of partial melting that provides 'lubrication" at the base of the plates. • Plates with a large area of continent move slowly (e.g., Eurasia) because they have a deep continental keel connected to the mantle. o For this reason continental plates more likely to be affected by mantle flow. • Plates (oceanic or continental) that are surrounded by ridges tend to move slowly (e.g Africa, Antarctica). o The push from the encircling ridges "cancels out". • Plates that are not driven by ridge push or slab pull do not move (Caribbean plate, Scotia plate). • In all cases plate motion can be understood and predicted by "balancing the forces" that drive and resist plate motion (driving: slab pull & ridge push, resisting: mantle drag). Rule II. Subduction Rules. • Slab Pull is more important than Ridge Push (80% vs 20%?). • Fast moving plates (>5 cm/yr), are attached to subducting slabs (e.g. Pacific, Nazca, Cocos, Indian) • The Phanerozoic speed limit is ~20 cm/yr (India, 65 Ma) o Convenient yardstick: 10 cm/yr = 1° per million year = 111 km/my • Where there is subduction, there is spreading or rifting. (The converse is not true.) Rule III. Ridges are Passive Features. • Ridges are there because the crust breaks when it is pulled. o Continental crust breaks first, because at the same depth it's closer to its melting temperature. • Oceanic crust rarely breaks; when it does it breaks where it has been weakened by a hot spot or subduction realted volcanism. • Ridges tend to align parallel to trenches. • One ridge is all you need. You'll never see two ridges side-by-side. • Fracture zones point to the trench. Rule IV. Subduction is Forever. • Collision only way to stop it. o You need big, gob-stopping continent-continent collision, otherwise subduction zone will "jump over" the colliding terrane. (e.g Capricorn trench in Central Indian Ocean). • Subduction is hard to start. o Most likely mechanisms: terrane collision or subduction virus.  A subduction zone that enters a new ocean can act as a trigger or focus for the start of subduction along an old, cold, heavily loaded passive margin (e.g. Puerto Rican trench and Atlantic passive margin). Rule V. Pacific versus Tethyan Subduction Systems • Pacific Subduction Systems(PSS) are characterized by a ring of subduction with a spreading ridge in the middle (e.g. Ring of Fire).  PSS are stable and can continue subducting for hundreds of millions of years. (As long as the central ridge doesn't get too close to a trench and gets subducted!)  They generate long-lived Andean-style margins or margin back-arc basins. • Tethyan Subduction Systems (TSS) are asymmetric or "one-sided".  There is only one subducting margin (like Tethys). On the other side of "Tethys" is a passive margin.  The ridge in the middle of Tethys must move towards the trench and is eventually subducted. • Because there is no longer a ridge in the subducting ocean, a new rift must form. • The rift forms in the continental plate that is now being "pulled " towards the Tethyan trench. o These new slab pull forces either tear a chunk of continent away from the margin (India), or break the continent apart (breakup of Pangea).  The latter in more likely to happen if the continent is weakened by old collision zones or new hot spots. Rule VI. Plates Subduct Normally. • Oblique convergence is more work; orthogonal least work. o Displaced terranes originate in areas of oblique convergence. o The highest mountains along Andean-style margins are in areas of oblique convergence (In NA that's Mt. McKinley). Rule VII. The Style of Convergent margin depends of the absolute motions of the plates. • Andean margins - net convergence (~10 cm/yr) • Western Pacific margins - net divergence (roll back 1-2 cm/yr) Rule VIII. Island Arcs don't ride their trenches across oceans. • Back arc basins never evolve into wide (>30,000 km) ocean basins. o You'll never find an continental island arc in the middle of an ocean. o There is always a continent nearby. • 90% of all ophiolites originally form in back-arc basins Rule IX. Slab Rollback Can Create Odd Intracontinental Ocean Basins • Oceanic lithosphere can become trapped (encircled) by continents (e.g. Mediterranean, Arctic, Tethys north of Alps). • Ssmall, short-lived subduction zones can consume this ocean floor creating intracontinental extension and small "odd " ocean basins (e.g. Tyrhennian Sea, Pannonian Basin, Makarov Basin). Rule X. Mantle Plumes (i.e. Hot Spots) are Important (Sort of) • Hot Spots are derived from the core/mantle boundary (mostly). • They provide a "good enough" reference frame for absolute plate motions. o Some Hots are Fixed; Some Aren't  Hot Spots are organized in "proper groups" • The Indian-Atlantic Proper Group has been fixed to spin axis since Triassic. • The Pacific Hotspots (Hawaii) have moved about 200 km in 100 my. • Hot Spots "help" break apart continents. o They create areas of weakness in the continental lithosphere. o Thermal uplift associated with mantle plumes causes uplift which help to give the a little "push" (like ridge push).  Important: Mantle Plumes and hot spots do not break apart continents. They just make the job easier. The heavy lifting is done by slab pull forces. o Hot spots under moving plates speed them up, a bit.  They thin the continent's "mantle keel" that usually slows plate motion.  They "grease the skids" by melting the base of the lithosphere (decreasing mantle drag forces). • If mantle plumes and hot spots did not exist, the plates would still move, continents would still break apart, move across the globe and collide! • But the things would be less interesting. Rule XI. Continental Collisions are Important (Really) • Continental collision zones (sutures) provide long-lived zones of weakness in the crust that are likely to become future sites of continental rifting. • A continent with many sutures will be weak and easily deformed (e.g. Asia following collision with India). Last Rule. Plate Tectonics is a Catastrophic System (not chaotic). • Plate motions are generally gradual; but every once and a while "WHAM"! o "Long periods of boredom interrupted by short moments of terror" o Because plate boundaries are metastable. Geometries can interact in unpredictable ways to produce global plate tectonic "events".  2 important instabilities: continent-continent collision & ridge subduction. • Continental collisions can cause new trenches to form. • India's rapid northward flight & the breakup of Pangea were due to ridge subduction. • both of these events cause rapid, global falls in sea-level o continental collision increases volume of ocean basins because the area of continental lithosphere o ridge subduction increases the volume of ocean basins by decreasing the average age of the oceanic lithosphere • Suprecontinents form and break apart because of the metastable nature of plate evolution. o Ridge subduction both breaks supercontinents apart and brings them back together (Wegener or Wilson Cycle).

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Dear Adrián,

thank you for your reply.

You well catched the intention of my question.

I have the feeling that such Atm pressure modes, at least the first ones, can be likely influenced/linked by the changing climate in a non-linear manner, hardly detectable by deterministic or even hybrid deterministi statistical models.

This is just a speculation of course.

I will go through the post u suggested.

Cheers,

Antonio

this does it:

SST 4km pathfinder AVHRR data, see here for 1km version

http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/SatelliteData/pathfinder4km/userguide.html

but I would use 4km. this meets your date requirements.

Future just model from past to presen to future ......

Grass has a very simple module that fetches the data and does all the required processing.