Arab Spring - Science topic

Abstract The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) elucidates the individual rights and freedoms enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It transforms them into a binding legal instrument and the cornerstone of international thought on promoting and protecting civil and political rights. Tunisia and Morocco,...

In the post-Cold War period, six critical developments have shaped the United States’ policies in the Middle East. These developments are as follows: 1) Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990; 2) the signing of the Oslo Peace Accords between Israel and Palestine on August 13, 1993; 3) the September 11, 2001 attacks by Al-Qaeda on the United St...

The Syrian conflict, ignited in 2011 amid the broader Arab Spring uprisings, has evolved into one of the most devastating humanitarian crises of the modern era. What began as peaceful protests against the authoritarian regime of President Bashar al-Assad rapidly escalated into a complex civil war. This conflict has entangled numerous factions, fore...

The Syrian crisis, which began in 2011 as part of the Arab Spring uprisings, has had profound implications for neighboring countries, including Jordan. As a bordering nation, Jordan has been deeply affected by the humanitarian, economic, and security dimensions of the conflict. This essay explores the Jordanian policy towards the Syrian crisis, ana...

Social media regulations and government censorship in Nigeria have evolved over the years, shaped by the government's desire to manage the influence of online platforms on public discourse, politics, and social activism. There have been discussions about regulating over-the-Top (OTT) services and, by extension, digital material all over the world....

Evaluatıon of China’s Middle East Policies: Current Situation and Future Trends Abstract China has achieved remarkable economic growth since the early 1990s, especially between 2000 and 2020. Its economic development in the post-Cold War period has been characterized by extraordinary and sustained expansion driven by well-planned reforms and stra...

With the outbreak of the Arab Spring, in early 2011, the Kingdom of Morocco promoted a constitutional reform that culminated in the enactment of the Constitution of July 1, 2011, in order to avoid destabilizing the country and meet social demands. A major consequence of this reform was a new configuration of the Executive, under which King replaced...

This study critically examines the multifaceted roles played by foreign entities in the Arab Spring, illuminating the intricate interplay between external actors and historic political upheavals. The investigation meticulously examines the engagement of foreign actors, revealing the complexities and contradictions inherent in their involvement. Whi...

In the digital age, social media has emerged as a vital instrument for political engagement, reshaping how information is disseminated and how political discourse unfolds. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube have democratized the flow of information, enabling individuals and organizations to share messages rapidly and widely...

The Middle East remains a focal point of global attention due to its vast oil reserves, intricate ethnic and religious dynamics, and strategic geopolitical significance. The U.S., as the foremost economic and military power, holds considerable interests in the area. However, post-Cold War instabilityillustrated by the Iraq War, Arab Spring, and the...

Prefigurative politics—the enactment of desired future social relations in present social change practices—has become central in contemporary political organising. Protest movements like the Arab Spring and recent Latin American uprisings illustrate prefiguration emerging through struggle rather than from a pre‐existing political programme. Althoug...

The Arab Spring revolutions, a series of political uprisings that began in 2010, that dramatically reshaped the political landscape of the Middle East. Despite the varying positions of Arab governments on these revolutions and the different descriptions of the popular movement during what was known as the Arab Spring in the theories currently circu...

This paper examines the political and social transformations within Kurdish society and their impact on Kurdish identity and anthropology. These studies highlight the need for a deep understanding of the complex dynamics shaping Kurdish society amidst ongoing political change. Research has predominantly focused on the transformations within Kurdish...

The use of social media has inevitably influenced the routines and working conditions of journalists covering conflicts since its consolidation during the Arab Spring. The main objective of this study is to analyse the vision that the Spanish media have of the influence of digital technology on their profession and to consider journalists’ percepti...

The Syria crisis emerged in 2011 as a result of protests that began during the Arab Spring, which were met with harsh interventions by the Bashar al-Assad regime, eventually turning into a civil war. This process has deeply affected Syria’s internal dynamics. It has also influenced the policies of regional and global actors. Due to its long land bo...

Abstract: This article examines Libya's complex landscape, marked by a persistently weak state apparatus since the Gaddafi era, which continues to raise significant concerns. Following the 2011 revolution, Libya has remained a battleground of conflict and war. This study investigates the factors influencing Libya's transition, with a particular fo...

In the post-2010 era, Turkey faced a volatile geopolitical landscape marked by the Arab Spring, the Syrian Civil War, shifting alliances, and heightened tensions with Western countries. These political challenges have had significant economic repercussions, including declining foreign direct investment, deteriorating currency stability, and decreas...

Indonesia is a country with a pluralistic society, consisting of various ethnicities, religions and other social groups. In various studies, pluralistic societies have socio-cultural threats in social conflict, insurgency/separatism and even disintegration. This is related to the activation of primordial sentiment as social solidarity in competitio...

This paper discusses Russian-Iranian military cooperation in the Syrian conflict as one of the most significant cases of proxy warfare in the modern world. Coming out from the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, the Syrian crisis has transformed into a complex theatre of global and regional power plays. The Russia-Iran partnership on mutual resistance to W...

The study’s aim was to understand the level of benchmarking adoption, its objectives and limitation among the hotel sector in Petra, Jordan. Through twelve semi-structured interviews with the hotel owners and managers, the study concluded that the hotel sector in Petra adopts the benchmarking concepts moderately. The study also revealed that compet...

Revolutionary uprisings which engulfed states of North Africa between December, 2010 to October, 2011 were interpreted by the West simply as resulting from “lack of economic opportunities” in the region and the “iron fist” policy of their rulers. These interpretations, as contended by this paper are too simplistic and grossly inadequate to deepen u...

The objective of this research to know the views members of the Arab community hold towards the political culture in its three dimensions. Members of the Arab community in Germany (ACG) were asked as well as about the sources of political information and about their views about the current events in the Arab world (Arab Spring). After reviewing rel...

This dissertation focuses on the displacement taking place in Syria. The conflict resulted from the spillover from the Arab Spring uprising but many different exploited groups have been under fire. Perhaps most important of those are children, who find themselves in the crosshairs. Children have been affected in dramatic waysand have suffered menta...

Demographic changes, growing unemployment, social media penetration, an interplay of religion and politics provided the combustible mix for the Arab Spring. The Arab Spring has helped generate awareness about quality of governance, legitimacy and relationship between state and society but is muted as it relates to its effects on national security i...

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Cable News Network (CNN) are pivotal actors in the global media ecosystem, wielding significant influence on public opinion, political discourse, and international diplomacy. This essay explores their roles as agents of soft power, examining how their coverage shapes global perceptions and aligns with...

The 26-year-old Tunisian street vendor, Mohammad Bouazizi set himself ablaze, sparking demonstrations and revolutions in more than one country in the Arab world. Protestors utilized all possible forms of expression to give an outlet for the long suppressed feelings, attitudes and thoughts. A new social discourse emerged where freedom of expression...

The importance of the problem under study is suggested by the geopolitical significance of Central Asia, increased threat to its security on behalf of radical Islamism, as well as ended coalition troops withdrawal from Afghanistan by the beginning of 2015. The article is intended to analyze the link between the withdrawals of International Security...

Although the MENA is considered a high-risk region, the effects of the political risk on business, in particular financial sector, have not received enough attention in previous studies. This paper, therefore, critically examines international risk affecting the financial sector in Jordan. Such an investigation and the institutions’ responses to in...

The political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran begins with the idea of (Wilayat Al-Faqih) which is a unique structure of applying the Islamic roles without any interference in the internal affairs of its neighbors and other countries. Iran security constitute gives a significant role to Iran's foreign policy, through defending the country aga...

The tourism sector in Jordan is the second largest private sector employer and the second highest producer offoreign exchange. This sector, however, has been affected by many external factors in the Middle East, such aswars, turmoil and, most recently, the Arab Spring. Given the changing environment in which these hotels aredoing business, they req...

Through the analysis of influences from social networking sites surrounding the revolts of the Arab Spring, this paper seeks to evaluate about how the identity of Middle Eastern youth has been shaped by social media, and what future impact it could have on Middle Eastern social and political spheres. This paper relies on two key theories of the dev...

This study investigates the impact of monetary and fiscal policies on the balance of payments (BoP) in Jordan. Through a robust econometric model, it explores the influence of key independent variables such as domestic credit, money supply, consumer price index, government expenditure, and tax revenue. Unit root test and co-integration (bound) test...

The current paper investigates the effects of the Arab revolution crisis on the Malaysian hotel and tourism industry. This crisis started in Tunis after decades of bureaucratic spontaneous protests and demonstrations which later spread to Egypt, Yemen, Bahrain, Libya and Syria. There was a wave of inversions experienced in the last two years shifti...

This paper investigates the impact of the overall financing activities on economic growth in Saudi Arabia. The study developed a financing index that takes into account the overall available credit in Saudi Arabia. The index was shown to be sensitive to economic and political shocks such as the Arab Spring. Using Johnson cointegration approach, the...

News framing of events often restricts us to either ‘oppose’ or ‘favour’ a particular side/party involved in a conflict. This paper examines the print media framing of the Arab Spring in the editorials of The News International (NI) of Pakistan and Arab News (AN) of Saudi Arabia. The coverage sample consists of newspaper editorials published from J...

Studying the potentials of the regional role of Qatar has a big importance as a result of expanding and increasing this role, especially after the changing in its directions which draw the attention for interesting and study. Therefore this study aimed to investigate the determinants of the Qatari regional role towards the Middle East countries, es...

The media’s tendency to widely represent conflicts, through legitimization or de- legitimization, makes us believe that media narratives may not be perceived as ‘neutral stances’ for the public consumption. This study investigates the policy of a mainstream newspaper, The News International (NI), in Pakistan and discursive strategies manipulated by...

The study aims at pin-pointing the effect of the Arab Spring as one of the external factors, that affected the Jordanian political regime during the period(2011-2017) at the different political, economic, security and social levels and concentrate on its effect on the democratic structure in Jordan , and how to reinforce indicators of democratic tr...

Based on a longitudinal study of a 120 Jordanian housewives, this study examines the influence of the Arab spring events on the Jordanian consumers in the form of the changes in the demographic and consumption patterns of the Jordanian consumers during the years 2012-2017 (i.e. the Arab spring phase). The results of this study reveals significant i...

The current study aimed to reveal the impact of the Arab Spring on the concept of political participation among Jordanian university students (Isra University as a model), with different variables (gender, age, and school year), the researchers used the descriptive analytical approach, as a questionnaire was developed for this purpose after reviewi...

The author presents a brief study of the Arab solidarity. Furthermore, From the point of view of the author the Arab cooperation is one of the most controversial topics in the Arab world, whereas this idea extends to the first history of the Arab countries, we can also mention the creation of the Gulf Cooperation Council, and then the Maghreb Union...

Point of fact, legislature is seen to be a significant body in any country because of its key duties of passing the legislations regarding the responsibility it has. The national and legal system has given legal protections for the legislature’ members in order to help them in carrying out the responsibility they have according to the countries’ co...

During the 1990s Morocco implemented a series of major institutional and economic reforms that made the country politically stable and helped it to withstand the destabilizing effects of the Arab Spring. Political reforms resulted in the adoption of a new constitution in 2011, was followed by initiatives to improve justice, public administration, t...

This main aim of tis study is to investigate two speeches that Mubarak of Egypt delivered during the notion of Arab Spring in terms of simplicity and readability. The two speeches are the ones aired live on the national TV of Egypt on the 28th of January 2011 and the second one, which was given just one day before Mubarak left the presidency, was a...

Abstract— The Arab Spring of 2011 led to the creation of a political conflict environment in the Middle Eastern regions. Among them, Yemen and Syria are witnessing the constant prevalence of armed conflict due to the dominance of the Houthi militia and the Al-Assad regime respectively. The interference of militia in the economic activities and pers...

Abstract The Arab Spring of 2011 generated a wave of uprisings across the Middle East, driven by widespread dissatisfaction with authoritarian regimes. While countries like Tunisia made strides toward democratization, Egypt’s transition faced significant setbacks, highlighting the complex dynamics of post-uprising transitions. This study focuses on...

Arab Spring di negara Suriah akhirnya tuntas, ditandai kejatuhan Bashar al-Assad dari kursi kepresidenan, yang telah ia genggam sejak 17 Juli 2000, gerakan oposisi Suriah, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) bersama faksi-faksi oposisi lain, telah berhasil menguasai ibu kota Damaskus, sebelumnya secara maraton kelompok-kelompok oposisi ini mengusai satu dem...

This paper addresses the issue of the conflict over land between the state and tribes in the Great Souss plain in Morocco. The focus of this study is on the Amazigh tribes. It explores the motives that contributed to the emergence of tribal protests, particularly their demands for land rights, following the civil reforms promised by the Arab Spring...

This article analyzes the transformation of Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East during the turbulent years initiated with the Arab Spring. In due course, Turkish policy considerably shifted from proactive engagement with the region in the early 2000s to a bid to leading regional transformation, particularly in the initial years of the Ar...

In few decades, street art has succeeded in migrating from the hidden undergrounds to the open streets. Shortly after the Arab uprisings in 2011, street art has proliferated in almost all the Arab countries. Each country used it for its own purpose, producing works of art that are unique to the place where they were produced. This article traces th...

The migration mobility originating from Syria, which has been continuing since 2011, is the result of the Syrian Civil War, which is evaluated within the Arab Spring (political-social movements series) that started in 2010. Migration mobility is multi-layered in its emergence, development and effects. Historically, it has elements related to the pa...

Arab spring yang terjadi pada awal tahun 2011, menjadi salah satu peristiwa penting di panggung politik internasional, masyarakat Indonesia lebih mengenal kejadian itu, dengan istilah musim semi demokrasi di negara-negara Timur Tengah. Arab spring bermula dari satu peristiwa yang terjadi di salah satu negara maghribi, yaitu Tunisia. Istilah magribi...

Following the Arab Spring in 2011, Egypt implemented policies to restrict imports to control foreign currency spending, as foreign currency reserves dwindled. This decline was driven by reduced tourism revenues and remittances from Egyptians abroad. Among the measures Egypt adopted were floating the local currency, raising the customs exchange rate...

Arab Spring simbol dari gerakan rakyat (people power) di beberapa negara Timur Tengah pada tahun 2010, menjadi peristiwa menggetarkan dunia di kawasan itu, setelah Revolusi Iran 1979, Arab Spring yang berhasil menggulingkan penguasa-penguasa otoriter seperti Zainal Abidin bin Ali (Tunisia), Husni Mubarak (Mesir), Muammar Khadafi (Libya), dan Ali Ab...

This dissertation research aims to analyze and answer Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt which has been running since the time of President Soekarno to President Joko Widodo. During the time of President Soekarno, Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt was in a very strong or ideal position. This turns out to be different from the time of P...

The contemporary rise of autocratization calls for increased attention to the role of civil society in resisting authoritarianism. While the literature on autocratization is growing, there are fewer analyses of the dynamics of civil society resistance. The purpose of the article is to address this knowledge gap through a contextual case study of ci...

Introducción: El movimiento por el derecho a la ciudad surge como respuesta a las políticas urbanísticas excluyentes que han caracterizado el desarrollo urbano en muchas partes del mundo. Este movimiento, impulsado por pensadores como Guy Debord, Asger Jorn, Jane Jacobs, David Harvey y Henri Lefebvre, propone un enfoque centrado en las necesidades...

Digital activism in Southeast Asia is on the rise. The Milk Tea Alliance, known as a collaboration of netizens voicing human rights concerns in Asia, has now reached the citizens of Southeast Asian autocratic regimes, including Myanmar. Having faced decades of human rights oppression and undemocratic rule, the Milk Tea Alliance of Myanmar has been...

Fuzzy logic has been introduced as a modeler suitable for many situations where the data may be uncertain, and difficult to be described via the existing exact and analytic tools. However, although fuzzy models have succeeded to fit many situations, they fail in many others especially nonlinear, non-stationary, volatile, fuzzy, and fluctuated data...

Reformasi politik di Timur Tengah, terutama yang dipicu oleh gelombang Arab Spring, telah menjadi sorotan utama dalam kajian politik global. Gelombang ini merupakan transisi dari rezim non-demokratis menuju sistem yang lebih demokratis, yang mencerminkan keinginan masyarakat untuk perubahan setelah bertahun-tahun hidup di bawah pemerintahan yang ot...

Since the outbreak of the Arab unrest, sectarian politics has become more pronounced throughout the West Asian region which is reflected in the growing polarisation of society and politics on narrow sectarian lines. Rulers have adopted sectarian approaches as a measure to secure their regimes. Opposition forces have also united themselves on the ba...

This article attempts to analyze the role that social media plays in political movements and collective action, and the events of the Arab Spring and the Arab Spring 2.0 are used as a case study. This is due to the existing controversy among researchers who are trying to determine the extent of the influence of social media on the Arab Spring revol...

This paper hopes to examine the reasons contributing to the failure of the Arab Spring to culminate in a lasting change in political reform and democratisation. The article utilises frameworks by previous authors to explain the phenomenon of the short-lived democracies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) as well as provide additional insight...

Public Policy in the Arab World dissects the layered social, economic, and governance issues that define the Middle East and Northern African (MENA) region and evaluates whether policy is helping or hindering social vulnerabilities in the Arab World. Paying special attention to the Arab Spring protests and the COVID-19 pandemic, this insightful boo...

Abstract: This study examines the implications of the Tunisian revolution in 2011 and its subsequent democratic evolution within the context of prerequisites for democratic transition during the Arab Spring. The inquiry delves into two primary dimensions: firstly, an exploration of the objective rationales and contributing factors leading to the im...

Tunisia is the only Arab country that has successfully carried out a revolution and democratization after the Arab Spring. However, this success cannot guarantee that democracy can survive and run well, especially in meeting the demands or expectations of the community. This paper aims to explain the decline of democracy during the Kais Saied admin...

This book is a compilation of my earlier works in Turkish, aiming at a wider audience at the instigation of my postgraduate students. The first chapter overviews African history by exploring the continent’s place in Mediterranean, Asian and Western world systems. It is followed by an alternative reading of African history through the lens of global...

The Arab Spring began with the hope of restoring democracy but ended in a conundrum, and its economic costs remain to be estimated. This study aims to estimate the economic cost of the Arab Spring in terms of food inflation. Adopting a case study approach, we focus on Yemen, a country that experienced the Arab Spring starting in January 2011. The A...

Shorelines are at the forefront when it comes to the effects of climate change. They are equally a preferred leisure destination for global northerners to seek respite and some sort of ecological reconnection. This article argue that the coast offers valuable insight as a literary site of disruptive encounters. At the coast, economic, ecological, a...

This paper explores in depth the growing impact of social media on national security across the globe while highlighting the risks posed by the rapid dissemination of information, the organization of unauthorized protests, and the spread of disinformation. It has been demonstrated that social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Telegram and...

While the Anglophone crisis has progressively deteriorated without an end in sight, women have continued to make significant contributions towards protecting young girls from the brutal realities of unrest, assisting the internally displaced, and attending to injured victims. Though the anticipated outcome of the conflicts in Cameroon may vary by o...

Background Although immigrants are considered to be vulnerable to mental illness, there is limited knowledge regarding their suicide mortality. Aims To investigate standardised mortality ratios (SMR) for suicide among the largest immigrant populations in Germany before and after the refugee movement of 2015. Method Data on immigrants and the gene...

The aim of this article is to examine and evaluate Iran's indirect military intervention through the utilization of local non-state actors in the conflict zones of the Middle East. Particular attention was paid to the gray zone confrontation between Iran and the U.S.-led alliance after the outbreak of the Arab Spring in 2011. What are the character...

The world of Arabs (the WoA), as a distinctive part of the globe, is of extreme significance for both global politics and the global economy. On the other hand, this region is featured by slow democratic development, political instability, religious extremism (Islamic fundamentalism), and many reasons for long-time inter-ethnic conflicts especially...

There are certain philosophical principles that symbolize legitimacy in democracy. These include freedom of expression and right of assembly. It is an indisputable fact that communication defines democracy. When citizens are silenced against free speech and civic engagement, democracy dies. Communication engenders public participation in governance...

We propose a new "forensic" approach to detect and quantify informal employment at the firm level resulting from irregular migration shocks. Focusing on a largely informal sector, agriculture, and on the exogenous variation from the Arab Spring wave on southern Italian coasts, we use machine-learning techniques to document abnormal increases in rep...

The Kurdish question remains one of the most protracted and complex ethnopolitical conflicts in the Middle East, involving multiple states—Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria—and extending beyond national borders. This article explores the multi-faceted nature of the Kurdish conflict, tracing its historical roots, the failed promises of Kurdish autonomy,...

This research deals with the most important challenges that contemporary societies and countries face in their struggle against religious hate speech, by dissecting the harms and dangers of hate speech within the first topic (hate speech: psychological genocide and a waste of dignity), then analyzing the issue of religious hatred through a second t...

In 2011, the popular revolt brought about change in the Tunisian presidential palace as it transitioned from authoritarianism to a condition of liminality. However, following the Tunisian President's proclamation, only the democratic success story of the Arab Spring is under jeopardy after ten years of democratic transition. This article seeks to s...

Set against the backdrop of the Arab Spring uprisings, Jihadist extremism, and the neoliberal exploitation of the Global South, Mathias Énard's 2012 novel Street of Thieves (Rue des voleurs) follows the fortunes of Lakhdar, a young man from Tangier who finds himself living as an undocumented migrant in Barcelona's notorious Carrer d’En Robador, the...

Introduction: The concept of people and many ideals of enlightenment can be realized only through communicative actions and rationalism. Literature and poetry have always played an important role in the emergence of political and social changes as one of the axes of communication. Poetry is a struggle that gives meaning to being. The moment of crea...

شهد الخطاب الثقافي و السياسي منذ نهاية الحرب الباردة مفاهيما عديدة تبلورت و شاعت وانتشرت في إطار ما يعرفه العالم من تغيرات في المفاهيم السائدة، ومن أهمها مفهوم إعادة بناء الدولة خاصة في مرحلة ما بعد الصراعات، الذي اكتسب المزيد من الأهمية على ضوء التغيرات و التحولات الكبرى التي شهدها العالم في السنوات القليلة الماضية، و في ظل الدلالات الجديدة التي أ...

Russia's Middle East policy has undergone a significant change following the occurrence of the Arab Spring. The main reason for this change was the new strategic realities created by the Arab Spring in the region. Russia first considered the Arab Spring as a regional domestic issue, but this perspective changed as outside influences became involved...

The Arab Spring uprisings marked a watershed moment in regional politics, significantly impacting Islamist movements in terms of strategies, ideologies, and organizational structures. Accordingly, this paper examines whether these dramatic events strengthened or weakened the post-Islamist evolution of traditional political Islam movements, focusing...

The special issue, “Contemporary Islamic Political and Social Thought Be- fore and After the Arab Spring: Mapping the Field,” emerges amidst a year of war in Gaza and the West Bank. As of August 30, 2024, Israeli military actions have resulted in the deaths of 40,602 Palestinians, 52% of whom are women and minors, with an additional 93,534 injur...

The widespread use of social media networks has significantly influenced protest-related activities globally, as seen in movements like the Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street. This paper presents an in-depth case study of the 2018 student road safety movement in Bangladesh, analyzed through Facebook and Twitter. We explore how these platforms enabl...

This study is situated within a historical-cognitive framework shaped by late 20 th century events such as the Gulf War, the progress of globalization since the beginning of the 21 st century, and the events of the past few years including the COVID-19 pandemic, the financial crisis, and the Arab Spring. Such events have challenged the traditional...

This article focuses on Lampedusa as an exemplary case study of economic transformation brought about by migration, as well as the creation of a ‘migration industry’. On the basis of interviews with key informants and a reconstruction of the secondary literature, it shows how migration has given international visibility to the island, starting from...

In 1920, the Syrian Congress at Damascus ratified a democratic constitution that would have been beyond the dreams of activists in the 2011 Arab Spring. Under the leadership of the leading Islamic reformer of the day, Sheikh Rashid Rida, the constitution disestablished Islam as a state religion, guaranteed one-third of parliamentary seats to non-Mu...

Subtitling approaches are constantly changing based on the factors surrounding their implementation. This qualitative secondary study seeks to explore the factors that influence subtitlers’ decision in translating English to Arabic sensitive audiovisual material. This study adopts complexity theory to unveil the intricate interplay of factors that...

Libya, with its unique geographical location in the world and its rich oil reserves, has always been in the sphere of attention of world powers throughout its history. Since the early 20th century, the colonization of Libya by Italy began, which was followed by the Second World War and the victory of the Allied forces. As a result, Libya gained ind...

This study aims to identify the concept, mechanisms and motives of political reform under the reign of King Abdullah II of Jordan. Concisely, the study attempts to identify obstacles to and opportunities for political reform in Jordan. To this end, the weaknesses and challenges facing the process of political reform in Jordan as well as opportuniti...

Cet article examine les relations entre la littérature francophone algérienne et le paysage médiatique à travers le cas d'étude des éditions Barzakh et du quotidien El Watan. Il explore comment ces interactions façonnent les discours sur l'identité nationale, la langue et la subversion dans le contexte postcolonial algérien. En se concentrant sur l...

This study analyzes jointly the effects of various types of crises on tourism demand in the 17 territories within Spain and how they affect distinct strands of tourism. Three very different crises are considered: the Great Recession, the Arab Spring, and the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper proposes an objective classification of the Spanish provinces...

This paper focuses on the predictability feature of hedging and investigates hedging in the speeches of the Arab presidents to unravel the manner in which leaders work when uncertainty is present. In the quantitative analysis of the written texts, hedging is determined by means of modal verbs, adverbs of probability and expressions of ‘vagueness’....

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), günümüz dünyasında icra ettiği politikalarla en etkili aktördür. Soğuk Savaş’ın bitişinden sonra, ABD, tek kutuplu yeni dünya düzeninin hegemonu olarak sert gücüyle politikalarını diğer aktörlere kabul ettirmek istemiştir. Bu çerçevede, Ortadoğu bölgesi, ABD’nin gücünü göstermesi için elverişli bir alan olmuştur....

Download full-text via: https://jcep.ut.ac.ir/article_98055.html************** Introduction: The revolutionary uprisings that have occurred in many geopolitical territories of the Middle East and North Africa since December 2010 have highlighted signs of change in the Middle East security system. The continued presence and influence of the United S...

This paper aims to understand Iran's foreign relations with its rivals and allies in the Middle East over the period from the 1979 Revolution to the immediate aftermath of the Arab Spring. By analysing the structure of the regime established in 1979, the paper first clarifies Iran's political system. Next, the authors seek to empirically prove, thr...