Aquatic Ecotoxicology - Science topic

I believe that environmental technology tools can be used in science and technology, as obtaining sustainable development technology is an option to preserve the planet

Dear Victor

Mostly expressed as items/m3, but you use another unites according to your specified work too!

Algae

I looked up the technical fact sheet and although there was no specific mention about amphibians apparently it is toxic for fish and aquatic invertebrates and the EPA requires it not to be applied to water or to contaminate water sources with it. I think this supports your hunch.

http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/archive/psfatech.pdf

"Scientists concluded that potassium salts of fatty acids are slightly toxic to cold-water and warm-water fish (1)."

"Potassium salts of fatty acids are highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates."

"The EPA requires all product labels containing this active ingredient to state that the product is not to be applied directly to water and the user is not to contaminate water by cleaning equipment or disposing of wash water that contains potassium salts of fatty acids (1, 11)."

Please go to this link :

Please, refer to the following links:

https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13031960/19743427.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/eutrophication-causes-consequences-and-controls-in-aquatic-102364466/

You can also get help searching engine of the below doctoral thesis by Alexander Ventura :

Bivalves in the face of ocean acidification

Yes. Please see the following RG link.

Cebolenkosi Philani Ntuli that’s a great solution. Nagalakshmi Radhakrishnan thanks for your contribution.

Teflon

Environment and Toxicology Studies Journal is a peer - reviewed, open access publication that used by readers in the following fields: Eco-toxicology, Sources of environmental toxicity , Aquatic toxicology. Refer to. https://www.imedpub.com -- focus - scope. Also Fundamentals of Aquatic toxicology effects, Environmental Fate, and Risk Assessment, 2nd. edition Refer to https://www.contamsites.landcaresearch.co and Development and Application of Aquatic Toxicology Studies for the assessment of impacts due to chemical stressosrs refer https://digitalcommons.flu.edu.cgi.vie

I follow

Following

Hi there

Have a look at our paper

And also check our website, all explained and links to tools provided:

Leonardo

Dear Stephen,

Please request the following ResearchGate member for identification.

Good luck

The best review article on "Nanoparticles in aquatic systems". I hope this review addresses most of your questions. Here is the link to access the paper.

Yes, the LC50 values derived based on the dose-response of toxicity bioassays by exposing organisms to gradually increasing concentrations. We have conducted such toxicity bioassays on eight species of marine organisms from coastal waters of Tamil Nadu, India and derived toxicity values. In order to compare and derive safe limits for Nickel the toxicity values for nickel on marine organisms of Indian coasts is required.

The amount of freshwater and groundwater is small in comparison to the oceans.  

Hello. Have you had the opportunity to read the chapter   "Bevelhimer, M.S. and Breck, J.E. (2009) Centrarchid Energetics, in Centrarchid Fishes: Diversity, Biology, and Conservation (eds S. J. Cooke and D.P. Philipp), Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, doi: 10.1002 / 9781444316032.ch7"?

In my opinion, it can help you with your need.

Dear Prof. Beauchamp & friends,

You have talked about bioremediation for cleaning up toxicants by different methods like biofiltration, biosparging, biostimulation, bioventing, composting, etc and dif methods of phytoremediation. Can you provide concrete information and research papers reflecting bioturbation induced enhanced microbial remediation.   But the focus of  my query has been bioturbation of soil and sediment. definitely different bioturbative mechanism like, burrowing, resuspension, bioirrigation/respiratory irrigation, filter feeding, benthic/bottom grazing, secretions, etc  exert considerable influence in altering the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of soil or sediment habitat. Such bioturbation mechanisms had been dealt in my paper "Bioturbation potential of chironomid larvae for sediment-water ................"  published in Ecological Engineering (Elsevier) 35(2008):1444-1453. These mechansims might have significant impact on bioremediatin of toxicants mediated by microorganisms or by some other means and mechanisms. I am looking forward to some insightful intellectual and scientific exchange of ideas and relevant papers.

Saif ultimate lelan

4.o9% = 4.09 Gm  Fe  in  100 Gm  crust

In traces it doesn't produce any toxic effects infact it is required for various enzymes. however the elevated concentration may produce oxidative stress due to generation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation of membrane of vital organelles 

Good luck to you

Hi,

Daniel is right, it is Tabellaria flocculosa. The "zig-zag" bands are the result of divisions - one pole is still attached to the next cell via extracellular poysaccharides, the other not. This is the so.called side- or girdleband-view.

Regards

Michael

link.

Without knowing more about your data, it is possible to have a nonsignificant overall test but show significance in main effects or simple main effects.

Check power and effect sizes.

Marcie Zinn

thank you Hatice and Ted, I will have a look at all this!

As Dr hassan mentioned Hydrogen peroxid is recommended for textile fabrics.

Regards

Hi Ishaq,

The following papers may help you with this:

Williams, E. S., Berninger, J. P., and Brooks, B. W. (2011). Application of chemical toxicity distributions to ecotoxicology data requirements under REACH. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30, 1943-1954 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.583

Brain, R. A., Sanderson, H., Sibley, P. K., and Solomon, K. R. (2006). Probabilistic ecological hazard assessment: Evaluating pharmaceutical effects on aquatic higher plants as an example. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 64, 128-135.

Centile is just a shortened version of percentile, and means the same thing.

The screening point value is some measure of toxicity that you choose to decide whether there is a toxic hazard. In the Williams et al. paper, they have chosen the first and fifth centiles as their screening point values.

To some extent depends upon their Acquired Systematic Resistance (Adaptation capabilities, which in fact restricted to duration of exposure. There is deviance recently emerged revealing the migration of many species of fish seas to the discharge of fresh water rivers owing to pollution and others could not  stand and passed away 

Dear Andrey

I would like to contact you directly regarding the above question please email me on this email address Leokachienga@gmail.com.

PS - Some of these processes are discussed in: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653513006942

It depends on the region from where the sample is obtained

Dear Rushdi,

You can select any plant and microorganism indicated in the following text:

There are several types of plant biomonitors, including mosses, lichens, tree bark, bark pockets, tree rings, leaves, and fungi.

Lichens are organisms comprising both fungi and algae. They are found on rocks and tree trunks, and they respond to environmental changes in forests, including changes in forest structure – conservation biology, air quality, and climate. The disappearance of lichens in a forest may indicate environmental stresses, such as high levels of sulfur dioxide, sulfur-based pollutants, and nitrogen oxides. In addition, there are genetically engineered organisms, that that can respond to toxicity levels in the environment; e.g., a type of genetically engineered grass that grows a different colour if there are toxins in the soil.

Microorganisms can be used as indicators of aquatic or terrestrial ecosystem health. Found in large quantities, microorganisms are easier to sample than other organisms. Some microorganisms will produce new proteins, called stress proteins, when exposed to contaminants such as cadmium and benzene. These stress proteins can be used as an early warning system to detect changes in levels of pollution. 

Microalgae have gained attention in the recent years due to several reasons because of their greater sensitivity to pollutants than many other organisms. In addition they occur abundantly in nature, they are an essential component in very many food webs, they are easy to culture and to use in assays and there are few if any ethical issues involved in their use.

Euglena gracilis is a motile freshwater photosynthetic flagellate. Although Euglena is rather tolerant to acidity, it responds rapidly and sensitively to environmental stresses such as heavy metals or inorganic and organic compounds. Typical responses are the inhibition of movement and the change of orientation parameters. Moreover, this organism is very easy to handle and grows, making it a very useful tool for eco-toxicological assessments. One very useful particularity of this organism is the gravitactic orientation, which is very sensitive to pollutants.

Karr, James R. (1981). "Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities". Fisheries 6: 21–27. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1548-8446.

Biomonitoring - North Carolina State University

Tingey, David T. (1989). "Bio indicators in Air Pollution Research -- Applications and Constraints". Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests. (Washington, DC: National Academies Press): 73–80. ISBN 978-0-309-07833-7.

Government of Canada. "Biobasics: bio-indicatorrs". Archived from the original on October 3, 2011.

 Chessman, Bruce (2003). SIGNAL 2 – A Scoring System for Macro-invertebrate (‘Water Bugs’) in Australian Rivers (PDF). Monitoring River Heath Initiative Technical Report no. 31. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Environment and Heritage. ISBN 0642548978.

Grabarkiewicz, Jeffrey D.; Davis, Wayne S. (November 2008). "An Introduction to Freshwater Fishes As Biological Indicators" (Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. p. 1. Document No. EPA-260-R-08-016.

Hoping this will be helpful,

Rafik

Hello,

You will find here the answer to your question

-Rastogi, R. P., Madamwar, D., & Incharoensakdi, A. (2015). Bloom dynamics of cyanobacteria and their toxins: environmental health impacts and mitigation strategies. Frontiers in microbiology, 6.

Cordially 

National Shellfish Sanitation Program guidance:  See Chapter XV. Depuration beginning on page 127 and Guidance Document beginning on page 275

Hello Richard

Although I have numerous papers on aquatic oligochaetes I cannot locate a paper dealing with the digestive tract of this species. Most deal with the reproductive organs, the bloodvessels or the regeneration processes (e.g. Mrazek 1906, Timm 1979). I think it is best to contact Steven Fend in North America, the world leading specialist on Lumbriculidae. mailto:svfend@usgs.gov. 

My idea is that you can use the Likert scale to quantify the information gain from the respondent. I guess that you need to quantify the past situations and therefores, this can be used to quantify the information/ data distilled from the respondents (fish farmers or other people who knows the history).

If you have only the numbers you mention in your question and no options for additional measurements, you can do the following:

-        The carbon to chlorophyll ratio in phytoplankton usually ranges between 20 and 50. So if you multiply your chlorophyll concentration data with 20 and with 50, you get a range for the phytoplankton carbon concentration in your lake.

-        Carbon makes up roughly 50% (40% - 50%) of the ash free dry mass of particulate organic matter. Divide the ash free dry mass of organic matter by two and you receive the total carbon concentration in your lake.

-        Then divide the numbers obtained for phytoplankton carbon by the total carbon concentration, and you receive the proportion of phytoplankton carbon in total carbon.

The biggest unknown is usually the carbon to chlorophyll ratio in the phytoplankton cells, which can be highly variable. So if data exist that are more exact than the range of 20 – 50 mentioned above, you should use them. It also would help if you have numbers for phytoplankton biovolume along with the chlorophyll data.

Got it!-age distribution would be great enough to adequately allow the bioaccumulation model to be evaluated; will contact the authors, many thanks for your advice, cheers, Ross

Hi Tade,

It is not completely clear, if you want to conclude to algal dry mass (some algae like diatoms also contain a significant amount of inorganic material) or algal organic content. However, Marc already gave you the hint: You need to analyse Chl-a from a subsample of your material. From algae culture experiments (no other particulate matter in the cultures), ratios of Chl-a to ash-free dry mass (=organic contant) and dry mass can be obtained; there exist papers which will give you estimates. With those values you finally can calculate a rough estimate of the algae part of your sample. The ratio of ash-free dry mass to chlorophyll-a is somtimes called autotrophic index; you may find some ratios there. As chlorophyll-a per unit biomass is dependent on various aspets such as age, nutrient supply, light availability,..the ratios are a rough estimate only - depending on the growth conditions, they may vary ba a factor of 10 and larger! 

Dr. Kos,

Thank you.  Excellent papers for my purpose and with useful citations as well.  Is your "image analysis software" available for use outside your institution?

sounds like a very cool project. I have only done work with SEM. Is there any reason you can't use SEM? Erik Zettler took some great pictures while mapping out the microbial community on plastics found in a variety of marine environments. I assume that you will supplement the images with spectroscopy. This article discusses methods for that as well. Hope this helps even a little bit! 

Could you try  to applied NMDS for statistic analysis ?

The best software is POLO-PC from Leora software co.

Dear Gerhard,

Several models exist for water and solute transport in the soil, such as SWAP, DRAINMOD-S, UnSatChem, and Hydrus. They are based on Richard differential equation in combination with the differential equation of convection-diffusion Fick for advection and dispersion of the salts. There are also simple models as SALTMOD. It is useful for the long-term salinity forecasts relative to irrigation and drainage practices. 

With my best regards

Prof. Bachir ACHOUR

 You should be careful with choice of buffer. Phosphate will precipate the Al3+ and several other buffers will create complexes with Al(III).

Since you are adding known amounts of AlCl3 and you know the amount of acidity it creates, I recommend that you add the matching amount of alkalinity (base) of the AlCl3 at each dosing level: AlCl3 +3 H2O -> Al(OH)3 + 3H+

Considering the speciation of Al(II) at pH 7 (see link) and the solubility of Al(OH)3 I think the best guess is that each mole of AlCl3 added produces 3 mole of acid. Thus add 3x the molar concentration of NaHCO3 to the molar concentration of AlCl3 at each testing level.

Nope! the sponges I used is kind of very good quality so it is not easy to be broken.

Estimado Leonardo, son las mismas especies que he encontrado en cuerpos de agua hiposalinos y de agua dulce en México. Tienes alguna publicación relacionada, propia o de alguien más que se pueda consultar. Serpia bueno que nos escribiéramos por otro medio para platicar con mayor profundidad.

Saludos y gracias

effluents contain:acids,alkalis,metals and otganic solvents,and where electroplanting is included,metals,flourids,cyanids,and sulfats.

For special applications, silicon carbide is produced by a number of advanced processes. Reaction-bonded silicon carbide is produced by mixing SiC powder with powdered carbon and a plasticizer, forming the mixture into the desired shape, burning off the plasticizer, and then infusing the fired object with gaseous or molten silicon, which reacts with the carbon to form additional SiC. Wear-resistant layers of SiC can be formed by chemical vapour deposition, a process in which volatile compounds containing carbon and silicon are reacted at high temperatures in the presence of hydrogen.

For advanced electronic applications, large single crystals of SiC can be grown from vapour; the boule can then be sliced into wafers much like silicon for fabrication into solid-state devices. For reinforcing metals or other ceramics, SiC fibres can be formed in a number of ways, including chemical vapour deposition and the firing of silicon-containing polymer fibres.

Dear Friend, the topic is quite complex especially for someone doing it for the first time. Please have a look at my article from 2011 "Determination of EC50 toxicity data of selected heavy metals toward Heterocypris incongruens... " and recent on "Environmentally oriented models...". I trust You mean EC50 not ED50 (although the latter can also be calculated). Very very very briefly: You need to set up Your experiment depending on the organism used as a model (exposure time, concentration, form of anion, static/semi-static etc.) and expose the organisms (at least in three replicate groups for each concentration level) to series of dilutions of Your toxic metal. Certainly You will run at first blind tests - so called range finding tests, to see approximate concentration levels causing LC50 or change of observed parameter. Then You set up an experiment with increasing concentrations of Your toxicant but in pre-defined concentrations levels and pointing the response (mortality) of observed groups to varying content of toxicants (in mol/dm³ for solutions). The response rarely is linear so either You make logaritmic transformations on the data or make it second order curve. For log of 50% You recalculate the concentration of toxicant that is causing death (change of observed parameter) by 50% (LC50 and EC50 respectively). This is the very very very basics. If I can be of assisstance please let me know. In YouTube You can find channel with mathematical explanations on that but it's very basic.

BK

Dear Milad,

Thanks for your nice Histopathology Images. It seems informative and usefull for all pathologist. As you know benzo(a)pyrene could be a hazard carcinogen and could be occur a kind of Spontaneous liver tumors in mice in experimental trial.

Globing and Clubbing in second Gill lamellae, Atelectasis and some inflammation effects that lead to spread necrosis in liver could be more important lesions in your Images,

Also, defects in the basement membrane, enlarged nuclei with cytoplasmic invaginations, and pleomorphic nucleoli were restricted to squamous metaplasia induced by benzo[a]pyrene-ferric oxide. 

Finally if you are interesting for more share information about above subjects please correspond with me through my email as follows:

I can prepare more information for your article in this regard.

Yours truly

Jalil

Hi Christos,

now, having received all the inormation from you I can fully understand your big questionmark. I consulted some friends and they also could not decide if this snail is a "Bithyniidae" or "Hydrobiidae". One of my friends (Alexander Reischütz) made a suggestion. He and his father (Peter L. Reischütz), a famous malakologist in Austria make a sampling trip to Greece and will also cross River Gallikos (in about 10 to 14 days). He suggested that if you like please feel free to contact Alex, he is also RG member and willing to sample at the river to have some living specimens.

with my best regards, Otto

Effects of metal contaminants on the development of the common Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and comparisons of sensitivity with tropical and temperate echinoids

Marine ecology. Progress series ISSN 0171-8630

2001, vol. 215, pp. 143-154 (1 p.3/4)

In this paper, Copper was the metal most toxic to developing embryos and larvae of S. neumayeri with EC50s of 11.4 μg l-1 and 1.4 pg l-1 following 6 to 8 d and 20 to 23 d exposure respectively. In my opinon, adult sea urchin may be more tolerance than the embryos and larvae and have a higher LC50. However， threshold concentration of copper to aqiatic organisms will not change too much.

Inaddition, we have just finished some research of Probabilistic ecological risk assessment of copper in Chinese offshore area from 2005-2012, Which including a part of EFFECT ASSESSMENT for Copper, and you can find the LC50 for many aquatic organisms in our support information. at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.

03.005.

I agree with Ana and Kantha. I would also suggest larval stages (pelagic stages) of species such as lobsters, carbs and bivalves which are really sensitive to acidification (decalcification etc..) Cheers,

many scientist using Mussel to indicated pollution of heavy mental in surface water. e.g. Prof. Wenxiong Wang, in Hong Kong,  You may find more paper in his personal website http://ihome.ust.hk/~wwang/

in addition, attach pleased find a Manual of  "A Training Manual for Assessing Pollution (trace/heavy metals) in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal waters-Using Innovative “Artificial Mussel (AM) Technology” - Bangladesh Model."    

Hope its useful.

Thank you for your answers... I will try both Svante and Jonathan protocols and see the results :-)

Recently, GESAMP published a report about Micro-plastics in the ocean. You can download the report with an assessment here:

Hi Tim,

thanks for your interest. I am not working at the University. I am writing a research project to apply for a scholarship. I don not know if in the laboratory where I would spend a period of research they have an HPLC coupled with radiometric detector. Thus, I am looking for different ways to study metabolism as I worked just with this kind of instrument.

I would like to study CYP17 and CYP11b activities by measuring respectively, androstenedione (AD) and 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione in gonads of D. labrax.

Regards,

Andrea

You could try “Genotoxicity Assessment Methods and Protocols” by Alok Dhawan and Mahima Bajpayee, published by Springer Ptotocols. Its freely accessible in the net (about 8.2 Mb). It helped me . Another book is "Invitro toxicity testing protocols" edited by Sheila O'Here and Chris K. Atterwill, vol 43, under "Methods on Molecular Biology" also freely downloadable,  but I haven't really read that one (actually i have only read the headings of that one). Good luck staying awake, hurting your eyes, and loading your brain with loads of toxicity :-)

1) Small sized fish require very small amounts of toxic substances to effect them,as compared to bigger ones which require higher amounts. 

2) They are easy to observe & handle them during the studies. If large sized are used, it is possible that they may jump out of the container & may die otherwise.

3) using smaller sized ones would require smaller tanks for experiments,as compared to larger sized ones,which require larger tanks,& all may not be of the same size & weight. The normal protocol is to use a maximum of 2 gms size @ of 1/L.

4) More of time,energy,money need to be spent on rearing to bigger sized ones.

5) It would be easier to collect small ones from nature,as compared to larger ones, for those laboratories which doesn't have the facility of a fish hatchery.

Hi, Nico!

I work in the field of ecotoxicology and I am also interested in the effects of pesticides, including DDT. However, I work with fish. Check the following papers, they might help -

Best of luck!

 You may use Aquatox model to derive 20% of mass reduction or increase of makered species.

Another thing to consider is that mussel aquaculture provides a significant amount of structure to the water column which tends to increase fish biomass.  The fouling and juvenile mussels can also feed certain species of fish.  When I was working on a farm in New Zealand, the best fishing was always around the farm.

Movement is definitely a possible endpoint with ecological relevance. It is often used in ecological assessment and mode of action studies using fish, fish embryo or invertebrates (e.g. nematodes). For practical reasons it is mostly done in laboratory settings using tracking camera's and software, either 2D or 3D. Using it in the field, seems to me, a difficult task. Maybe it is possible to transplant invertebrates from a pollution gradient to a lab situation and register differences, but that remains to be tried.

Using either gamma counter of Elisa technique.You are able to perform with either of them.Ask more question if you need.

The impact will depend on the microbes, the specific metals and their concentrations.  Some metals will cause a change in the cells osmotic pressure which can facilitate cell lysis.  Other metals will pose a different toxicity mechanism.  The exact mechanism will depend on the microbe-metal combination.  Some metals, at low concentrations may be a micronutrient.  

The approach taken will have non-scientific and scientific components.

First step is to identify and deal with pollutant sources. The sources could be non-point (farm runoff or urban storm water) or point (e.g. municipal sewage or industrial).

The next step is to identify all stakeholders (which will include polluters, funders of the project, interested parties) and form a group to deal with the issue. If there is no interest from the stakeholders there may be regulation introduced by the government, which could trigger sufficient interest.

Apart from devising ways to minimise pollutant inputs (it may not be possible to totally avoid pollutant inputs) there may be mitigation methods to deal with the remaining pollutants in the waterway. As an example, tree/shrub shades can be provided to reduce water temperature which should minimise algal blooms even if the nutrient levels are high in water.

Such restoration projects are already active in New Zealand (e.g. Lakes Taupo and Rotorua, Waikato River). As a first step all point source of pollution have been either dealt with (please refer my publication on consent process to deal with wastewater discharges in the Otago Region) or are being deal with. Recently, central government has introduced a national policy to deal with freshwater quality. The government has also stepped in to providing restoration funding (e.g. NZ$80 for Lake Taupo) which is being used in part to retire agricultural land into native bush land to reduce nutrient input to the lake. Local government in the lake catchment has been regulating nutrient input to the lake.

In short, while there is sufficient scientific information exist on waterway restoration there should be a community will to achieve the desire environmental outcome.

Many thanks for all the useful information. When I ask about low-cost ecotoxicological methods I'm looking for methods that use cheap or even free software, videorecording, automatic monitoring, etc.  which is not incompatible with the analysis of actual concentrations in the bioassays (that it is usually not very expensive if they are conducted in external laboratories). A low-cost method can use a free software imagen analysis instead of a commercial one with the same (or even better) results, which means a big savings for a research project. The same can be said for video recording methods, etc. These aspects are very important in project with low budgets.

Again many thanks for your help and time

Álvaro

Hi.

Some other current tools for assessing pollution status of aquatic ecosystems includes the use of cell lines (in situ biomonitoring), use of biometric ratios and sediment toxicity screening guidelines by US NOAA.

Trends are also moving towards the use of fish early life stages/embryos for monitoring sediment toxicity. 

An example of a published paper in this regards is:

Matteo Minghetti, Sabine Schnell, Michael A. Chadwick,Christer Hogstrand and Nic R. Bury (2014). A primary FIsh Gill Cell System (FIGCS) for environmental monitoring of river waters. Aquatic Toxicology 154:184–192

Hope this helps. Regards.

Thank you, Peter. I will have an interested look.

Not sure this is what you are looking for but look at SpectumLabs products. Good Luck!

Hi, if you place the nauplii in a bucket with 10 liters (for example) of aerated saltwater (do not use air stone) then your counts may homogenize. (Take two aliquots of 0.5 ml each and then make a count, there should be no major difference to 10 nauplii between). The central idea is to keep the nauplii in a homogeneous suspension throughout the water column.

Its okay to use dry Chlorella to feed your Daphnia provided you control your feeding. Unconsumed feed can easily pollute your water. Consider the amount of feed you introduced in relation to the volume of your tank.  For efficient feeding  lower the volume of the water during feeding and introduce the maximum amount for the final volume. Allow the Daphnia to feed for about 30min before raising the water to its final volume. This way you can ensure that your Daphnia is fed to the maximum and has foraged most of the feeds. 

Some years ago our laboratory was conducting research on the effects of heavy metals on enzyme function including dehydrogenases. Perhaps some of these references would be helpful.

Calabrese, A., F. P. Thurberg, and E. Gould. 1977. Effects of cadmium, mercury and silver on marine animals. Mar. Fish. Rev. 39:5-11.

Dawson, M. A., E. Gould, F. P. Thurberg, and A. Calabrese. 1977. Physiological response of juvenile striped bass, Morone saxatilis, to low levels of cadmium and mercury. Chesapeake Sci., 18(4), 353-359, (1977).

Gould, E. 1969. Alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase as an index of iced-storage age of fresh, gutted haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26:3175-3181.

Gould, E. 1977. Alteration of enzymes in winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, exposed to sublethal amounts of cadmium chloride. Publ.by: Academic Press, New York (USA).

Gould, E. 1980. Low-salinity stress in the American lobster, Homarus americanus , after chronic sublethal exposure to cadmium: Biochemical effects.

Gould, E. 1981. Monitoring sea scallops in the offshore waters of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states: Enzyme activity in phasic adductor muscle.

Gould, E., and J. R. MacInnes. 1977. Short-term effects of two silver salts on tissue respiration and enzyme activity in the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 18(4), 401-407, (1977).

Gould, E., and M. Nitkowski. 1979. Changing enzyme activities in maturing gonads of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus.

MacInnes, J. R., F. P. Thurberg, R. A. Greig, and E. Gould. 1977. Long-term cadmium stress in the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus. Fish. Bull. NMFS/NOAA 75:199-203.

Phelps, D. K., W. Galloway, F. P. Thurberg, E. Gould, and M. A. Dawson. 1981. Comparison of several physiological monitoring techniques as applied to the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis along a gradient of pollutant stress in Narrangarsett Bay, Rhode Island.

We extracted blood from tadpoles (with success) by cutting the initial portion of the tail, using tweezers and a sharp scalpel and then, placing the blood samples in glass blades.