Antitrust Laws - Science topic

Firms' algorithm development practices are often homogeneous. Whether firms train algorithms on similar data, aim at similar benchmarks, or rely on similar pre-trained models, the result is correlated predictions. We model the impact of correlated algorithms on competition in the context of personalized pricing. Our analysis reveals that (1) higher...

The article is devoted to the study of problematic issues related to concentrations through leasing of assets in the form of a single property complex. Its relevance is due to the harmonization of national legislation with the European Union legislation. Along the way, the scope of regulation of concentrations of business entities has changed. In p...

New-quality productivity is a key driver of China’s modernization and high-quality development, relying on both the activation of data as a new produc-tion factor and the support of technological innovation and fair market com-petition. However, legal shortcomings in data property rights protection and weak innovation incentives hinder the realizat...

This study examines non-compete clauses (NCCs) in franchise agreements within Indonesia’s legal framework, focusing on their alignment with antitrust laws and implications for market competition and entrepreneurship. By analyzing statutory provisions, judicial precedents, and doctrinal interpretations, this normative juridical research evaluates th...

This study examines the abuse of dominant positions in franchise agreements in Indonesia, highlighting power imbalances between franchisors and franchisees and their impact on market fairness, competition, and franchisee autonomy. Employing a normative juridical methodology, the research analyzes legal frameworks, including Law No. 5 of 1999 on Mon...

Since its implementation in 2008, China's Antitrust Law has provided legal protection for market competition, but it faces numerous dilemmas in practice. With the rise of emerging industries such as the internet platform economy, big data, and artificial intelligence, the traditional antitrust law framework has increasingly revealed its inadequacie...

The book serves as an indispensable resource for scholars, professionals, and practitioners within the realm of company law, meticulously examining both the foundational principles and the contemporary advancements in corporate governance. It is thoughtfully organized into coherent chapters that facilitate a clear and comprehensive understanding of...

Introduces a review of the book Data Cartels: the companies that control and monopolize our information, by Sarah Lamdan, published by Stanford University Press, CA, in 2023. It highlights the main arguments of the book, about the marketing concentration in the United States on digital data by two major analytics companies, RELX and Thomson Reuters...

The Legal and Ethical Dimensions of Shareholder Activism: Challenges and Opportunities for Corporate Governance In recent years, shareholder activism has gained prominence as a tool for influencing corporate behavior and driving change within companies. Activist shareholders, including institutional investors, hedge funds, and individual stakeholde...

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are complex transactions that require careful navigation through a maze of legal, financial, and regulatory considerations. This paper delves into the multifaceted legal challenges and strategies businesses must adopt to navigate these complex processes effectively. Focusing on the critical legal strategies employed b...

Antitrust policy aims to reduce market concentration and increase competition among firms. Contemporary antitrust is sensitive to both domestic and international considerations. Internationally, the market is dominated by the largest firms, raising questions about the competitiveness of domestic firms and the application of antitrust against foreig...

CryptoTokens and their Validation Processes (ie. PoW, PoR, RPCA and PoS/DPoS based tokens) have remained dominant among blockchains (in terms of TVL, market-cap and number of processed transactions). As blockchains interface with TradFi and take-over more transactions, the legal sufficiency, economics and Operational Deficiencies of blockchain Vali...

Given your resilience for energy conservation, we improve and evolve upon grants from NGs to electric vehicle optimization in driving telemetry for replacing oil. This confirms with Kyoto and relies on the next 100 years of manifold operators not excluding the fields. This also conforms with antitrust laws and is a dual improvement in energy optimi...

The accepted approach of competition law to non-horizontal mergers, largely based on the Chicago School of Antitrust Law and Economics paradigms, is criticized on both sides of the Atlantic as too lenient, disregarding developments of economic theory, and no longer adequate in the reality of the digital economy. Current economic research confirms t...

Zusammenfassung Die Messewirtschaft ist in Deutschland durch eine Konkurrenz privater und öffentlicher Messeveranstalter gekennzeichnet. Im Gegensatz zu den privaten Veranstaltern sind die öffentlichen Messeveranstalter vertikal integriert: Sie besitzen und betreiben einerseits die lokale Messeinfrastruktur, veranstalten aber auch selbst zahlreiche...

This presentation examines the evolving landscape of antitrust enforcement in the digital economy, with a focus on key developments in the EU and US. It delves into two significant antitrust cases involving Google in the US and a landmark investigation based on the EU's Digital Markets Act against Apple in the EU, highlighting the similarities and...

This study examined the effects of competition (antitrust) law on consumer welfare in Zambia, with a focus on market practices, pricing, and consumer protection. Aimed at promoting fair competition, competition law seeks to benefit consumers through lower prices, improved quality, innovation, and diverse choices. The research, organized around four...

Authors have written of antitrust law’s demise in the face of blockchain, which, seemingly, achieves the pro-competitive ends of the law through technology and private ordering. Permissionless blockchains in particular are said to offer a vision of radical disintermediation and a break with the platform economy troubling the regulators today. At th...

The Brazilian Antitrust Law established the Administrative Council for Economic Defence (CADE) as the body responsible for investigating and imposing sanctions for acts that violate the economic order, as well as for supervising acts of economic concentration. The field of game theory is concerned with the actions of decision-makers who are aware t...

This study examined the characteristics and implications of various market structures-perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopsony-in the context of modern industries. Utilizing a comprehensive analysis, the research highlighted how contemporary markets often exhibit hybrid traits that challenge classical economic theories. Findings indi...

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of horizontal integration on performance of Commercial State Corporations in Kenya. The study was based on positivist research philosophy. A cross-sectional correlational design was adopted as the study design. The target population was 1,026 senior managers of the Commercial State Corporations. The sample si...

This Introduction the focuses on the latest regulatory, policy and geopolitical developments that have triggered a revisiting of the regulation of EU energy markets. Combining competition (antitrust) law with energy law, the 17 chapters of this volume offer an updated analysis of traditional and emerging antitrust, state aid, and policy issues rela...

The United States has long been recognized as a global leader in both military strength and consumer markets. However, growing concerns have emerged about the consolidation of power among a small number of defense and consumer corporations, leading to what some describe as a Military & Consumer Corporatocracy. This term refers to a system in which...

Innovation plays a crucial role in defining competitive dynamics. Given this fact, one might expect ‘innovation’ to play a consistent role in antitrust law. The present article conducts a systematic content analysis of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union to test this hypothesis. The findings suggest that EU courts treat innov...

As the digital economy continues to evolve, traditional antitrust laws face significant challenges in addressing the complexities of data monopolies and market power wielded by major tech companies. The dominance of a few large digital platforms, such as social media networks, search engines, and e-commerce giants, has raised concerns about market...

Antitrust law faces unprecedented challenges in the digital age, particularly with the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and the dominance of data monopolies. The growing influence of tech giants, powered by vast amounts of data and advanced AI technologies, has transformed market dynamics, leading to significant concerns about market power, com...

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to reshape the digital economy, traditional antitrust laws are increasingly challenged by the emergence of data monopolies and concentrated market power. The rapid growth of AI-driven markets has led to the dominance of a few tech giants that leverage vast amounts of data to reinforce their market positions...

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed market dynamics, leading to the emergence of data monopolies that concentrate market power within a few dominant firms. These firms leverage vast amounts of data to drive competitive advantages, innovate, and dominate various sectors, from technology to healthcare. However, this...

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has transformed various sectors, creating new opportunities and challenges. Among the most pressing issues are the intersection of antitrust law and data privacy concerns. As AI systems increasingly rely on vast amounts of personal data to function effectively, questions arise regar...

This paper examines the legal and economic implications of price-fixing under U.S. antitrust law, focusing on the landmark Trenton Potteries case. It distinguishes between price-fixing and conscious parallelism and explores how courts have historically applied the per se rule and the rule of reason in evaluating price-fixing agreements. The paper a...

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology rapidly advances, it reshapes competitive dynamics across industries, intensifying concerns about data monopolies and market concentration. The concentration of data within a few dominant tech companies has raised alarms about its impact on innovation, competition, and consumer welfare. Antitrust law, trad...

The Gilded Age, spanning the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was a period of profound economic transformation and intense social upheaval in the United States. Dominated by powerful industrialists such as John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan, this era saw the rise of massive trusts and monopolies that controlled entire sectors...

This chapter, from my book manuscript "The Political Economy of the Fourth Industrial Revolution," examines how changes to U.S. antitrust law catalyzed the rise of digital platforms and the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Revolution. It traces the evolution from early 20 th Century populist approaches, which sought to curb corporate dominance through...

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) has set a service fee cap for football agents in its new FIFA Football Agent Regulations (FFAR). The respective regulations came into force on 1 October 2023. The article examines the question—in the negative—of whether this service fee cap is compatible with EU antitrust law. Following a...

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to reshape the digital economy, traditional antitrust laws are increasingly challenged by the emergence of data monopolies and concentrated market power. The rapid growth of AI-driven markets has led to the dominance of a few tech giants that leverage vast amounts of data to reinforce their market positions...

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has transformed various sectors, creating new opportunities and challenges. Among the most pressing issues are the intersection of antitrust law and data privacy concerns. As AI systems increasingly rely on vast amounts of personal data to function effectively, questions arise regar...

As digital platforms continue to dominate global markets, the issue of data monopolies and market power has become increasingly critical in antitrust discussions. This paper explores the future of antitrust regulation in the digital economy, focusing on how existing and emerging antitrust frameworks can address the challenges posed by data-driven m...

As digital technologies increasingly shape global markets, traditional antitrust frameworks face challenges in regulating data-driven market power. This study explores the unique challenges and opportunities of antitrust regulation in the digital age, focusing on how data-centric business models and platform economies impact competition. Digital pl...

As the digital economy continues to evolve, traditional antitrust laws face significant challenges in addressing the complexities of data monopolies and market power wielded by major tech companies. The dominance of a few large digital platforms, such as social media networks, search engines, and e-commerce giants, has raised concerns about market...

In the age of big data, traditional antitrust law faces significant challenges in regulating digital markets dominated by a few large technology companies. This paper explores the evolving landscape of antitrust regulation in the context of digital economies, focusing on the need for new approaches to ensure fair competition. The dominance of big d...

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology rapidly advances, it reshapes competitive dynamics across industries, intensifying concerns about data monopolies and market concentration. The concentration of data within a few dominant tech companies has raised alarms about its impact on innovation, competition, and consumer welfare. Antitrust law, trad...

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed market dynamics, leading to the emergence of data monopolies that concentrate market power within a few dominant firms. These firms leverage vast amounts of data to drive competitive advantages, innovate, and dominate various sectors, from technology to healthcare. However, this...

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to the emergence of data monopolies, where a few dominant tech companies control vast amounts of data and leverage it to strengthen their market positions. This paper examines the intersection of AI and antitrust law, focusing on the legal and ethical challenges posed by data monopolies....

In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), data monopolies have emerged as a significant challenge to competitive market dynamics, raising important questions about the role of antitrust law. AI technologies, which rely on vast amounts of data to drive innovation and maintain competitive advantage, have led to the consolidation of market power amo...

Antitrust law faces unprecedented challenges in the digital age, particularly with the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and the dominance of data monopolies. The growing influence of tech giants, powered by vast amounts of data and advanced AI technologies, has transformed market dynamics, leading to significant concerns about market power, com...

The rise of data-driven monopolies in the digital economy has prompted renewed scrutiny of antitrust law's role in regulating market concentration and promoting competition. This paper critically examines how existing antitrust frameworks address the challenges posed by data monopolies, focusing on their impact on competition, innovation, and consu...

As digital platforms increasingly dominate the global economy, data monopolies have emerged as a central concern for regulators and policymakers. This paper examines the role of antitrust law in addressing the challenges posed by data monopolies within the digital economy. Data monopolies, characterized by the concentration of vast amounts of user...

In Indonesia, the National Criminal Code (KUHP) is based on the principles of Pancasila. This paper analyzes the legal and ethical frameworks guiding market practices in Indonesia, while examining the intersection of national legal standards and the influence of foreign participants in the economy. The research contributes to the understanding of h...

As data becomes a key asset in the digital economy, the rise of data monopolies has raised significant concerns about competition and market fairness. This paper critically examines the role of antitrust law in regulating data-driven monopolies and its effectiveness in promoting competition in the digital landscape. It explores the unique challenge...

In the age of artificial intelligence (AI), data monopolies have emerged as a significant challenge to competitive market dynamics, raising important questions about the role of antitrust law. AI technologies, which rely on vast amounts of data to drive innovation and maintain competitive advantage, have led to the consolidation of market power amo...

At present, the discussion and treatment of the abuse of standard essential patents in the theoretical and practical circles of our country mostly focus on the regulation of anti-monopoly law. But not all the abuse of standard necessary patent can be regulated by anti-monopoly law, and the application of anti-monopoly law also has shortcomings in l...

Online “live streaming sales”, as an emerging platform economic model, exhibits significant differences in economic characteristics compared to traditional industries. Therefore, unique strategies distinct from those applied to traditional industries should be adopted in antitrust governance within the realm of online “live streaming sales”. China...

In the rapidly evolving e-commerce landscape, algorithmic collusion has emerged as a sophisticated method for businesses to engage in anti-competitive behavior without explicit agreements. This paper delves into the complexities of algorithmic collusion, examining how modern information technologies facilitate these covert practices. This study und...

Purpose: The general objective of the study was to investigate antitrust laws and the future of market competition. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hen...

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to the emergence of data monopolies, where a few dominant tech companies control vast amounts of data and leverage it to strengthen their market positions. This paper examines the intersection of AI and antitrust law, focusing on the legal and ethical challenges posed by data monopolies....

As digital technologies increasingly shape global markets, traditional antitrust frameworks face challenges in regulating data-driven market power. This study explores the unique challenges and opportunities of antitrust regulation in the digital age, focusing on how data-centric business models and platform economies impact competition. Digital pl...

In the age of big data, traditional antitrust law faces significant challenges in regulating digital markets dominated by a few large technology companies. This paper explores the evolving landscape of antitrust regulation in the context of digital economies, focusing on the need for new approaches to ensure fair competition. The dominance of big d...

As digital platforms continue to dominate global markets, the issue of data monopolies and market power has become increasingly critical in antitrust discussions. This paper explores the future of antitrust regulation in the digital economy, focusing on how existing and emerging antitrust frameworks can address the challenges posed by data-driven m...

This abstract takes a deep dive into the abyss of space law, its evolution, basic principles and various challenges that it poses to human beings who have moved beyond their home planet. The paper also involves an examination into complex jurisdictional issues, how space weapons are classified and regulated, ethical considerations as well as enviro...

Digital transformation has changed the business competition paradigm by enabling the growth of the digital economic industry. However, this also creates new problems related to market domination by large companies and restrictions on access to platforms, making market penetration difficult for small and medium businesses. The antitrust legal framew...

Sustainable Development Goals try to foster several targets for a better planet. Universities play a key role in providing access to tertiary education. Our teaching experience focuses on two SDGs: number 4 on quality education and number 10 on reduction of inequalities with the objective to build an inclusive and effective learning environment for...

This article deals with the theoretical aspects of state antimonopoly control, doctrinal and legislative definition of the concepts of state control, state antimonopoly control, principles of state antimonopoly control, its types and forms, which are the subject of close attention from the representatives of both economic and legal sciences. Unifor...

Relying heavily on legal analysis, the 2023 Merger Guidelines argue for a fundamental shift in antitrust enforcement that places more emphasis on protecting competitors and less on protecting the beneficiaries of competition. It is up to courts, not economists, to ascertain whether this interpretation of antitrust law is correct. But economists can...

Recent years have seen the dominance of neoclassical, marginalist and welfarist schools of Competition Law and Economics being challenged more vigor- ously than ever [See two major collecting works in: Fennell and McAdams (2013) and Cappelen and Tungodden (2019)]. Although the core assumptions of the neoclas- sical school regarding overt reliance o...

An anti-competitive agreement was one that would have the necessary ability to undermine the marketability and fundamentals. Bid Rigging is fundamentally an unlawful practice where the contending parties intrigue with one another to decide the champ in a bid. Whenever there is seen that the bidders coordinate, then, at that point, the costs are dem...

With the goal to uphold fair market competition, safeguard consumer interests, and enhance economic efficiency, competition law is crucial. The legal framework governing competition in India has changed dramatically over time. The implementation of the Competition Act, 2002 and the creation of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) marked a s...

As digital platforms increasingly dominate the global economy, data monopolies have emerged as a central concern for regulators and policymakers. This paper examines the role of antitrust law in addressing the challenges posed by data monopolies within the digital economy. Data monopolies, characterized by the concentration of vast amounts of user...

In contrast to individual companies, there is not necessarily a conflict of interest between group companies. Rather, they are often related parties and this creates transfer pricing risks. Regarding tax law profits can be base eroded or shifted, resulting in losses from corporate taxes. The controlling enterprise can use disadvantaging transfer pr...

This article addresses the impact of the Digital Era in the field of Competition Law and the protection of consumer rights. In a globalized and technologically dynamic world, the lack of solid regulation has led to violations of both consumer rights and competitive equity in the electronic market. In particular, the focus is on restrictive practice...

How to define “antitrust injury” is an issue that has been the source of much debate among judges, lawyers, and academics alike. Specifically, a disagreement exists as to whether participation in a single transaction, which a defendant has allegedly tainted via anticompetitive behavior, is sufficient to constitute antitrust injury. Complicating thi...

With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), how should copyright and antitrust law handle AI-created creative work? The Copyright Ordinance 1962 and Competition Act 2010 are examined in this context to examine Pakistan's legal system. This study compares Pakistan's legal system to the EU's. The study focuses on the DMA and the EU Copyright Direc...

This study explores the development of monopoly regulation and its effects on the economy, offering a thorough examination of all the facets related to monopolies. The paper first examines monopolistic market structures and how they affect competition and consumer choice. Then, it explains the background of antitrust laws in the US, emphasising imp...

This paper examines the problems associated with the use of artificial intelligence in the form of price algorithms by market players, as an instrument to limit competition in markets. An algorithm in essence is a precise procedure which enables a digital system to solve problems. Similarly, a price fixing algorithm is an algorithm designed with th...

First paragraphs: The Harvard Business School defines trans­formational changes as “changes that are typically much grander in scope than incremental, adaptive changes. Very often, transformational change refers to a dramatic evolution of some basic structure of the business itself—its strategy, culture, organization, physical structure, supply cha...

Sustainability and environmental protection are the pressing questions of our time. Austrian competition law keeps pace with these issues and addresses them under the light of both antitrust and unfair competition law. Suitably, the amendment of the Austrian Cartel Act in 2021 took account of environmentally sustainable and carbon-neutral economies...

Corruption, on larger or smaller scales, and in all its varieties, whether involving minor office holders and political operatives or those who control great wealth and power over millions, grows out of favoritism and lack of moral self-restraint. It grows into and by means of illicit networks of clientelism, and it may eventuate in effectively und...

In economic sectors where constitutional principles come to the fore, legislators must reconcile individual rights and freedoms with market principles, such as the arm’s length principle, and economic freedoms, particularly the freedom to conduct business. This balance is particularly significant in the media sector, where the principle of media pl...

The relentless discussion on the value of social goals in antitrust is currently governed by two pressing concerns: rising wealth inequality and the plight for sustainability. On the one hand, the alarming upward trend in wealth concentration has been linked to issues antitrust may have the power to tackle, such as the intensification of market pow...

The more balanced the sports competition, the more exciting for the audience - what is discussed in sports economics under the keyword "competitive balance" is also increasingly used in antitrust law as a justification for competitive restraints by sports associations. This paper investigates the underlying principles of sports economics and finds...

The more balanced the sports competition, the more exciting for the audience - what is discussed in sports economics under the keyword "competitive balance" is also increasingly used in antitrust law as a justification for competitive restraints by sports associations. This paper investigates the underlying principles of sports economics and finds...

The more balanced the sports competition, the more exciting for the audience - what is discussed in sports economics under the keyword "competitive balance" is also increasingly used in antitrust law as a justification for competitive restraints by sports associations. This paper investigates the underlying principles of sports economics and finds...

The more balanced the sports competition, the more exciting for the audience - what is discussed in sports economics under the keyword "competitive balance" is also increasingly used in antitrust law as a justification for competitive restraints by sports associations. This paper investigates the underlying principles of sports economics and finds...

This study explores the development of monopoly regulation and its effects on the economy, offering a thorough examination of all the facets related to monopolies. The paper first examines monopolistic market structures and how they affect competition and consumer choice. Then, it explains the background of antitrust laws in the US, emphasising imp...

The more balanced the sports competition, the more exciting for the audience - what is discussed in sports economics under the keyword "competitive balance" is also increasingly used in antitrust law as a justification for competitive restraints by sports associations. This paper investigates the underlying principles of sports economics and finds...

The more balanced the sports competition, the more exciting for the audience - what is discussed in sports economics under the keyword "competitive balance" is also increasingly used in antitrust law as a justification for competitive restraints by sports associations. This paper investigates the underlying principles of sports economics and finds...

The more balanced the sports competition, the more exciting for the audience - what is discussed in sports economics under the keyword "competitive balance" is also increasingly used in antitrust law as a justification for competitive restraints by sports associations. This paper investigates the underlying principles of sports economics and finds...

The more balanced the sports competition, the more exciting for the audience - what is discussed in sports economics under the keyword "competitive balance" is also increasingly used in antitrust law as a justification for competitive restraints by sports associations. This paper investigates the underlying principles of sports economics and finds...

The more balanced the sports competition, the more exciting for the audience - what is discussed in sports economics under the keyword "competitive balance" is also increasingly used in antitrust law as a justification for competitive restraints by sports associations. This paper investigates the underlying principles of sports economics and finds...

Research background : To a limited extent, modern researchers are interested in ordoliberalism, as a theory of the socio-economic system, which is confirmed by the results of the bibliometric analysis. In conducted studies, the assumptions of ordoliberalism are used partially, for example, for research on: the role of the state in the economy, the...

This paper has endeavoured to explore the connection between Competition laws and Anti-dumping, as well as the impact on consumers and policy implications. It aims to delve into the overlaps between the objectives of anti-dumping and competition, particularly in relation to price discrimination, predatory pricing, and other issues arising from unfa...

Price is the core element of commercial transactions and an important parameter of competition. One of antitrust law’s aims is to ensure that market prices form under the laws of supply and demand, and not after the whims of monopolists or cartelists. Innovations in computer and data science have brought about pricing technologies that rely on adva...

Before the Amended Anti-Monopoly Law (“Amended AML”) was implemented in 2022, the divergence on resale price maintenance (“RPM”) between the AML public enforcement agencies and the courts had been noticeable and attracted heated debates. The AML administrative agencies responsible for public enforcement against RPM in China firmly adopt the princip...

Acquisitions in digital markets by dominant companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft (GAFAM) raise concerns related to the elimination of potential and nascent competition. While demands for merger control reforms in this segment are proliferating, there are still important controversies and insufficient systemic studies on t...

The article discusses the legal regulations related to antimonopoly compliance programs in the Republic of Armenia and the necessary actions to ensure their effective implementation. The circumstances and factors that business entities should take into account when drafting antimonopoly programs were also discussed. Through the implementation of wa...

Should companies that have been fined for EU antitrust infringements be allowed to recover such fines from their (former) directors or employees? On the basis of an analysis of the EU Treaty provisions, legislation and case law on antitrust fines, as well as of the economic nature of antitrust infringements and the economic rationale of fines on un...

Unlocking global opportunities, this article dives into the intricate world of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) for tech companies. It explores critical U.S. regulations like CFIUS and antitrust laws, alongside international standards on data privacy and national security. Packed with actionable insights, it equips businesses to navigat...