Science method

Anthropometry - Science method

The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.
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Dear Colleagues
One of the things that has to be done so that design researchers and marketing researchers can work together is to agree the languages they use. It seems to me that one of the language barriers to overcome is using the "aesthetics" category in marketing.
For marketing researchers (Homburg 2015), "aesthetics" means "... is good looking; agree 12345 disagree".
It is difficult to consider such an understanding of "aesthetics" as relevant when taking into account, for instance, the designs of Celine tunics inspired by the works of Ives Klein Anthropometry, presented at fashion week Paris, spring-summer 2017.
Design researchers would rather ask "what does it mean?" or "what values embody these tunics?"
As the importance of competing with meanings increases, marketing researchers should research values as "what does it mean?" rather than "does it look good?" This could be one of the things that closes the gap between marketing and design languages and, consequently, research.
What do you think about it? Any interesting research published? I haven't seen any.
Maybe it's a topic for the
Creativity and Innovation Management
Special Issue – Call for papers
“Design & Marketing: Intersections and Challenges”
Richard Kleczek
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I have just submitted a paper on the sci-art cooperation. Here is the abstract. What do you think? From reformers to living labs: radical changes (transformations) of practices in art and science. Abstract Living labs is a formula of cooperation between scientists and artists that combines new methods of project implementation, new research methods (action research and design-based research). The results of these projects represent radical changes in current practices. I begin by presenting what a radical change in art and science is all about. Next, I present interdisciplinary stakeholder workshops as a working method of living labs and social phenomenology as an interpretative and methodological basis for researching artistic practices in the humanities. In the last part, I present what and how scientists of humanities and artists can study in the living lab formula. The originality / value of the research presented in the article lies in the indication of how artists and scientists can implement joint Sci-Art projects, based on the above-mentioned methods and the model of transformation of artistic practices. Keywords: radical change (transformation), social practices, living lab, humanities, art, social phenomenology
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I've only been able to find % body fat data based off sum of 4 skinfold sites. It would be wonderful if anyone knows of a good dataset for sum of 7 sites for elite female gymnasts. Thanks in advance. 
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I am looking for knowing the levels of body fat (BF%) estimated by 4 skinfolds (biceps+tricipital+subscapular+ suprailiac) in children aged 6-12y .
Thanks!
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Dear Alicia Bibiana,
There is a reference developed in 2006 by the Epinut research group from the Complutense University of Madrid but it is based on Spanish children. It provides percentiles by sex and age based on the 4 basic skinfolds and the equations from Durning & Womersley, Siri, and Slaughter. Here is the link to the article: https://www.analesdepediatria.org/es-pdf-13090892
Besides, there is a classical classification proposed by Westrate and Deuremberg in 1989 in where they stated that the presence of obesity in prepubescent children exists when the %body fat obtained by anthropometry is greater than 30% without distinction of age. This is the link to the article: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/50/5/1104/4695440
I hope this could be useful for you. If anyone knows any other reference I'd also appreciate reading it.
Best wishes!
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I am analyzing a dataset. There I have a group of participants whose age range is 10-17 years. I have their gender, date of birth, height and weight. I want to measure their BMI for age, z-score and percentile using WHO guidelines. WHO provides "Anthro Survey Analyser" to calculate these but in the default format, it can calculate the BMI for the age of under 5 years children (0-60 months) only (both in online anthro tool and offline anthro software).
So, how can I calculate the BMI for age, z score, and percentile of 10-17 years age group children using WHO Anthro Software or Online Survey Analyzer?
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Dear colleagues,
I’m looking for a standard method to perform anthropometric measurements among newborn infants.
Does anybody have experience in the assessment of neonatal anthropometry.
Thank you in advance
Ron Clijsen
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Dear Ron,
Maybe the “INTERGROWTH-21st Anthropometry Manual” will help you on the subject:
INTERGROWTH-21st - International Fetal and Newborn Growth Standards for the 21st Century. ANTHROPOMETRY HANDBOOK. University of Oxford. 2012. https://www.medscinet.net/Intergrowth/patientinfodocs/Anthropometry%20Handbook%20April%202012.pdf
Villar J, Cheikh Ismail L, Victora CG, Ohuma EO, Bertino E, Altman DG, et al. International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: the Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. Lancet 2014;384(9946):857-68. http://med-fom-obgyn.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2014/11/JVLancet20141.pdf
Rashidi AA, Norouzy A, Imani B, Nematy M, Heidarzadeh M, Taghipour A. Review of some methods of nutritional status of newborn infants based on physical and anthropometric indexes: a short review article. Rev Clin Med 2017;4(1):35-38. http://rcm.mums.ac.ir/article_7520_b441b54252637151ff3bca2e11a4c6be.pdf
Best wishes from Germany,
Martin
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I have to run several simulation on which one of the entry data is the average (plus sigma) height of people at eye-level in two positions: Standing up and sitting down in an office chair.
Currently I have the average full height (plus sigma) of the population studied.
Any idea of how I can obtain those values ?
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Vertical distance upto eye level in both the posture (standing and sitting)
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Prompted by a design project from students working on a height-adjustable product, I'm wondering whether there have been any studies into ergonomic / human-factors aspects of couples, such as height differences between partners.
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Renee, thanks for the interesting question: I found a few sources about this topic:
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anthropometry depends on having a partner or not according to the amazing study of Sittig and Freudenthal(1951) in which they measured 5001 Dutch female to develop a new sizing system for the company Bijenkorf. In that book they included a graph about the body weight depending being maried or not. And surprisingly the married female growth in weight (don't need to search anymore...)
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Another more recent source is about anthropomery of celebrities: https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/news/g3939/celebrity-couples-with-major-height-difference/
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The best source is from Plos One after analysing 12k couples in UK. One of the results says the correlation is 0 .18 which is positive but very low. Read the whole paper on
kind regards
Johan
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Especially I find of interest the use of kinect and the determination of the measurements through photo.
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Thank you for your answers.
This article compares different technologies for anthropometric measurements:
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It is my understanding that, regardless of the formula used, that RMR is 15% higher than BMR.  So, theoretically, if one had BMR's from a large sample (humans), and just multiplied by 1.15, then one should have a reliable RMR for everyone, correct?  Would anyone have any different advice or strategies for this? 
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BMR is well defined by physiological conditions, however RMR ist not. Usually it is calculated to be about 20% higher (PAL physical activity level 1,2) than BMR. Individually it is possible to calculate the RMR by 24h heartrate monitoring protocol. The lowest period laying under rest (night) the HR reponds more to BMR and the resting HR during the day to RMR. PALrmr = HR_Rest/ HR sleep is the factor to multiply the value got from BMR-formula to get the RMR. This is the easiest possibility to make an assumption for an individual RMR.
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We are doing a prevalence study on Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). There is an established association with neck circumference. Neck circumference increases with height and there is a variable called PPNC to correct for this. PPNC also has an established association with OSA
PPNC = (1000 × NC) / [(0.55 × Height) +310]
The parameter is actually calculating the percentage of the neck circumference to the predicted NC for the height. The original paper by Davies & Stradling, 1990 seems to be unavailable online. The correction equation suggested therein is population-dependent.
Would the correction be valid for the population under our study, if the value of PPNC for the controls (assumed normal) does not include the 100% (i.e. the predicted normal circumference) mark within +/- 1 SD?
Does it point to the fact that the correction is not valid for our population, since the predicted normal circumference value is not found even among the un-diseased population?
Or is there any other parameter which could be used in such a situation?
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The abstract for the Davies and Stradling article states that only 66 subjects were studied.  It is hard to believe that many E. Indians were among that group because it was published in a journal for Europe.  Probably the numerical conclusions are not valid for your populations, but only a new study could prove that.  Neck circumference is probably more dependent on weight or body mass index than height, at least for northern European populations.  Even in U. S. Army females, the statistical distribution is not normal, and likely is not normal for any population where wide variations in weight for given height is possible because of diet options.  Correlations between height or length dimensions and circumference dimension are typically quite low for many populations.  It is not surprising that some way of accounting for differences in neck circumference are needed  for any given height, such as the PPNC.  Not everything that is published appears on the Internet.  You might try looking for a copy of the pertinent journal in the library of a large university, or asking for a copy of it from such a university.
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Hello everyone,
in some biomechanical papers, the center of volume of a body segment is assumed to be equal to the center of mass. Is anyone aware of studies that provide statistical data on the three-dimensional spatial difference between the center of volume and mass for different body segments in female and male subjects?
So far, I could find some information in a technical report [1] (page 68f) using cadavers. They measured the percentage of body segment volume proximal to the center of mass. The positional difference is estimated to be "two to three centimeters" proximal.
Thank you in advance for your input.
[1] Clauser C, McConville J, Young J; Weight, volume and center of mass of segments of the human body; AMRL Technical Report; 1969
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Hello Marcelo,
thank you very much for this paper. Actually, I also found it two days ago ;) It is the best paper on this topic I have found so far.
Lephart et al. compare the results of a uniform and a variable density model for two male cadavers with different somatotypes. Unfortunately, they don't seem to give the exact difference between the COM (variable density) and COV (uniform density) for the individual segments in the result tables. But in the discussion, they write that the difference is quite small ( <1mm average, 2mm maximum).
Best regards.
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Dear all,
     I have studied two populations of school boys (8-16 yrs age). The indices of malnutrition were calculated according to the classification of World Health Organization (WHO, 1995). Results shows that Population 2 has lower stunting values, but higher thinness and overweight values in comparison to population 1.
So, Which population has better nutritional status?
Can anybody answer the cause of this type of prevalence .
Is there any similar publication?
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Dear Sandeep !!!
Greetings from Udaipur !!! Determination of Nutrtional Status is a vast Area to discuss. Nutritional Status in terms of what ??? Under the umbrella of Nutrition there are so many disorders. One population may have high frequency of night blindness and the other may have high frequency of marusmus !!! Another one may have high iodine deficiency and the fourth may have high iron deficiency anemia. How you can compare them in terms of nutritional status. BMI, Height and Weight for age shows different situation of nutritional status. The best way is to tell the actual situation rather than to compare in terms of Nutritional Status. Infact, in a particular area also like BMI , it will show different result in a single population with the application of different indices. New indices are also available like IOTF, WHO 2007. You can have a look into my publication in North American journal of Medical Sciences for that.  The other better way is to use the Composite Index of Malnutrition where you can add thinness, stunting as well as underweight at the same time. Best of luck and regards.   
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I am trying to build a scalable (based on anthropometry) multi-body model of adult human leg and thigh. Femur and tibia are represented by a set of segments (3-4) connected together with torsional springs to capture the bending of bones in Medio lateral and anterio posterior mode. The model is mainly aimed to capture and assess the injury risk in the medial lateral bending in case of pedestrian to automotive vehicle crashes.  
3 point bending data  of bones is available and there is considerable variation among the responses owing to the difference in  length, geometry and other biological variation among specimens. Current models are based on optimizing the models response to the mean/average response of the specimen data. However this methodology does not take into account the cross sectional properties of bone and may only work in the validated case. To develop a generic model i wish to incorporate the bending stiffness calculated from beam theory into the torsional springs in the model.  To do that i would need to know the variation of area moment of inertia through out the length of the bone.  I have some CT data available to analyze this variation however i wish to know if this sort of work has already been done before. From the literature i have looked so far (Ruff et al.), this analysis has been done on archaeological bone specimens on a larger scale but i do not know the relevance of this older data.
If you can suggest me some authors and good articles it would be of great help. I am attaching a paper on the type of model i am talking about. 
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I found the works from the following authors quite helpful as it deals with the data from cadaveric specimen or volunteers rather than archeological specimens. 
Miller et. al. 1980 (C) "The Geometrical Properties of Human Femur and Tibia "
Minns et. al. 1975  (C) "The geometrical properties of the human tibia"
Piziali et. al.  1976  (C) "An extended structural analysis of long bones--application to the human tibia"
Capozza et. al. 2010 (V) "Structural analysis of the human tibia by tomographic (pQCT) serial scans"
Cristofolini et. al. 2012 (C) "Shape and function of the diaphysis of the human tibia"
(C)- Cadaver specimen
(V)- Volunteer subjects
Thanks for all the inputs.
One interesting observation that i found was in data from the cadaveric specimens (generally older samples, 55+ years) the Area moment of inertia about the medial lateral axis was lower than the area moment of inertia about the anterior posterior axis. 
The volunteer QCT data from capozza et al (from younger subjects 20-40 years, sample size =40) showed similar magnitude in the area moment of inertia about (M-L and A-P axes).
I could not find more studies to confirm this trend. However i think that the area moment of inertia along the medial lateral direction decreases with age. If anyone could comment more on this aspect it would be great.
Overall the area moment of inertia decreases from the proximal to the distal end of the diaphysis. 
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With disuse, say bed-rest, casting or micro-gravity, within what time-frame would phenotype muscle atrophy occur that is measurable ? Measured by anthropometry or some imaging technique. Limited to humans only,
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The answer will depend on the muscle group you're interested in. Chronically-active muscles (e.g., lower-body muscles) are more susceptible to disuse.
Assuming you're interested in such muscles, the loss of lower-body lean mass appears to be around 100-200 g/wk during bed-rest (See some references below.) With this number, you can estimate the necessary duration of bed-rest if you know the resolution of the instrument you are using to assess atrophy.
Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-Moore M, Urban RJ, et al. Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4351–4358.
LeBlanc AD, Schneider VS, Evans HJ, et al. Regional changes in muscle mass following 17 weeks of bed rest. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73:2172–2178.
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In this study, the results showed an association between nutritional status with intelligence by using the correlation test. But it was not clearly stated in the abstract if the nutritional statuses, which were used in the analysis of correlation with intelligence, were by height for age or weight for age.
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Lesley Haynes no longer practises as a Registered Dietitian and is now retired.
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The journal must be exclusively on the SCI or SCIe list, interested in publishing comparative anthropometric data of eleven-year old children in Serbia (in time of sanctions and now).
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The research is looking how BMI changes with age from 12yrs old to adult elite dancers and as I need to use percentiles for the adolescents I need equivalents for adults
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Here is a reference I used:
Rolland-Cachera MF, Cole TJ, Sempe M, Tichet J, Rossignol C, Charraud A. Body Mass Index variations: centiles from birth to 87 years. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991 Jan;45(1):13-21.
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I am searching for sources of information on anthropometric measures in order to make my project to graduate. the aim is to check if the bone structure is associated with increased fat mass.
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I advice to make a review of literature on pubmed or other databases! It is the only way to find an answer to your question.
Good luck.
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I am searching for sources of information on anthropometric and psychomotor (e.g. force) changes occurring with age such as anthropometric atlases comparing general populations with elderly.
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Hi Marcin,
Most of the data are either out of data or from commercial data base.
There are a couple of articles on this topic which you may find helpful.
Hu, H. T., Li, Z. Z., Yan, J. B., Wang, X. F., Xiao, H., Duan, J. Y., & Zheng, L. (2007). Anthropometric measurement of the Chinese elderly living in the Beijing area. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 37(4), 303-311. doi: DOI 10.1016/j.ergon.2006.11.006
Kothiyal, K., & Tettey, S. (2000). Anthropometric data of elderly people in Australia. Appl Ergon, 31(3), 329-332. doi: Doi 10.1016/S0003-6870(99)00052-6
Eli MY Chu
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Researchers are familiar with how blunt the BMI (mass in kg divided by the square of stature in m) is at assessing fatness. My obervations, together with historic data from the work of Tyrell et al (1985), imply a shift by about one BMI unit within a 24 hour cycle, and greater values in children. I have long been concerned about the potential for mis-measurement, but misclassification arising from the asynchronous circadian rhythms of stature and mass have gone undetected. Ski jumpers commonly lie down for several hours prior to their stature measurement to enable them to jump using longer skis, thereby gaining a biomechanical advantage for their sports performance. I worry that borderline cases in medicine are not considered with the same diligence, because the ubiquitous use of BMI in clinical care pathways has hitherto not been informed of the potential for misclassification and poorer care as a consequence. My question is: Have other researchers noticed circadian fluctuation in BMI, and if so, by how much?
Tyrrell, A.R., Reilly, T. & Troup J.D.G. (1985). Circadian variation in stature and the effects of spinal loading. Spine 10, 161-164.
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Hi Arthur, It's an interesting methodological issue but I'm not sure that BMI is the variable to be concerned about. BMI, as you know, is used as a crude proxy for fat mass. Therefore anyone wishing to use it is unlikely to be bothered by marginal diurnal differences since this will be vastly overwhelmed by the imprecision of the index itself (especially in children).
However, if you were interested in growth over a relatively short period of weeks or months, then I agree that a protocol should try to standardise assessment of stature to be at the same time of the day - e.g. in the morning - so as to capture any real growth in millimetres that may occur between assessments and reduce methodological 'noise'.
Equally there may be very small diurnal differences in weight due to bladder contents, food intake etc, but unless you are really interested in very small differences - e.g. weighing an infant to estimate milk intake - then it shouldn't be a major issue.
So basically, I would only be concerned about diurnal variation in weight or height individually, and only if I were interested in very small or short-term differences in either. When these two are combined to make BMI, I don't think there is much benefit to achieving a level of precision of < 0.1 kg/m2.
Hope this helps.
Simon
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In a community based cross-sectional research, socio-demographic variables and anthropometry is assessed by qualitative questionnaire and measurements. Most of the time deficiency of micronutrients have to be associated with various socio-demographic variables like, family-size, family income, dietary habits, water sources etc. What are the socio-demographic variables that need to be included for impact in public health policy of the Government?
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I think the socioeconomic variables included should be based on the theorized mechanism of how you think the social is leading to differences in micro nutrients and/or anthropometry. For example, do you think it is a direct tie of family income to the ability to buy foods with high micronutrient content? Or that educational achievement has improved a person's eating habits through increased knowledge. Or they live in higher social class neighborhood, so have access to better quality food. It could be all of the above and more. Good luck!