Animal Anatomy - Science topic

Animal tissues can be stored at \(-20^\circ\)C for up to 3 months with minimal degradation. For longer storage, up to 6 months, some degradation may occur, and beyond that, \(-80^\circ\)C or lower is recommended to preserve tissue integrity.

Thank you Fareeda Tahir for your response. I am sure that the red items 1 are not the gills or ctenidia. Patella species have no ctenidia. Instead they have pallial gills around the perimeter of the foot. They are labelled 4 in this image. The white ‘v’s show the route of colourless haemolymph depleted of oxygen passing from the body into the pallial gills. The blue ‘V’s show the route of oxygenated bluish haemolymph from the gills, through the efferent branchial vessel (5) to the nuchal cavity (7) where the heart pumps it to the organs in the body and head.

My question was whether the spheres are food balls. The digestive gland is very large in patella and is not the spheres. It is labelled 2 in the image at https://flic.kr/p/Bex7R6

Unfortunately, there isn't a lot of research available on the specific density of Langerhans cells in normal horse skin. However, there are resources that discuss Langerhans cells in equine skin including their structure and function. Here are a couple you might find helpful:

Md. Ashraf Zaman Faruk . Thank you for your reply and explanation. I would suggest that you inform them that you should be removed from their list of reviewers (and remove from your RG profile). I will do what I am able to assist you.

Here in England I see owners of dogs with same problem put their back & legs on a two wheal little platform. as long as your Dog can use front legs, mobility again is possible. Look for a suitable item in children[s toys for this job...good luck...

Dear researcher

As far as our observation abnormality and deformity in organs of juveniles is not reported at our Rushikulya Rookery. If such additional organs emerges, then it could be may be genetic disorder or invasion of new species due to evolution theory. We have not reported such incident so far. Hope this record is a novel finding at your coast, which indicates marine animals is under transformation phase as per the novel evolution theory.

Thanking You

Consciousness is connected by our mind which remains the part of energy for every human being. With this consciousness can get involved within the inner urge for divinity & as such it is natural that consciousness can be described by natural science .

This is my personal opinion

Dear Sonia Marina ,

often you have three or four primers depending on the stratgy of your geneotyping PCR approach.

For a three primer system one pair is binging in the WT-situation of your genotype resulting in a PCR product of i.e. 500 bp. When now a knock out was done, it's was traditionally usually with a homologous recombination and a neomycin resistance. You can find simplified information here:

When now, the knock out was successful the primer for the reverse primer is to far away to create a PCR product (due to the insert of the neomycin resistance) or the binding site is eliminated during reconbination.

Now, the thir primer is binding as reverse primer in the neomycin resistance and will create a PCR-product of different length i.e. 700 bp. In a heterozygous situation both bands are showing up.

The benefit over a system with two pairs of primers is, that you have an internal control for the PCR. You must get always a product. When you have a two pair system (where knock out and wild type are charaterized in individual PCR reactions). It may happen that you fail in one PCR suggesting a different genotype (i.e. knock out) while the truth is that it is a heterozygous situation and only your PCR failed.

kind regards

Soenke

In knock-out animal models, a homozygous (-/-) animal means both the alleles of the gene of interest have been removed (e.g by Cre dependent removal of loxP sites, thereby generating a flox animal for your gene of interest at a specific site), heterozygous (+/-) means only one allele have been removed by the same process, while a wild type has both of the alleles (usually functional).

To simplify, you need to breed the animals for a minimum of 2 generation to generate a homozygous (-/-) animal, while heterozygous (+/-) (not all of the offsprings though) can be obtained from 1st mating. In subsequent matings of heterozygous parents, homozygous offsprings can be generated and mating of homozygous parents would generate further homozygous ones.

Self-citation may be necessary in many cases to complete the research study according to the world's progress. There may be a room for self-citation - but it is a good practice to limit the practice when possible. Therefore, self-citation is a sensitive issue.

On the other hand, "Citation Farms", also known as "Citation Cartels", consist of authors who routinely and enormously self-cite or cite each other for the purpose of raising their citation counters and, in turn, promoting the impact of their publications.

Let me show you this paragraph:

"Self citation. Researchers may need to cite their previously published works in order to communicate an idea effectively in their present manuscript. While IGI Global encourages the use of self citations in these cases, it is important that self-cited works do not account for, at most, 50% of the total references in the manuscript."

I think grays anatomy is nice book for anatomy

Thank you, that's exactly the kind of dataset that would be a useful comparison. Are these data available or published?

Hello, Can I find craniometry in sheep ? Thanks you

Hi Daniel,

Thanks for your answer, and for the references ! They are very interesting, beyond my question. I'll try to contact these authors.

That was a good idea, thank you ! ;)

Cheers

Hi Felix,

I think the answer to your question is more or less trivial: Stritaum. Depending of ischemia time and injury, somatosensory cortex.

Dear Jason,

Thanks a lot for this indication. No, we have just this one item.

My colleagues at the Natural Histoyr Museum in Fribourg would like to know at least the family name.

I will check you link/publicatiosn.

Regards

Greg

Hello, I think it depends on what you want to study. several chemicals can be used to induce cancer in rodents. you can use heavy metals like cadmium, you can also use radioactive materials, you can also use polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or pesticides. you can also use chemicals like aflatoxins or heterocyclic amines. you can read on all this chemicals and substances, they are multi-organ inducers of cancer  or tumor in rodents and even primates. look at the IARC classification charts or you can read the following works

Xia HJ and Chen CS (2011). Progress of non-human primate animal models of cancers. Dongwuxue Yanjiu 32(1): 70-80.

Wogan GN, Hecht SS, Felton JS, Conney AH, Loeb LA (2004). Environmental and chemical carcinogenesis. Seminars in Cancer Biology 14: 473–486

Weinberg RA (2014). The Biology of Cancer. Garland Science, page 231.

The African Giant Rat is a burrowing mammal that can be use

Dear Ida,

In addition to wonderful comments above, if you decide to go ahead with vibratom slices, have a look at my methods paper below for detailed description of how to cut brain slices in mice. You may need the modify the extracellular solution and some of the procedures as suggested by Kjetil, but the general principles should be pretty much the same.

Best wishes, Refik

And, I forgot, this lady has been looking at bone density in normal and abnormal bones, admittedly from a different small mammal and a different long bone as part of her PhD. She will know the literature very well.

Johanna Mäkitaipale

DVM, Specialist in Small Animal Diseases, GPCert(SAS) at Evidensia Oy

Dasyurus viverrinus refers to the Eastern quoll, but this specimen looks more like a spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus).  Both species are Australasian marsupials.

this is better

Dear Sara,

i worked with mice, rat and Guinea pigs during my PhD and I did not see any structure significantly different in g.pig spinal cord, except that the size of the cord is larger. Location of motor and sensory neurons very similar. You can check my PhD thesis listed below. 

Best Wishes, Refik

Dear Ann, As you know we have an Definition with the name of "Homeorhesis"  which there are some variation during pregnancy such as modification in tissues,

with a little search you can find some litterateurs in this area, sch as:

1:

Structure and function of mammalian tendon

DH Elliott - Biological Reviews, 1965 - Wiley Online Library

... For instance, towards the end of pregnancy there is a fall in the tensile strength of the foetal

2: in rabbit:

Reflex response of the rabbit hind‐limb muscle vascular bed to baroreceptor stimulation and its modification by pregnancy.

PW Humphreys, N Joels - The Journal of physiology, 1982 - Wiley Online Library

you can find some of the easily,

Best wishes,

Mehdi

Thank you, I see, But once again - I meant what is general term equivalent to "accumulation kidney", good enought for brown bodies and to any cells or tissue serving for storage of insoluble waste material (crystalls for instance).

The important question porbably is, what means maturity. Is it sexual maturity (in the sense of fertile germ cells or as age at first reproduction) or is it skeletal maturity (in the sense of all or most epiphyses fusing or even completely fused). Often the second is taken as a proxy for the first. In ungulates this can be quite variable. Like sheep ewes that can be inseminated under favorable consitions as early as with 7 month. We are curating a collection of skulls and parts of the postcranium of Soay sheep with known age-at-death. Some epiphyses show signs of fusion in the course of the second year. In the third year all epiphyses start fusing and show last remnants up to the beginning of the fourth year. Fusion of the basioccipital to the basisphenoid is occuring in the second year of life. So in these creatures this fusion is somewaht inbetween (potential) sexual maturity and skeletal maturity. I would expect it to vary considerably between other genera and even more between orders.

We "roll out" the hippocampus from a freshly harvested brain and dissect off the bottom 2/5's as ventral hippocampus and the top 2/5's as dorsal hippocampus (we discard the middle 1/5). If you lay the hippocampus out flat on its medial side, you will see a hump rise up at the ventral end--we use this as a landmark for the ventral hippocampus. We've conducted western blots on the resultant  dissections and shown proper enrichment of protein in ventral vs. dorsal hippocampus that matches in situ or immuno results obtained in intact slices (e.g., PDE11A is enriched in our ventral vs. dorsal hippocampus samples). Hope this helps.

It might be worth looking at this as a question of difference in niche and trophic level of different taxa or even species, rather than an intrinsic thickness within each taxon. The carapace will be responsive to environmental or predatory pressures (amongst others), so maybe approach this as a question of thickness between arthropod guilds. 

I've done a lot of work on this subject recently, I will upload it later.

The respiratory tract in pigs and its immune system: a reiew

by: J. Krejci et al., 2013

the respiratory tract immune system in the pis

by Patricia A. Bradley et al., 1976

Hi Mr. Sorokin, here are some sources, I hope these help:

1.       Anda S. et al. Acetabular angles and femoral anteversion in dysplastic hips in adults: CT investigation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1991; 15: 115-120.

2.       Delaunay S. et al. Radiographic measurements of dysplastic adult hips. Skeletal Radiol. 1997; 26: 75-81.

3.       Lequesne MG. Femorocoxometry: angles and segments characteristic of dysplastic and dysmorphic hip conditions in adult. Measurement using a femorocoxometer for standard or reduced (digitized) films. Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999; 66: 136-142.

4.       Lequesne M. and Morvan G. Description of the potential of an arthrometer for standard and reduced radiographs suitable to measurement of angles and segments of hip, knee, foot and joint space widths. Joint Bone Spine. 2002; 69: 282-292.

5.       www.antetorsion.org

Dear Colleague,

Thank you for this interesting question. It shows us that there is still a lot to discover and to describe in anatomy, and that comparative anatomy e.g., primatology, can be of great value in this. In the recent past, e.g., with respect to functional anatomy of primates and their predecessors (like the marsupials that we studied), the Journal of Anatomy papers by the late Professor F.G. Parsons (1863-1943) did help us a lot ! I therefore attach this 1898 paper by Prof. Parsons, with his description of the levator claviculae muscle from p. 449 on, plus some sketches. Remarkably, he calls this muscle also "omo-trachelian". 

I  think that his explanations make sense, be they quite short. Unfortunately, I could not figure out right now, where his second lecture on head & neck anatomy was published.

Anyway, I still hope that this paper will give you some of the wanted information.

Wishing you success, with kind regards,

Koos Jaap van Zwieten

The organ you are interested in is called the seminal vesicle in Guinea pigs (see http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HhEs-xsYp6IC&pg=PA591&lpg=PA591&dq=guinea+pig+male+accessory+gland&source=bl&ots=kQkX7X8gxf&sig=-J9tbC4To1QZeH1HTGNl6ywPCiQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=M_5kVLLnG-zHsQT-hoCoAQ&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=guinea%20pig%20male%20accessory%20gland&f=false). As for many anatomical problems, there are problems of nomenclature. In murid rodents there are two glands in this position (termed the anterior prostate and the vesicular gland in Buzzio & Castro-Vazquez, 2002). The long and slender seminal vesicle in Guinea pigs is probably homologous to the anterior prostate in Buzzio & Castro-Vazquez (2002), while the small arborescent gland which you have drawn in red may be homologous to the vesicular gland in the latter paper, however, I don't know its usual name in Guinea pigs. I wouldn' t identify them as the ampullary glands, because these glands are around the last part of the vas deferens, and it wouldn't  appear in your photograph.

Regarding their content, the accessory glands contain either sperm or their contribution to the seminal fluid and plug. This varies among them and among the different species, and I don't know what is the content of the seminal vesicle in Guinea pigs. You may put some of that content with a drop of water under the microscope and check.

Your annotated figures are attached and will help you. Vasa deferentia is the plural of vas deferens.

Injecting via jugular vein may bypass liver (portal vein) that would otherwise be in direct route through tail vein. 

List of some references that may be helpful 

http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/161590/0 

Pierce SJ, Pardo SA, Bennett MB.2009. Reproduction of the blue-spotted maskray Neotrygon kuhlii (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) in south-east Queensland, Australia. J Fish Biol. 2009 Apr;74(6):1291-308. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02202.x. 

Allen, G.R. 1997. Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and South-east Asia. Western Australian Museum. Pp. 292. 

Hutchins, B. & R. Swainston. 1986. Sea Fishes of Southern Australia. Complete Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Swainston Publishing. Pp. 180. 

Kuiter, R.H. 1996. Guide to Sea Fishes of Australia. New Holland. Pp. 433. 

Kuiter, R.H. 2000. Coastal Fishes of South-eastern Australia. Gary Allen. Pp. 437. 

Last, P.R. & J.D. Stevens. 1994 Sharks and Rays of Australia. CSIRO. Pp. 513. 

Last, P.R. & White, W.T. 2008. Resurrection of the genus Neotrygon Castelnau (Myliobatoidei: Dasyatidae) with the description of Neotrygon picta sp. nov., a new species from northern Australia. 315-326 in Last, P.R., White, W.T. & Pogonoski, J.J. (eds). Descriptions of new Australian chondrichthyans. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 022: 1-358 

Randall, J.E., Allen, G.R. & R.C. Steene. 1997. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Crawford House Press. Pp. 557. - See more at: http://australianmuseum.net.au/Blue-spotted-Stingray-Dasyatis-kuhlii-Muller-Henle-1841#sthash.bMFzhBVE.dpuf

This could be what you are looking for:

Neuroimage. 2001 Nov;14(5):1089-96.

MR-based statistical atlas of the Göttingen minipig brain.

Watanabe H1, Andersen F, Simonsen CZ, Evans SM, Gjedde A, Cumming P; DaNeX Study Group.

Just in case you have to switch to canine:

Please see

Serge, on the remote chance you have not yet found an answer to your question, but still need one:

Pork tenderloin = psoas major, occasionally accompanied by the small long narrow psoas minor if it has not been removed as trim.

boneless loin = longissimus dorsi (LD). Can be divided at thoracic/lumbar vertebrae into longissimus thoracis (LT) and longissimus lumborum (LL). Center cut is primarily LL.

U of Nebraska's Porcine Myology website (http://porcine.unl.edu/porcine2005/pages/index.jsp ) is an excellent place to find all the muscles and lots of other information about them you didn't know you were interested in! There is also a website for Bovine Myology. Muscles and skeletal attachment points, cross-sectional cuts, slices, 3-D rotation, eating characteristics, colour, etc.

Bethany Uttaro

Riza,

I think you could name these surfaces proximal and distal surfaces respectively for the first and second.

Best,

Julien

It is hard to answer but I'd try...in tetrapods, notably newt (urodel) and mouse (mammal), primordial germ cells (PGC) originate from mesoderm by "epigenesis" (induction). The inducer is BMP signal. BMP signal is active in presumptive posterior part of the embryo, whereas presumptive anterior side of the embryo is protected by anti-BMP proteins (Noggin, Chordin, Cerberus). So, only the posterior part is "competent" to responde to BMP-inducing PGC. This may be also true for animals, like xenopus (anurs), where presumtive PGC originate in the posterior part of the embryo, in a "BMP active side". Notably, in xenopus, PGC arise by pre-formation mechanism (maternal determination) and transplantation of presumtive PGC in the anterior side of the embryo (where anti-BMPs proteins are active) abrogate PGC differentiation.

I'll not talk about PGC migration...

Generally, PGC originate in posterior part of the embryo and thus the reproductive system is located in the posterior part of the adult.

I advice you to read some paper of Surani MA (or let's download a review).

This reference will be useful (It's online): Heard, R.W. et al. (2006) A Taxonomic Guide to the Mysids of South Atlantic Bight.

Andres

Rufous lemurs (Eulemur rufus) in Ranaomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar, have been observed to travel well outside their usual home range areas in order to exploit mast fruiting of Chinese guava (Psidum cattleyanum). Even though P. cattleyanum is not a tree species that is native to Madagascar, rufous lemurs obviously seek it out when its fruit is available (see: Overdorff, 1996, p. 339 in, "Ecological Correlates to Activity and Habitat Use of Two Prosimian Primates: Eulemur rubriventer and Eulemur fulvus rufus in Madagascar", American Journal of Primatology 40: 327-442 (attached); see also: Overdorff, 1993, "Ecological and reproductive correlates with ranging patterns in two prosimian primates in Madagascar", pp. 167-178 in "Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis" (P.M. Kappeler and J.U. Ganzhorn, eds); New York: Plenum Press). In some cases, rufous lemur groups will travel as far as seven kilometers (!!) outside their usual home range area in order to access mast fruiting Chinese guava (Deborah Overdorff, personal communication). Based on such behaviour, I would have to say that there would not seem to be any toxicity issues with Chinese guava, at least for lemur species in the genus Eulemur.

Yon can either make take a blood sample through the caudal vein with a seringue or only collect blood trough a small incision at the end of the tail. A small trick is to warm a little the rats by putting them close to a lamp for few minutes. If rats are cold, they will be vasoconstricted, then it is difficult to see the caudal vein and to collect blood through an incision.

Thanks!

Here's the initial vein puncture using the SurFlash IV Catheter and with a rubber tube temporarily tying off the leg proximal to the puncture.

Hi Zahra

A couple of references here:

"male rats were housed individually, and stratified according to body weight into two groups, and were offered ad libitum water and either normal chow diet (chow; 2.85 kcal/g – energy%: carbohydrate 60.7%, fat 12.6%, and protein 26.7%; diet #1324 Altromin, Brogården, Denmark) or high-fat diet (high-energy (HE); 4.41 kcal/g – energy%: carbohydrate 51.4%, fat 31.8%, and protein 16.8%; diet #12266B; Research Diets, NJ, USA). "

J Endocrinol. 2010 Sep;206(3):287-96. Epub 2010 May 27.

Long-term characterization of the diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rat model: a polygenetic rat model mimicking the human obesity syndrome. Madsen AN, Hansen G, Paulsen SJ, Lykkegaard K, Tang-Christensen M, Hansen HS, Levin BE, Larsen PJ, Knudsen LB, Fosgerau K, Vrang N.

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"Group I (normal healthy control)– rats fed with normal rat pellet diet (12.5% lipids, 62.3% carbohydrate and 24.3% protein; Amrut rat feed, Mfd by: Pranav Agro Industries Ltd, Maharashtra, India) for 28 days; Group II (pathogenic control) – rats fed with HFD (42% lipids, 36% carbohydrate and 22% protein) for 28 days. HFD was purchased from National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences (NCLAS), National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India."

Hum Exp Toxicol. 2011 Sep;30(9):1313-21. Epub 2010 Nov 12.

The effect of high-fat diet-induced obesity on cardiovascular toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Bhandari U, Kumar V, Khanna N, Panda BP.

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"Study on prevention and treatment of obesity were carried out respectively in diet-induced obesity (DIO) rats and mice. Male KM mice and SD rats were conditioned at 22 ± 1 °C with a 12/12-h day/dark cycle for 1 week in communal cages during which time they were fed ad libitum a standard diet. After the acclimatization period, rats (160∼180 g) were fed a modified high-fat diet (1% cholesterol, 10% lard, 10% yolk, 1% salt and 78% standard diet) (given at 6:00 P.M.)"

Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 Jul 10;637(1-3):178-85. Epub 2010 Apr 7.

Novel selective antagonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, MJ15, with prominent anti-obesity effect in rodent models. Chen W, Tang H, Liu H, Long L, Gong Z, Zheng J, Chi M, Xie Y, Zheng Z, Li S, Wang L.

Good luck!

GIT development starts post-hatch when the GIT is still sterile. therefore Lactobacillus culture is not expected to be established.