Science method
Analytical Chemistry - Science method
Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and quantitative analysis determines the amount of one or more of these components.
Questions related to Analytical Chemistry
Currently working on a USP assay method for HPLC that requires water-saturated butyl chloride as a mobile phase and water-saturated chloroform as a diluent.
What is the whole point of using water-saturated solutions like this?
Would there be alternative ways to substitute these solutions?
In analytical chemistry, a linear model is developed on multiple concentration levels with a goal to predict target analyte concentration in an unknown sample. Will the model prediction favorize a concentration if more calibration samples at that concentration level is used in the model development? I have not found literature article on this topic.
Is sample cleanup not a part of sample preparation. Are there any examples sample cleanup that are not sample preparation in analytical chemistry?
Hello everybody. Our instrument (i.e., ion chromatography) must stop working for more than 4 months because of some maintenance. My question is, during 4 months or more, does it need anything done for preservation? However, we have already removed the columns and are storing them in the refrigerator.
Thanks a lot
Couldnt find any for a long time…
I need a scientific gaps for those topic and I am doing it in an analytical chemistry lab
What is the difference between Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS)? In which conditions is it better to use PCA over PLS practically, let's say in environmental chemistry or analytical chemistry? Or, even can we combine both methods? Thanks for your explanations.
How many grams of K2Cr2O7 to dissolve it in 1 liter Distilled water to obtain 50 ppm of Chromium? to become aqueous solution, Is there a specific equation to apply? Thanks
Ali
The Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Analysis at the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, is seeking talented individuals to join our team. With cutting-edge research and state-of-the-art equipment, this is an opportunity to advance your career in a vibrant and innovative environment.
Research fields:
🔹Electrochemistry 🔹 Surface analysis 🔹Chemometrics 🔹 Chromatography and spectroscopy 🔹Sample preparation
Why work with us?
🌟Thrive in a Young and Dynamic Team: Collaborate with fellow researchers and expand your network within a supportive and innovative community.
🌟Cutting-Edge Equipment: Work with brand new, top-of-the-line equipment to enhance your research capabilities and drive breakthrough discoveries.
🌟Spectacular Environment: Enjoy the picturesque city of Maribor, renowned for its high quality of life, cultural richness, and stunning surroundings.
We are currently looking to fill the following positions:
1️⃣ Experienced Researcher in ToF-SIMS and/or XPS and/or AFM (must hold a Ph.D.):
- Strong oral and written English communication skills are required.
2️⃣ Experienced Researcher in Electroanalysis (must hold a Ph.D.):
- Strong oral and written English communication skills are required.
3️⃣ Experienced Operator for ICP-MS (possibly also ETAAS):
- Bring your expertise in operating ICP-MS to contribute to our research endeavors.
4️⃣ Experienced Operator for GC-MS/FID and HPLC (possibly also ion chromatography):
- Utilize your skills in operating GC-MS/FID and HPLC to drive analytical advancements.
If you are interested in any of these exciting opportunities, please send your CV, highlighting your demonstrated skills, to matjaz.finsgar@um.si.
We are looking forward to work with you and unlock new frontiers in analytical chemistry!
Note: In case you have any further questions or require additional information, please do not hesitate to reach out.
Dear researchers,
I would like to ask you whether the retention of analytes of interest on the C18 column can be slightly affected by buffer concentration.
I have analyzed a mixture containing sulpiride (weak base) and diclofenac (weak acid) at 250 ng/mL on the C18 column with mobile phase A: ammonium formate and mobile phase B: methanol.
I have observed that when the concentration level of ammonium formate increased from 2mM, 5mM, to 10mM, the retention time of sulpiride slightly decreased from 6.72 min, 6.52 min to 6.46 min respectively, whereas that of diclofenac slightly increased from 10.04 min, 10.17 min to 10.28 min respectively.
As far as I am concerned, for a basic compound such as sulpiride, an increase in buffer concentration (ammonium formate) can result in a decrease in silanol activity so a positively charged compound such as sulpiride can have a slight loss of retention due to the ion exchange interaction between the compound and silanol group during a loading step. Consequently, the retention time of sulpiride was slightly decreased with an increase in buffer concentration.
However, for an acidic compound such as diclofenac, it is quite difficult to explain this phenomenon. In my opinion, it seems that when the concentration level of ammonium formate increases, the pH of the mobile phase slightly increases so the charged state degree of diclofenac slightly increases either. As a result, the energy configuration of diclofenac diffusing inside the pore of the C18 column is lower at a higher concentration level of ammonium formate (10mM) so it will have more interaction surface area with the C18 column, leading to more retention. However, this explanation seems not to be convincible because the higher charged state degree of diclofenac is, the more soluble is and the less retention is.
However, for the retention behavior of sulpiride and diclofenac, the above explanations are just my own opinion. Of course, I am not sure whether they are right or wrong.
If someone here can help me clear the retention behavior of sulpiride and diclofenac, I am really happy to listen to your valuable suggestions.
Thank you so much in advance,
Hello,
When working with methanol, I noticed that I could never take the exact volume of methanol with micropipette.
Is there any other tool or method that could solve this problem?
Many thanks for your concern,
I would like to inquire about whether the method of squeezing seeds by means of a machine to extract its oil is feasible to study in the MTT experiment in tissue culture lab ?
Many methods call for reconstituting experimental samples in methanol/ water, but diluting the standards with some sort of plasma (typically blank bovine plasma). Why not dilute the standards in methanol/ water to match the experimental samples?
My peptide is Cholecystokinin (CCK8), MW=1142.35 (COOH-D-Y-M-G-W-M-D-F-NH2).
Stock solution in NH4OH 0.05M and working solution in acetonitrile.
I do MS infusion at conc. 500 ng/ml in acetonitrile.
I use two LC/MS machines: Micromass - Quattro Premier XE of Waters (Tamdem Quadrupole) and Applied Biosystems - API 3200 LC/MS/MS (triple quadrupole)
I run ES + but I can not see the peak at 1+, 2+, 3+,4+,...for [M+H], [M+Na], [M+K]
I wonder whether I have missed some other adduct ions that could be created during the ionization?
Or maybe my peptide is being degraded during preparing the sample?
Please give me some advice! Thank you!
Does someone have any practical experience with those columns?
The producer suggest ODS-B are more suitable for hydrophilic analytes, but without any concrete information.
Can they be used interchangeably with ODS-A columns? Are there expected changes in retention times of non-polar analytes? Are there differences in their pH tolerance?
Green analytical procedure index (GAPI) and National environmental methods index (NEMI) are assessment tools used for evaluating the greenness of an analytical method. Is there is any software through which GAPI and NEMI pictograms are constructed?
I am working on a project that requires the measurement of neuromelanin purity, and I have found papers that say that they have measured the purity, but they do not say how ( ).
Neuromelanin does not have a commercially available 100% standard, so I cannot do typical comparisons. Does anyone know where to begin or how to do the purity measurements?
Any help would be appreciated.
Thank you!
I plan to introduce the chlorine gas resulting from PVC degradation into the water. How can I measure online the amount of chlorine that will be injected into the water?
I'm a Chemistry student currently working on a thesis that involves phytoremediation of Lead in aqueous solution using a specific plant.
The FTIR results for both the stems and leaves of the plant after phytoremediation are almost identical, having the presence of O-H stretch and C-H stretch on both IR spectrum.
The FTIR result for the roots after phytoremediation, however, showed a possible trace amount of H2O at 3457.1 cm-1 (it was a tiny peak, therefore it cannot be called an O-H stretch), along with the presence of a C-H stretch and C=O stretch.
I need help in understanding what caused this deviation from the two other samples (stems and leaves). Could it be the presence of the metal in the root sample or are there any factors that I need to consider?
Thank you to anyone who'd be willing to give their insight/s on this, it would really help me a lot.
Hello
Laboratory techniques of biological and analytical chemistry to investigate the anticancer properties of plant samples.
thanks
Dear to whom it may concern,
I would like to kindly ask you about the ionization of acidic and salty forms of a given compound in electrospray ionization.
To be more specific, when I successively infused the reference standard solutions of atorvastatin in both its acidic (atorvastatin with an exact mass of 558.25) and salty (atorvastatin calcium with an exact mass of 1154.45) forms into the ionization source (electrospray ionization known as ESI) of the mass spectrometer, I always obtained the same precursor ion (m/z 559.5 in positive mode) of its forms.
I do not understand the reason why the atorvastatin calcium could show the same precursor ion as that of the acidic form of atorvastatin.
May you please give me an explanation of how the salty form of atorvastatin is ionized in ESI, resulting in the same precursor ion as that of the acidic form of atorvastatin?
Thank you so much.
Best regards,
I want to quantify the chromium in solution. I want to know whether atomic adsorption spectroscopy is better or UV vis spectrophotometer.
According to the pourbaix diagram of Fe(2+), it should be dissolve in pH<6, but it is solid even in pH=1. I realy dont know what is the reason.
I am looking for a method to completely remove proteins from plasma without using heat or adding salt ions. I have considered using activated carbon, but I am unsure if this is feasible. Are there any other effective methods for achieving this goal?
In the Column treatment of aqueous solution of Chromium Removal by Adsorption
Hello, I am a student in analytical chemistry, I am supposed to prepare samples, quality control, and calibration serial dilution for a forensic project which is working on larvae and flies (for quantification of benzodiazpines).
would you please correct what I wrote here even in terms of the specific volume and concentration?
Sample prep:
Collected sample with matrix is spiked with target analytes and RS (recovery standard)
Sample is extracted (prepared for analysis)
IS (internal standard is spiked before the analysis
Cal prep:
Calibration standards (mixture of target analytes and RS) are prepared with serial dilution
IS is added before the analysis
I have powdered diphenylcarbazide and I want to make 0.5% w/v solution of diphenyl carbazide. Since it is dissolved in acetone.
Does it mean 0.5 g in 100 mL acetone? Is there any need to add distilled water?
In literature it is prepared by dissolving in acetone and then 200 mL distilled water was added.
Thanks for your guidance
I want to deacetylate the chitosan in sodium hydroxide (50 % w/w) solution. Does that mean 50 g NaOH in 50 mL of distilled water? What should be the appropriate time and temperature for the complete process? There are different temperatures and times are reported in literature.
Thank you for your help!
I made several reactions with 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride. When I looked at similar reactions for this substance, no heat was ever given in the reaction (even though heat increases the yield).
The interesting thing is that this substance turns black as soon as the heat is given to the reaction environment. Due to the fact that, theoretically, the polymerization of this material is impossible. Do you know the reason why they do not give heat to this material?

Hello everyone,
I want to calculate a ratio, but for some measurements, I have <LOD in the denominator
There is actually a range of possible numbers <LOD
One solution could be to consider: =LOD, or LOD/2, etc. ?
Are there methodological references which I can confront?
Thank you in advance
Hello everyone,
I want to calculate a ratio, but for some measurements, I have <LOD in the denominator
There is actually a range of possible numbers <LOD
One solution could be to consider: =LOD, or LOD/2, etc. ?
Are there methodological references which I can confront?
Thank you in advance
Hello
I have received the FTIR graph after the analysis of the sample but the graph isn't aligned to the baseline. I am attaching the file. Kindly guide me is it the sample or machine error?

We are looking for a way to identify the composition of a polymer blend that we do not know the composition. The composition is based on a polyurethan polymer, silicone elastomer, polyester-based polymer, and enzyme (that we know).
We have done some research and it seems that FTIR combined with TGA (Thermogravimetric analysis) can possibly be helpful for polymer blend identification.
We hope that our colleagues can share their point of views on how to approach the situation and suggest any helpful tools that can help us.
Thank you in advance.
Is it necessary to carry out validation tests on model mixtures prepared using both substances, or is it enough to use one substance for testing?
What validation tests should be carried out for an "alternative" substance only? If there is a quantitative method: what validation tests should be checked, for example?
Is it necessary to use a risk-based approach to determine validation tests when registering a new alternative substance during revalidation?
I'm really looking forward to your response, thank You for your attention!
Hi All,
We are trying to add Magnesium & Strontium dopants to our Beta Tricalcium Phosphate (b-TCP) powder. Recently, we obtained EDS data on the undoped b-TCP and doped b-TCP to see if the investigate if the doping was successful. However, we are observing higher weight percentages of the Magnesium dopant in the undoped b-TCP and we can't figure out why we are observing this trend. After we first observed this, we have used EDS to look at multiple different samples but they are all showing similar results. We have contacted the manufacturer of the pure, undoped, b-TCP powder and they agree that we should not be seeing this. We are pretty confident that we don't have contaminated, undoped, pure b-TCP powder. But we still aren't sure what might be causing these results. The attached Mg Map Data is from the undoped b-TCP only but the spreadsheet shows some examples of the weight% values we are observing.
Does anyone have any ideas that might explain the results? Are there any recommendations for how we can discriminate between potentially overlapping signals that might be giving false Mg signals?
Thanks!

LOD and LOC can be calculated from the calibration plot. One of the ways to do it is:
LOD = 3 SD(intercept)/S
LOC = 10 SD(intercept)/S
Where SD is the standard deviation of the intercept and S is the slope.
However, I have seen that standard error (SE) is often used instead of SD. But, SE is not the same that SD:
SD = SE*(N)^1/2
Thus, LOD and LOC from SE should be less than LOD and LOC from SD. However, I used SE for my work because I noticed that when I used SD, LOD and LOC were very high.
What do you think about using SE and SD for LOD and LOC estimation?
Hello, I am a student investigating acetate ions in wood.
My current mobile phase is 1000:0.5 (H2O;H2SO4) and I do not have the most resolute peak for acetate. The column is a H+ Column packed with sulfonated styrene /divinylbenzene copolymer backbone. What is a mobile phase worth trying?
pH mobile phase currently is ~2.0
pKA acetic acid is 4.76.
Analyt is acetate in NaOH with a basic pH.
Also is a buffer useful, if so which buffer is needed for acetate ions?
I trying to analyze EPDM using pyrolysis gcms.
Does anyone know where I can get the standard reference materials?
#Analytical Chemistry #Veterinary Drugs #Residue Analysis of Pesticides #LCMSMS

Hello,
In the chromatogram you can see that the second peak (retention at 4 min), which is an acetate peak, has huge tailing which is known for the sample that is measured but I need to know how I can separate the component that causes the tailing.
My mobile phase is MilliQ/H2SO4 (1000;0.5) using an H+ Ion exchange column with UV detection. Method uses a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min with a column temperature of 40 degrees for the first 8 minutes.

thanks in advance on sharing the method
We are trying to determine the UV-visible spectrum for some hydroethanolic herbal extracts but we keep getting negative reading, we tried dissolving the samples in different solvents, distilled water, 5% propylene glycol and 10% propylene glycol, but the results are always negative, what could be the reason? and is there a solution for this problem?
I am searching for journals that publish reviews of books on spectroscopy, including analytical chemistry, computers in spectroscopy, and signal processing in spectroscopy.
I want to estimate freezing point of a mixture made from Ehhanol (H₃CCH₂OH, MW: 46.07 g/mol) , mono propylene glycol (CH₃CH(OH)CH₂OH, MW: 76.1 g/mol) and water. And the ratio of the mixure will vary for example I can start with 1:1:1 and so on. I spent couple of week to google it but not able to figure out how to do that. If someone here have some experience with it or have some suggestion / literature then please help to solve for this problem.
I have prepared quaternized PVA. I want to measure the degree of substitution of quaternized polymer by titration. In literature, potassium chromate is mentioned as an indicator but I have potassium dichromate in my lab. Can I use this salt instead potassium chromate? AgNO3 solution is used for the titration.
Thanks for your help.
Let's start a discussion: What do you consider are the key factors or conditions to develop voltammetric and amperometric sensors with a good analytical performance.
Dear All,
I'm looking for a suitable and a simple software of Chemometrics technical,
as effective tools for application in exploring chemical data in analytical chemistry, what do you recommend for beginners?
Dear Researchers :
I have this question and I have an hypothesis:
Why Natural HDPE, when extruded at temperatures about 100 °C (around) it has a white (but pale white), and then when the polymer cools down it color turns between white an yellow.
I understand that this phenomenon it is a general case of all LLDPE, LDPE and HDPE , and in all fabrication processes : Extrusion, injection, molding, pressing, etc.
So this is fundamentally, a chemical characteristic of the material ...
It has to do with a change in the Oxygen concentration in the material ?
Thank you all in advance,
Best Regards !
For chemical characterisation of my biochar samples & in order to understand it’s chemical composition better I need pyrolytic-GC/MS data of my samples, from which institute i can get this facility also i would appreciate it if anyone can share me the link.
After ultrasonic extraction of non-freeze dried sediment samples with n-hexane, can it be directly purified by c18 solid-phase extraction? Why?
Can it be purified directly with a silica gel column? why?
Any known about these two question
Analytical Chemistry
I need to prepare SRM from the benzoate solution to be used for calibration.
Do you think it is appropriate to use a photoelectrocatalytic amperometric sensor also as a voltammetric sensor?
Hi everyone, I have a question regarding the determination of dissolved aluminium by colorimetric method using pyrocatechol violet according to ISO 10566:1994. In the preparation of 'mixed reagent', we have to add 5 mL of the aluminum standard solution (10 mg/L) into 100 mL of this mixed reagent (total volume).
My question is:
- What is the role and function of the addition of standard solution for this method? In this standard it only says "accurate addition of the aluminum standard solution is essential in order to allow a linear calibration at low concentrations".
Note: if we calculate the concentration of this aluminium standard solution in the sample is about 15 µg/L.
Thank you for your answers.
The fate of nanodrugs / nanoparticles in vivo draws a lot of attention, and many studies label fluorescent of nanodrugs / nanoparticles in order to disclose their distribution in vivo.
- What are its advantages and disadvantages ?
- Is it a reliable tool ?
I find there are various kinds of diffusion coefficient equations, and there always exists the deviation, so can anyone introduce me some good methods for calculating the diffusion coeffients for gasphase species with higher precision. Thanks again.
Hi, I'm working on my bachelor's final year thesis which is based on being able to detect the presence of saliva in crime scenes. My first step was to confirm that with the settings I have I am able to detect the presence of tryptophan. This was a 0.5g in 100ml solution of 5mM KCL and 2ml of this was placed in a cuvette and scanned for, which was successful - it result in an emission peak around 350nm.
I further tested swabbed dried saliva with a PBS swab off a lab-grade glass slide and placed it in a cuvette with 2ml of 5mM KCl and ran the tests. The results were way off the intensity scale.
So I tested for the range of dilutions to see in what range the readings wouldn't go off the scales, and dilutions of 1 in 100, 250, 500 and 1000 seemed to have worked. But unfortunately, the intensities of all of these were varying there was so linear relation like one would expect since its decreasing dilutions. I decided that I'll perform my tests from scratch and zeroed the instrument with KCl since that's what my samples are diluted in, and then ran the control again to see if any peak appears (since if you zero the instrument with a certain chemical, if you scan for it, nothing should appear), and a peak showed.
I then contacted Agilent hoping they'd be of some help. They said I was overloading/maxing out the detector, which I am unable to understand since I have diluted this to a small amount. And from previous papers that have performed similar experiments, they haven't needed to even dilute their samples.
I then tried varying the settings such as the PMT voltages, emission and excitation slits and performed tests with tryptophan to see if the peak at 350 would be detected. And failed as all the resulting peaks turned out to be "below threshold".
I am unable to determine how to go about it, and I'm nearing the deadline for working in the lab and I'm nearing the end of all options.
Obviously, since this is the first thesis I'll ever be writing I'm afraid I won't have results and just have various different trial and error methods.
All suggestions and any help I get will be really helpful.
I will be editing this post to add images of the settings I have my instrument on just for extra information. And for reference, I'm using the Cary Eclipse Agilent Fluorimeter with the Scan application.
Thank you in advance. :)
Shaina
I'd like to prepare a stable, cheap solution of bromine for small-scale qualitative detection of alkenes in biological samples. Bromine water is commonly used, but for my purposes it'd be better to have bromine in some organic solvent. However, bromine will react with many common organic solvents, like ethanol or acetone.
Please, could anyone suggest organic alternatives to bromine water for alkene detection?
Thanks in advance.
We know, that we can use only validated methods for comparative studies. In our lab we have performed the validation of the dissolution method for the specific medicine. In the comparative study we used several different media, these media did not participate in our validation, exept the one for quality control. Does it mean that we have to perform full validation procedures in each media additionally?
In biodiesel production through transesterification, various of heterogeneous catalysts could be utilized. However, each heterogeneous catalysts are showed different yield. My question is What are the factors of heterogeneous catalyst that affect their activation during transesterification?
I have carried out quaternization of PVA for antimicrobial activity of the polymer. The sequence of reaction is PVA preparation followed by addition of KOH and then quaternary ammonium salt. Washed with anhydrous ethanol. First time at 0.1 g PVA the precipitates were formed. But at 1 g PVA, after 3 hrs of adding quaternary ammonium salt the curds were formed before the addition of ethanol. Molar ratio of PVA to QAS is 1:2.
Is it due to self-condensation?
Thanks for your response.
There are certain drugs exist in liquid form available in the Sigma-Aldrich website, where they have mentioned the concentration of those drugs in "ml" rather than "mg" or "g". How one will find the concentration of such drugs?
I have purified crude glycerol which is come from as a byproduct of transesterification. I need to know, the purity of the sample after purification. What methods can I apply to get the glycerol purity?
I usually face a problem regarding the specification limits for impurities in new drug products. It is difficult to use the calculations mentioned in ICH-Q3B(R2) guidelines. The reason is that our products (Ophthalmic preparations) contain very low concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredient and accordingly the total daily intake (TDI) of these materials may not exceed 1 mg. Using ICH-Q3B(R2) guidelines gives very low specification limits that might become below detection limit or are somehow not practical.
I need your advice regarding specification limit determination for impurities in new drug products. We need a method for specification determination and justification because this is continuously requested by several regulatory authorities, within and outside my country.
Dear researchers, Can tell me about modern, rapid and reliable technique for isolating macromolecules from plant sample ?
I am trying to remove phosphate from wastewater sample and also recover them. Is there any material that only absorb phosphate from water? Therefore, which natural material should be appropriate to use as absorbent?
In the structure of many drugs, there is a carboxylic group
What is the significance of this group? Why should it exist in the structure of a drug?
Do you know any article or book or reference about this subject?
Thanks a lot
Greetings
It is very difficult for me to choose between these two majors for the master's degree
Although I think this is a question for many other students as well
Regardless of interest, which of these two disciplines do you think has a better future? Which has more job markets, in the US and Europe? Which one is more suitable for studying abroad? And which one has more income? Are jobs related to organic chemistry less than analytical chemistry?
Please share with me if you have information about these two fields and their job market.
Thanks
Dear Researchers :
Can someone teach me how to go from a Concentration given in wt.% to a concentration given in phr ?
Or the two are numerically equivalent ?
I'll appreciate it !
Regards !:)