Amaranthaceae - Science topic

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common type of dementia, characterized by cognitive decline in later years of life. Among various hypotheses explaining AD pathology, the cholinergic hypothesis is one of the most studied. Though there are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs (donepezil, g...

One of the most important reserves for increasing agricultural yields is the destruction of weeds in the fields. Accounting for weeds revealed the species composition of weeds and the effect of herbicide treatment on them. In the agrophytocenosis of plot № 1 (control without herbicide treatment), during the germination phase, weed vegetation was re...

Achieving optimal soybean productivity requires careful consideration of several key agronomic factors. Field trials were carried out in the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, during the 2022 and 2023 cropping seasons to assess the effect of plant spacing and weeding intervals on we...

Drastic consequences of climate change necessitate exploring plant-microbiota of arid desert ecosystems for potential candidates recommended for future microbiota-mediate strategies of stressed agriculture. The prevalent xerophytes (Amaranthaceae, Compositae, Cyperaceae, Gramineae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Zygophyllaceae) were tested f...

The first national Cañahua Convention in Bolivia in November 2024 brought together experts and community representatives to discuss the importance of the Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen, Andean Amaranthaceae plant for culture and nutrition. Topics such as food technology, health, quality assurance, and marketing were addressed to highlight the culi...

El epazote Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) (familia Amaranthaceae), planta originaria de Mesoamérica destaca por su uso en la cocina y en la medicina tradicional. Además de su valor cultural, las propiedades bioactivas del epazote, como su capacidad antioxidante, han sido estudiadas. Este potencial se atribuye a compuestos fitoquímicos, como flavonoide...

Atmospheric pollen was studied using the Lanzoni VPSS 2010 device over three years from 2022 to 2024 in Samarkand, one of the most significant regions in Uzbekistan. Since 2024, research has also been underway in the Surkhandarya region, located in southern Uzbekistan. The investigation, utilizing the Lanzoni dust trap, identified 84 types of plant...

The eastern Mediterranean is a landscape that has been shaped by thousands of years of climatic shifts, cultural change and extensive human land use. However, late Holocene landscape change in the peatlands of southeastern Anatolia is currently not well understood. This environment is important to protect as a valuable carbon sink with many endemic...

Present study deals with the ethnobotanical exploration of Achyranthes aspera commonly known as aphamarga in odia (family: Amaranthaceae) by the native of Kalahandi district. Further, collecting the plant parts and phytochemical screening were carried out by using various extracts prepared by shaking and boiling method and documented. Steroid was f...

Electron microscopic analysis of leaf ultrastructure patterns of Atriplex tatarica (Chenopodiaceae s. str. / Amaranthaceae s. l.) revealed a prominent feature in mitochondria in bundle sheath cells (BSCs). Our studies of developing leaves of A. tatarica collected in the Novobilychi neighborhood of Sviatoshyn District (Kyiv City, Ukraine) demonstrat...

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important arable crop. However, weeds cause significant yield losses difficulties. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence frequency and density of weed species in peanut fields in Adana province. In the 2021 vegetation period, surveys were conducted in 50 peanut fields in Adana and its districts. As...

The present study provides a first major step in documenting and conserving the local plant diversity in Delhi NCR, which witnessed high species richness within a relatively small, localized area and harbors many high-value medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and other Indian traditional systems of medicine. The local hotspot areas that serve as a un...

Background/Objectives: Colorectal neoplasms rank as the third most prevalent cancer globally and stand as the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Its etiology is multifaceted, pointing to the role of microorganisms within the human microbiota in its development. Notably, the high prevalence of oral pathogens like Fusobacterium nucleat...

The subfamily Gomphrenoideae is composed of about 480 accepted species, many of which have been historically used as medicinal plants, reason why they have been studied in terms of chemical profile, biological activity, and safety. This review consolidates the advances in research on this subfamily over the past 47 years, emphasizing its promising...

Pollen grains cause negative effects on human health, especially for allergy sufferers. During the last years, allergenicity has increased due to air pollution. The present study analyzes the interactions between pollen concentrations of different pollen types, meteorological variables and air pollutants present in the atmosphere of a city. For thi...

Endophytes are ubiquitous microorganisms that reside within plant tissues and contribute to plant growth and well-being. However, knowledge about plant growth-promoting endophytes, particularly in medicinal plants, remains limited. This study aimed to isolate and characterize putative endophytic bacteria from Aerva javanica in the Albaha region of...

This contribution reports on a series of studies carried out on archaeological plant remains recovered from sites located in northwestern Argentina. These archaeological sites correspond to different chronological moments and social organizations. The materials analyzed are mainly carpological remains of different taxa (different species of Phaseol...

Dysphania pumilio (Chenopodium pumilio) is an Australian species, introduced unintentionally to all continents and a persistent weed in some regions. In Poland, the species was recorded 3 times, all sites were associated with ruderal vegetation and/or occurred on degraded soils. We present the first information on the species growing as a typical h...

Alien invasive plants pose a significant threat to global agricultural production, with functional traits playing a critical role in their spread and establishment processes. However, relevant research is scarce in oasis agroecosystems, which are more sensitive to global change. We studied oasis agroecosystems in Xinjiang, China, to explore the rel...

Periodontal disease (PD) is a significant global health concern, affecting approximately 19% of the world’s population. It is one of the most prevalent diseases today, causing substantial socio-economic impacts and diminished quality of life. Recent research has also revealed a potential link between PD and Alzheimer’s disease. This study investiga...

O espinafre da Amazônia possui altos teores de vitaminas, carotenoides, flavonoides, fibras e minerais, e alto potencial para sua produção e geração de renda, porém são escassos os estudos acerca do seu manejo. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de mudas de espinafre da Amazônia em diferentes coberturas. O experimento fo...

This work was conducted along Wadi Abo Alakmal in north Libya on the Mediterranean coastal region. The aim of the present study is to assess the floristic composition and plant diversity of the Wadi Abo Alakmal basin. The floristic studies carried out in the vegetation season from 2022 to 2024 led to the identification of 85 plant taxa belonging to...

Two new endemic species from Bolivia, Gomphrena vallegrandensis T. Ortuño & S. Lozada-Gobilard and Gomphrena palmariensis T. Ortuño, J. Gutiérrez. & Montesinos, are described and illustrated. The former only occurs in the native open natural grassland close to the Tucuman forest (Prov. Vallegrande), and the latter is restricted to the areas with ro...

The findings were part of a regular inventory conducted in the mountain forest areas of both Al-Baha and Asir regions during the third and fourth quarters of 2024. The species were recorded within randomly established quadrats laid out to survey plant diversity and species richness. Intensive and regular fieldwork, using 20 x 20 m random quadrats,...

Mealybug Drosicha mangiferae (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is one of the most important polyphagous insect pests of different fruit crops including citrus. A potential strategy to be fitted in integrated management of mealybug would be the use of phytoextracts having insecticidal activity. The main objective of this study was to find out the...

Considerando que a perda de biodiversidade configura-se como um dos mais pertinentes problemas ambientais em nível global do século XXI, conforme Borioni (2023), o presente estudo, com base no levantamento feito pelo CCNFLORA no âmbito da Lista Vermelha da Flora brasileira acerca das amarantáceas, plantas que apresentam relevância socioeconômica do...

Wild leafy vegetables, like Amaranthus spinosus, has been a nutritional item in the Indian kitchens which also possess medicinal properties. This plant species is rich in essential vitamins and minerals and contains various phytochemical constituents, including betalains, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds, that contribute to its medicina...

The present review examined the perceptions concerning the impact of climate change on pollen production, as well as the timing of the start and end of pollen seasons across various taxa and countries in the Mediterranean region. We analyzed 36 major taxa, focusing on long-term trends. Most studies on the airborne pollen in this region primarily fo...

Aerva sanguinolenta (AS), also called Sambang colok in Indonesian, is a historically utilized herbal treatment in Tawangmangu, Central Java, Indonesia. The herb is claimed to regulate menstrual cycles, inhibit tumor growth, and reduce fever. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of AS via Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution M...

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of weed status within the home garden agroforestry system at ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute (CAFRI), Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. The study was conducted to investigate the diversity and distribution of weeds in the agroforestry system during 2022-2023. A total of 21 weed species belonging to 14...

Melatonin is a multifunctional molecule active in various metabolic processes, influencing the accumulation of bioactive metabolites in medicinal plants such as Pfaffia glomerata. This species has pharmacological and medicinal properties, mainly due to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exogenous melato...

Plant-phyllosphere feedback (PPF) is an ecological process in which phyllosphere microbiota, originating from plant litter, are transmitted via aerosols and subsequently influence the growth of conspecific or heterospecific plants. However, the cross-species generality of this mechanism and its role in invasive plant success remain to be fully eluc...

Grasslands and weeds may host economic relevant plant-parasitic nematodes. Pasture yield may be restricted due to the population density and presence of plant-parasitic nematodes, with limited data available on this regard in the low Jequitinhonha Valley region, which has beef and dairy farming as its main economic activity. The objective of the pr...

This study explores the potential of ten arid dryland plant species as novel bioherbicides for the sustainable suppression of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.), a troublesome weed in many ecosystems. We investigated the allelopathic effects of Calotropis procera, Alhagi maurorum, Tamarix aphylla, Aerva javanica, Capparis decidua, Withania coagu...

The use of traditional knowledge in indigenous healthcare systems is vital for the conservation of floral diversity. The study was conducted between 2021 and 2023 to document and investigate the traditional utilization of medicinal plants in the Upper District Dir. A total of 79 species belonging to 34 different families were used to treat various...

The photosynthetically active photon flux density plays a crucial role in regulating the photosynthetic performance and physiological processes of plants. However, its influence on the physiological aspects of Alternanthera brasiliana is not yet well understood. In this perspective, this study aimed to investigate the effects of different photon fl...

Amaranthaceae is a family of plants that can be used as vegetables and medicinal herbs. Amaranthus tricolor L. is commonly cultivated because it has fast growth rate and short life cycle that can be boosted by growth regulators, such as auxins. Amaranthus tricolor L. is commonly cultivated because it has a fast growth rate and short life cycle. Gro...

This paper discusses the succulent plant species that are used in folk medicine in Algeria. Of these species 60% are exotic and 40% are native. The ten species belong to nine genera and seven families, namely Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Cactaceae, Crassulaceae and Portulacaceae. The paper also discusses several succulent...

This study explores the relationship between leaf morphology and adaptive traits in Chenopodium hircinum, highlighting the role of leaf shape variance in mediating functional-physiological traits (FPTs). Utilizing geometric morphometrics, the research identified significant correlations between climatic conditions and leaf shape, particularly the s...

Background and Aims The limited number of known hyperaccumulator species in tropical regions, including Brazil, has hampered the development of nickel (Ni) agromining. In addition, the mechanisms underlying metal accumulation and distribution in these species remain poorly understood, despite their pivotal role in identifying species with economic...

Multi-floral foraging sources for honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) have been threatened by landscape changes and unsustainable farming practices. In East Africa, the biodiversity of forage resources that could support honey bees, especially in agricultural lands, remains least explored. This study investigated pollen diversity for honey bees in Yatta...

In Moradabad District of Uttar Pradesh (India), livestock is an important agricultural industry that provides financial revenue to farmers and rural communities. Weeds, or undesired plants that compete with agricultural plants, have an impact on crops both in terms of quantity and quality. From October 2021 to December 2022, the current research wo...

The names Ambrina dissecta, Chenopodium incisum, and Chenopodium stellatum are taxonomically assessed and their lectotypes are designated, the specimens preserved at P and GH. These three names refer to species currently placed in the genus Dysphania, but no formal combination was published for the species earlier known as Chenopodium incisum. ­Con...

Commercializing targeted sprayer systems allows producers to reduce herbicide inputs but risks the possibility of not treating emerging weeds. Currently, targeted applications with the John Deere system allow for five spray sensitivity settings, and no published literature discusses the impact of these settings on detecting and spraying weeds of va...

Weeds are common and notorious plants which are sometimes more harmful than fungi, virus, bacteria, insects or crop pests. Among the major biotic factors, weeds are considered as the most noxious to agriculture besides affecting natural water bodies and agrobiodiversity. It also disturb the crop production directly and indirectly, by competing with...

We report on Gomphrena fuscipellita T. Ortuño & T. Borsch, a species endemic to Bolivia’s dry valleys. This species was initially described from a type specimen collected in 2005 in Cochabamba (Mizque Province) and an additional sample from Potosí (Charcas Province). However, after two decades, the species has been documented further across souther...

Pollen, an important part of the reproductive strategies of plants, contributes to increased cases of allergies by spreading into the atmosphere. The allergenic properties of pollen can vary depending on the plant species, the structural properties of the pollen, and its concentration. Pollen allergies cause symptoms such as allergic rhinitis, asth...

The number of people suffering from allergies in the world is increasing day by day. Allergic pollens present in the atmosphere are one of the main triggering factors in the emergence and exacerbation of these diseases. Determining the periods in which pollen concentrations increase in the atmosphere and creating pollen calendars can provide more e...

The wetlands of Boubyan Island in Kuwait, serve as a harbor for migratory birds and are designated as RAMSAR Sites. Limited information exists about the island’s vegetation. This study assesses vegetation in relation to the environment for biodiversity conservation. In 53 sites across the island, plant species were quantified. To identify different...

Airborne pollen is one of the most important allergens, and determining its concentration in the atmosphere is important in terms of early diagnosis and treatment plans for allergy patients, and increasing their quality of life. To this end, in this research, pollen was collected from the atmosphere of Tosya region in Kastamonu city, where Tosya re...

Neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the progressive degeneration of neurons and/or their myelin sheaths, ultimately leading to cognitive and motor dysfunction. Due to their complex pathogenesis and the limited efficacy of therapeutic drugs, these diseases have attracted significant attention. Achyranthes aspera, belongs to family Amaranthaceae...

Understanding the characteristics and key driving factors of plant diversity is of great significance for maintaining biodiversity and the ecosystem. Current studies on plant diversity in the Yellow River Delta are limited to local areas; there is a lack of comprehensive discussion on the spatial heterogeneity of plant diversity and the driving fac...

Biological invasions pose a serious threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services, with their frequency expected to increase due to globalization and climate change. Regional inventories of alien species are crucial for monitoring and managing these invasions, especially in the world’s mountainous regions, which were once believed to be resistant t...

This paper presents the first record of Guilleminea densa for Brazil. Until now, the genus Guilleminea was only represented in Brazil by G. fragilis Pedersen, found in Mato Grosso do Sul. Guilleminea densa is native to most of South America and part of North America and has been recorded as invasive in southern Africa. This species can be easily id...

In floristic research, the grid mapping method is a crucial and highly effective tool for investigating the flora of specific regions. This methodology aids in the collection of comprehensive data, thereby promoting a thorough understanding of regional plant diversity. This paper presents findings from a grid mapping study conducted in the Surkhan-...

Background: Haloxylon ammodendron belongs to the genus Haloxylon of the Amaranthaceae family. This study is the first to assess the antibacterial and antifungal properties of H. ammodendron ethanolic extract and provides an analysis of the plant’s antioxidant capacity. Additionally, the research offers insights into the phenolic content of the plan...

A total of 44 plant species, belonging to 35 genera and 27 families were recorded as green leafy vegetables by the tribal peoples of Jharigaon Block of Nabarangpur district, Odisha, India. In this present study, the dominant families were Amaranthaceae and Brassicaceae contributing five species (11%) each. The Fabaceae family contributed four speci...

The complete chloroplast genome of S. sinkiangensis is 152,621 bp in length, comprising LSC (84,011 bp), SSC (18,630 bp), and IR (24,990 bp each) regions. The genome has 36.6% GC content (LSC: 34.6%, SSC: 29.4%, IR: 42.7%) and encodes 133 genes (88 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, eight rRNA). Phylogenetic analysis (ML/BI) indicate S. sinkiangensis is clos...

This work aimed to evaluate the extraction conditions of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from Pfaffia glomerata leaves (PGLs) and characterize the extract obtained in the best conditions. Aqueous extraction was performed in a Shaker, varying the levels of rotation (100, 150, 200 rpm), temperature (30, 45, 60° C) and mass to volume (w v-1) ratio (1:1...

Edible wild fruits have been in use since a long time ago. Rural/tribal people mainly depend on roots, leaves, stems, bark, resins, fruits and seeds for their survival in harsh conditions and in famine. However, the agricultural practices involving the production and marketing of EWFs on a commercial scale is limited. The main objective of this stu...

Digera muricata (L.) Mart. or False Amaranth (Family: Amaranthaceae) is an annual edible herb with remarkable therapeutic and nutritional significance. The present study aims to build an interconnection between traditional uses and scientific studies by critically assessing fragmented literature on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and nan...

This study assesses the bio-concentration of heavy metals in agricultural soils and its effect on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), which belongs to the order Caryophyllales, family Amaranthaceae, subfamily, Chenopodioideae, a hyper-accumulator plant that is important for food safety. The experiments were performed on Spinach plants by using differen...

Este trabalho propõe um algoritmo de segmentação semântica baseado em Redes Neurais Convolucionais (RNC) para classificar plantas daninhas das famílias Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae e Plantaginaceae, que são tóxicas para o gado. A identificação precisa dessas plantas é crucial para um controle eficaz. Para o desenvolvimento do algoritmo, foi coletado...

The Mien ethnic people have migrated from China to Thailand over centuries and traditionally settled in remote areas of northern Thailand. They relied extensively on the local ecosystem for construction, food, fodder, and medicine. There are only a few studies of Mien traditional knowledge in China and Nan, Thailand. This study examines the knowled...

Achyranthes aspera (Amaranthaceae) is an important medicinal herb found as a weed throughout Nigeria. Though almost all of its parts are used in traditional systems of medicines, leaves, seeds, roots and shoots are the most important parts which are used medicinally. The present article gives an account of updated information on its phytochemical a...

Plasma membrane-associated proteins of NAR2 family are involved in the uptake of nitrate by plant roots as partners of NRT2 family proteins, which carry out high-affinity nitrate transport across membranes of plant cells. In this study, the coding sequence of NAR2 family gene, SaNAR2.2 , was cloned from the euhalophyte Suaeda altissima . This speci...

Background and aims Stressful conditions in arid and semi-arid regions limit the range of plants that can thrive. These plants must possess traits that enable them to tolerate drought and salinity. This study aims to explore the complex interactions among various factors to identify the most drought- and salinity-tolerant alien and native plant spe...

Pfaffia glomerata, commonly known as Brazilian-ginseng, attracts significant pharmaceutical interest due to its β-ecdysone content. However, the extraction of phytotherapeutic agents can threaten the existence of medicinal plants and contribute to their genetic erosion. Cryopreservation is the most promising technique for the long-term maintenance...

Background and Aim: The possible antiulcer qualities of the Amaranthaceae family have drawn interest. Alternative treatments for peptic ulcers, a common gastrointestinal ailment, must be investigated; Amaranthaceae species may provide encouraging leads in this respect. As a result, we have chosen Achyranthes aspera from the Amaranthaceae family to...

Wide association of genomes deals with identifying naturally occurring genetic variance with targeted traits or genes. Putative candidate genes had the capability for improvement in quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress by exploiting linkage disequilibrium. Plants of the Amaranthaceae family like Spinach, Amaranthus, Chenopodium and S...

Climate change and rising soil salinization pose significant challenges to agriculture and food security, particularly in coastal regions. Halophytes, salt-tolerant plants thriving in saline environments, offer promising solutions, as they show resilience to extreme conditions and provide nutritional and ecological benefits. This study investigates...

Wide association of genomes deals with identifying naturally occurring genetic variance with targeted traits or genes. Putative candidate genes had the capability for improvement in quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress by exploiting linkage disequilibrium. Plants of the Amaranthaceae family like Spinach, Amaranthus, Chenopodium and S...

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Amaranthaceae) is a pseudocereal native to the Andes of South America that contains high protein content and adequate nutrient levels. Peru possesses an abundant morphological diversity of quinoas and is among the top producers and exporters worldwide of this precious crop. However, knowledge about the genetic and popula...

Calenduloside E (CE) and chikusetsusaponin IVa (ChIVa) are triterpene saponins with multidirectional bioactivity. In this study, the contents of CE and ChIVa were determined in the roots, stems, leaves, and fruits of ten wild-growing species of Amaranthaceae. To achieve optimal extraction conditions for both saponins, maceration, shaking-assisted m...

Wheat, maize, and rice 80% of global cereal production. Weeds pose a significant challenge for cereal crop cultivation, and effective weed control is essential for boosting yields. To better understand weed populations within agricultural systems, surveys are commonly conducted. Consequently, a comprehensive weed survey is vital for addressing curr...

Maqolada tukli erva (Aerva lanata Juss.) o’simligining kimyoviy tarkibi, uning inson salomatligi uchun ahamiyati haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilgan. O’simlikning suvli ekstrakti tarkibidagi suvda eruvchan vitaminlar miqdorini C<B9<B1 tartibida ortib borishi yuqori samarali suyuqlik xromatogafiyasi usulida aniqlangan.

Amaranthus, a genus in Amaranthaceae, is divided into three subgenera—Amaranthus, Acnida, and Albersia—and contains approximately 70 to 80 species. Understanding its phylogenetic relationships is essential for species classification, genetic diversity assessment, and evolutionary studies. This knowledge is vital for improving Amaranthus utilization...

Modern pollen datasets can provide invaluable data for interpreting temporal variations in climate, vegetation, land cover, and plant diversity from fossil pollen. Here we present 555 pollen count data, identified from topsoil collected within plant plots across a vast area of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and along the southern margin of Xinjiang that...

The Pliocene (5.33–2.58 Ma), particularly the Early-Late Pliocene transition (~3.6 Ma), is a key period for understanding future climate change linked to increases in greenhouse gases. Around the Western Mediterranean basin, the Early-Late Pliocene transition was marked by the establishment of a Mediterranean climate with summer droughts, cool/wet...

Four species of tetranychid mites belonging to the genus Tetranychus Dufour, 1832, have been redescribed from India. Among them, two species are viz., Tetranychus gloveri Banks and Tetranychus lintearius Dufour reported for the first time from India. Tetranychus gloveri Banks, 1900 and Tetranychus hypogaeae Gupta, 1976 collected from the leaves of...

Objective: To determine the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) and cultivar on germination and initial growth of huauzontle (Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae). Design/methodology/approach: A 3X5 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted. Three huauzontle cultivars (Mexico City, Puebla, and Tlaxcala) and five doses...

Excess iron is a major cause of iron-induced oxidative stress and a number of diseases. Plants like Aerva lanata, offer a mitigative potential against iron-induced oxidative damage. This study aimed at determining the antioxidant enhancing potential of hydroethanolic extract of Aerva lanata (HEAL) leaf against iron overload-induced oxidative damage...

Gomphrena medinae (Amaranthaceae), a new species from the states of Guerrero and Michoacán (Mexico), is described and illustrated. G. medinae is similar to G. pringlei, but it can be distinguished by the oblanceolate-spathulate to lanceolate leaves arranged towards the base, long-pedunculated inflorescences, involucral leaves shorter than the inflo...

Urban vegetation constitutes an essential component of urban infrastructure owing to the array of environmental services it offers and the advantages it confers upon the populace; hence, understanding its diversity and structural characteristics is of paramount importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the floristic composition of arboreal...

Quantitative local paleoclimate reconstructions are an important tool for gaining insights into the climate history of the Earth. The complex age–sediment–depth and proxy–climate relationships must be described in an appropriate way. Bayesian hierarchical models are a promising method for describing such structures. In this study, we present a new...

Estand protected region, situated in the south of South Khorassan province, is the overlapping point of part of the flora of eastern Iran with western Afghanistan. The main characteristics of the region representing high biodiversity, next to the Lut desert, maximum height of 2111 meters, average annual rainfall of 102 mm and serving as a transitio...