Aluminum Alloys - Science topic

Temperature and soaking time matters if the size ( product dimensions, especially the thickness) is too big.

A.V.Sethuraman

Foundry Consultant

I agree with R. Sagayaraj

It is also recommended to use appropriate standards issued by relevant OEMs which give the exact method to use and at what temperatures to cool them. Different standards give different methods that should be used and even offer alternatives. Again, it depends on the thickness of the material to be heat treated.

T6 and T5 heat treatment applications are applied to increase strength and hardness. The parameters you will apply vary according to the chemical composition of the alloy.

1. The concentration of alloying components dissolved into solid solution enhances the creep resistance of metal alloy systems. Alloying substances prevent the dislocation slip and climb processes that cause creep by increasing the lattice strain in interstitial crystal sites.

2. The crystal structure, melting point, valence, and modulus of elasticity all affect the pace of uniform creep in the metal at high temperatures. The first three elements relate to dissemination.

3. 1. Stabilized nanoprecipitates contribute to much reduced creep rates: When the precipitation technique is changed for Al-Cu based alloys, the strengthening precipitates' thermal stability is increased at the ideal sizes for creep resistance at 300°C under relatively high tensile stresses. To be more specific, by purposefully combining three heat-treatment steps, we can produce a dispersion of θ ′-Al2Cu precipitates with a combination of high density, uniform size distribution, and efficient use of Sc sources to quickly collect Sc to the α-Al/θ′ interfaces and stabilise the ′-Al2Cu precipitates at desirable sizes to delay runaway coarsening. This work's mechanistic discovery is that two separate alloying elements may be strategically utilised to produce a coexisting and related( θ′-Al2Cu precipitates + Al3Sc particles) nanoprecipitate microstructure that performs better in terms of creep resistance Over earlier Al-Cu based alloys, these novel microstructures result in orders of magnitude lower creep rates. Our finding broadens the range of cast Al-Cu alloys, enabling their prospective application at service temperatures of up to 300 °C.

4. Turbine blades and jet engine operations employ a creep-resistant material called carbon fibre reinforced with titanium alloys. Being 50% harder than tungsten carbide, it is one of the toughest high performance creep resistant materials on the market.

Hi Muhammad, you can observe the microstructure of this kind of alloy following the procedure: etching the sample in 10% NaOH solution at 60 C for 30 s, followed by immersion in 30% HNO3 and immersion in a 100 mL solution containing 4 g of KMnO₄ and 1 g of NaOH. I have used this and I got great images.

Hello,

Please give a look at these papers.

They do consider very similar compositions. It looks like there is a low Mg/Si to keep high work hardening capacity and resulting formability.

Indeed it is amusing to have so many compositions developed many decades ago and left for us to dig into their nature. Especially it applies to 6xxx big family.

Hope it helps

Best wishes,

Pavel

Dear Madhusudana Hc,

Yes, ASTM E23-18 is the standard test methods for notched bar impact testing of metallic materials. But the shape and dimensions of the samples must be in accordance with this standard.

Hello ,

Electrical resistance change can be a simple way to show this . An aged and pure alloy will have different resistance .

Dear Ismail,

I don't know it. Electroplating of aluminum is a very complex task. I would have used a steel.

Dear Mohammed Hussein j. H. Al'Atia , thank you very much for replying to my question. I have reviewed the article you have sent and it really contains explanatory information about my question.

Thank you again, I wish you good work.

Check the following:

I think this is the phase you're looking for.

Hi, you don't need any special equipment. We don't use it in our lab either. But it is easier to buy a DCPD. On the other hand, you are a little proud when the system finally runs. :)

We use a nanovoltmeter and a PC with a self-written software in Labview.

You have to measure on your sample the voltage drop at your crack ("active signal") and the voltage at a spot without crack ("reference signal"). In addition, total voltage and total current.

We do the evaluation with Matlab. In the standards, you will find the corresponding formulas for the ratio of electrical voltage to crack length.

I recommend the insertion of striations during the crack propagation test for a better correlation of the crack length. A reference test may be necessary.

Regards,

Michael

Material flow does not have any role on the precipitates during welding of precipitation hardenable aluminum alloys (AA2XXX, AA6XXX and AA7XXX). More heat is generated on the advancing side than the retreating side. This is the reason for variation in the state of precipitates across the stir zone from advancing side to retreating side.

You could follow the following paper on the test. Strain in two transverse directions need be measured. Assessment on the deformation homogeneity is important for the test.

An, Y.G., Vegter, H., Analytical and experimental study of frictional behavior in through-thickness compression test. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2005. 160: p.148–155.

maybe this article helps you

You can try for modified Poulton’s reagent to etch this alloy. Use freshly prepared reagent for better results. The composition of modified Poulton’s reagent is as follows:-

50ml Poulton reagent + 25ml HNO3 +1ml HF+1ml H2O.

(Poulton reagent : 12mlHCl concentrated+6mlHNO3+1ml HF(48%)+1mlH2O).

time 5 to 10 s

Kindly see the paper attached, specifically chapter 5.

Although this is is here calculated and explained for the case of copper, the same phenomenological theory can be used for aluminium also.

For calculating the different contributions from the microstructure on the increase of the electrical resistivity of aluminium you can simply use the analytical solutions of the so called Boltzmann transport equation for condution electrons.

In this phenom. electrical theory you simply add the different scattering contributions from the different microstructure features such as interfaces, dislocations, solutes etc.  and calculate their respective effects on the mean free path of the conduction electrons (please see all the equations in the paper that I attach).  From the underlying scattering coefficients that you can typically get quite readily from the literature and the distribution functions for the different microstructure ingredients (which you typically get from electron microscopy or x-ray diffraction etc.) (use a harmonic mean NOT an additive mean for the free path averaging) you can then for practically any type of microstructure (be it cast or deformed etc) etc calculate the changes in electrical resistivity and correlate it quite reliably with the corresponding underlying microstructures.

Typically you will find for Al alloys that it are particularly certain solid solution elements and second phases that have the highest effect on the change in electrical properties while dislocations and grain boundaries are typically less harmful in their inelastic scattering.  Good luck.

(PS I also attach a bit more material with examples)

Hi Jitendra,

You may make an inquiry at Alfa Chemistry, they offer kinds of good-quality materials.

Dear Dr . Pavel Shurkin ,

I suggest you to have a look at the following, interesting paper:

-Evolution of Fe Bearing Intermetallics During DC Casting and Homogenization of an Al-Mg-Si Al Alloy

Kumar, S., Grant, P.S. & O’Reilly, K.A.Q.

Metall Mater Trans A 47, 3000–3014 (2016).

Available, as open access, at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11661-016-3451-5

Good work and my best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

cold rolling has a significant effect on increasing the yield strength and decreasing ductility of alloy for 7075 aluminium alloy

The following RG link is also very useful:

It can happen to any EBSD investigated sample.

It is called carbon contamination, here is whole discussion about it:

You can recover the area by ion polishing with Ar ions. Other techniques like repolishing will always make changes to the scanned area. It is easier probably to reduce the carbon contamination than remove it later after each scan.

Another possibility is sample degradation due too beam damage but it is not the case Aluminum alloys.

Dear Dr. Tianye Zheng ,

the most common etchants for aluminum are Kellers etch and Kroll's reagent, however, there are hundreds of more specific etchants. A good resouce for additional etchants can be found with the etchant database provided by PACE Technologies:

- Metallographic Aluminum Etchants

Available at: https://www.metallographic.com/Metallographic-Etchants/Metallography-Aluminum-etchants.htm

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

HI André Seidel

Around 15 years ago I utilised a software package called MagmaSoft. I am not sure if they still exist but the package simulated the casting process. You could design the models with risers, runners, etc state the molten metal flow rate, temperature, etc then it would simulate the process.

Actually, I have just looked and they are still about. If you check out the links below, you can see some of their publications and case studies, which will hopefully be of some use to you.

Best Regards

Martin

Publications:

Case Studies:

Dear Dr. Roshan Vijay Marode ,

perhaps the heat treatments on the material could be "calibrated" in synergy with the parameters relating to friction stir welding to optimize the final microstructure of the alloy…. certainly not an easy job !!!

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Dear İsmail Gündüz many thanks for your kind response and explanation. Clearly sodium borohydride itself is unsuitable for coating metals or metal alloys with boron species. NaBH₄ is a water-soluble salt which has highly reducing properties. However, sodium borohydride is often used as a reducing agent to prepare metal coatings and metal nanoparticles.

In your case I assume that for coating aluminum and aluminum alloys with boron compounds you should look for hard and resistive materials like metal borides and boron carbide etc. For some potentially useful articles about this topic please have a look at the following papers:

and

One of the authors of the first article is an RG member. Thus you can easily contact him directly via RR at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fabienne-Delaunois and request the full text of the article from him.

Good luck with your research and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Dear Steven, thank you very much for your article

You could put it this way instead.. what is the contribution of plastic deformation to heat... strain leads to hardening the material...

Dear Akash,

considering the process of FSW, a totally new micro structure ist created.

So, the number of high-angle grain boundaries will be different from the base material anyway.

In Conclusion, fully recrystallised grains cannot be detected looking at the amount of high angle grain boundaries but by the dislocation density inside the grains (see definitions of "re-crystallisation" in textbooks of Metal Physics).

Best regards - Torsten

Not necessarily the correct answer, but do not forget that your EBSD software typically has a discrete threshold to define a high-angle grain boundary, and an angular and spatial resolution that will influence the detection of low-angle boundaries. Depending upon the selected threshold value (if I recall correctly it is often set at an initial value of 15°) and the angular and spatial resolution, you might get very different maps. Although angular and spatial resolution are often not that easy to 'play' with (as they are often defined by the limits of your EBSD system, material preparation technique and desired scan size), changing the high-angle boundary threshold is often relatively straightforward. One of the things I used to do in the past, was to play with the threshold until the average optical and EBSD grain size corresponded (but generally after filtering and cleaning up of the EBSD data, so you need to know what your doing, and I am of course assuming it is possible to get an average grain size using optical microscopy which may not be possible for friction stir processed materials).

H13 is recommended for Al alloy and copper.

Follow the article below.

6082 grade aluminium can be work hardened by rolling, drawing, pressing, and stamping.This reduces ductility and increases strength. 6082-T6 is supplied already age hardened. Age hardening is done by holding aluminium at 177°C for around 8 hrs and then air cooling. Do not quench aluminium in cold water as it may lose its strength and gain brittleness.

Yes, Dr Gary.... my own experience with the reagent is rather satisfactory, both in terms of its effectiveness and safety. At the beginning even we used to keep gluconate gel, but never used it.

Of course, it does not mean that you can take it for granted. There is no replacement of safety precautions and awareness. Be alert and use it confidently.

thank you.

Dear Anoop,

I have attached the "ATLAS OF STRESS STRAIN CURVE" for you. It is a useful resource.

Stress relieving can be considered as a category of annealing. In the stress relieving the work piece is heat treated at a lower temperature (below recrystallization or transformation temperature) and its sole purpose is to eliminate the internal residual stress generated by previous forming operations. No phase or microstructural change occurs in this process, only stresses are eliminated.

Hi. I hope the following article could help you:

Dear Dr. Barzanji

From your answer thank so much.

At the first, it's important to determine the Hardness value of material (your composite) and then, according your material and it's hardness choose the shot ball type.

For a sheet which is made by aluminum matrix composite, the deformation and distortion must be considered

What is your opinion about low carbon steel ball?

Mr. Luca Serpella, I hope this research will help you solve your problem Greetings

Dear Dr. Reginald Umunakwe ,

I suggest you to have a look at the following, interesting douments:

- The Effect of Processing Parameters and Alloy Composition on the Microstructure Formation and Quality of DC Cast Aluminium Alloys

By Majed M. R. Jaradeh

In Materials Processing Department of Material Science and Engineering School of Industrial Engineering and Management KTH-Royal Institute of Technology SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden (2006)

Available at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:11229/FULLTEXT01.pdf

- Effect of Si, Cu and processing parameters on Al-Si-Cu HPDC castings

Imane Outmani, Laurence Fouilland-Paille, Jérôme Isselin, Mohamed El Mansori

Journal of Materials Processing Technology,Elsevier, 249, pp.559-569 (2017)

Available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02353402/document

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso

The test need to cut the casting rods into specimen(A200 × 15mm) and test bars(A200 × 250mm), use the heating temperature of per 5 from 555 ~ 610 and select two holding time 4h and 6h. Then analyze the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the specimen(5mm).Because aluminum alloy is very sensitive to temperature, so when the metallographic microstructure and mechanical properties meet the requirements, we selected the good diffusion annealing heat treatment we have obtained before, and change the heating temperature ± 2 for different holding time 3h, 4h, 5h, 6h, 7h, 8h in order to obtain accurate diffusion annealing process.

Dear Robert

Distribution of Si is not homogeneous in the Al matrix and depends on some experimental parameters. So, as Mehdi Akbarifar and Vadim Verlotski have said, it expects that different places don't have the same value of Si content.

to ensure, please see the distribution of Si phase in the microstructure of the 6082 Al alloy.

However, the sample 1 to sample 3, show almost same content of Si. Average value has been recommended to report.

Dear Dr. Weronika Sadurska ,

I suggest you to have a look at the following document where you might find an alternative:

-Anodizing

Revised by Milton F. Stevenson, Jr., Anoplate Corporation

ASM Handbook, Volume 5: Surface EngineeringC.M. Cotell, J.A. Sprague, and F.A. Smidt, Jr., editors, p 482-493DOI: 10.1361/asmhba0001281 (1994)

Available at: https://materialsdata.nist.gov/bitstream/handle/11115/221/Anodizing.pdf?sequence=1

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Der Dr. Neeraj Kumar Bhoi ,

I suggest you to follow the regulation ASTM G 31 – 72 (Reapproved 1999) - Standard Practice forLaboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals.

You can have a look at the following web-site: https://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjzncv4t6XuAhXQPsAKHYYFCuQQFjAAegQIBRAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FMohammed_Hussein_J_H_Alatia%2Fpost%2FWhat_are_the_proper_volume_and_time_period_or_intervals_for_weight_loss_measurements_for_mild_steel_corrosion_test%2Fattachment%2F5adaca994cde260d15da0e1f%2FAS%253A617723440660480%25401524288153812%2Fdownload%2FG31.pdf&usg=AOvVaw15XywHLXiXWoCULqI2Qj1y

Following the standard according to my needs (e.g. ambient temperature of a static fluid) I used, for exposure in free corrosion at different exposure times, on samples of Al alloys smaller than yours, simple beakers where I suspended the sample, inserted with an edge in a small rubber ring (minimizing the contact surface to reduce crevice corrosion phenomena) in turn tied to a fishing line held on the top of the beaker by a glass rod ...

If you need special details, let me know.

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Dear Dr. Zhao Kuangyin ,

I suggest you to have a look at the following papers:

-Characterization of Material Properties of 2xxx Series Al-Alloys by Non Destructive Testing Techniques

Tariq, F., Naz, N., Baloch, R.A. et al.

J. Nondestruct. Eval., 31, 17–33 (2012)

Available, as abstract, at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10921-011-0117-5

-Evolution of microstructure and precipitates in 2xxx aluminum alloy after severe plastic deformation

B. Adamczyk-Cieslak, J. Zdunek, and J. Mizera

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 123, 012019 (2016)

Available at: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/123/1/012019/pdf

-Precipitates in aluminium alloys

Sigmund Jarle Andersen, Calin Daniel Marioara, Jesper Friis, Sigurd Wenner, Randi Holmestad

Advances in Physics, X 3(1):790-813 (2018)

Available, on RG as full text, at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326883450_Precipitates_in_aluminium_alloys

-Investigation of the Precipitation Behavior in Aluminum Based Alloys

By Muna Saeed Khushaim – PhD Dissertation (2015)

Materials Science and Engineering - King Abdullah University of Science and Technology - Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Available at: https://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjX2_byyITuAhVXilwKHSD2AMMQFjAQegQIHxAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.kaust.edu.sa%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10754%2F583822%2FMuna%2520Khushaim%2520-%2520PhD%2520Dissertation%2520-%2520Final%2520Draft.pdf%3FisAllowed%3Dy%26sequence%3D1&usg=AOvVaw3vM-p2trcozbInm_BwlgEr

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Dear Dr. Metin Zeyveli ,

personally for Aluminum alloys, such as etching solution, I generally use Keller's solution, as suggested by Dr. Priyaranjan Samal , but in the following technical notes you can also try valid alternatives and specific characteristics.

-Metallographic Aluminum Etchants by Pace Technologies

Available at: https://www.metallographic.com/Metallographic-Etchants/Metallography-Aluminum-etchants.htm

-Metallographic preparation of aluminium and aluminium alloys by Struers

Available at: https://www.google.it/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjtqJmThuztAhUNGewKHRxaCHUQFjADegQIAxAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.struers.com%2F-%2Fmedia%2FStruers-media-library%2FMaterials%2FApplication-reports%2FAN-11_Aluminium_2015_ENG.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3ih5sXXOUyWS02X86zDYky

-Etching In Metallography by Kemet

Available at: https://www.kemet.co.uk/blog/metallography/etching-in-metallography

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Dear Weronika Sadurska ,

Coating the AA7075-T6 with TiO by the PVD method is not impossible. The resulting coating adheres well to the lip but there are negative side effects on the lip. One of the problems is the ongoing recrystallization of AA7075-T6, which leads to a decrease in mechanical properties (hardness and mechanical strength at the expense of greater ductility). This results in a softer base with a harder coating. Examination of higher wear resistance shows that it is lower due to the soft base. In addition, due to the long mode of application of TiO coating, the structure collapses. This is also a negative effect.

Best regards, Emil Yankov

Dear Kyle Tokarz there are some useful articles on this topic available right here on RG. Please see e.g. this article entitled "Heat Pipes for Computer Cooling Applications":

This paper is available as public full text on RG. Also please find attached a potentially useful article entitled "Materials used in Heat Pipe".

I cannot comment about the applicability of these methods to.simulate the solidification of aluminum castings. However, I would.like to caution you that pores are extrinsic defects, caused by entrainment damage. Without any entrainment damage, pores, whether shrinkage or hydrogen, cannot nucleate even heterogenously. Therefore the entrainment damage needs to be known for simulation. This is extremely complex and damages are additives, i.e., ingots come usually with extreme levels of damage and there is more damage in the production system as well. Therefore it is quite a challenge to simulate pore formation, except in badly damaged castings, where you can assume that pores will form when a certain level of hydrogen or negative pressure level is reached.

Dear Sumit Kumar,

I don't know if it will be useful for you, but I have found the following indications on the weldability and problems of Al 5XXX series alloys:

Good weldability of the alloys as the reduction of the mechanical characteristics in the thermally altered zone is limited. This series combines excellent weldability with high resistance to especially marine corrosion. Warning: 5XXX with a magnesium content greater than 3% cannot be exposed above 120 °C because there is precipitation of phase β (Mg5Al8) which causes stress corrosion phenomena. There are problems of hot cracks for contents from 1% to 3% of magnesium; the damage can be limited by choosing the appropriate filler materials (5356, 5183, 5556) that contain a percentage of titanium having the ability to refine the grain. 4043 is also used but there is a drop in resistance compared to the base material.

Source: AWELD – Available at: http://www.aweldwelding.com/saldabilita-alluminio-e-sue-leghe/

Good work and my best regards, Pierluigi Traverso

The FactSage databases contain at least information about Sr3N2, but in liquid aluminum, the program predicted, that the formation of AlN is more likely compared to the formation of Sr3N2.

Dear Dr. Py De could you please clarify the process.

You can check the attached paper, it may help you with AA6061

All the operating parameters have to be followed:

i. Degassificatio :n Add sufficient volume of degasification tablets

ii. Maintain correct melting temperature

iii. Removing slags very frequently.

iv. Time to pour

v. Outside whether conditions

vi. Relook the design of runner and riser.

Dear Ankit Jaglan

The selection of optimum process parameters in case of FSW requires careful trials and run by varying one parameter at a time by keeping other parameters remain constant.

For initial start just go with the Lower range of parameters then subsequently go for higher one. on the basis of weld cross section results that on what range of parameters you got defect free welds then accordingly select the process window for experimentation.

I hope this answer is useful to you.

Regards

Tanvir singh

Dear Milad

I agree with Nelaturi V Raghavaiah , and Ebenezer Jacob Dhas D.S.

the hardness is related to surface properties of a material, however, the tensile strength is attributed to whole of a material.

For example, the presence of porosity as well as microstructural heterogeneity can weaken the tensile properties dramatically.

Dear Dr. Vishesh Dharaiya ,

I suggest you to have a look at the following document by the Advanced Casting Research Center (ACRC), a collaboration of companies to fund and promote research addressing the global foundry industry. ACRC brings fundamental understanding to existing processes, develops new methods, and addresses management–technology interface issues with industrial partners. ACRC helps the industry resolve technical issues by bringing members, WPI faculty, and staff together to discuss and brainstorm solutions.

By consulting the part of the document “Metalcasting Industry Research”,Inter Metalcast 13, 987–995 (2019), relating to Current ACRC-Funded Projects, available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40962-019-00365-6

you can find the foundations of the most important future projects in aluminum casting techniques and development of aluminum alloys.

Best regards, Pierluigi Traverso

These [001], [011], and [111] are the three directions in crystal reference system. For cubic materials, under a rolling deformation, the three directions in sample reference system are rolling direction (RD), transverse direction (TD), and normal direction (ND). These directions are not only conventional that is accepted globally but also cubic materials possess 4-fold, 2-fold, and 3-fold symmetry in these three directions, respectively. Anyway, pole figure shows the crystallographic orientations in sample reference system, whereas, inverse pole figure displays the same in crystal reference system. An inverse pole figure is nothing but 1 of the 24 parts showing identical crystals.

If you really want to know about texture read some books, e.g. Engler Randle, Prof. Satyam Suwas's books.

Dear Jaydev,

Alloy 6082 is known as a structural alloy. 6082 is in the 6XXX series of aluminium alloy grades and have a higher amount of silicon. Aluminium alloy 6082 is a medium strength alloy with excellent corrosion resistance. It has the highest strength of the 6000 series alloys. In the T6 peak aged temper, alloy 6082 machines well and produces tight coils of swarf when chip breakers are used. Applications 6082 is typically used in highly stressed applications, Trusses, Bridges, Cranes, Transport applications, Ore skips Beer barrels and Milk churns. Alloy 6082 T6 is typically supplied as Plate and Sheet. 6082 has very good weldability and machinability, but strength is lowered in the weld zone. When welded to itself, alloy 4043 wire is recommended. If welding 6082 to 7005, then the wire used should be alloy 5356.Friction stir weld (FSW) of 6082 is quite popular. Maximum 1 % Mn content is there with 6082 with high hardness value 90HB.

Generally, plate is available in heat treated condition T6(T6 - Solution heat treated and artificially aged or peak aged maximum strength but losses in corrosion property compared to over aged condition of aluminum alloy) and T651(further, solution heat treated, stress relieved by stretching then artificially aged to attain corrosion).

M247, known super alloys or high performance alloys consist of many elements in a variety of combinations to achieve a desired result. The alloy MAR-M 247 is a cast polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy developed by Martin Marietta Corporation processed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) was subjected to symmetrical cyclic loading. This can exist at the high temperature and high cycle fatigue.

Refer this site for M247

1.https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/278653/1-s2.0-S1877705814X00081/1-s2.0-S1877705814008431/main.pdf?

2.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257712806_Solutioning_and_Aging_of_MAR-M247_Nickel-Based_Superalloy(heat treatment information)

Refer this site for 6082.

1. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/25881803.pdf

file:///C:/Users/3020/Cookies/Desktop/Downloads/Aalco-Metals-Ltd_Aluminium-2. Alloy-6082-T6T651-Plate_148.pdf(strength and property detail can se taken as a reference)

Ashish

Dear Sachin Jambhale,

the problem you report is quite common and may originate from the material itself, from the environment and other surrounding (even the microscope itself, see ttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/sca.1996.4950180402) as well from the sample preparation and storage:

1) carbon contamination- the source of carbon can be from any contact with organic upon preparation or even from the air. Any organic contamination tends to form hydrocarbon under the electron beam on the sample surface, the amount of which can increase within the measurement you perform. It is very common effect in SEM and/or in (S)TEM. The most important is to clean properly the sample (plasma cleaning etc.).

2) oxygen - for many alloys, especially Al alloys it is very difficult to avoid it, since Al will passivate at the first possible contact with oxygen, unless one use a protective gas environment or very high vacuum, which is very difficult to realize (because the sample can not see oxygen at any moment between preparation and investigation) otherwise, just accept it is there and in the case you want to quantify the EDX data, keep it in mind and make corresponding corrections (especially important for TEM samples, for which material surface to volume ration gets significant).

As Dr. Rudolf Hellmuth said, it is possible and complex.

You have to go for coupled field analysis. First you need to run the Heat transfer analysis and you can capture the fluid flow behavior too. Then the temperature gradient has to be given to Structural analysis to avail the mechanical stresses. Boundary conditions plays a major role in both the cases.

pH of DM water on aluminum finishing lines is usually in range of 5.5-5.7. The water with this pH can't cause corrosion. Most of aluminum alloys, except 7XXX and 2XXX can stay in DM water with this pH range for long time. It is a normal case on big multi-processes aluminum finishing lines to use the bathes with DM water as a buffer. However, it is important to control chlorine concentration in the bath. It should not exceed 100 ppm.

On other side, conductivity of your water is relative high for DM water. Usually, it should not be higher than 100 μs/cm for general industry and 50 for aerospace finishing. DM water with electrical conductivity 100-150 μs/cm might attack 7XXX alloys, for example 7075 or 7175.

Usually the higher voltage and probe current you use, the stronger the EBSD patterns you obtain, since there are more signals (more backscattered electrons). 10-20 kV and 1-10 nA are often used. But the selection of acceleration voltage (kV) and probe current (nA) highly depends on your purpose, if you want to get high resolution, you should use low voltage and low current (smaller interaction volume); if you just want to quickly scan a sample with large grains to obtain the macro-level texture, you should use high voltage and high current.

Besides, as Dr. Grzegorz Cios said, high quality sample preparation is very important and is the prerequisite for obtaining nice EBSD patterns. Grzegorz Cios

Greeting,

The establishment of the precipitation/dissolution energy in aluminum alloy is mainly intended for metastable precipitates which, I assume, is what you want to study. The method is mainly about statistics and data analysis. I kindly suggest you to refer to this article: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1002007115000209, which, I hope, will answer your interrogations.

Victor J. Аdlucky

Thanks for both of your help. I found it. In the thesis named: Tuning Johnson-Cook Material Model Parameters for Impact of High, I could find Al6061 elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and specific heat at different temperature conditions.

Dear Dr. Amir Torabi,

on Al 5083 alloy, a homogeneous ultrafine grained microstructure of an average size of 300 nm with well defined grain boundaries could be achieved with an effective rolling strain of only 2.3 followed by short annealing at 300°C for 6 min.

For more details, please see the paper:

Microstructural Studies of Al 5083 Alloy Deformed through Cryorolling

Dharmendra Singh, Palukuri Nageswararao Rao, Jayaganthan Rengaswamy

Advanced Materials Research 585:376-380 (2012)

Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258567308_Microstructural_Studies_of_Al_5083_Alloy_Deformed_through_Cryorolling

The annealing behavior of a modified 5083 aluminum alloy was studied in the temperature range of 125–375°C with different holding times. The results shown that the annealing temperature was more sensitive to the mechanical and corrosion resistance properties compared with the annealing holding time. The mechanical and corrosion resistance properties depend on annealing treatment due to different dislocation configuration in the matrix and the second phase interface, annealing temperature and time have been optimized for both of those properties improvement.

For more details, please see the paper:

Annealing behavior of a modified 5083 aluminum alloy

Shuangping Lin, Zuoren Nie, Hui Huang, Bolong Li

Materials and Design 31(3):1607-1612 (2010)

Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248465384_Annealing_behavior_of_a_modified_5083_aluminum_alloy

Best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.