Air Traffic Control - Science topic

Sustained increase in air transportation as well as urban encroachment have generated noise critical situations around airports. Then the prediction of the noise impact resulting from new departure/arrival procedures and new traffic patterns at airports gains more importance. Until recently this estimation has been performed on statistical grounds...

This paper studies the multiple runway Aircraft Landing Problem. The aim is to schedule arriving aircraft to available runways at the airport. Landing times lie within predefined time windows and safety separation constraints between two successive landings must be satisfied. We propose a new approach for solving the problem. The method is based on...

According to ICAO SHELL [1] model air traffic control (ATC) process may be described as complex structure. This structure involves human operator work that brings in the human factor problems. Those problems are caused by the psycho-physiological properties of human and require special treatment. Many efforts are applied to increase human stress re...

The “look-but-fail-to-see” phenomenon, in which a person clearly looks at important information but fails to actually see it and act accordingly has been offered as an explanation for critical lapses in various contexts, including road safety and air traffic control. We investigated the situation in which nurses fail to notice cues that would have...

Over the years, air traffic has continued to increase. The development of modern systems has made it possible to cope with this increase, whilst maintaining the necessary level of safety. The Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) has been developped to reduce the risk of mid-air collision and is currently mandated on all large transpo...

Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs (HJI) reachability analysis has been employed to guarantee constraint satisfaction (safety) in a number of applications including robotics, air traffic control, and control of HVAC systems. However, the current standard for these methods can result in overly-conservative controllers that can degrade system performance with re...

Air transport is a critical sector for our society and economy. Air Traffic Control Systems should be enhanced via the development of new technologies that are capable of meeting the increasing demand for airspace. The aim of this work is to perform a feasibility study of the use of parallel algorithms for comparing aircraft trajectories for confli...

Air traffic controllers in Sweden are using high-definition video screens to manage traffic without setting foot at the airport.

Aircraft can execute efficient flight paths — Efficient profiles can be provided as long as they are not interrupted by other traffic (e.g., conflicts) • Air traffic controller's role is to keep aircraft separated, maintain throughput, and provide efficient flight paths — All three objectives are difficult to meet when traffic demand is high.

The first building block of the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) initiative to modernize the US national airspace system (NAS) was the implementation of the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) ground infrastructure. A primary aspect of the ADS-B program design is the terrestr...

One basically has to welcome the plans of the German Government to legally clarify the questions arising from a collision of collective labour agreements caused by a revised jurisdiction. Companies need clear guidelines on how to handle the demands of several trade unions. Reciprocally, the trade unions, too, need legal security shown, for example,...

□ A method of extracting the nominal flight profile based on AMDAR data is proposed, including nominal flight altitude profile extracting by DSW distance algorithm and nominal airspeed profile extracting by CAS/TAS conversion model. The extracted profile contains flight and air traffic control intentions. □ An airway meteorological forecasts revisi...

As a kind of renewable and clean energy, wind energy has been widespread concerned by countries around the world. However, it is shown that wind turbines will have a serious impact on Air Traffic Control (ATC) communication, navigation and surveillance systems due to the complex electromagnetic scattering properties. Therefore, analysis of the wind...

In long-haul sensor networks, remote sensors are deployed to cover a large geographical area, such as a continent or the entire globe. Related applications can be found in military surveillance, air traffic control, greenhouse gas emission monitoring, and global cyber attack detection, among others. In this paper, we consider target monitoring and...

This paper presents our study for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Data Communications Program Office to determine the potential use of its domestic Data Communications (Data Comm) system by Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs). As part of the future integration of UAS, especially those operating beyond line of sight (BLOS), into the National...

This paper presents how a developed multichannel vector network analyzer, combined with the near-field measurement method, can significantly increase the reliability of surveillance services to air traffic control, by providing a faster measurement potential of the radar antenna's radiation pattern. A systematic radiation pattern check is vital to...

The Center for Robot-Assisted Search and Rescue deployed three commercially available small unmanned aerial systems (SUASs)—an AirRobot AR100B quadrotor, an Insitu Scan Eagle, and a PrecisionHawk Lancaster—to the 2014 SR-530 Washington State mudslides. The purpose of the flights was to allow geologists and hydrologists to assess the eminent risk of...

Surveillance systems such as ADS-B and Multi-Lateration Systems employ geographically distributed networks of sensors. The impacts of sensor outages on surveillance coverage can be complex, with operationally useful service retained through much of the service volume. For space-based ADS-B services, such as the Aireon system that will begin deploym...

I. The simulation and research into advanced airborne CNS procedures was conducted by the Research Stand for Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of Air Traffic Control Systems (KIS UVD) in 2013–2014. II. As part of the research, the following CNS procedures were reviewed: • ITP (In-Trail Procedure) • FIM (Flight-Deck Interval Management) • ACM (Airborn...

Being a cost-efficient solution for alleviating the traffic congestion in airspace, Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) has drawn more attentions from not only air traffic controllers but also researchers in the field of Air Traffic Management (ATM). Among other ATFM initiatives, it is believed that Ground Delay Program (GDP) could be effectively ap...

Aim: An easy-to-use human factors (HF) tool for air traffic control (ATC) operators was applied in an air traffic management (ATM) organization to ensure ATC operators' learning and commitment to HF, which is seen as a critical factor in improving safety. Methods: ATC operators analyzed the positive and negative causal factors of 3163 incident repo...

The main objective of this paper is to design an Artificial Neural Network algorithm, which is used to generate fuzzy rules and membership functions. The combination of the learned fuzzy rules and membership functions and the Neural network based fuzzy design technique significantly improves performance and reduces design time. The proposed method...

Space Travel becomes an international business and requires landing opportunities all over the world. The integration of space vehicles in airspace therefore is an increasingly important topic to be considered on an international scale. With the Single European Sky ATM Research Programme (SESAR) preparing the implementation of a new ATM system in E...

To maximize the capacity of airports by optimally allocating available resources such as runways, the arrival times of individual aircraft need to be computed. However, accurately predicting arrival times is difficult because aircraft trajectories are frequently vectored off the standard approach procedures. This paper introduces a new framework fo...

This study proposes a new method of conflict management in air traffic control that ensures a safe distance between aircraft while minimizing the workload for sector controllers. When an aircraft approaches a sector, the proper entry point is determined based on the concept of a complexity map. Using detailed information on how the traffic responds...

Aircraft arrival sequencing and scheduling (ASS) is a hot topic in air traffic control, which has been proven to be an NP-hard problem. So far, many efforts have been made by modeling this problem in a static case, in which the information of all the landing aircrafts is known in advance. However, the air traffic environment in the airport is dynam...

A method for description of structural characteristics of air traffic situation based on the theory of complex network was proposed. This method characterizes the air traffic situation from three dimensions, including single aircraft, local sector, and overall sector. We selected the routinely-recorded flight data in an air traffic control sector w...

A multi-factor linear regression model was developed to describe and estimatepilot-controller voice communication loads. The routinely-recorded air traffic control data andassociated voice communication data were collected to statistically analyze the correlation betweencomplexity factors and pilot-controller voice communication loads. Results show...

Movements of wildly different political aspirations have long understood that if you want to change the world, you start with the children. In Free to Be … You and Me, second wave feminists embraced this idea, creating children’s songs and stories that are fun, pointed, and enduring. Its creators often claim that at the time, there were no feminist...

The objective of this paper is to show how qualitative resilience analysis approaches can be effectively structured for large sets of disturbances and strategies for work-as-done at the sharp end of a complex sociotechnical system. This is pursued by studying the roles of air traffic controllers and airline pilots in dealing with a wide set of dist...

The paper describes three approaches for solving the problem of estimation of systematic errors in radar measurements obtained from several overlapping observation domains. In the proposed approaches, neither one of the radars could be considered as a reference one. The systematic errors are determined by the processing of measurements of the radar...

Multilateration and automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast systems are used in air traffic control to detect, locate and identify cooperating aircraft using signals emitted by airborne transponders and received by dedicated ground stations. In areas with a high traffic density, these stations may receive simultaneously several superimposed si...

When an aircraft is approaching an airport, it gets a short time interval (called {\it slot}) that it can use to land. If the landing of the aircraft is delayed (because of bad weather, or if it arrives late, or if other aircrafts have to land first), it looses its slot and Air traffic controllers have to assign it a new slot. However, slots for la...

Aeronautical communication networks (ACN) is an emerging concept in which aeronautical stations (AS) are considered as a part of multi-tier network for the future wireless communication system. An AS could be a commercial plane, helicopter, or any other low orbit station, i.e., Unmanned air vehicle, high altitude platform. The goal of ACN is to pro...

An algorithm was developed to characterize, compare, and analyze eye movement sequences that occur during visual tracking of multiple moving targets. When individuals perform a task requiring interrogating multiple moving targets, complex and long eye movement sequences occur, making sequence comparisons difficult in whole and in part. The develope...

It is becoming a new hot topic in the field of air traffic management that evaluating the controller's workload by the traffic complexity factors. Based on the radar data of Xiamen air traffic control station, 10 typical complexity evaluation factors were calculated. The strong multi-co-linearity among various complexity factors is discovered throu...

This paper studies the time-space characteristics of air traffic flow in airport terminal area, which aims at revealing the inner influence and congestion mechanism of air traffic flow and providing scientific basis for air traffic control strategies. First, the timing distribution of air traffic flow parameters for target air routes is established...

For a given (current or planned) traffic demand, different air traffic management measures could result in different airport traffic complexity and efficiency. This paper presents the research on the relationship between airport traffic complexity and time and environmental efficiency for different air traffic control (ATC) tactics applied to the g...

This paper presents an optimization approach for dynamically scheduling aircraft operations and supporting air traffic controllers in both determining and implementing operationally feasible landing and departure times at an airport. The mixed integer linear programming model proposed incorporates air traffic control infrastructure in terms of rout...

Fatigue has been on the National Transportation Safety Board’s (NTSB) “most wanted list” since 1990 and remains a topic of active investigation. The focus of this article is summarizing the effect of fatigue on air traffic controllers. A literature search was conducted using multiple terms directly and indirectly associated with fatigue as part of...

Situational Awareness (SA) is the process of collecting observations, understanding their meaning and projection of new possible updates. It is applied in several dynamic and complex environments like aviation, air traffic control, power plant operations, military command and control. Object classification in infrared images is a crucial component...

For the problem of noncooperative target tracking in General Aviation's air traffic control system, a novel particle filtering algorithm is proposed. Firstly, in order to obtain the target azimuth information accurately, the Infrared sensor is inducted to search/track the noncooperative target by using the radar track information, and then the new...

The traffic alert and collision avoidance system has been implemented to reduce the number of midair collisions. Pilot compliance to traffic alert and collision avoidance system resolution advisories is mandated unless the pilot feels it would conflict with safety. Thus, pilots’ responses hinge on their assessment of the situation during the time p...

Though the moral responsibility system is deeply entrenched, there are forces that challenge and threaten that system. Social democratic corporatist culture is an attractive alternative to the neoliberalism that promotes moral responsibility. The enormous burden and obvious injustice of neoliberal social, economic, and criminal justice systems are...

Extensive human-in-the-loop testing of the Next-Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) concepts and technologies is typically required in a controlled lab environment before they can be integrated for evaluation in the field. The experiments tend to require the participation of a large number of subject-matter experts (SMEs) including air t...

In this article, we formulate a new variant of the problem of finding a maximum clique of minimum weight in a graph applied to the detection and resolution of conflicts between aircraft. The innovation of the model relies on the cost structure: the cost of the vertices cannot be determined a priori, since they depend on the vertices in the clique....

Good situation awareness(SA) is highly important for air traffic controllers(ATCos) to maintain the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic. If ATCos' situation awareness can be accurately monitored and alerted before it has been lost, it will be highly possible to improve ATCos' performance and prevent accidents. At present, many ways ex...

Radar systems are used across many industries and in a variety of commercial, industrial and defense applications. Uses range from commercial applications such as automotive collision avoidance, weather and air traffic control (ATC) to defense systems such as early warning and missile tracking. Several implementations of target generators have been...

Airplanes must be safely guided in the sky and on the ground. The objective of the air traffic control (ATC) system is to make sure airplanes be safely separated as they fly in the sky, land at or take off from the airport, or move around the airport. In addition, ATC can enhance the airspace usage and expedite the flow of traffic. This chapter int...

Employee selection is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem for selecting suitable applicants from a ready pool. The selection aims to make use of their knowledge, relevant skills, and other characteristics to perform a specific job. The aim of this study is to develop a systematic approach for selecting the best candidates among the air...

Despite groundbreaking technology and revised operating procedures designed to improve the safety of air travel, numerous aviation accidents still occur every year. According to a recent report by the FAA's Aviation Weather Research Program, over 23% of these accidents are weather-related, typically taking place during the takeoff and landing phase...

The wind farm may impact on air traffic control radars such as primary surveillance radar and secondary surveillance radar obviously. The effective assessment of these impacts is important for guaranteeing the safety of aircraft flying. For the purpose of detailed assessing the impact of the wind farm on secondary surveillance radar, the paper prop...

This paper proposes an approach to the development of the automated control system (ACS) for concrete plant with two concrete mixing, which is a set of hardware maintenance, information, mathematical and software for the management of technological objects. ACS has a layered structure, and may include multiple geographically distributed plants conn...

Safety is a critical part of aviation. Current practices demonstrate that agencies such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are encouraging Safety Management Systems (SMS) for many aviation components, to include airports, air carriers, and air traffic control (Kirsch, 2011). The FAA...

The aim of this paper is to shift the representation of coping patterns within high risk occupations to an existential part of cultural pattern and social structure, which characterises high reliability organisations. Drawing upon the specific peer model of critical incident stress management (CISM), in which qualified operational peers support col...

Wind turbines could have a serious impact on Air Traffic Control (ATC) radar system because of the complex electromagnetic scattering properties. In this paper, matching pursuit technology is studied to mitigate the wind turbines interference. Due to the large amount of calculation in the conventional MP algorithm, rotation rate of wind turbine and...

A method for description of structural characteristics of air traffic situation based on the theory of complex network was proposed. This method characterizes the air traffic situation from three dimensions, including single aircraft, local sector, and overall sector. This work provides a new clue for precise description of air traffic situation co...

While the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has taken steps to protect its air traffic control systems from cyber-based and other threats, significant security control weaknesses remain, threatening the agency's ability to ensure the safe and uninterrupted operation of the national airspace system (NAS). These include weaknesses in controls int...

As ever, fiscal challenges seem always to loom large in the US psyche, or at least in US media, and are the subject of endless Congressional vs. White House debate and dithering. At one time, a few years ago, it was sequestration, intended to take effect 1 March 2013. At stake was $85 billion dollars of cuts, potentially furlowing a 100,000 governm...

When functions carried out between human and machine agents are dynamically divided, this forms the basis of what is called Adaptive automation (AA). With an adaptive system, the distribution of a task is controlled by the machine agent. In order to distribute a task to an optimum level, a sufficient knowledge base is required pertaining to the req...

The aeronautical industry is evolving toward the Intelligent Transport System paradigm. Those changes are led in part by framework projects such as SESAR (Single European Sky Air traffic management Research) directed by Eurocontrol and NextGen (Next Generation Air Transportation System) directed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Those t...

The primary aim of this work is the description and study of the technical and operational validation of an interface between an air traffic control system and an airspace management system to exchange data in real time. An intensive introduction to the functioning of the two system and particularly the interfaces is necessary to describe the valid...

This paper elaborates the Accurate Continuous-Discrete Extended Kalman Filter grounded in an ODE solver with global error control and its comparison to the Continuous-Discrete Cubature and Unscented Kalman Filters. All these state estimators are examined in severe conditions of tackling a seven-dimensional radar tracking problem, where an aircraft...

If toughening through exercise seems demanding, from a distance toughening through meditation may seem to be an easier alternative. I am not so sure. When meditators are really serious, meditation is typically practiced day-after-day, potentially for life. Meditation is considered to be restorative of energy and well-being, and the research reviewe...

The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Air Traffic Organization (ATO) provides air traffic control (ATC) services within U.S. and certain international airspace. U.S. airspace is the most expansive in the world, covering roughly 30.2 million square miles that make up more than more than 17 percent of the world's airspace.3 Within that airspace...

The purpose of this chapter is to identify human factors challenges to integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) in the National Airspace System (NAS), for both pilots and air traffic controllers. The method for identifying these challenges was primarily based on the differences or “gaps” between manned aircraft in the NAS today and the unique a...

Introduction Command and control (C2) is most often associated with military operations, but other activities such as air traffic control, emergency management, and police or firefighting operations can also be termed C2. As C2is a process of monitoring and decision making to accomplish a defined goal in a complex, dynamic, uncertain, and stressful...

Introduction The introduction of automation into complex systems such as aircraft cockpits, nuclear power plants, and air traffic control rooms has led to a redistribution of operational responsibility between human operators and computerized systems. In some instances, the role of the human operator has metamorphosed from that of a primary control...

The main task of air traffic management is making adjustments when traffic flow reaches to the maximum capacity of air traffic control. It aims to increase the use ratio of airport and airspace. Air traffic flow prediction is one important part of air traffic management. Usually, air traffic prediction is divided into deterministic flow prediction...

With a transition to a time-based flight guidance approach, timely precise flight guidance of aircraft will become more important in the future than today. Amongst others, air traffic controllers will have to integrate several arrival streams of aircraft with different equipage. On the one hand there are conventional equipped aircraft which are com...

With increasing air traffic in the next few years and limited capacities at airports, a main key factor of operating an airport is the aircraft traffic mix. General Aviation is a very special and individual part of the air traffic and will continue operating at many airports in the future. Therefore processes of General Aviation compared to schedul...

The workload of air traffic controllers plays a crucial role in the safety and efficiency of air traffic as it is the prime factor to determine airspace capacity. Workload is the result of traffic complexity which can be described by different sets of parameters. In order to find a small, yet reliable set of complexity parameters that describe cont...

Estimation of airspace capacity in order to keep air traffic controller workload at an optimal level is essential for the safety of air traffic. In the past, several different methods were developed for airspace capacity estimation with different benefits and drawbacks. In our research we studied the applicability of one of these methods (based on...

Federal sector unionism is a paradox. Despite the outlawry of union-security provisions and strikes, sharp limits on the scope of collective bargaining (outside the U.S. Postal Service and airport air traffic controllers), and the absence of card-check certification, federal employees join unions and pay dues. The union membership rate is lower tha...

Written to bridge the information needs of management and computational scientists, this book presents the first comprehensive treatment of Computational Red Teaming (CRT). The author describes an analytics environment that blends human reasoning and computational modeling to design risk-aware and evidence-based smart decision making systems. He pr...

The absence of a pilot onboard an unmanned aircraft necessitates the development and application of robust, effective, and secure communication technologies that will enable unmanned aircraft to unmanned aircraft, unmanned aircraft to ground or mother ship communications, and unmanned aircraft to air traffic controller communications. Unmanned airc...

This paper proves that voice over Internet protocol (IP) technology can be combined with satellite transmission in air traffic control (ATC) applications provided that the systems used to implement this approach have been meticulously designed to meet the end-to-end delay requirements and to certify the quality of service they offer under strenuous...

To solve the airport flow management problem under the condition of probabilistic capacity, one of stochastic optimization methods was applied. A stochastic optimization model with the aim to minimize expected delay flights at certain confidence level of unexpected delay risks was proposed. The confidence level constraint, airport capacity curve co...

Over the past 40 years, Congress has intermittently considered proposals to establish a government corporation or private entity to carry out air traffic functions currently provided by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). While the issue has been relatively dormant since a proposal offered by the Clinton Administration in the 1990s failed to...

In a typical air traffic control environment, the precise landing times of en route aircraft are not set until each aircraft approaches the airspace adjacent to the destination airport. In times of congestion, it is not unusual for air traffic controllers to subject arriving aircraft to various maneuvers to create an orderly flow of flights onto an...

With increasing air traffic in the next few years and limited capacities at airports, a main key factor of operating an airport is the aircraft traffic mix. The General Aviation (GA) is a very special and individual part of the air traffic and will continue operating at many airports in the future. Therefore processes of General Aviation compared t...

As a form of clean energy, wind farms have currently been caused much attention all over the world. Studies have shown that wind farms will have a serious impact on air traffic control (ATC) radar located nearby. The mitigation problems of wind turbine clutter are studied for scanning air traffic control radar. Firstly, the gapped-data of wind turb...

为了适应迅速增长的空中交通流量，数据链通讯系统(Data-link Communication System)作为“下一代航空运输系统(NextGen)”的重要通讯资源而被提出。“数据链”是地空数据通讯系统的一个统称，该系统用于建立飞机与地面系统间的连接，实现地面系统与飞机间的双向数据通讯。在过去的几十年中，地空通信主要通过语音系统实现，与传统语音通讯相比，数据链具有更显著的优势。然而，数据链通讯系统在使用过程中仍然有一些缺点存在，尽管目前的研究对数据链通讯系统能否适用于飞行驾驶舱还没有一致的结论，但仍有一定的数据显示，如果数据链通讯完全取代语音通讯，能够预防37%的通讯错误，而且，如果设计额外的系统来确定飞行员理解了相应的信息，又能减少30%的错误。数据链的引入，给空中交通管制系统和飞行员...

Multitarget-Multisensor tracking is a category of widely used techniques that are applicable to fields like air traffic control, air/ground/maritime surveillance, transportation, video monitoring and biomedical imaging/signal processing. In this chapter, various multitarget-multisensor tracking algorithms to handle state estimation, data associatio...

This research studies the possibility of the volcano erupt and the effects of volcanic ash spread to air traffic control. Firstly it started to find out the peculiar properties of volcano ash and case studies after then it selected some of risk factors and measured hazard analysis and suggested how to deal with them. Finally it presented what is as...

Aviation safety issues have drawn much attention from the international community due to the growing demand for air travel. Although it is a widely accepted fact that human-related factors are closely linked to aviation safety, there is lack of understanding what roles those factors play in aviation, in the field of air traffic control in particula...

The purpose of this research was to identify expertise in ait traffic control by using cognitive skill analysis for novices and experts in routine and non-routine situations. The result of study was to understand expertise in air traffic control tasks in terms of what cognitive processes are responsible for the expert`s high performance levels. The...

The purpose of study is to investigate the current user interface level of air traffic control system with the usability analysis and satisfaction survey questionnaire on user satisfaction. Think aloud protocol is used to identify not only task analysis, but also the level of user-friendliness of the FIMS and ASDE system, and the user interface que...

The simulation campaign “Rudimentary Arrival management on Flexible Airspaces” (RAMFA) examines the problem of complex merge point structures on behalf of a most simple controller assistance. While other DLR projects (FAGI, flexiGuide) assume that air traffic controllers need a high-sophisticated arrival management tool with a broad bandwidth of fu...

The Institute of Flight Guidance is one of the leading research facilities in air traffic management. As one part of this research new concepts for airspace structures are developed. Among others DLR designed an airspace structure to mitigate the advantages of 4D-FMS Point-Merge arrival routes with convenient trombone structures within the projects...

This paper discusses our preliminary analysis of event logging practices adopted in a large-scale industrial development process at Selex ES, a top-leading Finmeccanica company in electronic and information technologies for defense systems, aerospace, and land security. The analysis aims to support log reengineering activities that are currently co...