Acculturation - Science topic

The paper aims, firstly, to indicate what role acculturation plays in the consumer decisions of Polish migrants. To this end, it uses the example of the exploratory buying behavior tendency (EBBT) of contemporary Polish migrants in the United States. Secondly, it aims to show how important consumer behavior is in decisions to remain in a host count...

This study, based on in-depth interviews with 50 African migrants living in the United Kingdom, argues for a more nuanced approach to studying their remittance behavior. Drawing from the tension-centered approach, we posit that African migrants derived their remittance behavior in tensional ways based on the philosophy of Ubuntu, which is both enab...

This study examined how African identities influence ethical dilemmas in the digital age. Global ethics in journalism, particularly in the digital age, deserves attention considering the amount of content readily available to the masses. To investigate the challenges, a qualitative cross-sectional design is used and thematically analyzed. The findi...

This study is an appraisal of the hurdles that sub-Saharan migrants encounter in the contemporary Diaspora space in the Global North. The question of the ever-changing migration rules and the current deplorable trends about the welfare of African migrants are so topical that they have attracted the attention of meaningful stakeholders in the Africa...

Ce travail met à la lumière les hauts et les bas de la démocratie électorale en Afrique Noire Francophone. L’instauration de la démocratie dans la région s’affronte aux difficultés d’alternance au pouvoir malgré le fait que tous ces Etats ont intégré le multipartisme dans leur système électoral et ont adhéré aux organisations internationales qui ex...

This article examines the Kejawen tradition of Javanese society from the perspective of maqashid sharia. The issue raised is how the position of Kejawen tradition which is rich in cultural values and spirituality in the view of Islam, especially when analyzed through the five main principles of maqashid sharia: protecting religion, soul, mind, offs...

Being of immigrant background is a risk factor for poor mental health among youth. In OECD countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States, both immigration and youth are a policy-focus as these countries are popular destinations for immigrants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mental health of immigrant youth to better su...

The Mosaic approach has been effectively used to gather children’s voices in early childhood settings using a children’s voices framework, although research translation using these voices is less reported. This paper bridges this gap by reporting on the voices of young children from military and veteran families and the free, narrative-based resour...

Background Suicide rates have increased substantially among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Veterans. However, little is known about the context of suicide risk or how best to tailor care for this population, especially as it relates specifically to Asian American Veterans, for whom extant research has been limited. We explore...

Through the experiences of two immigrant taxi drivers, Malik and Pranab, this ethnography seeks to better understand the intersection between language, immigration, and identity. Using methods of participant observation and interviews, the study reveals how language operates as both a tool for connection and a source of exclusion. Both drivers face...

Temples as architectural works of cultural heritage have an essential meaning and role in strengthening local and national cultural identities because they have cultural and religious symbolic values. Luhur Batukau temple, located on the slopes of Mount Batukau, is a cultural heritage estimated to have existed since the Ancient Bali period. In 1959...

This study explores the relationship between the individual, culture, and civilization, using a hermeneutic approach to understand the implications of culture in the history of mankind’s becoming. It begins with the notion that the individual is a product of both culture and contingency, and in order to comprehend culture, it is necessary for the s...

As a union of four nations, the United Kingdom (UK) is by definition a demographical multicultural society, while its turbulent past, up to its most recent exit from the European Union (EU), has shaped the country’s present demographical, political, and attitudinal make-up regarding cultural diversity. Thus, this chapter aims to provide a holistic...

Immigration by Madurese natives in West Java was carried out due to economic and geographical factors and supported by an independent, dynamic, and courageous nature. This economic factor is indicated by the still high poverty rate in East Java and the high level of competition in getting jobs. Migration is an option for Madurese people to find sou...

Major changes in the world (e.g., wars, easy traveling, international economic relations) contribute to the fact that the integration of migrants into societies is considered an important challenge, especially for migration countries like Germany. Drawing on theories from social psychology, this chapter gives an overview over the research on succes...

This study aims at finding equivalences and differences between the selected poems in Urdu by Faiz Ahmed Faiz and their translation in English by Mahmood Jamal. This research work identifies equivalences and differences at literary, pragmatic, and cultural levels between the source text in Urdu and the target text in English. The research design fo...

Background Several countries rely on International medical graduates (IMGs) to fill critical service gaps. IMGs experience a range of challenges related to migration, acculturation, accreditation and career. Purpose This study aimed to explore the journeys, perceptions and challenges of IMGs based in Australia. Methods We used a sequential explan...

The Ghanaian socio-cultural and academic contexts are expected to cause acculturative stress for international students living and studying in Ghanaian universities. This study used an explanatory sequential design to evaluate how assertiveness, self-efficacy, and social support assist these students in coping with the consequences of acculturative...

A külföldi hallgatók száma hazánkban évről évre növekvő tendenciát mutat (M. Császár et al. 2021; Dusa & Dabney-Fekete 2024), így különösen fontos annak vizsgálata, hogy milyen módszerekkel és milyen tanulási környezetben tudják a leghatékonyabban elsajátítani a szükséges ismereteket. Ezen túlmenően érdemes feltárni, hogy milyen formában támogathat...

Background: This study aims to examine the peer bullying experiences of Syrian adolescents who migrated to Turkey, within the context of their acculturation process. Methods: A qualitative approach was adopted in this study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with Syrian adolescents aged 14–20 who migrated to Turkey. A...

Purpose: This study examined how mothers from two different geopolitical areas having the same cultural roots blended perceptual and social information to coax infants’ psychomotor behaviour to learn how to walk. It emphasizes how culture and acculturation (migration) shape maternal social information and their behavioral outcomes to entice infants...

Purpose This paper mainly focuses on the scenario underpinned by the possibilities of integration of Indigenous science and school science curriculum in Nepal. Design/Approach/Methods This study utilized a literature review in the field of national and international educational policies of indigeneity, Western science practice, curricular policy,...

This study focuses on intercultural communication between the Javanese and indigenous people in Pulau Semambu Village. Pulau Semambu Village is an area with high cultural diversity, where the Javanese live side by side with the local indigenous people. The purpose of this study is to analyze cultural assimilation, communication patterns, obstacles,...

The Late Iron Age (fourth–first centuries BC) district of Carpetania in the Central Iberian Peninsula is traditionally cast as a marginal territory, where cultural development is primarily attributed to acculturation, diffusionism and imitation. Here, the authors critically re-evaluate published evidence from the site of El Cerrón, Illescas, focusi...

The present article advances a perspective on crisis migration and its effects on crisis migrants’ identities within their destination cultural contexts. It integrates insights from the literature on crisis migration and acculturation, framing it as a process of cultural identity expansion and transformation. The article reviews the challenges asso...

This paper examines the dynamics of Eid al-Fitr celebrations at the Niujie Mosque in Beijing as a representation of the lived experiences of multiethnic Muslim communities in China. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach and case study methodology, the research highlights how Muslims from diverse ethnic backgrounds—such as Hui, Uighur, and Ka...

Introduction International students in China often face psychological challenges such as acculturative stress, loneliness, and problematic smartphone use, which may affect their second language (L2) learning emotions and creativity. Although these factors have been studied individually, their interrelationships remain unclear. Methods Data were co...

The number of international migrants has been consistently rising in modern times. Scientists and stakeholders agree that to maximize the benefits of this global megatrend, understanding what factors are associated with the successful and equitable inclusion of migrants is a matter of highest urgency. Our meta-analysis helps pinpoint such factors b...

The Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) is an indigenous community historically reliant on forests and characterized by a semi-nomadic lifestyle, but in recent decades has undergone significant changes due to intensive interaction with external society, government policies, and the penetration of modern values. This study aims to describe the transformations in...

Introduction Cultural stressors during migration can shape family dynamics and impact mental health outcomes. This study investigates the relationship between cultural stress, parent‐adolescent communication, and psychological well‐being among Former Soviet Union (FSU) immigrant families in Israel. Methods This longitudinal survey study collected...

Optimal infant feeding practices in the first 2000 days of life offer protection against chronic diseases in later life ⁽¹⁾ . A study focusing on Indian-born mothers in Australia found that while they generally followed health-promoting infant feeding practices such as prolonged breastfeeding and delayed introduction of solids, they also displayed...

Purpose Caregiver-mediated interventions may be particularly well suited to support the communication and early literacy development of Latino children. However, few interventions have been adapted and/or implemented for the Latino community. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a culturally adapted caregi...

The acculturation between Javanese culture and Islam has resulted in various traditions, such as the ruwahan tradition. Although this tradition is carried out in almost every region in Indonesia, in fact there are differences in the implementation procession and meaning of the tradition. This research describes the acculturation of Javanese and Isl...

Objective The population of ethnically diverse older adults (OAs) is increasing in the UK; this group faces complex health challenges that are exacerbated by language difficulties, socioeconomic status and acculturation experiences. Moreover, this diverse group is the least active and sedentary subgroup within the wider population, which raises a m...

This study aims to describe the process of cultivating religious moderation in Sodong Buddhist Village. This study uses an ethnographic approach. Informants are determined by purposive sampling. Data collection techniques include interviews, observations, and documentation. Data are analyzed using qualitative interactive model techniques. The resul...

This is the handout for our presentation at the JALT PanSIG Conference. The presentation is based on our recent publication "Improving SA for Japanese students: Partner university and student perspectives" (available on ResearchGate). Open-ended survey data from 28 SA managers indicated four main themes for improving the SA experience for Japanese...

Non-EU international students encounter considerable challenges in social integration, cultural adaptation, and emotional well-being within UK higher education. Despite this, the role of internet memes as a form of participatory digital media in mediating these experiences has not been extensively studied. This paper examines how non-EU students at...

When international students study at United States higher education institutions, they often encounter challenges that impact acculturation and academic success. This study applied community-based research to explore these students’ experiences and discuss solutions in the form of culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP). I conducted semi-structured in...

This study examines the nationalist attitudes of the Chinese Peranakan community in rural Java, Indonesia, focusing on the community in Lasem. The research explores two key questions: how nationalism is expressed among the Chinese Peranakan in Lasem and what factors influence their sense of national identity. Using qualitative methods with an ethno...

According to cultural assimilation theories, immigrants generally tend to adopt the values and attitudes of the native population, as seen in areas such as gender equality, religiosity, and trust. This study analyzes immigrants' attitudes toward immigrant groups using European Values Study data, finding strong evidence for cultural assimilation. Ov...

Objective Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption has been linked to increased risks of negative health outcomes such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and all-cause mortality. Some studies have shown an increase of UPF consumption with acculturation, whereas the influence of the Western diet on non-US born individuals is an area of increasing interest....

Background When coming to a new social environment, many people unfortunately are under the mental burden of perceived discrimination. The Chinese international student returnees in the post-COVID-19 era present a special case where they experienced considerable discrimination issues during both the processes of acculturation in the host countries...

This article examines the risk factors for hypertension among migrants in South Africa, a critical public health concern. We explore the connection between acculturation, lifestyle changes, obesity, diet, urbanization, and socioeconomic status in contributing to hypertension risk. Our analysis highlights the unique challenges faced by African migra...

Objectives: To analyze Colombia’s current human population, we employed a population genetics approach enriched by genealogical, demographic, cultural, and historical data to learn about its evolutionary history and to elucidate ethnic belonging and relationship patterns between its various population groups. Materials and Methods: This study relie...

This text constitutes a first advance to the History of Music and Dance in Carora (Venezuela) between 16th and 18th centuries, evaluating the influence of Catholic Church. It studies the aboriginal expressions, the disseminated Spanish models and different musical instruments, deepening into their Arabic roots, as on the local manifestations. It al...

Numeracy literacy skills are the main focus in the Indonesian education system to prepare students for the 21st century. However, in practice, efforts to acculturate numeracy literacy in schools are still not implemented optimally. Therefore, this study has two main objectives, namely: 1) to describe the acculturation of numeracy literacy of senior...

Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) children in the United States (US) have been invisibilized in population health research due to being classified as White on federal reporting forms. Our primary objective was to estimate and compare the prevalence of developmental and physical health conditions among foreign-born MENA children compared to US...

This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of research on the psychological adaptation of international students (PAIS) in higher education. As the number of international students continues to grow worldwide, understanding their psychological adaptation is crucial for enhancing their academic and social experience. This study analyzes academic pu...

This study aims to describe the forms, processes, and roles of institutions and religious leaders in the transformation of Islamic education among the Samin community in Blora, Central Java. The Samin community is known as a traditional group that upholds honesty, simplicity, and peaceful coexistence. The research employs a qualitative ethnographic...

Understanding the factors influencing acculturation strategies among international students cannot be overstated, as successful adaptation is crucial for academic success and overall well-being. Although extensive research has explored these dynamics in various contexts, a notable gap remains in the literature on international students in Türkiye....

In Indonesian society, a tradition represents a social response as a form of appreciation for the presence of the Qur'an. One such tradition that has endured to this day is Yasinan. Yasinan is a form of cultural acculturation practised by Muslims in Indonesia for generations. This tradition can be found in various regions, particularly rural areas...

This study examines the process of acculturation between Sundanese culture and Islam in the context of cultural transformation in the Sundanese region. The background of the research is rooted in the convergence of traditional values and Islamic influences that have been ongoing since the 14th century, resulting in a harmonious yet dynamic cultural...

Social media has become an essential part of international students’ daily lives. As the world becomes increasingly globalized and communication and transportation systems rapidly develop, the number of international students is growing remarkably. Consequently, the influence of social media on the psychological adaptation of international students...

Blaxell treats the naturalization and Japanization of the land formerly known as Ezochi (literally “land of the barbarians”) into Hokkaido. Blaxell discusses the transformation of the urban space of Sapporo in the 1870s and 1880s by Japanese working with American advisors. The result was neither Japanese nor American, but distinctly modern and evoc...

By any measure, Japan's modern empire was formidable. The only major non-Western colonial power in the twentieth century, Japan at the height of its empire controlled a vast area of Asia and numerous archipelagos in the Pacific Ocean. Its reach extended from Sakhalin Island north of the Japanese archipelago to the Solomon Islands in the South Pacif...

It is a well-known fact that warfare and obligatory military service system long played decisive role in the formation of modern nation-states, first in Europe and later elsewhere in the world. While externally the military prowess of a given state was (and still is) decisive for defining its place in a competitive international system explicitly b...

Culture creates an inimitable example of beliefs and perceptions as to what “health” or “illness” actually means. In turn, this pattern of beliefs impudence how symptoms are recognized, to what they are attributed, and how they are interpreted, and this affects how and when health services are sought. The health seeking behavior of rural population...

“I don't know,” opines a 31-year old Korean woman. “I have always believed that Korea is a single-race country. And I'm proud of that. Somehow, Korea becoming a multiracial society doesn't sound right.” This is not an unusual view. Indeed, the large majority of Koreans would likely agree that Korean society is inextricably tied to and defined by a...

Change is an inevitable part of life yet navigating it can be challenging. Students transitioning from school to higher education encounter unique stressors that can significantly impact their mental health. International students face compounded difficulties as they adapt to life abroad, often for the first time, without immediate support from fam...

Background/Objective: Emotional eating is a significant health problem associated with increased obesity and mental health among children and adolescents. Investigating emotional eating and its associated factors is critical, as it coincides with key developmental periods during which eating patterns are formed. This study assessed the contribution...

p> The topic of this paper is about Cultural Acculturation. The main reason this research was raised because in Kisaran, Asahan Regency, there has been a cultural acculturation between the Toba Batak and Malay. The Toba Batak tribe located in Toba Regency is a migrant tribe that has entered the lowlands of the east coast, especially in Asahan Regen...

This study explores the potential of mathourism at the Sumenep Palace as a new approach to sustainable tourism development, particularly from an educational perspective. The research was conducted using a library research method by analyzing various literature related to culture, architecture, tourism, and education. Sumenep Palace serves as a tang...

This article discusses the role of sculpture as a medium for documenting political, social, and cultural transformations at the Lima Gunung Museum. The sculptures in this museum not only represent visual beauty, but also function as symbolic reflections on socio-political issues. Case studies of works such as Gus Semar Gunung, Cocot Kencono, Cicak...

Batik is an Indonesian culture that is full of richness. Throughout Indonesia, various types of batik are found with distinctive motifs and techniques, reflecting the history, culture, and traditions of the local community. One of the regions in Indonesia that has extraordinary batik wealth is Banyumas, located in Central Java. Banyumas batik is a...

Barikan has a religious dimension worthy of exploration. It is a Javanese cultural practice that integrates Islamic values such as gratitude, charity, and brotherhood into social life. This tradition reflects the concepts of the Living Quran and Living Hadith, where the teachings of the Quran and the Prophet’s Sunnah are manifested in collective ri...

The purpose of this paper to discuss the impacts of diversity in the educational setting, it seems necessary ?rst to de?ne some key terms, including culture and cultural diversity. The paper purely theoretical, therefore, information will solicited through literature review to present arguments. Teaching culturally diverse classrooms starts from em...

In the United States, the Latinx college student population, such as those of Mexican descent, is growing and faces mental health disparities. One potential explanation for this may lie in how they navigate two cultures and, hence, endorse values to different extents than their caregivers, which may be associated with increased conflict. This study...

تتناول هذه الدراسة إشكالية التعددية الإثنية في الصين، باعتبارها واحدة من أكثر الدول تنوعا عرقيا في العالم، حيث تضم 56 مجموعة إثنية، تهيمن فيها قومية "الهان" بنسبة تفوق 90%، مقابل 55 أقلية منتشرة جغرافيًا عبر أقاليم استراتيجية ذات أهمية اقتصادية وأمنية. تتجلى أهمية الموضوع في كونه يمس وحدة الصين واستقرارها السياسي والاجتماعي، في ظل تعايش معقد بين أغ...

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of culture shock, acculturation strategies, and sociocultural adjustment on the perceived Turkish and English language proficiency of international students in Turkey. Data were collected from 3554 international students in Turkey whose native language was neither Turkish nor Engl...

This research article explores the intertwined themes of identity, dignity, and female agency in Bharati Mukherjee’s novels Jasmine (1989) and Desirable Daughters (2002). Through a comparative literary analysis, the study examines how Mukherjee articulates the struggles of her female protagonists as they navigate cultural displacement, patriarchal...

This article examines the transformation of the meaning of the Quran in the context of death rites and death commemorations in Javanese society, especially in Central Java and Yogyakarta, during the period 2000–2023. This research approach is qualitative by utilizing ethnographic data, archival studies, ritual documentation, and in-depth interviews...

This study examines the phenomenon of migration and refugeedom within the context of Turkey, not solely through the lens of migrants' integration processes, but also by critically focusing on how the host society actively constructs and conditions these processes. In the current literature, migration is often conceptualized through one-dimensional...

The current investigation examined terror management defenses employed by Muslim Americans and moderating effects of acculturation and religiosity. Associations between death salience and worldview defense were predicted to vary according to acculturation and religious commitment. Study 1 measured acculturation and reactions to traditional or moder...

Several studies have shown that the process of immigration and the accompanying stress of acculturation and adaptation arerisk factors for the appearance of mental disorders in adolescents. To explore the adaptation and acculturation experienceof youths reporting nonsuicidal self-injury behavior and mental health difficulties. Additionally, the stu...

This study examines the processes of cultural interaction and change through digital platforms within the framework of acculturation, digital acculturation, and interculturality. The impact of digital acculturation on the transmission and transformation of cultural values is analyzed through the musical works of Sami Yusuf. The study emphasizes tha...

Studying cultural preferences can provide valuable insights into individuals’ cultural identity, as it provides information on the degree to which they define themselves and their sense of belonging to a culture or ethnic group. Assuming that cultural identity has an explicit and implicit facet, this study aimed to investigate the quality of and re...

In local education governance, the governance needs of the judiciary, the community and the public are different, so diversified governance is needed to meet the requirements of local governance. At present, there are some problems in education governance, such as poor departmental assistance, unclear guidance direction, and non-standard governance...

This study examines the phenomenon of migration and refugeedom within the context of Turkey, not solely through the lens of migrants' integration processes, but also by critically focusing on how the host society actively constructs and conditions these processes. In the current literature, migration is often conceptualized through one-dimensional...

This study examined the moderating effect of Asian American (AA) parents’ experiences of racial discrimination on the relationship between parents’ cultural orientation (e.g., acculturation, enculturation) and domains of racial-ethnic socialization (RES). The sample included 159 AA parents ( M age = 40.97, range = 25–53 years). Significant interact...

This study examines two contrasting cases: the remote indigenous communities on Mentawai and Rupat Islands (Riau), where the majority of the original populations have formally adopted Christianity and Buddhism as their religious identities. The purpose of this research is to explore how indigenous belief systems are preserved amidst the pressures f...

Plain language summary A Cross-Sectional, Quantitative Study on Acculturation and Health-Promoting Lifestyle among Nigerian Americans There are hundreds of thousands of Nigerian immigrants in the United States, but their specific health status is poorly documented due to data aggregation with other Black ethnicities. Even though acculturation influ...

Along with the arrival of Islam into Cirebon, Sintren dance became one of the traditional arts that experienced a process of cultural acculturation, so that Islamic elements began to be included in the performance and became a medium for Islamic propagation. This study aims to identify and analyze the religious value of Sintren dance in Kacirebonan...

As international student enrollments surge in U.S. higher education, understanding their experiences is crucial for fostering an inclusive and successful environment. This study used a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to explore the challenges and coping strategies of international students during acculturation. Data were collected through in-...

Purpose of Review Despite significant attention directed towards examining the effect of cannabis use on psychosis pathology, little is known about socioenvironmental or developmental predictors of cannabis use and initiation nor about motivations for cannabis initiation in psychosis populations. This is especially salient given that individuals ac...

Purpose: This qualitative descriptive phenomenological study aimed to investigate the acculturation experiences of English Language Learners (ELLs) within the classroom learning environment in the United States. The central problem of this study was the acculturation experiences of ELLs within in the classroom environment in the United States. This...

Background: Acculturation involves complex and domain-specific adaptations as migrants engage with new cultural environments. Despite its relevance to psychological wellbeing and integration, few validated tools exist to assess these changes across diverse migrant groups. This study aimed to validate the Multi-Ethnic Acculturation Scale (MAS) in a...

Petik Laut practice, which is carried out in coastal areas of East Java, Indonesia, is an expression of appreciation and prayer for protection by fishing communities. This study investigates cultural acculturation that occurs in the Petik Laut tradition in Payangan Beach, Jember, with a focus on the integration of various cultural and religious asp...

Second-generation Haitian American emerging adults function within three cultures; the American culture, Black American culture, and the Haitian culture. Balancing and living within multiple cultures while trying to grow in autonomy and adulthood can affect the mental health of emerging adults. Gaining independence while finding identity coupled wi...

Purpose This study aimed to clarify patterns of Berry’s acculturation strategy and further identify the factors influencing physician trust among internal migrants. Methods This study used a sample of 1,200 respondents of Shanghai’s migrant population through an online survey (Wenjuanxing platform) from January 2021 to December 2021. K-means clust...

For many years, the fragmentary writings by Artapanus, Demetrius, and Philo the poet were insufficiently acknowledged for their profoundly illuminative content on Jewish thinking and acculturation. These fragments shed light on the perspectives of Egyptian-Jewish writers who sought not only to preserve their distinct Jewish roots but also to forge...

Acculturation is a key process in the adaptation of immigrant women to their host countries, influenced by social, cultural, and structural factors. Physical activity and sport have been identified as potential tools to facilitate this transition, promoting social inclusion and cultural adaptation. This systematic review, following the PRISMA guide...

The current study describes a cost-effective method for adapting large language models (LLMs) for academic advising with study-abroad contexts in mind and for application in low-resource methods for acculturation. With the Mistral-7B-Instruct model applied with a Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) method and a 4-bit quantization method, the model underwent...

Introduction Gender disparities in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among ethnic minorities remain a critical concern. HRQoL refers to the assessment of an individual’s subjective physical and psychological well-being. This study investigates these disparities within the Arab ethnic minority in Israel, focusing on the interplay between accult...

U.S. immigrant‐origin emerging adults must negotiate their cultural identities—ethnic (EI) and American national identities—as part of acculturation to ensure optimal adaptation in the receiving context. Contextual factors, like immigration policy, state immigrant concentration, and public perceptions of immigrants, may affect identity negotiation....

This study investigates the critical factors contributing to the endangerment of the Suba language in Kenya. Primarily spoken by older members of the Suba community, the language faces significant challenges driven by several interconnected factors. A literature review and ethnographic research identified four primary drivers of Suba language decli...