Science topics: Academic Performance
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Publications related to Academic Performance (10,000)
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Accurate prediction of students' performance is critical in this digital age for educational institutions to identify at-risk pupils and provide timely interventions. Numerous models have been proposed under different educational contexts to address it, but there is a lack of sophisticated models causing difficulty for the user in giving guidance t...
In the present educational context, enhancing students' understanding of ecological concepts is increasingly crucial in addressing global environmental challenges. Pedagogical engineering, which involves the systematic design of learning processes, is emerging as an effective strategy for improving science education. Although the Moroccan education...
Teaching is widely recognized as one of the most emotionally demanding and high-stress professions worldwide. In China, these challenges are particularly pronounced due to unrealistically high expectations for teachers, excessive workloads, and intense pressure on students’ academic performance imposed by both the educational system and societal ex...
Learning Analytics (LA) concerns the analysis of educational data to enhance learning processes and conditions. Its growing use in higher education has inspired synthesis studies on its applications and effectiveness in studying academic performance, with have had heterogeneous approaches and results. Previous meta-reviews have not provided compreh...
This study aimed to develop a prediction model to classify students based on their academic procrastination tendencies, which were measured and classified as low and high using a self-report tool developed based on the students’ assignment submission behaviours logged in the learning management system’s database. The students’ temporal learning tra...
Chinese vocational institutions grapple with significant challenges in inclusivity and equity, where traditional teaching methods often ignore the diverse cultural backgrounds of students, leading to disengagement and suboptimal academic performance. Culturally responsive teaching (CRT) provides a promising approach by incorporating students' cultu...
The educational attainment of Orang Asli students, a minority group in Malaysia, particularly in mathematics, has been a persistent concern. Despite this, research on Orang Asli mathematics education, especially in the southern region of Peninsular Malaysia, remains scarce. This study scrutinized the academic performance of Orang Asli students in w...
Proper self-regulating skills are essential in the new reality of digital learning in higher education. Research has shown that the trace data of students’ learning management system activity can identify various online learning tactics and strategies, but also their transitional dynamics, which are linked to academic performance. This study builds...
The integration of Internet technology and foreign language teaching has led to the emergence of online foreign language learning, and a large amount of foreign language learner behavioral data generated in this regard urgently needs to be collected, processed and analyzed. This paper proposes a data collection scheme for foreign language learners’...
In the information age, the rapid development of technology and information technology has created a good learning environment for each student, so that everyone can grow actively and vividly, which is the main theme of today’s information age. This paper aimed to explore the application research of intelligent multi-sensor technology in higher edu...
The digitalization of education promotes the transformation and development of education, and in the teaching of English in colleges and universities, information technology and digital technology provide teachers with brand-new teaching methods and platforms. Therefore, this paper constructs a set of multimodal knowledge methods for English course...
Blended teaching aims to integrate the advantages of online learning and face-to-face teaching to realize the efficient delivery of teaching content and activities. This paper combines the BOPPPS teaching model with online and offline blended teaching, designs a BOPPPS blended teaching strategy based on intelligent question and answer technology, a...
This study examined the relationship between the level of spiritual practices and the academic performance of university students in state universities across Samar Island. It also aimed to propose a values development instructional package for university students. Using proportionate random sampling, the study involved 346 Education students from...
This paper examines children's digital experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic as a specific aspect of digital divide. Utilizing a survey of 2,004 English parents aged 20 to 55, the study explores how various factors-including household living conditions, parents' sociodemographic status, and sociotechnical variables such as children's usage frequ...
This study explored how gamification affects learning outcomes in science education,
specifically among seventh-grade students. Using a quasi-experimental research design, the
research compared instruction based on gamification (Sheppard Software) with traditional
teaching (Chalk and Board) in the science unit on Living Things and the Environment....
This 15-year longitudinal study investigated research exposure among 1,039 medical students in Brasilia. It found that 42.7% of students engaged in research, primarily influenced by academic performance. Among those exposed, 42.4% co-authored publications, with a notable impact on postgraduate outcomes. At a 10-year follow-up, 7.6% earned a PhD, ri...
Developing a daily reading habit is the most efficient method for students to learn to read. This practice can help students improve their academic performance and become more valued as part of society. The study "A Survey on Reading Habits Among Students" was conducted among degree-seeking students using a simple random selection method. The data...
The rapid rise of Generative AI in education has brought transformative potential. However, there is limited empirical insight into the factors influencing students’ use of these tools and their impact on academic performance. Specifically, research has not thoroughly examined how task-technology fit and behavioral factors shape Generative AI usage...
This study investigates the dynamic interplay between income, livelihood, and educational outcomes among tribal communities in Anuppur district, Madhya Pradesh, from an econo-educationist perspective. Qualitative data collected from 50 households, 5 key informant interviews, and community surveys reveal that nearly 70% of tribal families experience...
AI-based mentoring systems provide personalized and adaptive support to learners in higher education, utilizing artificial intelligence to facilitate individualized learning pathways. These systems offer real-time feedback, promote self-regulated learning, and generate data-driven insights that enhance academic performance and learner engagement. T...
Background: guarana and green tea are known as compounds that may improve cognitive performance due to their high content of caffeine and other neurostimulants, such as theobromine in the case of guarana and ECGC (apigalocatechin-3-galate) in that of green tea. Methods: this study investigates the effects of Paullinia cupana (guarana) and Camellia...
Background: Formative feedback (FF) is a key pedagogical tool in anatomy
education, aiming to enhance learning by fostering self-regulation, motivation,
and conceptual understanding. However, its effectiveness in improving
academic performance remains inconclusive.
Objective: This study investigates the impact of FF on student perceptions and
acade...
Objectives
Energy drink (ED) consumption is frequently observed among higher education students and is often associated with increased concentration and academic performance. However, the purported benefits are not fully supported by scientific evidence. This protocol details methods for a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects...
The need for more participatory, student-centered approaches to learning has come to light in recent years to raise student performance in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Alternative approaches such as clicker-based literacy and storytelling have surfaced as effective means of involving students and promoting more in-depth learning opportunities throughout t...
El consumo de bebidas energéticas ha ganado popularidad entre los jóvenes, especialmente en estudiantes de educación superior, debido a su capacidad para combatir la somnolencia y mejorar la concentración. Sin embargo, su ingesta prolongada puede generar efectos adversos en la salud, como insomnio, ansiedad y alteraciones cardiovasculares, atribuib...
Este estudio compara el impacto del Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP) en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes en diferentes disciplinas universitarias, específicamente en ingeniería de sistemas y enfermería, a partir de los estudios de Alejos (2017) y Lujan (2018). Mientras que en el contexto de programación en ingeniería el ABP no mostró me...
The midday meal (MDM) program is vital in improving nutritional status and academic outcomes, particularly among basic school students from economically needy backgrounds. The MDM program provides nutritious meals to enhance school attendance, concentration on learning, class activities, and overall academic performance. This study synthesizes data...
Background-Assessment is a successful tool for learning. Continuous internal assessment (CIA) is implemented to improve sustained students learning with quality. It has several benefits and limitations. The aim of the study is to investigate student's perception towards continuous internal assessment. Materials and Methods-The study was conducted o...
The study assessed the instructional effectiveness of Senior High School accounting teachers and its impact on students’ academic performance. Given the important role teachers’ instructional effectiveness play on the academic success of students, this study investigated whether the decline in financial accounting performance of senior high school...
The use of technology and gamification has changed the way mathematical concepts are presented and taught, offering new approaches to foster student engagement and active learning. This study examines the effects of using technology-based gamification on mathematics acquisition in elementary and secondary schools. The research analyzes the impact o...
Background and Aims
Traditional teaching methods in medical education often fail to engage students or foster critical research skills required for evidence‐based medicine. Project‐based learning (PBL) is widely recognized for promoting active learning and improving academic performance, although its application in research‐focused medical courses...
This study examines the impact of class size on the quality of secondary education in Uvira. The research explores how student-to-teacher ratios affect academic performance, teacher effectiveness, and overall learning conditions. Through qualitative and quantitative analyses, data were collected from teachers, students, and school administrators to...
Socio-emotional skills have been identified as critical for individuals to achieve success in the twenty-first century. These skills are especially crucial for undergraduate and postgraduate students to navigate the challenges associated with academic learning, well-being, and future job performance. However, little attention has been given to expl...
Background Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) causes significant disturbance in an individual's well-being and activity. Whereby, interfering with the dynamic progress in life. Also, anxiety is a product of stress and a major predictor of academic performance. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), measure...
, this study aimed to visualize the real picture on the status of the level of performance of learners and the challenges faced by the teachers in the new normal-post pandemic time as the learners have already returned to the face-to-face set up. This study may be useful in discovering new approaches or policies to better provide quality basic educ...
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education has transformed academic learning, offering both opportunities and challenges for students’ development. This study investigates the impact of AI technologies on students’ learning processes and academic performance, with a focus on their perceptions and the challenges associated with AI...
This research paper investigates the influence of teachers as ethical role models on the academic and personal development of college students at intermediate level. Recognizing that teachers significantly shape students’ academic performance and ethical frameworks; this study aims to explore how students perceive and are affected by the ethical be...
This paper analyses the performance of master’s graduates in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM) disciplines in Italy. Data are from the Almalaurea Survey on Graduates’ Employment status in 2022. The analysis considers nine indicators that account for graduates’ academic performance, employment characteristics, and satisfaction wit...
Objective
Time perspective and time management disposition are critical factors influencing academic achievement. Although balanced time perspective (BTP) has been associated with adaptive functioning across various life domains, its relationship with academic performance remains underexplored. This study proposes a moderated mediation model to exa...
This study examined the effect of scaffolding learning strategy on social studies pre-service teachers' achievement in cybercrime prevention in universities in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The quasi-experimental design was considered appropriate for this study. The participants (213 pre-service teachers) for this study were selected using multistage sampl...
Mental health issues among college students have reached critical levels, significantly impacting academic performance and overall wellbeing. Predicting and understanding mental health status among college students is challenging due to three main factors: the necessity for large-scale longitudinal datasets, the prevalence of black-box machine lear...
This systematic review, conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, evaluates the efficacy of emerging digital technologies—namely virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and adaptive learning technologies (ALT)—in enhancing vocabulary acquisition within English as a second l...
Impulsivity, cognitive arousal, and sleep quality are critical factors affecting college students’ well-being and academic performance. While impulsivity negatively influences sleep quality, the mediating role of cognitive arousal remains underexplored. The present study assesses how impulsivity affects sleep quality through cognitive arousal. Spec...
Background
Adolescent psychosocial symptoms continue to rise, negatively affecting academic performance and future achievement, and have become an important public health issue of common concern worldwide. However, few studies have been conducted on the association between body roundness index (BRI) and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption an...
Introduction
Higher education institutions, especially those reliant on public funding, focus heavily on academic performance and student dropout rates. Early identification of students with academic challenges is crucial for timely intervention. However, many predictive models are complex, data-intensive, and applicable only after students begin t...
English proficiency plays a pivotal role in academic and professional success, yet English as a Second Language (ESL) students face substantial linguistic, academic, and psychological challenges that hinder their performance in higher education. This study examines key barriers, including the absence of standardized proficiency assessments, languag...
Learning motivation plays a crucial role in students' academic performance. Self-determination theory (SDT), a theoretical framework for explaining human behavioral motivation, provides an important perspective for examining the impact of learning motivation on academic achievement. Based on SDT, this study conducts an in-depth analysis of the infl...
Introduction
Goitre is a significant public health problem, particularly in underdeveloped countries like Ethiopia. Iodine Deficiency Disease is the leading cause of preventable brain injury in children, resulting in poor academic performance.
Objectives
To determine the prevalence of goitre and associated factors among children aged 6–12 years in...
Background
Academic success is a multifaceted outcome influenced by various demographic and psychosocial factors. Understanding these determinants is essential for developing effective interventions, particularly in demanding disciplines such as physiotherapy and rehabilitation. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between academic...
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with significant effects on educational outcomes, mental well-being, and general quality of life. While extensive literature has highlighted early diagnosis of ADHD in children, limited literature addresses the university student population [1]. The present research a...
To ensure a sustainable future, it is important to align educational practices with global sustainability goals. This study examines the impact of integrating the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into a first-year social education methodology course. Using a survey of 70 students, the relationships between students’ knowledge of...
This study examines Pakistani international students' adaptation and integration experiences in Chinese higher education, focusing on intellectual, social, and cultural dimensions. Using a mixed-methods approach, data was collected from 58 students via surveys and interviews. SPSS analysis highlights key challenges, including language barriers and...
Dropout is one of the critical issues faced by educational institutions in terms of both academic performance and institutional efficiency. The project, Student Churn Prophecy Using Machine Learning, aims at predicting the likelihood of dropout using machine learning algorithms. A broad range of student data, such as academic performance, attendanc...
Educational opportunities are still heavily dependent on the parental home. For this reason, support concepts are needed that not only focus on the child but also its environment. With the so-called multi-family groups in school, a schooling approach has been found, in which at-risk students can develop social and emotional skills and experience se...
Dashboards have become a crucial element of contemporary business operation and management; therefore, it is desirable for business students to acquire knowledge of them. This article investigates the effectiveness of designing learning activities around investment dashboards in the context of introductory business analytics (IBA) courses. We desig...
Spiritual Quotient (SQ) is a term that refers to a person's ability to understand and apply spiritual and ethical principles in their life. While IQ looks at cognitive intelligence, EQ looks at emotional power of a person and spiritual quotient (SQ) looks at spiritual power of a person. Spiritual quotient encompasses a range of qualities, such as c...
Action Research Proposal Proposed Title: Improving Grade 7 Students' classroom interaction during English subject I. Context and Rationale Classroom interaction plays a vital role in enhancing student engagement and understanding, especially in subjects like English, which require critical thinking and collaborative learning. However, many Grade 7...
This study employs 2011 Census data linked to population-based administrative datasets to explore disparities in educational attainment and earnings trajectories among Australian-born children of diverse parental migration backgrounds from mid-adolescence to early adulthood. Non-English Speaking Background (NESB) second-generation immigrants exhibi...
Augmented Reality (AR) as a resource in all areas of education is now a reality. Since the widespread use of smartphones, the number of AR applications has not stopped growing, and it has potential use in education. In this publication, we analyse the suitability of AR-based apps to teach STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) conc...
In this paper we reimagine linear regression modeling as a relational method for cultural analysis. In a study of peer effects and achievement in an academic institution, we show how the regression model itself may be understood as positing a network of pairwise influence relations among social actors that produces the outcome modeled by the regres...
(1) Background: Cognitive stimulation during the first years of school is key to the comprehensive development of children, as it impacts functions such as attention, memory, and intelligence, and contributes to their academic performance and social adaptation. The present study aims to evaluate how the use of the abacus and physical exercise impro...
This research investigates the effectiveness of visualisation techniques in teaching mathematical modelling fundamentals to agricultural university students. We examine the hypothesis that dynamic vector diagrams representing mechanical motion characteristics (velocity, acceleration, and force) enhance student learning outcomes. The study compares...
Background and aim: The significance of Chinese percussion instruments is undeniable since they play a crucial part in Chinese music education. Nevertheless, there is a lack of extensive research on efficient teaching methodologies to improve student performance in this domain. Prior research has examined music education in a broad sense, but it ha...
Peer interaction and social roles have been important factors in students' academic performance. Recent work on what influences academic performance in Thailand has focused on the quality of a school, students' backgrounds, and students themselves. A few works have analyzed the correlation between social roles and students' academic achievement. Th...
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder typically diagnosed in childhood. Characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, ADHD can significantly impact a child's academic performance, social interactions, and overall quality of life.. Objective: To explore the parents' accept...
English serves as the lingua franca in Nigeria; consequently, proficiency in the language is a crucial determinant of academic success. Students who demonstrate strong English language skills tend to outperform those with deficiencies, and, as a result, are more likely to gain admission into higher education institutions. However, psychological bar...
This paper presents a case study of the scientific activities and STEM education initiatives implemented at the Department of Computer Sciences at Dmytro Motornyi Tavria State Agrotechnological University in Ukraine. The study examines how engaging students in research projects, scientific circles, and STEM-focused curricula can enhance their acqui...
Self-explanation serves as a constructive learning scaffold in education, actively engaging learners in the identification of knowledge gaps and the rectification of erroneous mental models. This study aimed to examine the effects of self-explanation on students’ academic performance in digital learning environments and to test the possible moderat...
This article explores effective strategies for educators to cultivate student motivation, foster a sense of autonomy, and overcome resistance to new teaching methods. It synthesizes insights from teachers' perspectives, research, and practical techniques to provide a comprehensive guide for creating engaging and effective learning environments. The...
Rapid social media usage has greatly influenced the lives of adolescents shaping their mental health and academic performance. This research paper analyzes the gap in understanding the impact of social media usage on the psychological well-being and academic performance of adolescents, providing valuable insights into improved practices for both pa...
Bridging the Digital Divide: Assessing Socioeconomic and Technological Factors Affecting 12th Grade Students' Engagement with Facebook Groups in Learning Quantitative Research The integration of social media into education has transformed the learning experience, yet disparities in access and engagement persist. This study examines the socioeconomi...
In this five-year longitudinal study focused on digital support for continuing and first-generation college students, we examined how digital curricular enhancements that promoted students’ self-regulated learning skills (e.g, the Science of Learning to Learn) through trainings delivered on the university learning management system course site of a...
This study aims to investigate the effect of using Microsoft Teams on the academic achievement of bachelor students in the English Language 102 course at Al-Huson University College in the academic year 2023/2024 by using the quantitative method. The quantitative results reveal that students using Microsoft Teams achieved significantly higher grade...
This study investigates the efficacy of integrating augmented reality (AR)-based gamification with self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies to enhance middle school students’ academic performance, engagement, satisfaction, and self-efficacy in science education. Employing immersive AR technologies alongside gamification elements, this approach is d...
Current society needs professionals able to identify and collaboratively solve the main challenges of the 21st century. Students must be trained to face real challenges in their future workplaces and to acquire the necessary competencies to succeed in the current-day global world. As an answer to such needs, the Tecnologico de Monterrey launched in...
Developing Metacognitive Skills Through Inquiry-Based Science Reading: A Pathway to Academic Excellence Metacognitive skills-thinking about one's own thinking-play a crucial role in academic success, particularly in science education. Inquiry-based science reading fosters these skills by encouraging students to actively engage with scientific texts...
This literature review focuses on the effect of working memory deficits on academic performance in children with ADHD. Many research studies cover the basic aspects of ADHDs impact on both working memory and school performance. However, many neglect the variance in academic performances that are affected. For example, many researchers have neglecte...
Systematically examining the correlation between the lifestyle habits of undergraduate students and their academic performance holds significant practical implications in advancing higher education. This study adopts an integrated perspective and analyzes a substantial dataset (3,123,840 data points) of 3499 undergraduates at a Chinese university....
With the accelerating process of globalization, the variations in parenting styles across different cultural contexts have increasingly drawn attention. These differences have profound implications not only for children's psychological development but also for their academic performance and overall well-being. This study examines the expressions an...
This paper aimed to investigate the relationship between school leadership and students’ academic performance in secondary schools of Rusizi District. To achieve this objective, the research used a descriptive survey design. The investigation was guided by the Transformational Leadership Theory. The study was conducted in Rusizi district in Rwanda....
This paper presents a systematic literature review of using Machine Learning (ML) techniques in higher education career recommendation. Despite the growing interest in leveraging AI for personalized academic guidance, no previous reviews have synthesized the diverse methodologies in this field. To fill this gap, we analyzed 38 studies selected from...
Sex motivated by economic exchange is a major public health problem which predisposes individuals to HIV and other sexually-transmitted diseases. The current study explored the psychosocial challenges faced by young females dating sugar daddies. A qualitative approach using a case study design was employed. A purposive sampling method was used to s...
This chapter discusses the effect of AI on student academic performance in a public university in Sri Lanka using the technology acceptance model (TAM), especially with AI tools like ChatGPT, Bard AI, and Quillbot. The application of AI in higher education also assumes a more important role in offering more interactive and mentoring help for studen...
When students put off preparing for an exam despite knowing they have a deadline and should do so, this is known as procrastination by examination. Students who are anxious about failing the test may put things off. They may put off doing it if they are having trouble understanding the topic. Students who have bad study habits may put off tasks. De...
This study presents an innovative approach to support educational administration, focusing on the optimization of university admission processes using feature selection algorithms. The research addresses the challenges of concept drift, outlier treatment, and the weighting of key factors in admission criteria. The proposed methodology identifies th...
This study aims to investigate the common errors made by Saudi EFL major students in essay writing and identify the possible sources of these recurring errors. By examining the specific linguistic challenges faced by these students, the study provide s insights into the underlying factors affecting their writing proficiency. A t otal of thirty essa...
Anchored in the uses and gratifications theory, this study explored the effect of ChatGPT use (GPU) on the doctoral students’ academic research progress (ARP) and examined the moderating role of hedonic gratification (HEG) in this relationship. While much of the existing research has focused on ChatGPT’s role in areas such as higher education satis...
Rural education competition has emerged as an irreversible trend in China’s rural regions. From the perspective of life course, it is mainly reflected in the divergence of education trajectories for rural students before college enrollment. The study of rural education competition and its consequences holds significant practical implications for co...
Poor implementation of public health interventions in schools highlights the need for implementation support. In 21 municipalities in the region of Southern Denmark, we assessed educational administrators’ and headteachers’ perceived organisational readiness for implementing school-based healthy weight interventions. Inspired by the heuristic by Sc...
Traditional student placement in college programs based on academic performance, interviews, and student choice may not always yield optimal results. This study proposes a machine learning-based model for teacher education program placement, integrating student interests and diagnostic test results across various specializations. Data from 208 fres...
Purpose: This research aimed to assess gender differences in academic performance, aptitude, emotional intelligence, and grit among the students.
Method: The sample included 302 students (250 females and 52 males) from Saudi health sciences institutes, located in Riyadh, Jeddah and Alahsa. Data collection was done through Google Forms which was bas...
This study explores the application of Yonisomanasikara (wise reflection) in the learning process of university students at MCU. Yonisomanasikara is a critical thinking approach deeply rooted in Buddhist teachings, which enhances students’ ability to analyze, reflect, and apply knowledge systematically. In modern education, integrating Yonisomanasi...
The current study aims to explore the efficiency of the AI tool (Mid Journey) for improving the reading comprehension skills of Pakistani dyslexic students. The literature revealed that the use of artificial intelligence is very instrumental in improving the learning experience of dyslexic students, as learning through conventional teaching makes t...
This article examines the factors that influence the decisions of university students such as complexities of the application process, geographical location and financial constraints. It also explores the reasons behind student dropout which include inadequate secondary education, burnout, lack of social support, experiences of racism, poor academi...
Higher education institutions are constantly confronting an increasing student enrollment. With this, large class sizes became a substantial challenge due to their possible influence on the quality of education. Based on several studies, students and faculties often perceive large classes as an obstruction to learning. (Wang, Liz & Calvano, Lisa.,...
This study investigates the impact of personalized learning on student engagement and academic performance in technology-enhanced educational environments. With the increasing integration of digital tools and artificial intelligence (AI) in classrooms, personalized learning has emerged as a key strategy for addressing diverse student needs. Using a...
This study investigates the effectiveness of incorporating Photomath, a mobile application, in enhancing independent learning and academic performance of Grade 7 students in Algebra. The research aims to explore the potential of Photomath in improving students' understanding and retention of algebraic concepts and their ability to solve problems in...
Background
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of loosely regulated online quizzes in evaluating students’ knowledge outcomes compared to a traditional summative examination, using Medical Bacteriology and Mycology as a model.
Methods
A retrospective review of the student’s academic performances was conducted (n = 320), analyzing the q...
Child-parent relationship is the first interpersonal interaction that can also effect on child learning and can also affect the strength of their social, mental, physical and emotional well-being. So the present study was designed to explore the child-parent relationship and its effect on child learning, with a focus on understanding the broader so...