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Abscisic Acid - Science topic

Abscisic Acid is an abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.
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What role does abscisic acid play in regulating transpiration and water loss during drought stress?
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Abscisic acid (ABA) is a critical plant hormone that plays a pivotal role in drought stress response by acting as a master regulator of water conservation mechanisms. During water scarcity, ABA levels rapidly increase, triggering a cascade of physiological responses designed to minimize water loss and protect plant tissues. The hormone primarily functions by inducing stomatal closure, which dramatically reduces transpiration and prevents excessive water evaporation from leaf surfaces.
At the cellular level, ABA activates specific ion channels and signaling pathways that cause guard cells surrounding stomata to shrink, effectively closing these microscopic pores and limiting water vapor escape. Additionally, the hormone stimulates the expression of genes involved in osmotic adjustment, allowing plant cells to maintain turgor pressure and cellular integrity under dehydration conditions. This sophisticated molecular strategy enables plants to survive prolonged drought periods by conserving water, protecting cellular structures, and maintaining minimal metabolic activities until more favorable conditions return.
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Is it that chlorophyll content and protein level are significantly affected under drought?
Do drought-tolerant genotypes produce specific secondary metabolites? If yes what are the secondary metabolites?
What should one look for (in terms of biochemical parameters) when studying drought tolerance or sensitivity in legume or cereal genotypes.
Please see the link below:
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Is there a text book or paper that explained what happens after corn receives exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) foliar application, how it's absorbed and transferred? where does it go and what does it do? what are the mechanisms and what changes happens in the plant (up or down regulations for genes, biosynthesis pathways etc) that lead to increase root hydraulic condtivity, stomatal closure and so on?
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In general, plants under abiotic stress conditions respond favorably to foliar application of ABA. In sugarcane, it has been reported to improve drought tolerance. Like sugarcane, maize also belongs to grass family, and has the same photosynthetic efficiency as the C4 plant. Maize is, therefore, expected to behave similarly. For details, please go through the attached PDF.
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Methods that can help to find out the plant ABA content under abiotic stress.
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Dear @Girija Prasad Patnaik Please check the following links, and attached PDFs; hope, these may be be useful to you.
Best wishes, AKC
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I have gene analysis experiment in Arabidopsis thaliana using qRT-PCR, I'm wondering which reference genes i can use knowing that i subjected the plants to abiotic stress ( abscisic acid, H2O2, HNE ( 4-hydroxynonenal)) Thanks in advance
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Some more suggestions. With Arabidopsis thaliana, you should have no problems finding stable HKGs since it's a model species. However, remember that the stability of each HKG has to be confirmed before using it for your results because the fact that some HKG are stable during, for example, water stress does not mean that they will be stable in your case with different doses of abscisic acid, H2O2, HNE, etc. Overall, the genes that are often used for abiotic stress in plants include: GAPDH, UBQ, ACT, 18S, TUB, and EF
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I'm studying the levels of abscisic acid in a few designated plants. It’s widely accepted that (S)-(+)-cis-ABA is the naturally occurring form in plant. However, I wondered have anyone experimentally identify R-(−)- abscisic acid in plant. Much appreciated if someone can share their insights on this.
Regards,
Wong
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Agreed @Frank
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I want to Quantify plant hormones (ABA, JA and SA) by LCMS/MS.In most of the hormone extraction and quantification protocol  isotope labelled standard of the corresponding hormones are used as Internal standard in LCMS. However in my case I don't have isotope labelled Internal standards. I have only normal standards of the hormones. So, In such a situation, can I use Leucine Enkephalin as internal standards for the Quantification of plant hormones (ABA, JA and SA) by LCMS/MS. Actually I am saying so in reference to a protocol which I got in internet and they suggested to use Leucine Enkaphalin as internal standards for the Relative Quantification plant hormones (ABA, JA and SA) by LCMS/MS.
Reference Link
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Does Sorbitol or mannitol work as internal standard for phytohormone analysis in LC/MS?
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Does anyone have a list/a link to a publication with a list of the best solvents for ABA, specifically S-(+)-ABA?
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Read this paper. Thank you and good luck.
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Do you know any example where abscisic acid or salicylic acid induce tissue-specific or age-specific transcription factors?
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Pre mature leaf senescence in rice is one example, but there can be others too. the one on rice leaves is available on 'Plant Physiology' journal's website
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Abscisic acid hormone can be estimated by HPLC on dry tissue not a fresh tissue of maize leaves??
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Please have a look at enclosed PDFs...
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Abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations in tissues.
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De novo synthesis of ABA occurs in root tissue, induced by variation in root water potential, soil oxygen content, and degree of soil compaction, and also responding to changes in nutritional conditions in the rhizosphere. Limitation of P caused low ABA accumulation in leaves and K+ limitation led to an increased biosynthesis of ABA in the roots. The changes in ABA concentration in a range of plant tissues (i.e. roots, axes, and leaves) and fluids (i.e. xylem and phloem) vary with situations such as a moderate salt stress increased ABA transport .
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Hello, everyone. Recently I performed an experiment to investigate the dynamics of stomatal movement, guard cells on the intact leaf were applied with ABA (Abscisic acid) and monitored the stomatal aperture by the camera. The stomata started to close after the treatment. I obtained the stack containing 100 images. Now I want to analyze the stomatal aperture by Fiji/imageJ. General speaking, most of people use the “straight line” function to measure it. But the stomatal aperture changed all the time, from large to small when the guard cells are given ABA. That means we need to adjust the length of the straight line by hand all the time. It is inevitable to make an error that leading to an unreliable result. So, does anyone know how to measure the dynamics of stomatal aperture automatically by Fiji/ImageJ?
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Hi Thomsa, thank you for your answer. It seems there is not any automated approach for measuring stomatal aperture. 
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I'm studying the expression of some genes involved in drought response. I would like to set up an experiment in durum wheat in which plants will be treated with different concentration of exogenous ABA.
Is it necessary to use the (+)-ABA or I could use the (+/-)ABA for the treatment for this purpose?
Regards
Valentina
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We use ProTone®  s-abscisic acid (s-ABA) to spray on grapevines (V.vinifera). 
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Could anyone suggest a protocol to estimate Abscisic acid (ABA) in plants using spectrometer ?
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UV-Visible spectrophotometer
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Is there a simplified but accurate measurement by spectrophotometer?
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The antibody mediated ELISA kit will be the appropriate and accurate for quantitative purpose. Since hormones are in generally ppm level. better to use the kit for detection. We recently did got the best result.
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Our HPLC instrument has C18 column and gets choked as soon as we use any buffer system to maintain pH so we cannot technically use any buffer or acid for lowering  pH. 
I need some HPLC method for analysis of vitamins without using buffer. 
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Acetate and phosphate buffers are very common in HPLC and these buffer solutions usually do not cause any problems, unless wrong concentration, wrong pH and old buffer solution with precipitations. Most C 18 columns usually function well pH 3 to 9 range and buffer solution pH should be verified first, than filtered with Nylon 0.45 micro filters. Buffer concentration should be controlled between 10 mM -50 mM, and after analysis flush system to remove buffer out from HPLC lines and store column in organic solvent like Acetonitrile or Methanol.
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I need procedures to quantify ABA in wheat leaves. But we doesn't has a HPLC/ GC-MS, so may be there is some alternative methods, it will be useful.
Thanks
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ELISA
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I am doing so R&D on role of Abscisic acid to improve coloure & texture in grape, so please share some knowledge about it.
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can it work to improve the colour & texture of horticulture crops?
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This is for PCR amplification.
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Are you sure there is such a gene? Abscisic acid is not a protein...
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My understanding is that ABA is more sensitively detected under negative mode (263>153), but I failed to obtain any peaks from my standard and samples. Under positive mode, on the other hand, we have got a peak from both the standard and samples (265>247). Since the majority of publications are showing data of ABA analyzed in negative mode, we are also eager to do so.
Why do you think we are failing to obtain results in negative mode? What are the possible reasons for getting results only from positive mode but not from negative mode?
Thank you very much
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Did you optimize all the mass spec parameters in the negative ion mode? You will need to optimize the ESI voltage, nebulizer gas flow, auxiliary gas temperature and others like the collision energy. Negative ESI typically uses lower ESI voltages and higher nebulizer gas flows than positive ion mode. The collision energy is one of the most crucial settings, the fragmentation of some compounds are very sensitive to this value, and it will need to be optimized for 263>153 MRM transition on your system.
Also you might need to clean the ESI source especially if compounds like tetrabutylammonium salts have been run, they can completely absorb the signal in negative ion mode. To check if the source is dirty, infuse a 5ug/ml solution of Sodium Iodide in 50% water:methanol, a peak at m/z 127 should be very obvious, if not clean the source!
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Xanthoxin is a part of ABA biosynthesis. Is there anyone who has a protocol for its quantification?
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Xanthoxin is availabel in Triveni Interchem Pvt. Ltd., India Contact No is 09227788177. It is available with 25 kg minimum quantity. I have contacted them but they are not sending the quotation for the same. Please contact them and if you purchased please provide me the same of 10 grams.
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I am looking for d6-ABA standards and also looking for the supply of ABA analogs listed below;
 ·         (+)-8'-acetylene ABA
·         (-)-2',3'-dihydroacetylenic abscisyl alcohol
·         (+)-8[prime]-Methylene ABA
·         RCA-7a [l-(3-carboxyl-5-methylphenyl)-l-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexene]
·         2',3'-dihydroABAs
·         (+)-(2Z,4E)-(1S,6S)-5-(1-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-4 oxocyclohexyl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid)
·         Methyl (me)-ABA
·         ABA aldehyde
·         Dihydro ABA
·         Acetylenic divinyl me-ABA
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you may get this product from PlantMetaChem, this company is based in germany. you can contact them on pmc@transmit.de
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In stomatal activity, does ABA has transcriptional effect or just only the ion channels?
What is the difference of ABA function in stomatal activity vs. seed germination?
How does ABA react when GA is present during germination?
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Dear Akila Wijerathna Yapa!
Concerning your question I would like to recommend to you list of most interest articles devoted to this problem. You can see these articles on-line according to references:
Role phytohormone ABA in seed germination:
Role phytohormone GA in seed germination:
I hope on your interest to these works and I hope that these works will help to answer on your question.
Sincerely yours, ScD Victoria Tsygankova
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What are the precursors of the major plant hormones (auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, and abscisic acid)? What are the major genes that control/interact with them?
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Dear Y M A M Wijerathna! 
Concerning your question I would like to offer to you my review article devoted to genes of biosynthesis and signal pathways of plant hormone auxins.
You can see this review on-line and in the attached file:
I hope that my review will help you to understand this problem.
Sincerely yours, ScD Victoria Tsygankova
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I have my leaf samples already freeze dried and stored in the silica desiccator, for some of the samples have been ground into powder and stored in glass bottles at room temperature. I am going to use these samples to measure free sugars, proline, MDA and abscisic acid, is this the proper way to store the samples?
Thanks. 
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Agree with all of the above, exclusion of light, fluctuations in temperature and oxygen reduced environment is best. However oxidation will occur in any vessel and is ROS production is relatively independent of temperature, but colder is better. Samples should be stored with minimum surface area exposed, i.e. not ground as this will enhance rate of oxygen uptake. All desiccation tolerant organisms will undergo slow oxidation and if not revived in time will die (i.e. resurrection plants). However, all is not lost, some wines for example get better with slow ageing and oxidation! You can of course go too far...
Good luck
kind regards
John
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Protoplast extraction, plant hormones, mechanical injury induced hormones. Assays on cellular levels.
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Of course the plant growth regulators (also known as phytohormones) are affected for plant physiology, and the protoplast isolation trigger several plant hormones synthesis pathways as an answer to those stress.
Regards.
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Is it possible to carry out plant phytohormone (Jasmonic acid, Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid) Quantification in LCMS/MS without Internal standard?
And if yes how far the quantification is acceptable?
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Dear Sir,
Please read the following manuscript in attached file.The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.plantmethods.com/content/4/1/16