Abiotic Stress Tolerance - Science topic

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An alternative would be to carry out a preliminary experiment which would probably help.

Acording biochemichal analysis, you can use but, depends of research facilities, I mean leader, investigators, experiments to follow, laboratories, and differents items you have to follow.

On the other hand it is much better to have and experimental parcels on the field in order to evaluate all and differents items for stress tolerence and get very good results.

Dear @Navindra Boodia You can access following links; hope, these would be useful to you:

Hey Shubham,

it depends on what questions you would like to answer with your experiments. I'm also not sure if i fully understand your question but maybe this helps:

1) -> it is always useful to read and know the important literature.

2) -> transcriptomic data and comparative genomic studies are useful to identify relevant genes for a certain issue. When it comes to transcriptomic data a useful approach is to expose your organism/cells to a certain stress to detect up-/downregulated genes compared to non exposed cells. Therefore it is important to design your own experiments to answer your individual questions.

Finding only homologous genes/proteins, you can use several bioinformatic databases (BLAST, UniProt...) in this case you should know your target genes.

4) -> characterizing already known genes of the same organism/cells is not useful. Why would you do that when it's already reported? But you can investigate homologous genes of another organism (not reported!) to check if comparable gene sets/proteins are involved in e.g. draught/starvation etc... Finding completely unknown genes and classify them to a cellular event is not that easy as you might think :)

good luck!

Qgene 3.0. Two QTLs (qST1 and qST3) conferring salt tolerance at young seedling stage were mapped on chromosome 1 and 3

Dear Mohammad Yusuf I think this article can help you

The resiliency of agriculture with the challenges posed by global climate change is a multifaceted problem that (in my opinion) should be tackled from different angles. Plant breeding is definitely important however, this should not be the only approach. I think that agroecology offers a broader spectrum of approaches that all together may serve the cause of counteracting the negative impacts of climate change on food production. Among these agrobiodiversity is a must do by farmers and, on the same token, increasing the biodiversity also below the soil. This can be achieved through various agronomic techniques like: crop rotations, green manuring cover crops cultivation and a management of crops residues that builds carbon levels in the soil. An employment of livestock species is also recommendable as animals provide a variety of ecological services (being manure the most important one). Please consider the work of agronomist: Salvatore Ceccarelli and his team on evolutionary plants breeding. Here below is the RG link to his profile. Salvatore Ceccarelli Thank You!

There are so many ways to go on this direction of rice improvement you can consider early stress or later stage stresses considering Physiological, morphological as well as biochemical Indicators for Stress Tolerance, most importantly you can consider G X E as a special way of evaluation.

Mr. Hicham Mechqoq, thanks for your answer, it has been really useful.

Dr. Maged G. Bin-Saad, the most recent publication with the title you wrote dates back to 1987, I was looking for recent ones.

Hello J.D. Franco-Navarro

Your question can’t be answered as @Fahad Shafiq has correctly pointed out at the end of the comments because there is almost complete lack of information about the methods. The study seems to have been done with rather small plants, and in such a way that there would be a strong interaction between nutrition and water supply, making interpretation very difficult. Let us assume you grew the plants in soil, applied a liquid fertilizer and allowing some plants in each nutrient treatment to dry by stopping watering, while the control was given ample water. That is a standard molecular biology/biochemistry approach to such studies.

Which was the treatment supplying the most nutrients - A I suspect, with C supplying least. So plants in A would grow better than in C, and have more, larger leaves. When you started the drought treatment plants in A would dry the soil much faster than those in C – simply a matter of greater surface area in A. So plants in A would become severely drought stressed before those in C, which would appear to grow and be much more `drought resistant’. They would also have very different contents of metabolites. The lesson from this – if my supposition is true - is that it IS ESSENTIAL TO COMPARE PLANTS AT THE SAME RELATIVE WATER CONTENT. If this is not done then the study is invalid. I suggest my paper explains the problem and ways of doing such studies correctly – it focuses on GM plants but the problem is absolutely the same for all studies involving water supply.

Lawlor DW. Genetic engineering to improve plant performance under drought: physiological evaluation of achievements, limitations, and possibilities. J Exp Bot. 2013 Jan;64(1):83-108. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers326. Epub 2012 Nov 16.

By ignoring the complexities involved with water supply in solid matrices and the effects of different rates of water loss, studies of the metabolism, genetic modifications etc are invalid. Hope this rather strong critic does not apply to your study. Please provide the necessary information about methods.

Best wishes

David

I tried glycine betaine is a good osmoprotectant. I tried it as foliar and soil application and it works.

Shubham,

That is quite a complex question. While much work is being done on that topic, it is very challenging to make progress. One reason would be the Genotype X Environment interaction that is such a challenge for plant breeders. There may not always be consistency among cultivars that perform well in stress vs. non-stess environments.

Even with tools like omics, transgenics, etcs., it is still necessary to consider how a given cultivar will interact with the environment. Since many of the most productive regions are low stress due to fertile soil and inputs (i.e. fertilizer, irrigation, etc.), the best performing cultivars will be focused on these areas.

With more awareness on climate change and the limitation of resources like water and fertilizer, more breeding efforts are focusing on stressful environments.

Below are a few links to show some of the work that is ongoing on this important topic.

Best wishes for your research!

Chris

Hi

Yes. You can use Box-behnken design for treatments 

Try DMSO or the other option is you can add equal amount of ethanol that you used for dissolving the SA into your control treatment. If you spray water as a control, then you can calculate the amount of ethanol in your SA working solution so that you'll be able to see the effect of Ethanol on the level of expression of your gene. In any case you need to add equal amount of any solvent you used for the control treatments. 

Proline detoxifies the excess reactive oxygen species, improves osmotic adjustment, lends protection to biological membranes, and stabilizes enzymes/proteins. Thus, as expected, proline content in plant leaves increased substantially with the increase in salinity stress. The increase in proline content due to salt stress, as observed in numerous crop plants, is correlative to plant tolerance to salinity. However, we have examined in few plants that foliar application salicylic acid markedly reduced this enhanced proline production. The reduced proline level in salicylic acid treated plants, is indicative of the stress-mitigating role of salicylic acid that might boost plant growth under stress. Reports are also available on up-regulation of proline-biosynthesis enzymes (such as pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and γ-glutamyl kinase) and down-regulation of proline oxidase activity resulted in the increased proline level, which helped maintain cell turgor under salinity stress.

I suggest humic acid as a source of food (and lowering soil Ph) for your bacteria in the soil for better result.

I agree with Svetoslav Anev.

Na+ is ineffective o main metabolism but K+ is an essential part of pyruvate kinase and other Penzymic routes. Besides of that, Na+ can mimic k+ ion transporters and it is not excreted. K+ saline soils are rae but K+ deficiency is common. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139373/  http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/early/2009/04/03/pp.108.133629.full.pdf

1- Down-regulated genes under both stress conditions might involved in common pathways for regulating stress conditions. So, you can discuss on common pathways involved in both stresses.

2- As i studied in several articles and also i have seen in our experiences, under almost same stress conditions many genes showed similar expression patterns. Specific expression pattern are usually less than the commons. So, You'd better to focus on specific expression pattern although they are less.

3- mRNAs could be regulated by small RNAs such as miRNAs. Induction of several small RNAs have been reported before. So, probably, these genes are affected by induced miRNAs and ... under both stress conditions that could decrease these genes expression. In your discussion you can discuss up-stream miRNAs of the studied genes.

http://www.walz.com/products/chl_p700/pam-2500/downloads.html, YII will vary with light intensity and a step curve can be made with portions of the leaf shaded by a net or a filter 5 min before taking reads. Clips with a frame holder can be made from spare. Further questions are on manual, care in recording temperature water status and chl density, with the best

Great,

Thank you very much,

Potential is a term for pressure of tha water. In order to absorb water from the environment the pressure inside a plant should be lower inside than outside.  The water pressure varies with the amount of water that is inside a plant. This amount is called volume and the relative gap from saturated volume is called relative water content; the driver for pressure decrease is transpiration maily by stomata. The ratio of transpirationto air water pressure deficit is stomatal conductance. Once all these terms are understood it is raised a basic question since the 1940s, as who controls what? Details in http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=121315 and GD Farquhar and Thomas Sharkey excellent ARPP https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232128515_Stomatal_conductance_and_photosynthesis_Annu_Rev_Plant_Physiol_Plant_Mol_Biol

Guess its simply differences in dry matter content!

Germination assays in 150mM NaCl (for salt stress) and 300mM Mannitol (for osmotic stress) are commonly used.

Deep tillage pulverizes the soil, making it soft and porous. Moreover root penetration is limited if there is a hard pan in the soil and hoeing can improve. This condition helps the roots to go deeper in the soil. Usually this is done while soil is being prepared for sowing of crop. In standing crop it may care must be taken as it may damage the root system and have bad effects. In your experiment did you hoe the field in standing crop?

Polyethylene glycol molecules with a molecular weight

larger than 6,000 (PEG 6000) are inert, non-ionic and cell impermeable.

They are small enough to influence the osmotic

pressure, but large enough unabsorbed by plants. Therefore, they are frequently used

to simulate osmotic stress.

You can start with looking for genes which are differentially expressed in normal sample and stress induced sample.  

I thank  very much to Alex Ignatov for additional probability Number 2). Under heat stress situation water requirement increases and to meet that demand investment in root biomass will help attain improved plant vigour involving transpirational cooling.

As you know, water stress, as salt stress, causes osmotic imbalances in the plant tissues. However, in the case of salt stress, the presence of excess salts (normally Na+ and Cl-) causes direct nutritional effects and toxic effects.

In the first case, the ion unbalance of nutrients is due to the fact that the excess of Na + and Cl- provokes a decrease in the uptake of other ions (K+, NO3-, H2PO4-, etc.) or alters the internal distribution of one or more of these.

In the second case the toxic effect is caused by the specific toxicity of the ions Na + and Cl-.

Then, a method for distinguishing the water stress from the salt stress in the plant, it is firstly to determine the content of Na + or Cl-, or the nutrient deficiency "antagonists", such as K + and Ca2 + (better if you can make these determinations in the sap flow!). In a word, you have to focuses on the toxic effects of Na + and Cl-, which distinguish the salt stress from drought.

 I think that the more efficient method to distinguish the 2 stresses is this: monitoring the presence of ion (Na+, Cl-) toxic effects. I hope that my explanation do not be too obvious and above all, useful.

Best regards.

Thank you

Dear Sir,

  This papers may help you.

Hello

We are ready to collaborate. We have developed biostimulator enhancing the abiotic and biotic stress tolerance along with increase in yield, fruit setting.

If interested please write to sg.dalvi@vsiagur.org.in, sgdalvi@gmail.com

It will differ between species - type of stress - whether plant is resistant - tolerant or susceptible to the particular stress condition.

IRRISTAT MAY BE good for you.

Dear Sir,

You can see in this book: Plant Responses to Drought Stress, From Morphological

to Molecular Features : Part I Morphological and Anatomical Responses

Hi Muhammad Sarwar; Attached link may be useful to you dear. Pull out and go through them. regards

Hi Jongyun

Thanks for the paper, that's interesting because I also found some interesting results for ABA level in the leaf and stomatal conductance also the relationships between them using different closing stimuli such as ABA, desiccation, low RH and darkness. It seems ABA somehow is involved in rhytmic response of stomata. However, here I am looking for a protocol for bioassay measurement of ABA.

Cheers

The term "drougt" indicates a deficiency of water in an environmental or global sense, i. e. when in a given region of the Earth a lack of water for a prolonged period of time (the region receives less water than its natural supply) occurs. The term "water deficit stress" implies that the lack of water is such as to cause damage to that particular organism, for that particular metabolic function or specific for that particular place, etc. in a word in a more specific and less global sense. This is my opinion and experience of use of drought and water deficit stress; I hope to be helpful.

A Special Issue of Plant Cell and Environment "Flooding and Anaerobiosis" (volume 37, issue 10) has been published in October 2014. You can find there the latest achievements in this field.  The link is

Sincerely,

Konstantin.

Dear Dr Yousef Alaei,

I would like to thank you for your question. Their are different kinds of drought tolerance mechanism. 

you could determine the germination stage (germination percent with different % of PEG), or at seedling stage. You can germinate the seeds till have good seedling and then start do the treatment (stress) after one-two weeks and after that determine the seedling traits at control and different stress conditions

with best regards

Khaled

Drought tolerance in wild plant species is often defined as survival, but in crop species it is defined in terms of productivity (Passioura, 1983). Rosielle and Hamblin (1981) defined drought tolerance as the difference in yield between stress and non-stress environments, while productivity is the average yield in stress and non-stress. A different definition regards drought tolerance as minimization of reduction in yield caused by stress compared to yield under non-stress environments (Fischer and Maurer, 1978; Langer et al., 1979; Blum, 1983a; Blum, 1988). Also, it is defined as the relative yield of a genotype compared to other genotypes subjected to the same drought stress (Hall, 1993). Drought tolerance comprises drought escape, dehydration avoidance and dehydration tolerance mechanisms (Blum, 1988).

Dear Sir, As you mentioned and know that abiotic stress means crop is facing various stresses from land, water, climate etc. In ICAR research is going on on theses aspects in different institutions. In my opinion social scientists may conduct or under take FLDs (Field Level Demonstrations) on these developed technologies and assess them for abiotic stress condition and recommend back to scientists to changes if any required those particular site specific. Thus they can play a big role in dissemination of technologies and the real impact of these technologies could be harvested. Thanks

Proline synthesis naturally occurs in perennials in response to stress occurrence. The common type of stress inducing proline synthesis is that of low moisture stress i.e. drought. During conditions of no-stress, it is not likely that proline synthesis will normally occur. It therefore implies that the higher the proline synthesis, the higher is the plant's resistance to stress.

Hi Surender,

For multigene transformation, there are two ways you can try:

1. Construct your gene-of-interest (GOIs) separately on different binary vectors. For example, you have 3 GOIs, you can construct 1 GOI on one vector, and the other 2 on two other vectors. Make sure you have enough selectable marker genes (such as nptII for kanamycin resistance) to use. After construction, 3 binary vectors can co-transformed (by electroporation) together into a single Agrobacterium and use for transformation. Alternatively, the 3 binary vectors can also be separately transformed into Agrobacterium. Mixture of these Agrobacterium cultures can be used for transformation [as the description in the paper provided by At above].

2. Construct your gene-of-interest (GOIs) on a single binary vector. A specialty vector(s) designed for rapid assembling of large cassette(s) will be useful to simplify the task. I attach one paper for your reference. It is a 'Modular Plasmid Assembly Kit' intended for multigene expression in plants. The Gateway cloning technology (described in the Introduction section of the paper) may also be helpful for your project.

Good luck,

Another great challenge is how to apply the knowledge obtained

to improve the environmental stress tolerance of crops,

a potentially significant benefit of this research. Classical genetics

suggests that plant abiotic stress tolerance is controlled by

multiple loci, each contributing a minor effect (minor genes);

therefore, the manipulation of a master regulatory gene

through biotechnology is considered to be more efficient than

conventional breeding strategies in which it is difficult to break

negative linkage for many loci at one time. Nevertheless, large

gaps remain between basic research and the production of

stress-tolerant crops. First, the standard assays, including screening

criteria and methods, are different between Arabidopsis and

crop species. Proper assessments of environmental stress tolerance

for crops need to be established according to the actual

requirements of agricultural production.

DELLA proteins are also able to promote the expression of

genes encoding reactive oxygen species (ROS)-detoxifying enzymes

to reduce ROS levels in cells after biotic or abiotic attack,

thereby delaying cell death and enhancing tolerance (Achard

et al. 2008b).

Dear Balraj, really it is the matter of experiment to test what factors are responsible for their growth in the stressed condition. Usually, species have their own adaptability to grow in their environment. For example, Desert Truffles grow in the desert ecosystem. They are adjusted with the eco-environment of desert. It can not be predicted all on a sudden the mechanism of growth of the fungus. It should be experimented scientifically to investigate the know-how of the truffle growth. Rather you can design an experiment regarding the factor with the desired fungus.

Dear Kaushal

you mean that for cDNA synthesis i should use higher concentration of RNA about 8.5ug and while doing cDNA synthesis I am adding oligodt in reaction mixture.

and sorry but I don't get your last point about Maximum RTase reaction, could you please elaborate that.

Thanks Regards,

Pratima

Type of solvent can affect the wavelength at which maximum absorbance. Solvent polarity is an important item particularly for materials containing lone pair of electrons. The increase in polarity of solvent leads to lowering the energy of the unexcited state causing widening the difference between excited state and unexcited state (more energy). So, blue shift (shorter wavelength) occurs. This may occur with glycine that contain amino group (carry lone pair of electrons)

I would also include the root in your investigation. Moreover, you could start with a germination test of different genotypes under increasing salinity.

Ahmed, high positive correlation between shoot fresh/dry matter before and after frost is expected from the plant growth. If you correlation is significant (r>0.7-0.75) It shows just the fact that the frost has not damaged your plants, or part of damaged plants was low.

thank you so much for your answer. So, chilling can be considered as hardening since hardening is used to express about temperature above 0

I observed the similar king of thing in case of background selection, the plant showing distinctly high recovery % over rest of the plants as per the genotype showing no or very less phenotypic similarity to the recurrent parrent. intead plant with average recovery is showing more similarity. so as Farhad said it all depends on how dense and well distributed or genotyping is.