Science topic

5G - Science topic

Explore the latest questions and answers in 5G, and find 5G experts.
Questions related to 5G
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
  • définir des exigences spécifiques et des cas d'utilisation pour les xApps et les rApps.
  • la conception, le codage et des tests des xApps et des rApps en utilisant les principes de réseau ouvert et respectez les normes O-RAN.
Relevant answer
Answer
Développer une xApp et une rApp pour la gestion automatisée des réseaux O-RAN 5G privés est un projet ambitieux mais réalisable avec une bonne compréhension de l’architecture O-RAN, des composants logiciels nécessaires, et des langages/outils adaptés.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
The project includes simulations of MISO, SIMO, and MIMO configurations in 5G. I want to know if NetSim can support these setups. Also, can NetSim simulate both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO, or is it limited to SU-MIMO only?
Relevant answer
Answer
NetSim can simulate MISO, SIMO, and MIMO configurations in a 5G environment. You can configure the number of transmitting and receiving antennas to experiment with various MIMO setups. For instance, in a SIMO configuration, you can set the Tx Antenna count in the 5G RAN interface of the gNB to 1 and vary the Rx Antenna count in the UE from 1 to 16.
I think NetSim is only capable of simulating SU-MIMO as part of its 5G functionality.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
I am exploring the use of reinforcement learning (RL) to control aspects of 5G gNB behaviour, such as handover optimization, power control, or scheduling.
Can NetSim support such RL-based control? Specifically:
  • Does it allow real-time interaction with an external RL agent?
  • Can gNB parameters be modified dynamically during simulation?
Relevant answer
Answer
Yes, NetSim supports RL-based control of 5G gNBs. It allows real-time interaction with external RL agents via APIs in Python or MATLAB. NetSim sends network states and rewards to the agent, which computes actions and sends them back to control the simulation loop.
gNB parameters can be modified dynamically. This enables RL agents to adaptively optimize functions like scheduling, power control, and handover behavior. Instead of triggering handovers directly, RL can tune parameters like Time-To-Trigger (TTT) to influence handover decisions.
There are working examples for RL-based delay-aware scheduling and downlink power control. These use frameworks like OpenAI Gymnasium, TensorFlow, Keras, and PyTorch.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
Dear colleagues!
Due to many requests, the deadline for paper submission has been extended. The new deadline for paper submission is May 15, 2025. The updated important dates are below.
We cordially invite you to participate in the 28th International Conference on Distributed Computer and Communication Networks  DCCN'2025 which will be held under the support of the IEEE (Russia Section Chapter, COM19) in the premises of ICS RAS, Moscow, Russia, on 22-26 September, 2025 with physical and/or virtual participation. 
DCCN’2025 will be a major international scientific event aimed at uniting the efforts of researchers from various academic and research organizations to develop, exchange, and summarize the accumulated experience in the field of theory and practice of building computer and telecommunication networks, discuss development prospects and cooperation in this field.
TOPICS OF INTEREST
Topics include, but are not limited to the following fields:
» 5G/6G communication networks algorithms and protocols
» Analytical modeling and simulation of next-generation communication systems
» Computer and telecommunication networks control and management
» Internet of Things and fog computing
» Wireless and mobile networks
» High-altitude telecommunications platforms
» Performance analysis, QoS/QoE evaluation and network efficiency
» Queuing theory and reliability theory applications
» Security in infocommunication systems
» Cloud computing, distributed, and parallel systems
» Centimeter-, millimeter-wave, and terahertz radio technologies
» Probabilistic and statistical models in information systems
» Machine learning, big data, artificial intelligence
The DCCN'2025 solicits proposals for special sessions and workshops within the technical scope of the conference.
PROCEEDINGS
The accepted regular papers (4-6 pages) will be published in the Conference Proceedings volume (included into the Russian Science Citation Index).
Authors of selected outstanding papers will be invited to submit extended versions of their papers (12-15 pages) for publishing by Springer Nature (indexed in Scopus and WoS).
Authors of the best selected papers will be invited to submit their extended papers in Russian to the Special Issues of "Control Sciences" and "Sensors and Systems" journals (VAK RF, Level 4 of the Russian Journal WhiteList) and in English to the Special Issue of "Advances in Systems Science and Applications" journal (Scopus Q3, Level 3 of the Russian Journal WhiteList).
IMPORTANT DATES
Regular Paper Submissions (4-6 pages): MAY 15, 2025
Full Paper Submission (12-15 pages): June 15, 2015
Conference Dates: September 22-26, 2025
See more information at the conference website: https://2025.dccn.ru/.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear colleagues, the new deadline for paper submission (up to 4-6pages) is June 01, 2025.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
7 answers
How can I take inputs such as radio conditions, cell load, 5G/6G frequency bands etc., and applying traffic steering policies. I wanted to model dynamic traffic conditions and handover thresholds and the evaluate performance metrics like sum throughput, UE distribution among carriers, PRB utilization and cell edge performance. I am using NetSim simulator but your inputs based on any simulator would be greatly appreciated. Thanks
Relevant answer
Answer
In NetSim 5G, users can create and apply custom antenna pattern models
  • By default, Omni and Sector antennas are available
    • Omni Antennas: Radiate equally in all directions.
    • Sector Antennas: Use directional patterns with configurable parameters like gain, beamwidth, and orientation.
  • Users can create their own antenna pattern model using csv or txt  file.
  • NetSim allows the use of external antenna patterns through a CSV file that contains gain values for angles from 0° to 360°.
  • This enables direction-based antenna gain modelling during simulation.
  • During simulation, the azimuth angle (Phi) between the transmitter and receiver is computed based on their X-Y coordinates and antenna orientation.
  • The corresponding gain value is selected from the CSV by identifying the highest Phi value less than or equal to the calculated angle.
You can also try asking your question to NetSim AI https://tetcos.com/netsimai.html .
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
Hi There,
I am designing MATLAB code for OFDM with Index Modulation for 5G NR wireless communication. In this system, I am using a Rayleigh fading channel for data transmission and reception, with LDPC coding applied for error correction. However, the current Bit Error Rate (BER) performance is around 50%, which is too high for practical applications. Please suggest what changes I can make to the code or system parameters to achieve a BER of approximately 30%.
Relevant answer
Answer
Hi Sumit,
5G NEXT-GEN RADIO (NR) uses Quasi-Cyclic LDPC (QC-LDPC).
TO increase the BER performance you need to increase the SNR, lower the code rate, increase LDPC decoder iterations and use large transport block size. I am not sure what parameters you are using, but see if this helps. This should improve the BER performance.
% Parameters
trBlkSize = 3000;           % Larger transport block
modulation = 'QPSK';        % Robust modulation
targetCodeRate = 1/3;       % Lower code rate (more redundancy)
N = trBlkSize / targetCodeRate;  % Number of bits after rate matching
% Transmit: generate random transport block
trBlk = randi([0 1], trBlkSize, 1);
% Step 1: CRC + Code block segmentation
cbSegOut = nrCodeBlockSegmentLDPC(trBlk, trBlkSize);
% Step 2: LDPC Encoding
numCBs = length(cbSegOut);
ldpcEncOut = cell(numCBs,1);
for i = 1:numCBs
ldpcEncOut{i} = nrLDPCEncode(cbSegOut{i});
end
% Step 3: Rate Matching
rmOut = cell(numCBs,1);
for i = 1:numCBs
rmOut{i} = nrRateMatchLDPC(ldpcEncOut{i}, trBlkSize, modulation, N, i-1);
end
txBits = vertcat(rmOut{:});
% Step 4: BPSK Modulation & Channel Simulation
txSymbols = 1 - 2 * txBits;                     % BPSK mapping
rxSymbols = txSymbols + 0.2 * randn(size(txSymbols));  % AWGN channel (lower noise)
rxLLR = -2 * rxSymbols;                         % LLR for BPSK
% Step 5: Rate Recovery
rxCBs = cell(numCBs,1);
for i = 1:numCBs
rxCBs{i} = nrRateRecoverLDPC(rxLLR, trBlkSize, modulation, N, i-1);
end
% Step 6: LDPC Decoding with more iterations
decCBs = cell(numCBs,1);
for i = 1:numCBs
decCBs{i} = nrLDPCDecode(rxCBs{i}, 50);  % Increased to 50 iterations
end
% Step 7: Desegmentation and CRC check
[rxTrBlk, blkErr] = nrCodeBlockDesegmentLDPC(decCBs, trBlkSize);
fprintf('Block error: %d\n', blkErr);
% Step 8: Bit Error Rate
numErrors = sum(rxTrBlk ~= trBlk);
ber = numErrors / trBlkSize;
fprintf('Bit error rate: %.4f\n', ber);
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
While the development of communication ,protocols ,system ... and the arise of 5G and the concept of 6G ,we are leading the control systems to an infinite loop of commands , but how can we implement theses results to improve the control of a robotic arm from distance using the new techs?
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Abdelmounim Ed-Damnati,
to improve the remote control of a robotic arm using new technologies (via 5G and 6G mobile networks), the idea of ​​Digital Twins in the IoT is very well suited. See Figures 2 and 5 at this address:
These figures show how a robot arm can be remotely controlled.
Best regards
Anatol Badach
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
I am conducting 5G simulations in NetSim with network slicing and varying traffic loads. My goal is to obtain the PRB utilization for each slice and analyze how different scheduling algorithms affect it. What steps or methods should I follow to extract this information accurately?
Relevant answer
Answer
  • You can configure network slicing using the Slice Configurator GUI in NetSim, or by using a CSV input file. If you use the GUI, a CSV file will be generated automatically. This configuration allows you to set up different slices with specific resource allocations and traffic requirements
  • NetSim supports various scheduling algorithms such as Round Robin, Max Throughput, and Proportional Fair. Each algorithm has its own way of dividing PRBs among the active flows. Choose the algorithms you want to test and apply them to the slices.
  • Vary the traffic loads across different slices to analyze how the scheduling algorithms handle the distribution of PRBs. This can be done by setting different traffic profiles for each slice.
  • NetSim provides detailed logs and plots for per-slice PRB utilization. Use these outputs to evaluate the performance of each scheduling algorithm under different traffic conditions.
  • If needed, modify the source C code in NetSim to test custom slicing algorithms or to further optimize the existing ones.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
Hi, please would you be so kind and remove the preprint entitled Morphometry of Red Blood Cells in Sow Blood: Effects of Short-Term In Vitro Exposure to 5G Network Frequencies from Research Gate page due to the fact that the Journal in we will submit the manuscript do not support preprint version.
Thank you.
Marko Samardžija, author
Relevant answer
Answer
I am not the author, I am an historian, I do not understand your request
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
I have implemented Q-learning, DQN, A2C, and PPO for 5G power control and scheduling using NetSim for 5G and Gymnasium framework for RL. While the algorithms perform well, each training run for a single scenario takes approximately two days. To generalize the algorithm across hundreds of scenarios would require months of training. What are some effective methods or optimizations to significantly reduce this training time?
Relevant answer
Answer
Something developed by ETRI, Korea that might be useful.
NetSimGym is a wrapper library to interwork Gymnasium (Gym) and NetSim.
It is designed for users who want to apply reinforcement learning (RL) in NetSim simulation.
Documentation & Code: https://github.com/etri/NetSimGym
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
Check out our latest paper discussing the Design and Implementation of a conversational AI solution for Network Management and Orchestration in 5G, 6G and Next Generation Networks!
This work is being further extended to using Large Language Models (LLMs) to achieve simplified Intent-Based management and orchestration paradigms.
ResearchGate Paper Draft Link:
Relevant answer
Answer
Nice papers !
The commercialization of 6G is anticipated to commence around 2030, with pre-commercial trials expected as early as 2028 and initial proof-of-concept demonstrations occurring even sooner. The foundational work for 6G standardization is already underway, driven by years of research aimed at addressing key technological challenges. A critical aspect of 6G development involves the expansion into new spectrum bands, particularly Frequency Range 3 (FR3), which spans 7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz. This spectrum, often referred to as the "Golden Band," offers a balance between coverage and capacity, making it a promising candidate for future wireless communication systems. Our new paper on 6G and upper band is available here:
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
In the 3GPP R16 standard and subsequent versions, the positioning capabilities of 5G have gradually improved, and location-based services have received further attention. 5G has designed a dedicated Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) for downlink positioning and improved the uplink Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) to enable positioning functionality. In 3GPP R18, Carrier Phase Positioning for 5G OFDM system was identified as a major research direction, which, in theory, can improve positioning accuracy to centimeter level.
For future application scenarios, what new signal systems are proposed in 6G research for low delay, high dynamic and other requirements? Based on the proposed 6G technology, what location-related research are worth studying?
Relevant answer
Answer
Future 6G networks will introduce multi-band positioning signals that leverage the FR3 spectrum (7.125-24.25 GHz), improving spatial resolution and latency for high-precision applications. Enhanced multi-band aggregation, AI-driven dynamic slot configurations, and scalable numerology will enable real-time, centimeter-level positioning, even in dynamic and obstructed environments. Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) will further enhance location accuracy through beamforming and adaptive synchronization across multiple bands. Research should focus on multi-band cooperative localization, AI-driven positioning refinement, and coexistence strategies with incumbent systems (e.g., satellite and radar) to ensure reliable and scalable 6G positioning solutions. A very recent vision paper on 6G with open questions and challenges:
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
Semiconductor Applications In Industry, AI, 5G, Space, Supply Chain | L-05
#Semiconductors
#SemiconductorTechnology
#FutureOfTech
#ChipInnovation
#SemiconductorIndustry
#IndustrialTech
#SmartManufacturing
#SemiconductorsInIndustry
#FactoryAutomation
#IoTApplications
#AIChips
#SemiconductorsForAI
#AIRevolution
#DeepLearningHardware
#MLAccelerators
#5GTechnology
#SemiconductorsIn5G
#5GInnovation
#HighSpeedConnectivity
#5GChips
#SpaceTechnology
#SemiconductorsInSpace
#SpaceInnovation
#AstroTech
#SatelliteChips
#SupplyChainTech
#SemiconductorsInLogistics
#SmartSupplyChain
#SupplyChainInnovation
#IoTInSupplyChain
Relevant answer
Answer
Semiconductors are the backbone of modern technology, and their applications are vast and ever-evolving. Here's a look at their key roles in various sectors:
1. Industry:
  • Automation: Semiconductors power industrial robots, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and other automation systems, driving efficiency and productivity in manufacturing.
  • IoT: In the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), semiconductors enable sensors, actuators, and communication devices that connect machines and systems, facilitating real-time data collection and analysis for predictive maintenance, optimized operations, and improved quality control.
  • Energy: Semiconductors play a crucial role in power generation, transmission, and distribution, enabling smart grids, renewable energy integration, and energy-efficient systems.
2. AI:
  • Machine Learning: Semiconductors provide the computational power needed for training and running complex machine learning algorithms, powering applications like image recognition, natural language processing, and recommendation systems.
  • Deep Learning: Specialized chips like GPUs and TPUs are designed to accelerate deep learning tasks, enabling breakthroughs in areas such as computer vision, autonomous driving, and drug discovery.
  • AIoT: The convergence of AI and IoT relies heavily on semiconductors to process data at the edge, enabling real-time insights and intelligent decision-making in various applications.
3. 5G:
  • High-Speed Communication: Semiconductors are essential for building 5G networks, enabling faster data speeds, lower latency, and greater network capacity.
  • Massive Connectivity: 5G networks rely on semiconductors to handle the massive number of connected devices, facilitating the growth of IoT and other connected technologies.
  • Edge Computing: Semiconductors enable edge computing devices that process data closer to the source, reducing latency and improving responsiveness in 5G applications.
4. Space:
  • Satellite Communication: Semiconductors power satellite communication systems, enabling global connectivity and remote sensing applications.
  • Space Exploration: Semiconductors are used in spacecraft electronics, navigation systems, and scientific instruments, enabling advanced space exploration missions.
  • Space-Based AI: Semiconductors are enabling the development of AI-powered space systems for tasks such as autonomous spacecraft operations, real-time data analysis, and anomaly detection.
5. Supply Chain:
  • Real-time Tracking: Semiconductors enable GPS and other tracking technologies, allowing real-time monitoring of goods in transit, improving supply chain visibility and efficiency.
  • Inventory Management: Semiconductors power RFID and barcode scanning systems, enabling accurate inventory tracking and management.
  • Logistics Optimization: Semiconductors facilitate the use of AI and machine learning in supply chain management, optimizing routes, predicting demand, and improving overall efficiency.
In conclusion, semiconductors are pervasive in modern society, driving innovation and progress across various sectors. As technology continues to evolve, the demand for advanced semiconductors will
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
8 answers
When conducting simulations within the NetSim 5G environment, I aim to quantify handover occurrences accurately as user equipment moves between base stations. I am looking for guidance on the specific steps or metrics to identify and count handover events.
Relevant answer
Answer
See https://tetcos.freshdesk.com/a/solutions/articles/14000149747 which explains how to modify the existing A3 based handover with A5 event based handover.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
i need research papers on adaptive modulation and coding for a 5G sysytem
Relevant answer
Answer
See https://tetcos.com/downloads/v14.2/5G-NR.pdf - sections 3.9.11, 3.9.15 and 3.9.17.
It covers the inner loop link adaptation and the outer loop link adaptation
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
Transform your AI models into seamless microservices! Our research and implementation showcases how you can operationalizing diverse AI models (any language, any framework) as microservices using open-source toolset so that the deployment is fast, efficient, and scalable.
Link to ResearchGate Paper Draft:
Relevant answer
Answer
That is so innovative and will like to key as I'm an advocate for transformation from traditional farming to adoption of the precision agricultural system .
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
I am try to choose the best algorithm that will facilitate users fairness and efficient power allocation in NOMA to users in 5G network
Relevant answer
Thanks Prof Emil Bjorson, I will surely go through your recommended text.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
The paper describes the framework and toolset to design and deploy AI and enabled microservices within the design of 5G, 6G and Next Generation Network and Security services. The work explains how AI can become a critical path in the design of these Network/ Telecom/ Security services and explores the usage of existing and shareable AI models right from the design phase to the deployment and monitoring phase.
Link to ResearchGate Paper Draft:
Relevant answer
Answer
Comarch Network Planning and Design, thanks to innovative architecture and years of technological expertise, addresses the needs of the telecom industry. It enables the preparation of a balanced network strategy and ensures that customers are happy with your services. The Network Planning and Optimization enables CSPs to manage telecom network planning, design and optimization processes comprehensively and efficiently. Process-orchestrated planning is a future-proof way of making network investments, where the business value of the investment becomes ever more important in response to developing telecom opportunities. For the purpose of meeting industry the best standards, Comarch offers a solution including its own OSS software and integration with domain expertise for top class applications available on the market.
Regards,
Shafagat
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
9 answers
I am trying to build models for Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) use cases such as traffic steering, load balancing, and Quality of Service (QoS) prediction. My aim is to monitor network, cell, and User Equipment (UE) performance continuously and adapt policies using AI/ML algorithms. For real-time acquisition of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and sending back control inputs, what steps should I follow? I am presently utilizing NetSim but am open to suggestions for any other effective tool or simulation software. Thank you.
Relevant answer
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
Recent advances in the field of telecommunications and electronics have led to the proliferation of autonomous robots in numerous novel application fields, from emergency situations to military applications, from infrastructure inspection to ambient monitoring services, where the utilization of multiple robots is essential to accomplish the desired task. Recent works have demonstrated the challenges of coordinating multiple robots to deploy robot networks with self-configuration and self-healing capabilities to guarantee service continuity, also in case of failures.
Starting from the unique requirements of a multi robot system, Swarm Robotics is a complex approach that requires an understanding of how to define distributed systems to define self-organization behaviors. Swarm Robotics studies how to make robots collaborate and collectively solve a task where every robot contributes to the general task sharing the same higher-level objectives. To this end, communication wireless networks must be specifically designed to support the cooperation and collaboration inside the swarm.
This workshop invites original research articles and review articles that focus on communication networking problems in swarm robotics. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
  • Communication Models and Protocols for Swarm Robotics
  • Delay-Tolerant Applications for Swarm Robotics
  • Fog and Edge Computing in Swarm Robotics
  • 5G, beyond 5G, and 6G Integration with Swarm Robotics
  • Satellite and Space Communications for Swarm Robotics
  • Integration of Unmanned Aerial, Ground, and Underwater Vehicles in Swarm Robotics
  • Localization, Navigation, and Dynamic Path Planning in Swarm Robotics
  • Cooperative Control of Multiple Robots
  • Security and Privacy in Swarm Robotics
  • The Internet of Things (IoT) and the Web of Things (WoT) in Swarm Robotics
  • Swarm Intelligence and Nature-Inspired Algorithm in Swarm Robotics
  • Artificial Intelligence Applications in Swarm Robotics
  • Federated Learning in Swarm Robotics
  • Continual Learning and Adaptation for Swarm Robotics
  • Novel applications for Swarm Robotics
IMPORTANT DATES
Workshop Papers Due: 6 October 2024  Acceptance Notification: 21 October 2024 Final Camera Ready: 10 November 2024
Relevant answer
Answer
The CCNC 2025 Workshop on Communication and Networking for Swarm Robotics (ROBOCOM) invites researchers and industry professionals to submit papers on the latest advancements in swarm robotics, with a focus on communication and networking technologies.
Topics of Interest
We encourage submissions that address, but are not limited to, the following topics:
  • Communication protocols for swarm robotics
  • Network architectures for multi-agent systems
  • Distributed algorithms for swarm coordination
  • Real-time communication in dynamic environments
  • Performance evaluation and simulation of swarm networks
  • Applications of swarm robotics in various domains (e.g., agriculture, search and rescue, environmental monitoring)
  • Security and privacy in swarm communications
  • Challenges and future directions in swarm networking
Submission Guidelines
  • Papers should be original and not previously published.
  • Maximum length: 6 pages, including references.
  • Format: IEEE conference format.
  • Submit via the workshop's EasyChair portal by the deadline.
Important Dates
  • Submission Deadline: [Insert Date]
  • Notification of Acceptance: [Insert Date]
  • Camera-Ready Submission: [Insert Date]
  • Workshop Date: [Insert Date]
Organizers
  • [Organizer Name 1, Affiliation]
  • [Organizer Name 2, Affiliation]
  • [Organizer Name 3, Affiliation]
Contact Information
For inquiries, please contact the workshop organizers at [insert email address].
We look forward to your contributions and to an engaging workshop at CCNC 2025!
Share
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
What is 6G Technology?
As we stand on the edge of the 5G era, the world is already buzzing about 6G technology—the next big leap in wireless communication. But what exactly is 6G, and how will it revolutionize our digital world?
In this video, we explore:
The evolution of 6G and how it differs from 5G.
Its potential to enable ultra-fast data speeds, latency reduction, and advanced IoT applications.
The exciting possibilities 6G brings for industries like AI, autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and immersive virtual reality.
Stay ahead of the curve and dive into the future of wireless communication!
Watch now: What is 6G Technology?
#6GTechnology #FutureTech #WirelessCommunication #AI #SmartCities #DigitalTransformation #TechInnovation #ProfessorRahulJain
Relevant answer
Answer
Here is my take on 6G in video format:
6G: What, why, and how?
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
10 answers
We need to cover topics like WiFi, IoT, WSN, VANET, Ad hoc networks, LTE, 5G etc. Our plan is to use NetSim tool for the course. What may be the appropriate labs from a coursework perspective? 
Relevant answer
Answer
Best is to first try the Lite version which is available for free: https://tetcos.com/download.html
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
Hi everyone,
Does anyone know how Frequency Selective Scheduling is implemented in a 5G Network?
A step-by-step understanding would be appreciated.
Any references or articles will be good.
Thanks.
Relevant answer
Answer
Scheduling is one of the features that are not standardized, so we can only guess how it is implemented in practical networks.
Frequency-selective scheduling makes good sense in theory because each user will have some stronger and some weaker subcarriers, so we can assign each user only to the strongest ones.
However, we can only distinguish strong/weak subcarriers by transmitting reference signals on the prospective subcarriers. It is "expensive" to send extra reference signals to enable frequency-selective scheduling, so I guess this feature is not used very much. Particularly not now when Massive MIMO is used on most base stations, which leads to so-called channel hardening that reduces the differences between strong and weak subcarriers.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
8 answers
Looking to simulate a 3-tier heterogeneous network. The base stations in each tier operate in a different frequency band, have a different transmit power and path loss exponent. Some have sector antennas while others have omni antennas. I need to change various handover parameters and see the effect. What may be the best tool for this?
Relevant answer
Answer
The nearest gNB association is incorrect. It should be based on the strongest signal, which is how it is modeled in NetSim.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
How does power allocation strategy in NOMA for 5G networks impact the trade-off between system capacity and user fairness, particularly for users with varying channel conditions?
Relevant answer
Answer
NOMA is not used in 5G because it is an outdated technology, replaced with Massive MIMO.
The answers that you seek are found in Chapter 6 of my book "Introduction to Multiple Antenna Communications and Reconfigurable Surfaces":
The short answer is that NOMA doesn't increase the system capacity, but it gives extra flexibility in how to divide the system capacity between the users.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
Any leads with proper explanation would be helpful.
Relevant answer
Answer
Scheduling algorithms are not standardized, so it is up to each vendor to choose what kind of scheduling policy to use and how to implement it. The implementations are proprietary, so we don't know what is being implemented.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
5 answers
I am using NetSim and would like to know how to obtain the above for each gNB-UE pair in a simulation. I assume they would vary with time and hence need time stamps also. Can I enable link adaptation? How does that work in 5G?
Relevant answer
Answer
Nikhil Chowki Make a one line change the function getMCSTableFromSpectralEfficency() in LTENR_AMCTable.c to directly assign MCS values (indices) instead of looking up 3GPP tables for obtaining MCS based on SINR.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
9 answers
I am trying to simulate and analyze ping-pong handovers in NetSim 5G. My understanding is that a handover is triggered if the SINR from the target gNB is 3 dB higher than the SINR from the serving gNB for a certain period.
- Is this handover mechanism implemented in NetSim?
- Can I log time-stamped SINR values? If yes, how can I obtain SINR values from both the serving and target gNBs?
- How can I verify the duration for which the SINR must be 3 dB higher to trigger the handover?
Any insights or guidance on this would be greatly appreciated.
Relevant answer
Answer
Simulating Ping-Pong Handovers in NetSim 5G
Simulating ping-pong handovers in NetSim 5G involves creating a scenario where the User Equipment (UE) keeps switching between two Base Stations (BS) due to fluctuating signal strength. Here's how you can achieve this:
Network Setup:
  1. Open NetSim and navigate to Experiments > 5G NR > Handover in 5GNR. There might be pre-built examples for handover algorithms. You can use those as a base or create a new one.
  2. Create the Network: You'll need two gNBs (Next Generation Node B - 5G base station) and one UE. Place the UE near the edge of the coverage area of one gNB.
  3. Enable Shadow Fading: In the gNB properties, enable shadow fading for the radio channel. This will simulate fluctuations in signal strength experienced by the UE as it moves.
Handover Parameters:
  1. Handover Threshold: Set a low handover threshold (e.g., -2 dB) in the UE or EPC (Evolved Packet Core) settings. This will trigger handovers more frequently based on small changes in received signal strength.
  2. Handover Hysteresis: You can adjust the handover hysteresis (optional) to define a minimum improvement needed in the target signal before switching back to the previous BS. This can help reduce ping-pong effects to some extent.
Analysis:
  1. Run Simulation: Run the simulation and observe the handover events. You can use the NetSim event trace to analyze the handover details like time, source, and target cells.
  2. Metrics: Analyze metrics like handover ping-pong ratio (number of unnecessary handovers), handover latency (time taken for handover completion), and call drops due to handover failures.
Tips:
  • You can experiment with different UE movement patterns (e.g., constant speed along the cell edge) to see how it affects ping-pong handovers.
  • NetSim offers functionalities to automate simulations with varying parameters. This can help you analyze the impact of different configurations on ping-pong.
Additional Resources:
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
In a 5G network utilizing power-domain NOMA, how does the receiver's ability to perform Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) affect the power levels assigned to different users?
Relevant answer
Answer
Have you read Chapter 6 in our recent open-access book:
We explain how NOMA and SIC works, and what the rate region looks like so you know what can be achieved using different power control policies.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
7 answers
I am currently using omni antennas and would like to model sector antennas. How can I simulate tri-sector gNBs and set the orientation of the antennas? Also, how can I also find the load in each sector?
Relevant answer
Answer
1. Create a new scenario or edit an existing one.
2. Go to the "Devices" tab and select the gNB (base station) you want to modify.
3. In the "Antenna" section, select "Sector" as the antenna type.
4. Set the "Sector Angle" to the desired value (e.g., 120 degrees for a tri-sector gNB).
5. Set the "Orientation" to the desired value (e.g., 0, 120, or 240 degrees for a tri-sector gNB).
6. To simulate tri-sector gNBs, create three separate gNB devices, each with a sector antenna and a different orientation (0, 120, and 240 degrees).
7. To find the load in each sector, you can use the "Network Performance" metrics in NetSim, such as:
"UE Distribution" to see the number of UEs connected to each sector.
"Throughput" and "Traffic" metrics to see the load on each sector.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
Lets have a discussion with regards to OSI physical and datalink layer transmission (signalling) technologies in the presence of quantum assisted crypt analyzers.
We can base our discussion on the advent of the Next generation Networks(NGN) such as 5G Standalone Architecture: 5GCore, 5G Edge, 5G NR and IP eXchange.
Discussion Questions:
------------------------
1. How are these networks going to handle quantum crypt analysis from classical perspective especially where the networks interconnect and interoperate?
2. While newer cryptology modules are being introduced, how likely are they in terms of speed to counter quantum technologies in the interconnect where key exchange handover happens?
3. NGN introduced Network Function Virtualization based on Software Defined Technologies using slices. How likely in terms of quantum that the actual Core Technologies in terms of configuration and Misconfiguration can be compromised to a point that the entire topology can be down affecting the entire ecosystem?
Lets discuss, I am still learning and ready to learn from the experts, where proper phrasing is needed please advise, I will gladly update. OSI L1/L2 as reference model will be a great start.
Relevant answer
Answer
Quantum cryptanalysis poses a significant challenge to classical cryptographic systems due to its potential to break some widely used encryption algorithms. To mitigate this risk in network communication, classical networks can implement post-quantum cryptographic algorithms, which are resistant to quantum attacks. Additionally, network operators can employ hybrid encryption schemes that combine classical and quantum-resistant algorithms to ensure security. However, ensuring interoperability and security across interconnected networks will require careful design and coordination to address potential vulnerabilities.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
Hi researchers
I would like to ask, what are the bands and subbands of 5G/6G and beyond wireless communications?
Thanks for any reply
Relevant answer
Answer
5G and future generations of wireless communication utilize a wider range of radio frequencies compared to previous generations. Here's a breakdown of the spectrum used:
  • Low-band (sub-1 GHz): This band offers good coverage over long distances but has lower data rates. It's often used for basic cellular service and Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
  • Mid-band (1-6 GHz): This band offers a balance between coverage and capacity, making it suitable for many applications like video streaming and enhanced mobile broadband.
  • High-band (above 6 GHz): This band, including millimeter wave (mmWave), offers ultra-fast data rates but has limited range and struggles to penetrate buildings. It's ideal for high-density areas and fixed wireless access.
6G and Beyond:
While 5G utilizes mmWave bands, 6G is expected to explore even higher frequencies, potentially reaching terahertz (THz) bands. These bands offer even greater data rates but come with even shorter range and higher implementation challenges.
There's ongoing research on using new technologies like visible light communication (LiFi) that could complement radio frequency bands in future wireless communication systems.
It's important to note that specific bands and subbands allocated for 5G and future generations can vary depending on regulations and licensing in different regions.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
Hello researchers,
I want to work on my doctoral thesis about the gaps existing in the field of antennas. I need your opinions and suggestions to prepare the main idea.
Thank you all.
Relevant answer
Answer
Good Luck Dear
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
9 answers
Hi all,
I am working with NetSim which is an end-to-end, full-stack, packet-level network simulator and emulator to simulate 5G networks, and want to integrate Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) for my research.
My understanding of NetSim is reasonably good, and I am now looking to apply RL within this framework so as to learn optimal policies.
I have previously worked on a basic DQN model for Power Control and Rate Adaptation in Cellular Networks. I also tried to use RL to find the optimal serving capacity for a data batch arrival problem.
I have two questions:
(i) Any suggestions for RL projects for 5G using NetSim?
(ii) Where in the NetSim code should I start integrating RL algorithms?
Relevant answer
Answer
1. Suggestions for projects involving DRL in NetSim:
  • Scheduling/Resource Allocation
  • Traffic Prediction and Management
  • Network Slicing
  • Handover Optimization
  • Interference Management
  • Network Attacks and Countermeasures
2. A brief set of steps to integrate RL Algorithms with NetSim:
  • Identifying the states, actions, and reward functions.
  • Identify the integration points.
  • Writing the Deep RL algorithm using TensorFlow Keras or PyTorch.
  • Using the built-in NetSim-Python interface to pass states and rewards from NetSim, and to obtain the actions from the Python RL program.
  • If the Python Deep RL algorithm is too slow, then consider rewriting it natively in C and linking it to NetSim.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
I have an equation in the topic cell less in 5G . The equation is about the system capacity can be calculated as the aggregation of
all active RUs throughput. Then we propose the following as
Optimization problem:
argmax  (∑         ∑       ∑ bk,n Rm,k,n)                                                                Xb ,Xy    m∈M   k∈K  n∈N
Subject to:
C1 : yk,m ∈ {0, 1}, ∀k ∈ K, m ∈ M (4)
C2 : bk,n ∈ {0, 1}, ∀k ∈ K, n ∈ N (5)
C3 : RD
m,k ≥ RD,min
m,k , ∀k ∈ K, m ∈ M.
The constraints C1, C2, and C3 indicate the user k will associate with a particular RU m, allocate with RB n, and guarantee
minimum rate requirements of the users, respectively. I have a difficult equation that cannot be implemented in MATLAB. I need an equation similar to it, but it should be simple. Can  anyone help me ?
Relevant answer
Answer
Been years since I used Matlab but as far as I know you can just program it as a new function, it is not a big deal. These might help you do that:
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
Dear colleagues ,
I'm working on a Mobile MIMO antenna for the sub-6GHz band. I noted that all previous works in literature used a complete ground plane. is there any standard they followed? Why there is no design implemented on partial ground?
Thanks
Relevant answer
Answer
Rabin Kanisha thank you .
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
9 answers
What is the formula by which to calculate the PHY rate of a 5G network? Is there some formula for example based on the bandwidth, modulation etc.
Relevant answer
Answer
The correct way would be to take the time average. You would need to take the Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) values at various time intervals, compute their mean, and then incorporating this average MCS into the 3GPP data rate equation. This average MCS will give you the modulation order (Q) and the code rate (R). All the other variables in the equation do not change with time.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
2024 International Conference on Smart City and Information System (ICSCIS 2024) will be held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from May 17-19, 2024.
---Call For Papers---
The topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
1. Smart City
- Smart Grid
- Smart Manufacturing
- Wireless Communication
......
2. Information System
- Information Systems and Security
- Information Management Systems
- Internet of Things (IoT)
......
3. Other Related Topics
All accepted full papers will be published on Conference Proceedings and submitted to EI Compendex and Scopus for indexing.
Important Dates:
Registration Deadline Date: May 8, 2024
Final Paper Submission Date: May 13, 2024
Conference Date: May 17-19, 2024
For More Details please visit:
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you so much
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
5 answers
As we witness the rollout of 5G and the early development of 6G technologies, it's crucial to understand their broader societal implications. This discussion aims to bring together diverse perspectives from researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers to explore the multi-dimensional impact of these advanced wireless technologies. Key areas for exploration include:
Communication Evolution: How will 5G and 6G redefine our ways of connecting? What new forms of communication might emerge, and how could they influence personal and professional interactions?
Smart Cities and Urban Development: With higher speeds and lower latencies, 5G and 6G have the potential to revolutionize urban infrastructure. What changes can we expect in city living, public services, and urban governance?
Bridging or Widening the Digital Divide: As these technologies advance, there's a risk of exacerbating the digital divide. What strategies can be implemented to ensure inclusive access, especially in underserved or rural areas?
Privacy and Data Security: Enhanced connectivity also raises significant privacy and security concerns. How can we balance the benefits of advanced networks with the need to protect individual privacy and data?
Economic Impacts and Job Market Shifts: These technologies are set to transform various industries. What economic shifts are anticipated, and how might they affect employment across different sectors?
Health and Environmental Effects: There are ongoing debates about the health implications of exposure to higher frequency waves and the environmental cost of network infrastructure. What does current research say, and what further studies are needed?
Your insights, research, and experiences are invaluable to this discussion. Please share your thoughts, findings, and any relevant studies to help us collectively understand the societal impact of 5G and 6G technologies.
Relevant answer
Answer
Interesting work, 🎉
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
I need to conduct measurements to assess the performance of 5G NSA networks, as 5G SA is not yet deployed in France. My study involves comparing 5G NSA and 4G networks using two separate user equipments, one for each network. My concern is about inter-RAT handovers. How can I fairly compare these networks when, for instance, the 5G mobile switches to 4G during an inter-RAT handover? Should I continue to account for the performance of this equipment even when it is connected to 4G? Additionally, I've noticed that the frequency bands used by both networks are often similar, especially in the lower bands. How can I then conduct a fair comparison between the two networks
Relevant answer
Answer
Conducting a fair comparison between 5G-NSA and 4G deployments in specific areas of France requires careful design and consideration to ensure accurate and meaningful results. Here's a breakdown of key steps:
Define your area of comparison:
  • Choose representative areas in France with varying population densities, urban/rural landscapes, and existing network infrastructure. Consider areas covered by both 5G-NSA and 4G to enable direct comparison.
Select relevant metrics:
  • Throughput: Measures data transfer speed, crucial for tasks like downloading/uploading files and streaming media.
  • Latency: Represents the time taken for data to travel between devices, critical for real-time applications like video conferencing and online gaming.
  • Jitter: Variation in latency, impacting video/audio call quality and online gaming experience.
  • Coverage: The area covered by the network signal, ensuring a fair comparison where both technologies have similar reach.
Design your testing methodology:
  • Standardized testing tools: Use consistent tools and methodologies across locations to eliminate device-specific biases.
  • Multiple data points: Collect data from various locations within each chosen area to capture overall network performance, not just isolated cases.
  • Controlled environment: If possible, conduct tests during low network traffic hours to minimize external interference.
Data collection and analysis:
  • Record data: Gather throughput, latency, jitter, and coverage measurements for both 5G-NSA and 4G at each location.
  • Statistical analysis: Utilize statistical techniques like mean, median, standard deviation to analyze collected data and identify statistically significant differences between technologies.
  • Visualization: Present your findings through graphs, charts, and tables to clearly convey performance comparisons.
Additional considerations:
  • Network operator variations: Account for potential differences in network configurations and optimization strategies between different mobile operators in France.
  • Device compatibility: Ensure test devices are compatible with both 5G-NSA and 4G networks for accurate comparisons.
  • Repeatability: Consider replicating your testing methodology to validate results and increase confidence in your findings.
By following these steps and carefully addressing potential biases, you can conduct a fair and informative comparison between 5G-NSA and 4G deployments in selected areas of France. Remember, the specific details of your testing methodology will depend on your research goals and available resources.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
Here are 3 models to emulate
Relevant answer
Answer
Dimitrios Sargiotis Thank you, sir. Thank you, sir. How can I contact you. How can I contact you. I am in dire need of environmental adviceMy osBrain has a problem and the data is unrealistic so it cannot be completed.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
paper article or reliable information.
Relevant answer
I suggest the following two preprints:
These papers do not approach mobile robots but describe security challenges and opportunities in 5G networks. The first is related to 5G-IoT scenarios, while the second is more general, considering verticals in the evolution of mobile networks.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
i need simulation tools and more rerfernce about alogaritms used at 5G by NOMA
Relevant answer
Answer
I'll provide a comprehensive response to the prompt, combining the strengths of SLM and PTS techniques for PAPR reduction in NOMA systems within 5G:
Understanding PAPR in NOMA Systems:
  • NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) is a promising technology in 5G that enhances spectral efficiency by enabling multiple users to share the same time-frequency resources.
  • PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) is a major challenge in NOMA systems due to the superposition of multiple user signals, leading to:Amplifier nonlinearities, causing signal distortion and performance degradation. Out-of-band emission, interfering with adjacent channels.
PAPR Reduction Techniques:
  • Selective Mapping (SLM):Generates multiple candidate signals with different phase rotations. Selects and transmits the signal with the lowest PAPR. Pros: Simple implementation, effective PAPR reduction. Cons: Requires side information for synchronization, increases overhead.
  • Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS):Divides the NOMA signal into multiple subblocks. Optimizes phase rotations for each subblock to minimize PAPR. Combines subblocks for transmission. Pros: Effective PAPR reduction, better spectral efficiency than SLM. Cons: Increased computational complexity.
Hybrid SLM-PTS Approach:
  • Combines the benefits of both techniques for enhanced PAPR reduction and spectral efficiency.
  • Steps:Generate multiple candidate signals using SLM. Divide each candidate signal into subblocks using PTS. Optimize phase rotations for each subblock within each candidate signal. Select the candidate signal with the lowest overall PAPR for transmission.
Advantages of SLM-PTS:
  • Offers superior PAPR reduction compared to individual SLM or PTS.
  • Improves spectral efficiency and BER performance.
  • Minimizes out-of-band emission.
Considerations:
  • Computational complexity increases due to combined processing.
  • Careful optimization of SLM and PTS parameters is crucial for balancing PAPR reduction and implementation complexity.
Conclusion:
The SLM-PTS hybrid technique is a promising approach for effective PAPR reduction in NOMA systems within 5G, enhancing spectral efficiency, signal quality, and overall system performance.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
reduction PAPR at 5G wirless communication
Relevant answer
Answer
thank you ver much
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
I need some books about the 5G NR physical layers
Relevant answer
Answer
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
Hello,
In the simulation (5G in-house simulator), while evaluating the system-level performance, I observed that along with the arithmetic mean throughput it also considers the geometric mean throughput of the users in a cell. My question is what is the utility of geometric mean throughput when we are already considering arithmetic mean throughput?
Thanks
Relevant answer
Answer
The geometric mean gives a higher fairness between the users, because every user must get a non-zero throughput. This is not the case for the geometric mean.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
I need to isolate live bacteria from mouse tissues. I have the "FastPrep-24™ 5G bead beating grinder and lysis system" and I will be using sterile tubes pre-filled with 3.0mm Zirconium beads. Tissue homogenates will be plated and assayed for bacteria growth. Has anyone done this and perhaps have a protocol or suggestions? I am concerned about bead beater settings, since I would not want to damage the bacteria with settings that might be too harsh.
Thank you!
Relevant answer
Answer
To use a bead beater to isolate live bacteria from mouse tissues, you will need the following materials:
  • Mouse tissue
  • Bead beating tubes (pre-filled with beads)
  • Bead beater
  • Sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
  • Sterile culture plates
Protocol:
  1. Prepare the mouse tissue. Dissect the mouse tissue of interest and place it in a sterile petri dish.
  2. Weigh the mouse tissue. Weigh the mouse tissue to determine how much PBS to add. A good rule of thumb is to add 10 mL of PBS per gram of tissue.
  3. Add PBS to the bead beating tube. Add the appropriate amount of PBS to the bead beating tube.
  4. Transfer the mouse tissue to the bead beating tube. Use sterile forceps to transfer the mouse tissue to the bead beating tube.
  5. Secure the bead beating tube. Tightly secure the bead beating tube to the bead beater.
  6. Homogenize the tissue. Homogenize the tissue for the recommended amount of time. This will vary depending on the bead beater and the type of tissue being homogenized.
  7. Transfer the homogenate to a sterile culture plate. Use a sterile pipette to transfer the homogenate to a sterile culture plate.
  8. Spread the homogenate on the culture plate. Use a sterile spreader to spread the homogenate evenly on the culture plate.
  9. Incubate the culture plate. Incubate the culture plate at the appropriate temperature for the bacteria you are trying to isolate.
Once the culture plate has been incubated, you can count the colony forming units (CFUs) to determine the number of live bacteria in the mouse tissue.
Tips:
  • To prevent cross-contamination, be sure to sterilize all of your equipment before beginning the procedure.
  • If you are not going to use the homogenate immediately, you can store it at -80°C.
  • When plating the homogenate, be sure to spread it thinly and evenly on the culture plate. This will help to prevent the overgrowth of colonies.
  • Incubate the culture plate at the appropriate temperature for the bacteria you are trying to isolate. Most bacteria grow well at 37°C.
Isolating live bacteria from mouse tissues is a relatively simple procedure. By using a bead beater, you can quickly and efficiently disrupt the tissue and release the bacteria. Once the bacteria have been released, they can be plated on culture plates and grown for further analysis.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
In my NetSim 5G simulation, I keep seeing zero throughput, indicating no data transmission. Any suggestions on the factors or settings causing this, like (a) verifying correct gNB and UE configuration, (b) identifying network topology or connectivity errors, etc.? What steps can I take to understand and resolve this?
Relevant answer
Answer
There are a few possible reasons why you might be seeing zero throughput in your NetSim 5G simulation:
Network topology or connectivity errors: Make sure that the gNB and UE are connected and that the network topology is correct.
No application traffic: If there is no application traffic configured from the UE to the destination, then you will see zero throughput in your NetSim 5G simulation.
Pathloss: The UE may be too far from the gNB, resulting in high path loss and low signal strength.
Interference: The UE may be experiencing downlink interference from other gNBs
Congestion: The network may be congested, and thus no PRBs are allocated to the UE by the scheduling algorithm
To understand and resolve the issue, you can follow these steps:
Inspect the simulation results with radio measurement logs
Experiment with different simulation settings: You can try changing different simulation settings, such as the pathloss model, the network topology, the interference model, and the scheduling algorithm to see if that resolves the issue.
If you are still having trouble, best to contact NetSim support for help (E-mail support@tetcos.com)
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
14 answers
Most of the emulator or simulation tools for 5G are focused on the radio part. I am looking for an opensource tool to emulate the core network part.
Relevant answer
Answer
Check AdvantEdge Mobile Edge Emulation Platform.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
I am running a 5G simulation scenario in NetSim with multiple gNBs and multiple UEs. I wish to know, for each UE, the:
received SNR and SINR
MCS or PHY data rate
number of PRBs required and allocated
transport block (TB) size
Thanks
Relevant answer
Answer
To obtain SINR, PRB allocation, TBS size, and PHY rate in a 5G simulation, you can use a variety of tools and methods. Some common options include:
  • Use a 5G simulator: There are a number of commercial and open-source 5G simulators available, such as NS-3, OPNET, and Riverbed Modeler. These simulators can be used to model a wide range of 5G scenarios, including different network topologies, channel conditions, and user traffic loads. Once you have created a simulation scenario, you can run the simulator to collect data on various 5G performance metrics, such as SINR, PRB allocation, TBS size, and PHY rate.
  • Use a 5G network monitor: There are also a number of commercial and open-source 5G network monitors available, such as Wireshark, tcpdump, and NetShark. These monitors can be used to capture and analyze real-time 5G traffic. By analyzing the captured traffic, you can extract information on various 5G performance metrics, such as SINR, PRB allocation, TBS size, and PHY rate.
  • Use a 5G drive test tool: A 5G drive test tool is a specialized device that can be used to measure the performance of a 5G network while driving around in a vehicle. These tools typically collect data on a variety of 5G performance metrics, including SINR, PRB allocation, TBS size, and PHY rate.
The specific method you use to obtain SINR, PRB allocation, TBS size, and PHY rate in a 5G simulation will depend on the tools and resources that are available to you. If you are new to 5G simulation, it is recommended that you start by using a commercial 5G simulator. Once you have gained experience with 5G simulation, you can then explore other options, such as using a 5G network monitor or a 5G drive test tool.
Here are some additional tips for obtaining SINR, PRB allocation, TBS size, and PHY rate in a 5G simulation:
  • Make sure that you are using a realistic simulation scenario. The simulation scenario should accurately reflect the network topology, channel conditions, and user traffic loads that you are interested in.
  • Collect data on a variety of 5G performance metrics. This will help you to get a better understanding of the overall performance of the 5G network.
  • Analyze the collected data carefully. Look for trends and patterns in the data. This will help you to identify areas where the 5G network can be improved.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
Hi everyone,
I am new to the 5G campus network research and I wonder what your experience with the performance of 5G campus networks are (5G Standalone)? I know it depends on the settings, configurations, hardware etc.
Background of this question is, are the advertised numbers (Up to 1Gbit/s Up- and Download, latency of lower than 5ms) reality?
On the other hand another paper with the same Core shows only UL-rates up to 20 Mbit/s? https://www.mecsware.com/uploads/7/4/5/3/74536059/komma2020_private_small_cell_in_sf.pdf
Some insights would be really helpful.
Best regards
Christian
Relevant answer
Answer
The performance of 5G campus networks, especially in a standalone (SA) configuration, can vary widely depending on various factors, including settings, configurations, hardware, deployment environment, and network design. Achieving the advertised numbers of up to 1 Gbit/s in both uplink and downlink with latency below 5ms is theoretically possible under ideal conditions, but it's not always a reality in real-world deployments. Here are some insights into why you might see variations in performance:
1. Deployment Environment: The physical environment in which the network is deployed can significantly affect performance. Factors like interference, signal propagation, and obstacles can impact signal quality and, consequently, data rates.
2. Network Configuration: The configuration of the 5G network, including the choice of frequency bands, spectrum allocation, and antenna placement, can influence performance. Some frequencies offer higher bandwidth but shorter range, while others provide better coverage.
3. Network Load: Network performance can vary depending on the number of connected devices and the data traffic they generate. High network congestion can lead to reduced data rates.
4. Hardware and Infrastructure: The quality of the network infrastructure, including base stations and user equipment, can impact performance. High-end equipment may achieve better speeds than lower-end alternatives.
5. Application and Use Case: The specific use case and applications running on the network can affect performance requirements. Some applications may be more sensitive to latency and require higher data rates than others.
6. Research Methodology: When interpreting research papers, it's essential to consider the methodology used in the experiments. Factors such as the number of test scenarios, equipment used, and environmental conditions can lead to variations in reported results.
7. Time and Evolution: The performance of 5G networks can improve over time as operators optimize their networks and roll out software updates. Early deployments may not reach the same performance levels as mature deployments.
Given these factors, it's not surprising to see variations in the reported performance of 5G campus networks. It's essential to consider the context and conditions under which the measurements were taken when evaluating research papers. Additionally, performance may vary from one campus network to another based on specific deployment choices and objectives.
If you're working on 5G campus network research, conducting your own field tests and measurements in your specific deployment scenario can provide valuable insights into the network's performance and help validate or refine the published results.
enclosed research article may help u
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
How 5G and EDGE COMPUTING improve Industry 4.0 performance? Which 5G/MEC architecture for the industrial sector
Relevant answer
Answer
Thanks Mr. Shukur
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
I am trying to implement Deep Learning based approach for Dynamic Spectrum Sensing in 5G network. Facing some issue in "How to get the value of Probability of detection" and "Probability of False alarm". Kindly help me. If some one can share any Python code I will be very grateful. I am using RadionML2016.10b dataset.
Relevant answer
Answer
  • To calculate PD, you need to determine how well your model detects the presence of a signal when it is actually present. PD is calculated as: PD = True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives)
  • To calculate PFA, you need to determine how often your model incorrectly detects a signal when the spectrum is actually idle. PFA is calculated as: PFA = False Positives / (False Positives + True Negatives)
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
Hi,
Many wideband DVBT antennas has integrated filter for filtering LTE and 5G signals. I have disassembled few of them and found internal filter inside antenna boom. Some kind of filtering can be done by not having resonators for specific length. Internal filter will have insertion loss, while specific construction I believe will be better, because no filter insertion loss. Is there any measurement methods to do to know why antenna filtering (due to construction or due to discrete component filter hidden). Let's treat antenna as black box and we need to determine filtering type by not seeing antenna construction.
Thank you in advance
Relevant answer
Answer
Whether a log-periodic LDPA antenna has an internal filter or filters due to its construction depends on the specific antenna. Some log-periodic LDPA antennas have an internal filter that is designed to reject unwanted frequencies. This filter is typically located at the feed point of the antenna. Other log-periodic LDPA antennas do not have an internal filter, and instead, the filtering is done by the physical construction of the antenna. The spacing of the dipole elements in the antenna can act as a filter, rejecting frequencies that are not in the desired band.
To know whether a specific log-periodic LDPA antenna has an internal filter, you can consult the product documentation or contact the manufacturer.
Here are some of the things to look for in the product documentation or when contacting the manufacturer:
  • Does the product documentation mention an internal filter?
  • If so, what frequencies does the filter reject?
  • If the product documentation does not mention an internal filter, ask the manufacturer if the antenna has any filtering properties.
In addition to the product documentation, you can also look for clues about the presence of an internal filter by examining the antenna itself. If the antenna has a metal housing, it is more likely to have an internal filter. You can also look for a small, black box near the feed point of the antenna. This box may contain the internal filter.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
What is the V2X in 5G?
My friend: Hi Saif, I have a question for you.
Me: Please, go ahead.
My friend: What is V2X?
Me: V2X means a vehicle to everything and as per 3GPP; It has 4 types in 5G which are Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Network (V2N), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P).
My friend: Can you give me some examples?
Me: Of course, V2V means the transfer of data directly between vehicles, so vehicles can exchange information to avoid the collision. V2I involves the transfer of data between vehicles and Road Side Units (RSU) and RSU are application servers positioned along the road with built-in Base Station functionality so they can communicate directly with passing vehicles. The RSU is aware of the timing used by nearby traffic signals and this timing is provided to vehicles approaching the signals so they can react appropriately. V2N involves the transfer of data between vehicles and the mobile network, e.g. providing Internet connectivity. V2P involves the transfer of data between vehicles and pedestrians for example for pedestrians to provide warnings to drivers.
My friend: Thanks a lot. You made it clear.
Me: You are most welcomed.
Please press the like and share buttons to clear it for everyone.
#5g #5gnr #5gnetwork #5gtechnology
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you so much, Samsul Islam
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
6 answers
What is the Relation between Absolute Propagation Time (ns) with respect to the Received Power (dBm) at the UE end? I would appreciate if anyone can explain the two graphs and the parameters associated with these graphs. Thanks.
(Two files are attached for reference)
Relevant answer
Answer
From the graphs, in Run1, As the absolute propagation time increased to ~ 700ns, no signal was received. Also, the lower received power, (Pr) of -126.8dBm and higher path loss, (PL) of 156.8dB recorded is due to longer propagation path btw the Tx and Rx as compared to Run 2.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
Can someone point to pre-built NetSim experiments which we can quickly adapt for our master's lab course on 5G? Also any suggestions on what other kinds of experiments can be done using this tool? Thank you.
Relevant answer
Answer
Given below is a list of 5G New Radio (NR) experiments, implemented using the NetSim platform, which forms a part of our laboratory coursework.
Basic experiments
  1. Study the relationship between distance and path loss in 5G
  2. Investigate the correlation between distance and throughput in 5G NR
  3. Explore the maximum throughput as a function of bandwidth and numerology
  4. Compare outdoor vs. indoor performance
  5. Compare 4G vs. 5G networks by measuring key performance indicators.
  6. Determine the peak throughput for a 5G network under optimal conditions.
  7. Assess the gNB cell radius needed to maintain different data rates in a 5G network.
  8. Examine the relationship between distance and throughput for the FR2 n261 band in a 5G network.
  9. Analyse a 5G log file and packet trace for network performance insights Max throughput vs MCS and CQI
  10. Evaluate the maximum throughput as a function of modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and channel quality indicator (CQI).
  11. Use case: Impact of Numerology on RAN with phone sensors and cameras
Advanced Experiments
  1. An in-depth understanding the 5G NR PHY
  2. MIMO Beamforming in 5G: A start with MISO and SIMO
  3. Understanding 3GPP 5G Pathloss models
  4. Performance of OFMA SU-MIMO in 5G
  5. Impact of 5G Numerology on and their impact on latencies
  6. Asymptotic analysis of MIMO channels in 5G wireless communications
  7. Impact of Inference in 5G Networks
  8. On the Study of MAC Scheduling Algorithms in 5G Communications
  9. Study of 5G Handover Procedure
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
I am running a test and i would want to also verify the handover process from one base station to another and how the parameters affect the handover.
Does anyone know any Software that i can use for this analysis? a freeware will be even better.
Relevant answer
Answer
'XCAL Drive Test Tool by Accuver' can be used to observe the live signalling messages from the UE and enodeB end. So, when you switch to a new cell, if the handover takes place, the signalling messages will be available to observe the handover analysis. However, this software requires license and is not available for free. Hope it helps!
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
I need the available datasets for 5G and 6G network slicing.
Relevant answer
Answer
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
Hi community,
I would like to change the 5QI parameter and observe its impact on latency and packet delivery. To accomplish this, I require an emulator or simulator capable of simulating 5G communication and supporting 5QI. It is preferable that I can modify the 5QI during runtime. I am aware that, in a real scenario, this can be achieved by utilizing PDU session modification. However, I have been unable to find a simulator that offers this feature. As a result, an alternative option would be to terminate the existing PDU session and create a new one. Could you please suggest an emulator or simulator that supports 5QI and ideally 5QI modification? Additionally, I would greatly appreciate a brief explanation of how I can perform these actions.
Thank you in advance for your assistance.
Relevant answer
Answer
If you are looking for a broad range of high frequencies for simulation, you can try a free software called NYUSIM. It can offer frequency range up to 100 GHz and you can adjust many parameters according to your requirements. Hope it helps!
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
9 answers
I need to find out SINR coverage of a 5G area with gNBs. How can I attain coverage for different gNB placement geometries (random, grid etc). I am (new to) and using NetSim software.
Relevant answer
Answer
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
5 answers
The first 5G radio networks are now live. This generation of telecommunication system aims to deliver
  • Enhanced mobile broadband,
  • Massive machine-type communications,
  • Ultra-reliable and low latency communications.
The purpose is to be faster, more reliable and manage the scale of devices predicted for the Mobile Internet of Things (MIoT). Enabling the digital transformation of our society, business processes and manufacturing. To enable this, 5G will deliver multi-network slicing, multi-level of services and multi-connectivity network capabilities. To allow the required flexibility, agility and economies of scale these technologies will be delivered via virtual and containerised environments. This is a revolutionary way of working for the industry. 5G has designed in security controls to address many of the threats faced in today’s 4G/3G/2G networks. These controls include new mutual authentication capabilities, enhanced subscriber identity protection, and additional security mechanisms. 5G offers the mobile industry an unprecedented opportunity to uplift network and service security levels. 5G provides preventative measures to limit the impact to known threats, but the adoption of new network technologies introduces potential new threats for the industry to manage.
Relevant answer
Answer
The security of data transmitted via the ubiquitous 5G communication network infrastructure is a paramount concern. While 5G offers incredible speed, low latency, and increased capacity, it also presents new security challenges. The sheer volume of data flowing through the network increases the attack surface and makes it more attractive to cybercriminals. However, efforts have been made to enhance security in 5G, including stronger encryption, improved authentication protocols, and network slicing to isolate different types of traffic. Additionally, advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning can be employed to detect and mitigate potential threats. Nonetheless, as with any communication network, achieving absolute security is a complex task that requires ongoing collaboration between industry, government, and cybersecurity experts to ensure the protection of user and cloud data in the era of ubiquitous 5G.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
10 answers
What is the underlying theory behind the integration of HARQ and soft combining in 5G systems? Additionally, when utilizing the NetSim simulator, where can I find the relevant HARQ log files for further analysis?
Relevant answer
Answer
Checkerboard error injection is used to induce HARQ retransmissions. This means injecting errors in the form of checkerboard patterns into the transmitted data, to force the HARQ receiver to request retransmissions of some of the data. This helps determine the effectiveness of the HARQ soft combining operation as well as the overall performance of the system. The BLER (Block Error Rate) is then used to measure the performance of a particular HARQ scheme, as it indicates the percentage of data blocks received where at least one bit was wrong. Thus, injecting errors in the form of checkerboard patterns can be used to modify the BLER and evaluate the performance of the system.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
What is the difference between 4G and 5G technology?
Relevant answer
Answer
The probable frequency bands that are proposed to be utilized in 5G are way higher than the previous cellular generations. For instance, 4G usually use sub-6 GHz frequency range, whereas frequencies such as 24.25 GHz, 54.60 GHz, and even 71 GHz frequency bands are considered to be incorporated in 5G.
The overall network architecture of 5G is much more sophisticated than 4G. Apart from offering higher data rate, throughput,and better QoS; 5G have introduced a technique called beamforming that is highly responsible for a better user experience.
Overall, 5G and B5G technologies have potentials to revolutionize the cellular networks although in most of the countries it is not fully established yet.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
8 answers
I am looking forward to simulating a scenario with a large number of transmit antennas in the gNB and multiple antennas in the UE as well, which is also known as MIMO. I am using NetSim simulator. How can I model MIMO and beamforming? And what is theoretically the effect on the system? How much is throughput or coverage expected to increase?
Relevant answer
Answer
  1. Create your network with the gNBs. You can then grid the network and place UEs at different grid points.
  2. Enable radio measurements.
  3. Check the SINR and MCS at each of the UEs. The SINR gives you coverage while the MCS gives you rate (used to calculate capacity).
  4. Plot the PDF of SINR or MCS to visualize coverage and capacity.
  5. Change the gNB and UE antenna counts and compare. This will show you the impact of MIMO.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
As 5G begins to be widely available, several things will happen. Firstly, in addition to exponentially faster speeds, 5G will also introduce greater capacity, reduced latency, and more flexible service delivery. This will enable organizations to provide better content, more real-time transactions, and much richer user experiences across entertainment and commercial activities.
Lower latency and highly reliable connections will then enable greater edge-based computing without the need for nearby data centers to support latency-sensitive transactions and workflows. Instead, by provisioning computing services closer to end-users, 5G servers will acquire enough intelligence to act as application servers — supporting a wide array of edge-based applications, transactions, and business processes. Eventually, when 5G speeds and capacity are combined with the unprecedented power of edge devices, we will see the creation of new edge-based networks that can share and process information locally, as well as cloud-based resources.
Because these edge-based computing resources will be highly distributed, they will need to be interconnected using enterprise-grade applications and high-speed connections to ensure that the huge volumes of data, workflows, and transactions they will create are tracked and analyzed in real-time. 5G networking will also offer application developers and content providers cloud computing capabilities and an IT service environment at the edge of mobile networks to create new services. However, these open, hyperconnected edge networks will also have serious implications for how devices, data, applications, and workflows can be managed, along with how they connect to traditional and cloud-based networks.
5G will also have an impact far beyond interconnecting endpoint devices. IoT devices will be enlisted to track other devices and users, monitor inventory, gather user and device information, and provide real-time data that can impact everything from agile application development and manufacturing floors to managing and coordinating resources in highly connected environments such as smart cities.
source: What Are the Security Challenges of 5G and IoT? | Fortinet
Relevant answer
Answer
1. Securing 5G wireless networks: 5G networks will open up many new attack vectors, and new security measures must be put in place to protect them.
2. Securing the edge devices: With the increasing number of edge devices, it is critical to ensure that the data exchanged between them is secure and protected from potential malicious actors.
3. Securing data transmission: As data is transmitted across multiple networks and devices, security measures must be implemented to ensure data privacy and integrity.
4. Securing FogEdge computing systems: FogEdge computing systems must be secured from potential malicious actors, and measures must be taken to ensure that data is not exposed to unauthorized access.
5. Securing IoT devices: IoT devices pose unique security challenges, as they can easily be hacked and used to gain access to sensitive data or networks. Security measures must be put in place to protect them.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
12 answers
I would to apply RL algorithms to 5G simulations. I am familiar with NetSim for 5G simulations and MATLAB for the RL. What could be some areas within 5G where I can apply RL? Any helpful literature/links?
Relevant answer
Answer
Reinforcement learning (RL) can be applied to many different aspects of 5G networks. For instance, RL can be used to develop automated control systems for 5G networks, such as self-organizing networks (SONs). This can enable the network to learn to optimize its operations in order to maximize performance, reduce latency, and reduce energy consumption. Additionally, RL can be used to develop intelligent resource allocation algorithms for virtualized 5G networks. This can allow the network to autonomously learn to allocate resources to maximize efficiency and optimize network performance. Finally, RL can be used to develop algorithms for dynamic spectrum access in 5G networks, allowing the network to autonomously learn to select the best spectrum for different applications and devices.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
10 answers
I want to simulate and analyze the coverage/rate of 5G low band (n5, 850 MHz), C-Band (n78, 3.5 GHz), and mmWave (n258, 26 GHz) subject to DL/UL interference? How can I do this with NetSim?
Relevant answer
Answer
To compare 5G low-band, C-band, and mm-Wave coverage for DL and UL, you should consider the following factors: 1. Frequency: 5G low-band frequencies are generally below 1 GHz and are used for wide-area coverage. C-band frequencies are between 3.7GHz and 4.2GHz, and are used for medium-range coverage. mm-Wave frequencies are between 24GHz and 86GHz and are used for short-range coverage. 2. Data Rates: Low-band frequencies offer lower data rates than C-band and mm-Wave. C-band offers higher data rates than low-band but lower than mm-Wave. mm-Wave offers the highest data rates. 3. Range: Low-band frequencies offer the greatest range, followed by C-band, and mm-Wave offers the shortest range. 4. Power Efficiency: Low-band frequencies are typically more power efficient than C-band and mm-Wave. C-band frequencies are more power efficient than mm-Wave.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
I have been asked to show the Hand Effects of MIMO antenna for 5G smartphones, Kindly help how to calculate in CST, a step by step guide will be highly appreciated.
Relevant answer
Answer
Hello Ali Sufyan, When designing a MIMO antenna for 5G smartphones, it's important to account for the effect of the human hand on antenna performance. To simulate this interaction using CST (Computer Simulation Technology), there are several steps you can follow.
Firstly, you need to create a MIMO antenna model that meets the requirements for 5G smartphones. You can either start from scratch or use a pre-existing model. Once you have your model, you need to set up a human hand model that represents the lossy dielectric material of a real hand. This will allow you to simulate the hand-antenna interaction accurately.
Next, you need to position the hand model realistically relative to the antenna to represent how it would be held by a user during normal operation. This step is crucial to accurately capture the impact of the hand on the antenna's performance.
After positioning the hand model, you need to properly mesh both the antenna and the hand model to accurately capture the interaction effects between them. You should set the frequency range and frequency step to suit 5G applications, which typically range between 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz.
Once you've completed these steps, you can run the electromagnetic simulation to obtain the S-parameters, radiation patterns, and efficiency of the MIMO antenna with the hand effect included. To evaluate the impact of the hand on the MIMO antenna's performance, you should also simulate the antenna without the hand model and compare the results. This will help you to identify any differences in S-parameters, total efficiency, and radiation patterns.
Finally, to evaluate the MIMO performance metrics, you need to calculate the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and the diversity gain. These metrics will help you to assess how effectively the antenna system can cope with multipath fading and spatial diversity in the presence of hand effects.
It's important to remember that these steps are just a general guide, and you may need to adapt them to your specific case or model. If you face any difficulties, you can consult the CST Studio Suite documentation or online forums for more information and assistance.
Regards,
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
The future 5G technology is expected to provide faster and more reliable internet connectivity, allowing more devices to connect to the internet and enabling new technologies and applications at lower latency
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Dharanish.P Int,
the ideas for the realization of the future generation of mobile networks following 5G (6G) are already being developed. For more about this see:
Mamta Agiwal, Abhishek Roy, Navrati Saxena: „Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey“; IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 18, Issue 3, Feb 2016;
DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2016.2532458
5G PPP Architecture Working Group: The 6G Architecture Landscape; European perspective; Version 1.0, December 2022
Best regards
Anatol Badach
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
While I can get aggregate throughput information, I need to add some “time series” plots to my reports. How can I plot (or get data) for various performance measures in NetSim as the simulation progresses? For example, the SINR, TCP window, or the queue length in a buffer, etc. Is this possible?
Relevant answer
Answer
Anchal Rawat This link explains how to log MCS vs Time and to generate various charts. https://support.tetcos.com/support/solutions/articles/14000141188-how-to-obtain-sinr-mcs-and-throughput-vs-time-for-a-5g-1gnb-1ue-scenario-with-a-time-varying-radio- The same can be extended to a multi-UE case. Just click and drop a couple of more UEs when configuring the scenario.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
How can I theoretically create a Quality of Service (QoS) profile for my 5G use case or application based on its specific parameters and requirements, and map them to 5QI and QFI values for end-to-end QoS? While I understand that 3GPP release 16 provides a table of 5QI values and associated QoS profile parameters, such as Packet Delay Budget and Data Burst Volume, I have not found proper documentation on how to match my use case traffic type to a specific 5QI value. Specifically, I would like guidance on how to translate my use case's characteristics, such as latency, jitter, data rate, packet size, burst size, and periodicity, into a QoS profile and map it to 5QI and QFI values.
Relevant answer
Answer
3GPP intentionally does not define how to map service specific QoS requirements to the QoS profile/5QI. Usually such mapping is arranged by the network operator, in terms of configuration of its OSS/BSS system
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
5 answers
In their recent Case Report, Nilsson from the Swedish Radiation Protection Foundation and Hardell from the Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, Sweden state that: "Within few weeks, a new 5G base station caused typical symptoms of the microwave syndrome or radiofrequency sickness in two men working and living in the office below the base station. The deployment of 5G also caused very high maximum (peak) microwave/RFR radiation non-thermal exposure, however far below the ICNIRP guidelines. The symptoms disappeared completely within some weeks after the men moved from the office to dwellings with much lower exposure". https://www.anncaserep.com/open-access/development-of-the-microwave-syndrome-in-two-men-shortly-after-9589.pdf
Relevant answer
Answer
You are quite right, if the RF power allowed by the regulations to illuminate the whole body was concentrated in an area of skin the size of a cigarette end it would cause a serious burn. However, 5G radiation is not concentrated like this in any public area, for this very reason.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
6 answers
What may be the steps involved in replacing the 5G MAC scheduler with our own scheduler? I use NetSim 5G. If we use ML, what parameters should I pass to the ML program and what parameters should I get back from the ML program?
Relevant answer
Answer
Where can I find some summary information on how NetSim's MAC scheduler works? Without having to read the detailed documentation.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
We have utilised NetSim in our labs for simulation. The next step I would like to know is how to configure it for emulation purposes so that we can connect devices to NetSim and send real data over a simulated 5G network. What might the steps be and what could the limitations be?
Relevant answer
Answer
NetSim's wireless libraries can simulate various network impairments, such as packet loss and delay/jitter, that can negatively impact the performance of wireless communication systems. These impairments also affect network throughput.
The transport and network layers in NetSim rely on the PHY and MAC layers to provide a stable connection but can be affected by these impairments. Since NetSim simulates protocols in all layers of the stack, it is PHY/MAC impairments can cause problems at the network, transport, and application layers. These impairments cannot be directly set at the network/transport layers because doing so would result in the loss of all MAC/PHY details. Therefore, impairments impact in the following way.
At the transport layer: In NetSim, a packet or TCP ACK can fail due to MAC layer collision or PHY layer error, leading to issues such as packet re-ordering at the receiver, packet re-transmissions by the source, a drop in the TCP window, and reduced throughput.
At the network layer: In a large network simulation in NetSim, route tables can be affected if network layer control packets fail due to link errors caused by PHY/MAC impairments.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
I am conducting some research on computer networks, and I want to simulate different types of network links. For example, 5G networks, Fibre networks, etc. Is there any resource where I can find the link conditions, such as the bandwidths, latencies, and loss of each link?
Relevant answer
Answer
There are traditional Network Simulators like NS3 OMNET++, Opnet and NETSIM. Check this out too
Also Emulators are worth looking into (not just simulators) like MININET and Shadow (https://shadow.github.io)
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
9 answers
Machine learning, deep learning, wireless, 5G, 6G and communications
Relevant answer
Answer
I guess that most people who workin with deep learning are using Python. But I recommend you to make a search at https://paperswithcode.com
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
we want to develop 5G research lab so please suggest software/hardware
Relevant answer
Answer
My recommendations are:
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
Hi all,
Can you please share available literature/journal / papers on 5G mobile technologies for consumer business
Regards,
Relevant answer
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
What are the potential benefits of OTFS in 5G, Beyond 5G and future 6G networks? Can it be regarded as an updated version of OFDM? I am wondering its integration with existing NOMA, massive MIMO, cell-free networks etc.
Relevant answer
Answer
I asked this question to Prof. Giuseppe Caire in the latest episode of the Wireless Future podcast: https://youtu.be/olzOWbcEEWU
His answer is based on a paper that is mention in the description of that episode.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
Hi Researchers, I am doing my master's thesis on the below topic and I need your help in gathering information on this topic. Please help.
Thanks in advance
Developing a 5G/6G Gateway for SPNs with different Access Technologies (connecting sensors/actuators via Bluetooth, NFC, Wifi, LoRa, etc.; GW with Raspberry Pi or mini-PC, 5G interface
to the cellular network)
Relevant answer
Answer
Hello,
Network èdge cutting might be way to go. Each year, networking analysts lay out their technology predictions for the next year. No one, however, accurately predicted COVID-19 and how it would transform businesses. When we look at the networking technology trends for 2022, it helps to consider the primary themes of the past couple years to see how those trends fared in the face of a global pandemic.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
8 answers
Can you provide generic scenarios of where ML can be applied to improving network performance/security in a simulation context? Also, specific answers pertaining to NetSim and MATLAB would be most helpful.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
1 answer
Suggestions for project ideas (Research Topics) for a Bachelor’s degree in Communications Engineering about the Massive MIMO for 5G networks
Relevant answer
Answer
I think Load, Pull and non-linear characterization of MIMO devices could be an interesting topic in this field.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
I have recently started modeling, simulating, and analyzing 5G NR networks with NetSim. I would like to know how can I automate N (say 100) number of simulation runs with parameters (say number of UEs, gNBs) varying in each run?
Relevant answer
Answer
Does anyone have a course on nwdaf?
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
10 answers
Dear researchers,
In am interested in the potential applications/benefits/barriers of implementing the 5G tech within manufacturing facilities/companies. 
I will particularly appreciate sources reporting previous scientific studies, market reports which may forecast such applications, and outcomes from case/pilot studies (if they exist).
You can also bring your own view and experience within mobile technologies, wireless systems and their integration in manufacturing environments.
Thank you!
Relevant answer
Answer
See how 5G and 6G development are facing down their challenges to drive the future of tech toward innovation and industrial disruption...
McKinsey Technology Trends Outlook 2022 reveals that advanced connectivity, which includes 5G, 6G, low-Earth-orbit satellites and other technologies, is driving growth and productivity across industries with an investment of $166 billion in 2021. Unlike other new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) or mobility, the technology has a high adoption rate...
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
9 answers
I am trying to maximize the throughput of a 5G network scenario. What should be the CA settings and DL:UL ratio for achieving Max rate?
Relevant answer
Answer
Cheah Wei Leow Excerpt from documentation
In NetSim carrier aggregation (CA) is done in both DL and in the UL. When doing CA, the PHY layer is separate for each component carrier (CC). Thus, each CC will have a different pathloss, SINR and TBS. Then the resources of all component carriers (CCs) are pooled at the MAC, and scheduling is across the pooled resources. However, in practice each UE may be assigned resources from a particular CC. Since NetSim doesn’t currently model frequency selective channel fading, there is generally negligible difference in network performance between allotting from a pool vs. allotting from one CC. The exception is when the data demand from any UE is greater than the capacity of a CC.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
What is the most appropriate approach to technology, especially 5G: a co-evolutionary view of technology or an approach to disruptive innovations? How do perspectives intertwine?
Relevant answer
Answer
The best fifth generation mobile performance is the parallel application, and the communication speed and power as a tool in mobile operational aspects
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
In radio access network, as there are femto and pico cells inside the macro base station. How much the coverage area of macro base station is recommended by standards of 5G architecture?
Relevant answer
Answer
There are situations where one can achieve the 45-60 km radius in rural areas.
However, the benefit of 5G isn't to provide better coverage but higher capacity within the coverage area. The capacity demands are high in urban areas where the inter site distance is only a few hundred meters. Neighboring base stations will then have overlapping coverage areas, so interference coordination is important.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
4 answers
5G generates environmental problems due to the high consumption of mobile networks and radio technologies uses. How can renewable energy and smart energy grids contribute to this problem? Any specific paper? I know thousands. Any special? Thank you in advance.
Relevant answer
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
7 answers
hello..
i want to know if i change the transmission power or the path loss in 5G networks will network performance like (delay, jitter, throughput) be effected by this change?
or only other parameters like signal to noise ratio and other thing is effected by the transmission power and PL
and what are the main parameter that will be effected ?
thanks
Relevant answer
Answer
It is better you use industry standard tools like MATLAB or NetSim.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
3 answers
Hello!
I am specifically looking for research topics related to the simulation of vehicular antenna integration for both 5.9 GHz V2X and mm-wave 5G vehicle to network communication. Could anyone please provide me with any direction?
Thanks in advance!
Relevant answer
Answer
Cellular V2X with MIMO and beamforming, could be an interesting topic.
That way you have you baseline C-V2X over which you see the impact of number of antennas by modeling MIMO and beamforming.
  • asked a question related to 5G
Question
2 answers
Hi there,
I am studying the impact of numerology and mini-slots on several proposed algorithms to achieve fairness between 5G NR-U and Wi-Fi networks over unlicensed spectrum bands. However, the coexistence of NR-U and IEEE technology (802.11ad) Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) at 60 GHz bands has been implemented within ns-3 in a 3GPP indoor scenario but there is NO working example for for this coexistence (i.e., I could not compile the code) because the authors have shared the codes, but the users cannot compile it. Can anyone recommend any such codes that I can compile for such scenarios?.
Regards,
Moawiah
Relevant answer
Answer