5G - Science topic

I would consider 5G to be an incremental technology though the gap between 4G and 5G is large. Some believe it disruption. Time alone will say whether 5g technology disrupts the market.

Take a look at https://apps.nsnam.org/app/nr/

Thank you Prof. Emil Björnson for the clarification.

You can look at this link https://support.tetcos.com/support/solutions/folders/14000128567 and NetSim documentation for 5G at https://tetcos.com/help/v13.2/Technology-Libraries/5G.html

Dear Yvan, we have collected the real time spectrogram from a 5G BS - see Fig. 21 of this paper https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9521570

Is this information useful to you?

Moreover, it would be good to know which frequencies and bands you are targeting.

There are options for offline and online machine learning as briefly explained in https://support.tetcos.com/a/solutions/articles/14000137146

And another useful discussion is https://www.researchgate.net/post/Interfacing_AI_ML_models_with_NetSim

NetSim 5G documentation is available at https://tetcos.com/help/v13.2/Technology-Libraries/5G.html. All these 3 bands are supported in NetSim. Interference is also available.

You can find some information at https://tetcos.com/help/v13.2/Technology-Libraries/5G.html#propagation_models_per_3gpptr38900

The documentation is useful, and I had a few more questions on NetSim 3gppchannelmodel.

Fading: Do stationary users also experience fading or is it applied only to mobile users?

Coherence time: (a) It looks to me like this is a global parameter common to all associated UEs to one gNB. Hence cannot vary within a gNB but can be changed across gNBs. Is this correct? (b) Shouldn't coherence time be related to velocity? What is different UEs (attached to a gNB) have different velocities?

Ananya Hegde thank you so much, ill check it out

Dear Tariq, you mentioned 10 subchannels, shouldn't the number of subchannels be a power of 2? Like 8, 16, 32,.....128,.....etc? I might be wrong so please check it. Regarding your question, do you ask about the subchannels distribution nature? as in terms of Rayleigh or Rician, or you meant allocation?

Samsung Galaxy J7 (2016)

Dear Manash Chakraborty ,

I believe this article can help you find inspiration. This is a Q1 journal about network communication and network architecture. It proposed an internet of things platform with p2p wireless communication, high speed, and security. It integrated with ION DID (based on blockchain) too. Finally, the source code is available on the GitHub link in this article.

BRs.

I have also been working on this utility. My question is: is it possible to run/modify the sweeper to execute directly from MATLAB? Since I am writing some algorithms in MATLAB, I want to avoid interfacing MATLAB, Python, and NetSim. It will be simpler to just have MATLAB interface with NetSim.

The best place to find the weaknesses in 5G is to look at the work plan for 3GPP Release 17.

5G is Release 16 (like Software Version 16) of the mobile network. After widespread deployment, some performance issues were discovered and Release 17 will fix that and add some new material The work plan for Release 17 will clearly define what is being done.

I went to the NASA web site and downloaded the first file I came to (tmp.lp.f). While it is indeed F77, converting it to something you might use in a different development environment (MATLAB or Python or C) will be quite a challenge. There are several features used in this code which are peculiar to arcane FORTRAN compilers, operating systems, and processors (REAL*16 and COMPLEX*32 objects and quadruple precision constants, which were available on the IBM 360 mainframe and Alpha workstations that cost more than a Lamborghini). I have dealt with many such problems before and could coach you through the process but it would not be easy. I have attached a sample of the problems you will encounter if you try to compile this code on anything but an exotic Linux machine running Intel FORTRAN (which costs a fortune). I have been using REAL*16, *32, *64, *128, *256 since 1980, but I don't do it in FORTRAN. I use assembler that can be called from FORTRAN or C. I wrote a book on this subject, which happens to be free today https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09T3XR2W3 I don't know if this extended precision is essential for these calculations, but if it is, this will be a tall mountain to climb.

General guidelines:

1. Run simulations in high capacity systems

2. Turn off all logs/traces

3. Turn off animation

Beyond this you may need to do tool specific optimization.

It depends a lot on what aspects of the networks that you want to simulate. The big simulators that the industry are using have very high complexity.

A new open-source initiative that might be of interest to you is Sionna: https://nvlabs.github.io/sionna/

Upto 128 antennas in the gNB and 16 antennas in the UE. So maximum of 16 layers.

Hmmm. I guess I read that as "loss," rather than "return loss." Loss along the transmission line.

thank you Mustafa Sadiq Aljumaily . Really appreciate it @

Although most current research works in Industry 4.0 focus on improving adaptability, resiliency, scalability, and security of physical facilities through feedback loops with embedded sensors, processors, and actuators that are controlled and monitored by computers, there is an increasing interests and works on how to make factories more efficient and productive based on collected data, where data analytics play a very important role (Hunter et al., 2013; Kabugo et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2010). For example, with the tremendous monitoring data during the manufacturing process in Industry 4.0, it can be utilized to diagnose potential machine failures and optimize maintenance operations (Bagheri et al., 2011). Besides improving manufacturing processes, data analytics can also be used to improve the entire business cycle, including gathering natural resources, producing components, assembling products, delivering products to customers, and managing customer relationships (Xu, 2007). For example, whenever unexpected events occur, such as a shipment delay due to the Suez Canal blockage, connected supply chain systems in Industry 4.0 can proactively adjust manufacturing and delivery plans. Ultimately, the network of these collaborating facilities through cyber-physical systems together with dynamic smart decisions through data analytics will unleash the full power of Industry 4.0.

I think you may need to narrow the gap between the two parts.

You can use NS3 or Atoll

4G is the branding name for LTE, while 5G is the branding name for NR. Hence, I would say that there is no such thing as implementing 4G/LTE in 5G/NR.

However, the 5G standard builds heavily on 4G standard, to the extent that it can sometimes be deployed as a software upgrade of a 4G base station and where a 4G core network can be used. But it is not backward compatible in the sense that a 4G device cannot connect to a 5G base station.

In Sweden, the 3G networks will also be closed down in the coming years. Actually, before 2G is closed down since there are many small devices (terminals for payment, electricity meters, etc) that require 2G. But also 2G is on the roadmap to be closed down.

Hello Dr. Ali Othman Al Janaby

The question was for 5G at the time as I was just beginning to explore this field.

Thanks for your interest.

Best regards

You can see these discussions

You can do it using one of the methods

1) Use of orthogonal mode

2) Use of multiple patches

3) Use of reactive loading

The link below explains more about the research.. https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/news/view/2603162-new-research-to-understand-the-logistics-and-supply-chain-challenges-of-rolling-out-a-5g-network-in-brazil

Hi

Make your question clearer.

Thanks Aparna Sathya Murthy Anil Kamboj

If you found something more about MZ coding. Please inform.

Since 5G spectrum is very near to aviation RF communications and slight deviation of antenna toward up may affect large height with strong RF signals. Coverage distance on Earth surface may be limited due to curvature and air but towards sky these RF waves could travel thousands of KM.

Dear Amjad Abdulsatar Al-Rahmah

There are many papers regarding the Microstrip patch antenna. All you need is a search for it.

My regards

Ryan Kao Based on your attachments I assume you are procuring R&S instruments. If you look at section 2.4 in both the attachments, it lists the devices and options required to conduct the tests. [This is just one example from the documents.] Typically, such capablities are licensed software options that must be purchased with the instrument (or even a later purchase of license can enable the feature!).

It will be best to go through the instrument documents, which are quite tedious to navigate through; you may save some time by reaching out to the vendor application engineer (AE) who might be interacting with your department/ institute. Understanding the test environment system is key to correct test execution and measurement.

If you need some insight into RF measurements in general, you may want to check out my book "RF & μWave Measurements: For Design, Verification and Quality Control", which is available at select amazon marketplaces. However, it does not address your 3GPP specific question.

/rgds

Tou may read this:

NetSim V11 now has Software Defined Network (SDN) simulations with SDN Controller and Open flow compatibility module.

This is quite simple. You can open the home screen and navigate to 5G. In the 5G design window just drop a gNB, a UE, core devices, and a server. Connect the gNB to the core using links. Then configure an application from the remote server to the UE.

To modify the antenna settings right click on the gNB (and the UE) and you can modify the number of Tx/Rx antennas in the PHY layer.

You can refer following links for more details:-

1) https://tetcos.com/netsim-documentation.html

2) https://www.tetcos.com/5g.html

You can down load the several software like net monitor in your mobile and you can check the network health ' data rate (TX and rx) tower id, RSSI ' signal to noise ratio etc in stationary as well as in state of mobility .G-net is also useful for primary investigation respective to the different channel ( BCCH' TCH ETC).

Hi,

you can try OpenAir Interface https://openairinterface.org/ and the associated code for 4G/5G deployment and test:

https://gitlab.eurecom.fr/oai/openairinterface5g

regards,

Vincent

Dear Amjad Abdulsatar Al-Rahmah ,

welcome!

The gain of the antenna by definition is the directional gain multiplied by the electrical efficiency. The directivity gain is = 4pi/ radiation angle of the antenna.

The electrical efficeincy is = Po/ Pi where po is the radiated power amd Pi is the input power.

Assuming the radiation resistance of the antenna =Rr and its loss resistance Rloss

Then Po= Vi^2/ Rr

Pi= Vi^2/ Rr in parallel with the Rloss

So, as you you see as Rloss decreases the electrical efficiency decreases.

On the other side considering resonant antenna with quality factor Q, then

Rloss = f0/BW where fo is the resonance frequency of the antenna and BW its 3 dB bandwidth.

As the bandwidth increases the losses of the antenna increases reducing its gain.

Best wishes.

Dear Sounik Kiran ,

welcome!

The antennas required may be either multiband pr wideband antennas to cover the transmission on multiple bands of the 5G either in sub 6GHz bands or in mm wave bands.

More interest will directed to MIMO and massive MIMO antennas. Whish are antenna arrays in the mounted on the base stations.

Best wishes

Dear Abdullah:

You may benefit from this valuable article about your topic, which explain with programs all the contents of the 5G Toolbox:

I hope it will be helpful...

With my best regards...

A recent report published by Ericsson, Connectivity and climate change, outlined the potential for huge societal gains through establishing 5G infrastructures. It suggested that implementing 5G technology across four highemitting sectors (power, transport, manufacturing and buildings) could create 55-170 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) of emissions savings per year – the same saving that would be achieved by removing more than 35 million petrol cars from roads in the European Union (EU). It also calculated that at least 40% of the EU’s carbon reduction solutions, up until 2030, are likely to rely on fixed-line and mobile connectivity...pp15

Deep Learning and SDN -based for cyber-attack detection and mitigation on 5G networks

I would really recommend you to have a look at my recent paper (6G Wireless Communications Networks: A Comprehensive Survey). I have compared 5G and 6G in this paper. I have also discussed why we really need 6G networks.

I would really recommend you to have a look at my recent paper (6G Wireless Communications Networks: A Comprehensive Survey). Many technologies have been discussed, which I believe will be part of future 6G wireless communications networks. I have also discussed why we really need 6G networks. I hope this helps. Best regards

Read this paper, it might help you fining a lot of recourses for different datasets for video compression

Dear Prabhu Reddy

One of the ideal algorithms for estimating can be mentioned to the Markov model or Hidden Markov model [1] . ​In this algorithm, you can use the Viterbi, and estimate the mobile network traffic according to states. An (HMM) is a statistical model that can describe the evolution of observable events that depend on internal factors, which are not directly visible.

[1] S. S. Sefati and N. J. Navimipour, "A QoS-aware service composition mechanism in the Internet of things using a hidden Markov model-based optimization algorithm," IEEE Internet of Things Journal,

Look at this link may help u

You can get information from this link

This is quite simple. You can open the home screen and navigate to 5G. In the 5G design window just drop a gNB, a UE, core devices and a server. Connect the gNB to the core using links. Then configure an application from the remote server to the UE.

To modify the antenna settings right click on the gNB (and the UE) and you can modify the number of Tx/Rx antennas in the PHY layer.

If you like We can contribute

Hi,

Have a look at http://simu5g.org/

Dear Mohammad Alquraan ,

Adding to Ananya Hegde ,It is required to reduce the interruption of the handover to very small milliseconds.

Ideally zero time. To see the target values for the 5G please refer to the link:https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2020/4/reducing-mobility-interruption-time-5g-networks

Best wishes

Dear Mohammad R Kadhum ,

The offset QAM is accomplished by delaying the Q signal by a time equal half symbol time to avoid the the zero crossings of the modulated signal wave form which leads to more amplitude variations of waveform. More amplitude variations leads to more out of band emission. OQAM helps reduce the amplitude variations

of the waveform.

On the other side OFDM itself because of the statistical variations of the amplitudes and phases of the subcarriers, the amplitude of the waveform suffers from high signal peaks leading to much greater peak to average power ratio.

Because that OQAM needs delay blocks to implement it is more complicated than the ordinary QAM.

There are two things that are important for the performance metrics; the bandwidth of the waveform, its variation in terms of the P/A power ratio and the out of band emission i n addition to immunity against noise or the bit error rate.

Best wishes

This company seems very interesting.

dear Harshitha ..

NS3 tool is better for this.

check this:

Thank you Saurabh and Ritakshi

This document may be useful https://tetcos.com/pdf/v13/Experiments/Handover-in-5GNR.pdf

Ashwini Bhat Yes there is support for massive MIMO in NetSim with upto 128 (T/R) antennas in the gNB and 16 antennas in the UE. One white paper also explain the implementation to some extent in https://tetcos.com/5G-white-papers.html

try matlab 2021 version . got good toolbox for 5G

You could also do as explained in https://support.tetcos.com/support/solutions/articles/14000130254-how-to-perform-slowhttptest-dos-attack-through-netsim-emulator-. Don't need any code change for that.

NetSim support a range of technologies, including the capability to interface Matlab and C++ programs. So if you want to integrate 5G in a Netsim experiment, you will need to deploy the 5G experiment in Matlab then interface it with NetSim for full deployment. I hope this answers your question.

There are two spectrums of 5 G applications, the first band starts from 3.5-5GHz, and the second band is from 24.24GHz and above (Millimetre-wave)

Hi Sajor

You can find the information in the following document.

Regards,

There are two options. You can use the “synthetic” video model within NetSim. Just set up the network layout within NetSim using drag/drop. And then set the video traffic flow (source to destination). If you want to send a “real” video file. Then NetSim interfaces with the FFMPEG program for handling video files at the sender and the receiver. For both cases, you can then run simulations by modifying various parameters and analyze the results.

Dear Tariq Kanaan

The 5G is the infrastructure that massively increased the capability of communication to connect IoT devices to the 5G network need 5G sim. The number of sims you want to use in your application is based on the architecture of your design. If your design is a centralized architecture that has a single gateway, you can implement your system with a single 5G sim, but if your system is a decentralized or hybrid architecture that has multiple gateways you need many 5G sims. The number actually depends on the way you have to design the architecture.

Ananya Hegde thank you. I appreciate.

I agree with Shipra Bhatia , the full digital beamforming is a better solution for Massive-MIMO at sub-6 GHz

Dear Sajor Barrie ,

The maximum bit rates achieved in 5G communication by Germany telecom: Deutsche Telekom tested a 5G network live at this year’s IFA. A speed of three gigabits per second was measured. Under ideal conditions, the 5G speed should in future reach up to 10 Gbit/s, the equivalent of a 20-fold increase.

Of course one has to utilize all the network resources including:

Bnadwidth

Time slots

ALL Space division by MIMO.

Highest modulation order which is 256 QAM.

For more information please refer to the link:https://www.telekom.com/en/company/details/5g-speed-is-data-transmission-in-real-time-544498

Best wishes

Dear Yukinari He ,

It would be nice from you that you define the relation between the communication symbols and numerology??

This is the first time that I hear from such vocabulary in electrical communication systems.

What I know is the different symbols resulting after modulating the binary data.

There are binary symbol where every symbol contains either binary 0 or 1.

There is the the 2-bit symbol representing values from 00,10,01 and 11.

There is 3-bit symbol which has 8 states.

and so on.

This method of M-ary symbols help control the number of bit hertz.

And one can send more data in the same bandwidth by using higher order modulation.

It is known that every channel condition or S/N ratio can allow specific symbols.

If it mean symbols then yes one can control the order of modulation of the symbol.

Best wishes

Vadym Slyusar

Thank you, Dr.

Wireless technology changes gradually, because the demand for data services and quality-of-service are changing gradually. However, there is hope that 5G will enable a paradigm shift, in the sense of supporting the digitalization of our world. So 10 years from now, when we look back and compare 2021 and 2031, the belief is that 5G will have contributed to radical changes in how vehicles, IoT devices, factories, and work places are now wirelessly connected and support stringent service requirements.

If you look for information about COST 2100, this paper details all features about this model:

Good luck

Dear Carol Carol Siboe